88 CHAPTER 4 .

MACROSCOPIC ELECTROSTATICS

we obtain

(E(r))= -V ds/ c[ 1
r-slV v
dV
j
qjkb(rj - s - r)

t)S,
+ (V, r - s l dV
j
pjS(rj - s - r)] (4.5)

(interchanging averaging and taking of gradient). We now set

where we define as
N ( s ) : the number of molecules per unit volume at s ,
(qmol(S)): average charge per molecule at s ,
p ( s ) : macroscopic charge density at s ,
P(s): polarisation vector (= dipole m o m e n t per unit volume) at s ,
(Pmol(s)): average dipole m o m e n t per molecule at s.
We then have (with s replaced by r)

E*(r)= (E(r))= -V + kP(r) . v-Ir - rl

E
S, [
-V& vq5p. -
dV -

In view of continuity for r # r it is permissible to write the divergence (see

explanations below)
1
kp(r)V2-
Ir - rl

kp(r)b(r - r) + kP(r) . V6(r - r)

= 47rkp(r) - 47rkV P(r)

1
(4.7)

where in the step from the first line to the second we used the replacement
1
V2---+ -47r6(r - r),
Ir - rl