Discuss lathe machine operation.

Identify the different lathe machine

operation.
Learn the working principles of the lathe
machine.
Discuss the practical application of the
different lathe machine operation.
Basic Operations Perform on a Lathe Machine
Turning - is a machining process in which a cutting
tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix
toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the
workpiece rotates.
Plain Turning or Straight Turning - the work is turned
straight when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis, and
the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning
produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal
from the work piece.
Plain Turning or Straight Turning - the work is turned
straight when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis, and
the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning
produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal
from the work piece.
Plain Turning or Straight Turning

➢Rough Turning - is the process of removal of excess material

from the work piece in a minimum time by applying high rate of
feed and heavy depth of cut. The roughing cut should be so made
that the machine, the tool, and the work piece can bear the load.
The depth of cut for roughing operations in average machine shop
work is from 1 to 3 mm and the rate of feed is from 0.3 to 1.5 mm
per revolution of the work. Rough turning operations are carried
out by rough turning tool.
➢Finish Turning - operation requires high cutting speed, small
feed, and a very small depth of cut to generate a smooth surface.
A finish turning tool having sharp cutting edge is held securely on
the tool post for this purpose. In finish turning operation, the
depth of cut ranges from 0.5 to 1 mm and feed from 0.1 to 0.3
mm per revolution of the work piece.
Step turning - is an operation performed on lathe
machine where the excess material is removed from
the work piece to obtain various steps of different
diameters.
Step turning - is an operation performed on lathe
machine where the excess material is removed from
the work piece to obtain various steps of different
diameters.
 Turning Operation Calculations
A. Machine Speed: To achieve a specific cutting speed:

N = machine speed in revolutions/minute (RPM)

k is a constant to “correct” speed (V) and part diameter (Di ) units
V is desired cutting speed, a Handbook Value
D1 is largest part diameter (initial size)

❖V given in surface feet per minute (SFPM), D1 in inches: k = 12

❖V given in meters per second (MPS), D1 in mm: k = 60000
❖V given in meters per minute (MPM), D1 in mm: k = 1000

If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above

equation for V: V = πND/k
 Turning Operation Calculations

B. Cutting Time: minutes per operation

CT is cutting time per “pass”

L is length cut
A is “allowance” or starting offset
fr is machine feed rate units/revolution, a Handbook Value
 Turning Operation Calculations
C. Material Removal Rate (MRR or Q): Volume Removed
cutting time

D2 is Finished Diameter
Substituting for
N from above:
and:

t is Depth of cut (inch or mm)

Therefore:
Facing - this is usually the first step of any lathe
operation on the lathe machine. The metal is cut from
the end to make it fit in the right angle of the axis and
remove the marks.
Facing Operation Calculations
the cutting speed for a given RPM decreases as the tool progresses toward
the center of the piece being cut. This follows since most (manual) lathes cannot
increase spindle speed (N) during cutting operations. Thus, the required N is
calculated as above using the outside (largest) diameter of the part for a given V.
A. Machine Speed

If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is

desired, solve above equation for
V: V = πND/k

B. Cutting Time
Facing Operation Calculations(cont.)

C. Material Removal Rate (here D1 is Outside Diameter)

Taper turning - is an operation of producing a conical
surface by gradual reduction in the diameter of a
cylindrical workpiece.
Taper turning by compound rest method
Taper turning by set over method
Taper turning by form tool method
Chamfering - removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes
the handling safe. Chamfering can be done by a form tool having
angle equal to chamfer which is generally kept at 45°.
Drilling - is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut
a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials.
Drilling Operation Calculations
Machine Speed: To achieve a specific cutting speed:

N = machine speed in revolutions/minute (RPM)

k is a constant to “correct” speed (V) and
part diameter (Di ) units
V is desired cutting speed, a Handbook Value
D1 is diameter of the drill bit
• V given in surface feet per minute (SFPM), D1 in inches: k = 12
• V given in meters per second (MPS), D1 in mm: k = 60000
• V given in meters per minute (MPM), D1 in mm: k = 1000

If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve

above equation for V: V = πND/k
Boring
Boring - is the process of enlarging a hole that has already
been drilled (or cast) by means of a single-point cutting tool
(or of a boring head containing several such tools). Boring is
used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and
can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the
internal-diameter counterpart to turning, which cuts external
diameters.
Boring Operation Calculations

A. Machine Speed: To achieve a specific cutting speed:

N = machine speed in revolutions/minute (RPM)

k is a constant to “correct” speed (V) and part diameter (Di ) units
V is desired cutting speed, a Handbook Value
D1 is largest part diameter (initial size)

❖V given in surface feet per minute (SFPM), D1 in inches: k = 12

❖V given in meters per second (MPS), D1 in mm: k = 60000
❖V given in meters per minute (MPM), D1 in mm: k = 1000

If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is desired, solve above equation for
V: V = πND/k
B. Cutting Time: minutes per operation

 CT is cutting time per “pass”

 L is length cut
 A is “allowance” or starting offset
 fr is machine feed rate units/revolution, a Handbook Value
C. Material Removal Rate (MRR or Q): Volume Removed
cutting time

D2 is Finished Diameter
Substituting for
N from above:
and:

 t is Depth of cut (inch or mm)

Therefore:
Knurling - is a process of embossing (impressing) a
diamond-shaped or straight-line pattern into the
surface of workpiece. Knurling is essentially a
roughening of the surface and is done to provide a
better gripping surface.
Thread cutting on the lathe - is a process that
produces a helical ridge of uniform section on the
workpiece. This is performed by taking successive
cuts with a threading tool bit the same shape as the
thread form required.
Parting off - the part is removed so that it faces the ends. For
this the parting tool is involved in slowly to make perform the
operation. For to make the cut deeper the parting tool is pulled
out and transferred to the side for the cut and to prevent the
tool from breaking.
Parting Off Operation Calculations
the cutting speed for a given RPM decreases as the tool progresses
toward the center of the piece being cut. This follows since most (manual) lathes
cannot increase spindle speed (N) during cutting operations. Thus, the required N
is calculated as above using the outside (largest) diameter of the part for a given V.

A. Machine Speed

If Cutting Speed for a given RPM rate is

desired, solve above equation for V:
V = πND/k

B. Cutting Time
C. Material Removal Rate (here D1 is Outside Diameter)
Basic Operations Performed on a Lathe Machine
Feeds & Speeds for Tool Materials
Turning Feeds & Speeds Turning Feeds & Speeds
THANK YOU!