TRUSSES ANALYSIS

! Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

! Member Local Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Member Global Stiffness Matrix
! Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss
Analysis
! Trusses Having Inclined Supports, Thermal Changes
and Fabrication Errors
! Space-Truss Analysis

1
2-Dimension Trusses

2
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

x
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(x2, y2) (x1, y1) Node and Member Identification
2 3
6
8
5 Global and Member Coordinates
3 4 7
(x3, y3) (x4, y4)

Degrees of Freedom
Known degrees of freedom D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8
Unknown degrees of freedom D1 and D2

3
Member Local Stiffness Matrix

x
y AE AE
qj q 'i = d 'i d'j
j L L

i AE AE
qi q' j = d 'i + d'j
L L
x
y
AE/L x ddi i q 'i AE 1 1 d 'i
=1
d i q ' = d '
AE/L j L 1 1 j

1
d j = x [q] = [k][d] ----------(1)
y
AE/L xd
dj j
AE 1 1
[k ' ] =
L 1 1
AE/L
4
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

y
y x

y m j (xj,yj)
x x
i
(xi,yi)

x j xi x j xi
x = cos x = =
L ( x j xi ) 2 + ( y j yi ) 2
y j yi y j yi
y = cos y = =
L ( x j xi ) 2 + ( y j yi ) 2

5
 Displacement Transformation Matrices
y
y x djy
dj djx
j
m j y m
diy x x
i dix
di i

Local Global
x y
d 'i = d ix cos x + d iy cos y

d ' j = d jx cos x + d jy cos y

d ix
d 'i x y 0 0 d iy x y 0 0

d ' = 0 x
y d jx
[T ] =
x y
j 0 0 0

d
jy
[d] = [T][d] ----------(2)
6
 Force Transformation Matrices

qjy y x
y y qj
qjx
j
y m
y m j
qiy x x x x
i qix
qi i

Global Local

x
qix = q 'i cos x where
q ix x 0
y q x 0
qiy = q 'i cos y
iy = y 0 q 'i 0
q jx = q ' j cos x q jx 0 x q ' j [T ] =
T y

0 x
q jy 0 y
q jy = q ' j cos y 0 y

[q] = [T]T[q] ----------(3)

7
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
[q] = [T]T[q] ----------(3)
Substitute ( [q] = [k][d] + [qF] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,
[ q ] = [ T ]T ([k][d] + [qF] ) = [ T ]T [ k ][T][d] + [ T ]T [qF] = [k][d] + [qF]

[k] [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T]

[qF] = [ T ]T [qF]

x 0
y 0 AE 1 -1 x y 0 0
[ k] =
0 x L -1 1 0 0 x y
0 y
U V U V
U xx xy xx xy
AE V yx yy yx yy
[k] =
L U xy xx xy
x x

V yx yy yx yy

8
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Equilibrium Equation:

[Qa] = [K][D] + [QF]

Partitioned Form:

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Qk K11 K12 Du QFk

= +
Qu K21 K22 Dk QFu

Reaction Boundary Condition

[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

-1
[Du] = [Ku] (([Qk] - [QF]) - [K12][Dk])

9
Member Forces
y x
y qj

y m j

x x
qi i

q 'i AE 1 1 d 'i q ' F i

q ' = d ' + F
j L 1 1 j q ' j
d ix
x y 0 0 d iy

0 0 x
y d jx


d
jy
Dix
q 'i AE 1 1 x y 0 0 Diy q 'F i
+
q ' = 0 x
y D jx q'F j
j L 1 1 0

D jy
10
 Dix
q 'i AE x y x y Diy q ' F i
+
q ' = y x
y D jx q' F j
j L x

D jy
Dxi
Dyi
qj = AE
L
x y x y + qj F
Dxj
Dyj
y x
y qj

y m j

x x
qi i

Member Forces

11
Member Forces
Dxi
Dyi
qm = AE
L
x y x y + qjF
Dxj
y x Dyj
y qm

y m j

x x
i

Member Forces

12
Example 1

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
Assume EA to be the same for each member.

5m
3m
50 kN
5m
3m 5m
80 kN

4m 4m

13
 6
5m 3 5
3m
(-4,3) 2 2
50 kN
5m 1
3m 5m 1 1
3
4 8
80 kN (0,0)
(-4,-3) 3 7
4
4m 4m 2 (4,-3)

( x j xi )i ( y j yi ) j
ij = +
L L Member x y

cosx = x cosy = y #1 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#2 -4/5 = -0.8 3/5 = 0.6
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui xx xy xx xy
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
[ k ]m =
L U
j x x x y x x x y

Vj yx yy yx yy
14
 6
3 5 Member x y x2 x y y2
2 2 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.64 0.48 0.36
1 #2 - 0.8 0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
1 1
3 8 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
4
3 7
4
2
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48 1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36 AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36
[ k ]1 = [ k ]2 =
5 3 -0.64 -0.48 0.64 0.48 5 5 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48
4 -0.48 -0.36 0.48 0.36 6 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36

1 2 7 8
1 2
1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36 1 1.92 -0.48
[ k ]3 = AE
5 7 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48 [K] = 5 2 -0.48 1.08
8 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36
15
 6
5m Global 5
3m
2 2
50 kN
5m
1
3m 5m 1
3 8
80 kN 4
3 7
4m 4m

1 2
Q1 = -50 1 1.92 -0.48 D1 0 1
AE +
Q2 = -80 = 5 2 -0.48 1.08 D2 0 2

D1 -250.65/AE

D2 = -481.77/AE

16
 6
Local
3 5 Dxi
D
2 2
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
1
1 1
3 D yj
4 8
7 D1= -250.65/AE
3 4
D2= -481.77/AE
2 [qF]1 = AE
5
0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6
D3= 0.0
Member x y
D4= 0.0
= -97.9 kN (C)
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6 D1= -250.65/AE
#3 0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
[qF]2 = AE
5
0.8 -0.6 -0.8 0.6
D5= 0.0
17.7 kN
D6= 0.0
= +17.7 kN (T)
36.87o
50 kN
D1= -250.65/AE
17.7 kN [q ] = AE -0.8 +0.6 +0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
97.9 kN 80 kN F 3 5 D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
= -17.7 kN (C) 17
 6
3 5
17.7 kN
2 2
36.89o
1 50 kN
1 1
3 8
4 17.7 kN
3 7 97.9 kN 80 kN
4
Check :
2
+ F = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89
Member x y x
- 97.9cos73.78 - 80cos53.11 = 0, O.K
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
#3 0.8 -0.6
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN

50 kN
97.9(0.6)=58.74 kN 17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN

80 kN 17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
97.9(0.8)=78.32 kN

18
Example 2

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
The support B settles downward 2.5 mm. Temperature in member BD
increase 20 oC. Take = 12x10-6 /oC, AE = 8(103) kN.

8 kN
D
4 kN
A
3m oC
0
+2
C
B
B = 2.5 mm 4m

19
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
5
C 3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
B = 2.5 mm
Member x y
( x j xi )i ( y j yi ) j
ij = +
L L #1 -4/4 = -1 0

cosx = x cosy = y #2 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#3 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui xx xy xx xy
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
[ k ]m =
L U
j x x x y x x x y

Vj yx yy yx yy
20
 4 2
1
2
3 1
1 Member x y x2/L x y/L y2/L
(-4,0) (0,0)
#1 -1 0 0.25 0 0
2 3
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
6
8 #3 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5
3 4 7
(-4,-3) (0,-3)
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0 1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]2 = 8x103
3 -0.25 0 0.25 0 5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 0 0 0 0 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 2

2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 1 0.378 0.096

[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
7 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.405
8 0 -0.333 0 0.333
21
Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF] 1.92 kN 1.152 kN
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(-4,0) (0,0) 2 2 1.536 kN
2 +20oC
0o C
3 1.536 kN +20oC
+2
6
3 8
5
4 7 1.92 k =(T1)AE 1.152 kN
(-4,-3) (0,-3) = (12x10 )(20)(8x10 )
-6 3
B = 2.5 mm
1 2 5 6
q1
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 d1 -1.536 1
q2
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 d2 + -1.152 2
q5 = 8x103
5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 d5 = 0 1.536 5
q6 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 d6 = -2.5x10-3 1.152 6
1 2
5 6
q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 -0.128 -0.096 0 5 -1.536 1
= 8x103 + 8x103 +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 -0.096 -0.072 -2.5x10 6
-3 -1.152 2

q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 1.92 -1.536 1

= 8x103 + +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 1.44 -1.152222
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
C 5
3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
B = 2.5 mm

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Global:
1 2
Q1 = -4 1 0.378 0.096 D1 1.92 -1.536
= 8x103 + +
Q2 = -8 2 0.096 0.405 D2 1.44 -1.152

D1 -0.8514x10-3 m
= -2.356x10-3 m
D2
23
 4 2 Local Dxi
3 1
2 1
1 D
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
2 3
D yj
6
8
5 D1= -0.8514x10-3
3 4 7
1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 D2= -2.356x10-3
[qF]1 = 8x103
Member x y 4 D3= 0.0
D4= 0.0
= -1.70 kN (C)
#1 -1 0
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 D1= -0.8514x10-3
#3 0 -1 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92
[qF]2 = 8x103
5 D5= 0.0
1.92 kN D6= -0.0025
= -2.87 kN (C)

D1= -0.8514x10-3
2
+20oC D2= -2.356x10-3
[qF]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
3 D7= 0.0
1.92 kN
D8= 0.0
= -6.28 kN (C) 24
 4 2
3 1 Member cosx cosy [q]m
2 1
1

2
#1 -1 0 -1.70
3
6 #2 - 0.8 -0.6 -2.87
8
5 #3 0 -1 -6.28
3 4 7

8 kN
8 kN 1
4 kN
1.70 kN
1.70 kN 4 kN
2 3

2.87(0.8) = 2.30 kN
2.87 kN 6.28 kN

2.87(0.6) = 1.72 kN 6.28 kN

25
Example 3

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(b) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
D
m

= - 4 mm
3 m
3m =+
AD
A
C
B
4m 4m

26
 8 kN
2
4 kN (0,0)
D 1 1
m

= - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
AD 4 6
A 3 3
8
C 2 4 5 5 4
B 7
(0,-3) (4,-3)
4m 4m (-4,-3)

( x j xi )i ( y j yi ) j Member x y
ij = +
L L
#1 -4/5 =-0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
cosx = x cosy = y
#2 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui xx xy xx xy
#4 4/4 = 1 0
AE Vi yx yy yx yy
[ k ]m = #5 4/4 = 1 0
L U
j x x x y x x x y

Vj yx yy yx yy
27
 2 Member x y x2/L xy/L y2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
2
1 #2 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.128 -0.096 0.072
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)

1 2 3 4
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 1 2 7 8
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
1 2 5 6 [k]3 = 8x103
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
1 0 0 0 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 28
 2 Member x y x2/L xy/L y2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #4 1 0 0.25 0 0
2
1 #5 1 0 0.25 0 0
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)
3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8
3 0.25 0 -0.25 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
[k]4= 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 -0.25 0 0.25 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

Global Stiffness Matrix 1 2 5 7

1
2
[K] = 8x103
5
7
29
Global Stiffness Matrix
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 3 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 4 0 0 0 0
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]4= 8x103
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 5 -0.25 0 0.25 0
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 6 0 0 0 0
1 2 5 6 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 6 0 0 0 0
[k]2 = 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0 0 0 0

1 2 7 8
1 2 5 7
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378
30
 8 kN
Global Fixed end forces 2
4 kN
D 1
m

= - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

2.88 kN AE/L = 4.8 kN AE/L = 10.67 kN

-3.84 1

= -4 mm
3.84 kN -2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2
1 mm 2 Fixed End
3.84 kN 3 0.0 5
=+ 0.0 7
AD 10.67 kN
4.8 kN 2.88 kN

31
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
m

= -4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 5 7
Q1 = 4 1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128 D1 -3.84
Q2 = -8 7.79
= 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096 D2 +
Q5 = 0 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25 D5 0.0
Q7 = 0 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378 D7 0.0

D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 32
 2 Member forces Dxi
D
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ] yi

Dxj
[ ]
x + q'F
2
1 3
D yj
4 6
3 8 Member ix iy
4 5 5
7
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 0 -1
D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m D1
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 D2
5.2288x10-3 m [qF]1 = 8x103 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 + -4.8
5 0
= -1.54 kN (C) 0
4.8 kN 10.67 kN
D1
mm 2
1 3 D2 + 10.67
[qF]2 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
=+ 3 D5
AD 10.67 kN 0
4.8 kN = -3.17 kN (C)
33
 2 Dxi
D
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
2
1 3
D yj
4 6
3 8 D1
4 5 5
7 D2
[qF]3 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 -0.6
5 D7
D1 6.4426x10-3 m = -6.54 kN (C) 0
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m 0
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 0
[qF]4 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
4 D5
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
Member x y
#3 0.8 -0.6 D5
#4 1 0 0
[qF]5 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
#5 1 0 4 D7
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
34
 2 Member x y [q]
1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 -1.54
2 #2 0 -1 -3.17
1 3
4 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 -6.54
3 8 #4 1 0 5.23
4 5 5
7
#5 1 0 5.23

8 kN
4 kN 8 kN
4 kN

6.54 kN
1.54 kN 3.17 kN

3.17 kN 4 kN
1.54 kN 6.54 kN
0.92 kN
5.23 kN 5.23 kN 3.17 kN 3.92 kN

35
Special Trusses (Inclined roller supports)

36
 Transformation Matrices
2
1 [ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q ]
3
1 4
q*3
6 ix 0
4* 8 q*4
2 5 5 iy 0 qi
3*
7 q1 = 0 jx qj
jx = cos j q2 0 jy
y [T]T
2 jy = sin j
j
y* 1 x
1 j ix iy 0 0
4* [ T ] = [[ T ]T]T =
ix = cos i 0 0 jx jy
i i
iy = sin i
3*
x* qj
1 j

i
qi 37
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T]

ix 0
iy 0 AE 1 -1 ix iy 0 0
[ k ]m =
0 jx L -1 1 0 0 jx jy
0 jy

Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui ixix ixiy ixjx ixjy
AE Vi iyix iyiy iyjx iyjy
[ k ]m =
L U jxjx jxjy
j jx ix jx iy

Vj jyix jyiy jyjx jyjy

38
Example 5

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m

39
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
i = 0,
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] ij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 ix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* iy = sin 0 = 0
1 iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m qi qj
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 qi
q3*
= qj
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

40
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
i = 0 ;
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] ij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 ix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* iy = sin 0 = 0
1 iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m qi qj
1
i j
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 41
 2
Member 2:
1 qi
2
1 i = -90 = 270 ,
o o
i
3
3m 2 90o ix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 2 iy = sin(-90o) = -1
3*

2
1
5 4*
45o 3*
4m
90o+45o j = -135o = 215o , j
qj
=135o ix = cos (-135o) = -0.707,
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ] [T ] iy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L 1 1

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 42
 2 2
Member 3: 36.87o
1 1 j
qj

3m 3 2 3 3
6 4* 6
3* 36.87o i
1
5 45o 5
4m i = j = 36.87o ; qi
ix = jx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE 1 1 iy = jy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k ] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 43
 2
Global Stiffness:
1

5 6 3* 4*
3m 3 2
6 4* 5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
3* 6 0 0 0 0
1
[k*]1 = AE
5 45o 3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4m 4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125

1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE 1 2 3*
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 1 0.128 0.096 0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
[K] = AE
5 6 1 2 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
44
 2
Global :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.128 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0
= AE 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917 D3*

D1 352.5
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3
45
 2
Member Forces :
1 Dxi
D

3m 3
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
2
6 4*
3* D yj
1
5 45o 0
4m 0
[qF]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 352.5 = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3 D1
D2
[qF]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
3 D3*
Member ix iy jx jy = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
0
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707
0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 [qF]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 37.50 kN, (T) D2
46
 2
Reactions :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3

Member Force (kN) -22.50 -22.50 37.50

22.50 kN
37.50 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
7.50 kN 22.50 kN
31.82 kN
22.50 kN
47
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m 4m

48
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 i = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] ij = -45
o
ix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin 0o = 0
1 iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m qi qj
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 qi
q3*
= qj
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

49
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 i = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] ij = -45 = 315 ,
o o
ix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* ix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
iy = sin 0o = 0
1 iy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m qi qj
1
i j
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 50
Member 2: 2 8
1 4 7 qi
2
1 i = -90 ,
o
2 i
3 5
3m 90o ix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 3* 2 iy = sin(-90o) = -1

2
1
5 4*
4m 4m 3*
90o+45o j = -135o = 215o, j
qj
=135o ix = cos (-135 ) = -0.707,
o
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ] [T ] iy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L 1 1

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 51
Member 3: 2 8 2
1 4 7 36.87o
1 j
qj
2
3m 3 5 3 3
6 4* 3* 6
1 36.87o i
5 5
4m 4m qi
i = j = 36.87o ;
ix = jx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE 1 1 iy = jy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k *] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 52
Member 4: 2 8
1 4 7
2 8
2 4
3m 3 5 1 7
6 [q]
4* 3*
1
i = ij = 0o; ix = jx = cos 0o = 1,
5 iy = jy = sin 0o = 0
4m 4m qi qj
1
i j
AE 1 1
[k *] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k]1 = 0 4 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0 53
Member 5: 2 8 8
1 4 7 36.87o
j
0 .8 , qj
o; 7 o) =
2 . 87 . 87 0 .6
3 5 8.13o 5 = 36 s (36 7o )
= 5
3m j = co (36.8
6 4* 3* 4* 3* jx = sin
1 jy i
5
4m 4m qi
i = - 8.13o;
ix = cos (- 8.13o) = 0.9899,
AE 1 1 iy = sin(- 8.13o) = -0.1414
[k *] = [T T ] [T ]
L 1 1

0.9899 0
-0.1414 0 AE 1 -1 0.9899 -0.1414 0 0
[k*]5 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 7 8
3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072 54
 Global Stiffness: 2 8 5 6 1 2
1 4 7
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
3m 3
2
5 [k*]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
6 4* 3* 2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
1
5
4m 4m 1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
5 6 3* 4* 2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125 3* 4* 7 8
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
1 2 3* 4* 8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072
1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3*
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357 1 0.378 0.096 0
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
0.1667 [K] = AE
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 55
Global :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.378 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0 = AE
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 D3*

D1 86.612
1
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
56
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7 Dxi
D

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
6 4* 3*
D yj
1
5 0
4m 4m
0
[qF]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 86.612 = -2.44 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D1
D2
[qF]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
Member ix iy jx jy 3 D3*
= -6.26 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707 0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0
[qF]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 10.43 kN, (T) D2
57
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7 Dxi
D

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
6 4* 3*
D yj
1
5 D1
4m 4m
D2
[qF]4 = AE -1 0 1 0
4 0
D1 86.612 = -21.65 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D3*
0
[qF]5 = AE -0.9899 0.141 0.8 0.6
Member ix iy jx jy 5 0
= 2.73 kN, (T) 0
#4 1 0 1 0
#5 0.9899 -0.141 0.8 0.6

58
Reactions :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3 [q]4 [q]5

Member Force (kN) -2.44 -6.26 10.43 -21.65 2.73

1.64 kN
21.65 kN
19.47 kN
36.87o
10.43 kN 6.26 kN 2.73 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
5.90 kN 81.87o
2.44 kN 2.44 kN 6.54 kN
6.26 kN
59
 Example 7

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN Ui Vi Uj Vj
D
Ui ixix ixiy ixjx ixjy
3m AE Vi iyix iyiy iyjx iyjy
[ k *]m =
L U jxjx jxjy
A j jx ix jx iy
C Vj jyix jyiy jyjx jyjy
B
36.87o
4m 4m

60
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 1:
jx = cos 36.87o = 0.8,
jy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
y [q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]
2
36.87o
1 x q3* 0.28 0
y* j qj
1 q4* 0.96 0 qi
4*
1 j q1
= qj
0 0.8
i 73.74o q2 0 0.6
3* [T*]T
i
x* qi
ix = cos 73.74o = 0.28,
iy = sin 73.74o = 0.96
61
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
AE 1 1
[k ] = [T ]
T
[T ]
L 1 1

0.28 0
0.96 0 8x103 1 -1 0.28 0.96 0 0
[k]1 = 0 0.8 5 -1 1 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 1 2
3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
[k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072 62
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o [q*] = [T*]T[q] + [T*]T[qF]
Member 2:
y* y q3* 0.8 0
4* 6 q4* qi
0.6 0
2 5
x q5
= qj
0 1
i 36.87 j
3* x* jx = cos 0o = 1, q6 0 0
jy = sin 0o = 0 [T*]T
ix = cos 36.87o = 0.8, [k] = [TT] AE 1 -1 [T]
iy = sin 36.87o = 0.6 L -1 1
3* 4* 5 6
qi qj
2 3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0
i j 4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 63
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 3: x = cos 270o = 0, Member 4: x = cos 323.13o = 0.8,
y = sin 270o = -1 y
y 2 y = sin 323.13o = -0.6
2
270o
1 x
1 x
323.13o 4
3 8
6 7
5

1 2 5 6 1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
[k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 [k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
64
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
y
Member 5: 6 8
5 5 7
x
x = cos 0o = 1,
y = sin 0o = 0
5 6 7 8
5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0
[k]5 = 8x103
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0

65
 2 3* 4* 1 2
1 3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
3 4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
1 4 [k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
4* 6 2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072
8
2 5 5
7
3*
3* 4* 5 6 1 2 5 6
3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0 1 0 0 0 0
4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0 [k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0 5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 6 0 -0.333 0 0.333
1 2 7 8 5 6 7 8
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
[k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]5 = 8x103
6 0 0 0 0
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 8 0 0 0 0
1 2 3* 5
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0
[K] = 8x103 *
3 -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 66
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3* 5
Q1 = 4
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0 D1
Q2 = -8
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0 D2
Q3*= 0 = 8x103
D3*
3* -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
Q5 = 0 5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 D5

D1 1.988x10-3 m
D2 = -2.0824x10-3 m
D3* 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m 67
 8 kN Member forces
4 kN Dxi
D D
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
3m
D yj
A 4m 4m
C Member ix iy jx jy
B
36.87o #1 0.28 0.96 0.8 0.6
2
#2 0.8 0.6 1 0
1
3 D3*
1 4
0
6 [qF]1 = 8x103 -0.28 -0.96 0.8 0.6
4* 8 5 D1
2 5 5
7 = 0.46 kN, (T) D2
3*

D3*
D1 1.988x10-3 m 0
[qF]2 = 8x103 -0.8 -0.6 1 0
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m D5
= 4
D3* 1.996x10-4 m = -0.16 kN, (C) 0
D5 7.984x10-5 m 68
 2
1 Dxi
D
1
3
4 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
x y x ]
x + q'F
yi

Dxj
[ ]
6
4* 8 D yj
2 5 5
7 D1
3*
D2
[qF]3 = 8x103 0 1 0 -1
D1 1.988x10-3 m 3 D5
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m = -5.55 kN 0
=
D*3 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m D1
D2
[qF]4 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 - 0.6
Member ix iy jx jy 5 0
= -4.54 kN 0
#3 0 -1 0 -1
#4 0.8 -0.6 0.8 -0.6 D5
#5 1 0 1 0 0
[qF]5 = 8x103 -1 0 1 0
4 0
= -0.16 kN 0 69
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 4m 4m 8
2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3 [q]4 [q]5
Member Force (kN) 0.46 -0.16 -5.55 -4.54 -0.16

4.54 kN
y*
0.46 kN 5.55 kN

36.87o
36.87o 3.79 kN
0.16 kN 0.16 kN
36.87o
5.55 kN 2.72 kN
0.36 kN
x* 70
Space-Truss Analysis

71
Member Local Stiffness [k]:

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

= [k][T][d] + [qF]

q 'i EA 1 1 d 'i q 'iF

q ' = d ' + F
j L 1 1 j q ' j

d ix
d
iy
EA 1 1 d iz
=
L 1 1
[T ] + q'F [ ]
d jx
d jy

d jz
where,
x y z 0 0 0
[T ] =
0 0 0 x y z

72
Member Global Stiffness [km]:

[km]= [T]T[k] [T]

x 0
0
y
z 0 EA 1 1 x y z 0 0 0
[km ] =
0 x L 1 1 0 0 0 x y z
0 y

0 z

73
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

74
 qj

j qix xx xy xz xx xy xz dix
qiy yx yy yz yx yy yz diy
m qiz EA zx zy zz zx zy zz diz
qjx = djx
L
x x x y x z x x x y x z
i qjy djy
qi qjy yx yy yz yx yy yz
qjz zx zy zz zx zy zz djz
qjx
j
qjz
qiy m
q 'i EA 1 1 d 'i q 'iF
qix q ' = d ' + F
j L 1 1 j q ' j
i
qiz d ix
d
iy
d iz
[q' ] j m =
EA
[
x y z x y ] [ ]
z + q' F
L d jx
d jy

d jz
75
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
Take E = 200 GPa, A = 1000 mm z .
2

60 kN
80 kN

10 m
y

4m O
4m 3m
3m x

76
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
m = xi + yj + zk (4, -3, 0)
1 = (-4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
Member x y z
= -0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
2 = (+4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k #1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
3 = (+4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4 = (-4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
= -0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k 77
 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]6x6
Member x y z
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k11]3x3 [k12]3x3
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k]m =
[k21]3x3 [k22]3x3
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 1 2 3
1 +0.128 -0.096 -0.320
1 2 3 AE
[k11]3 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 +0.240
L
1 +0.128 -0.096 +0.320 3 -0.320 +0.240 +0.80
AE
[k11]1 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 -0.240 1 2 3
L
3 +0.320 -0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 +0.320
AE
[k11]4 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 +0.240
1 2 3 L
3 +0.320 +0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 -0.320
AE 1 2 3
[k11]2 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 -0.240
L 1 0.512 0.0 0.0
3 -0.320 -0.240 +0.80
AE
[KI,I] = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0
L
3 0.0 0.0 3.2 78
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF] (4, -3, 0)
1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

79
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

(AE/L) = (1x10-3)(200x106)/(11.18) = 17.89x103 kN

1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

D1 +117.2 6.551 mm
L
D2 = -277.8 = -15.53 mm
AE
D3 0.0 0.0 mm 80
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member x y z
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O D1
4m 3m D2
3m x dxi D3
Member forces: dyi
dzi
[qj]m = AE
L
x y z x y z + qF
dxj
dyj
dzj [0]
117.2
AE +0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[qj]1 = -277.8
L AE
0.0
= +116.5 kN (T)
81
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member x y z
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O
4m 3m
3m x

117.2
AE -0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[qj]2 = -277.8 = +32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE -0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[qj]3 = -277.8 = -116.5 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE +0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[qj]4 = -277.8 = -32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0 82
 Member x y z [qj]m
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 116.5
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 32.6
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -116.5
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -32.6

60 kN
80 kN

1
4 2
3

32.6 kN
116.5 kN
32.6 kN
R5z = (-32.6)(-0.8944) 116.5 kN
= 29.16 kN
5 R5y = (-32.6)(-0.2683) = 8.75 kN
R5x = (-32.6)(-0.3578) = 11.66 kN
83