.

, - 1, (2007/2008)

1.

1.1
Q1 = 20 C -
Q2 = 300 C 1 2 (2, 1, 0) m
(0, 0, 2) m, [135].

R 21 = (x 1 x 2 ) x
+ (y1 y2 ) y
+ (z 1 z 2 ) z = 2x
y
2z ,
R21 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3

= 1 (2x
R 2z) ,
y
21
3
Q1Q2
F,_____ = F21 = R 21 .
4o R 2
y
2x 2z
F21 = 6 = (4x + 2y + 4z ) N .
3

1.2

: Q1 (x 1, 2, 2) , Q2 ( 7, 1,1) , Q3 ( 3, 2, 1) Q4 ( 2,3, 4 ) . -
x1
Q4 , [132].

:
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

F4 = 0 :
Q1Q4 r14 Q2Q4 r24 Q3Q4 r34
F4 = F14 + F24 + F34 = + + ,
4o r142 4o r242 4o r342

F4 =
Q4 Q1 r14 + Q2 r24 + Q3 r34
4o r142
r242
r34
2

r14 r (x x 1 ) x + (y 4 y1 ) y + (z 4 z1 ) y
2
= 143 = 4 , .
r14 r14 r143
Q Q Q
(x 4 x 1 ) 31 + (x 4 x 2 ) 32 + (x 4 x 3 ) 33 = 0 , .
r14 r24 r34

, :
x 4 x1 x 4 x2 x 4 x 3

r143 r243 r343 Q1

y 4 y1 y 4 y2 y4 y3
Q2 = 0 .

r143 r243 r343

z 4 z1 z4 z2 z 4 z 3 Q3
3
r14 r243 r343

, :

(x x ) (x x ) (x x ) 2 x 5 5
4 1 4 2 4 3 1

(y 4 y1 ) (y 4 y2 ) (y 4 y 3 ) = 0 1 4 5 = 0 x1 = 8 ;

(z z ) (z z ) (z z ) 2 3 5
4 1 4 2 4 3

r14 = 105 , r24 = 50 = 5 2 , r34 = 75 .

2, 3. :
10 Q1 5 Q2 5 1 Q1 4 Q2 5
3
3
= , + = ,
105 Q3 50 Q3 753 3
105 Q3 3
50 Q3 753

Q1 7 7 Q2 2 2 Q1 21 21
= , = , = .
Q3 5 5 Q3 3 3 Q2 10 10
6
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.3
E (0,0,2) -
Q1 = 0, 5 C Q2 = 0, 75 C -
(4,0,0) (0,3,0) , , [136].

:
z R1 = (4 x
+ 2 z) , R1 = 20,
E2 E1 R 2 = (3 x
+ 2 z) , R2 = 13.
(0, 0, 2)
1 Q1 4 x
+ 2 z
R2
Q2 E1 = ,
R1 y 4o R12 R1
(0, 3, 0)
1 Q2 3 x
+ 2 z
E2 = 2
,
Q1 4o R2 R2
(4, 0, 0)
x
V
1.1 E1 = (201, 25 x
+ 100, 62 z) ,
m

V
E2 = (432, 03 y
288, 02 z) ,
m
V
E = (201, 25 x 187, 39 z)
+ 432, 03 y .
m

1.4
Q Eo . -
, [131].
:
Q
, y- . , ,
.

.

y-. M ( x, y ) :

7
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Q
(x , y ) = Eo y + .
4o x 2 + y 2
y y

EQ Eo Eo EQ

Q
x x
Eo Eo
Eo



E = 0 ys
EQ EQ s
EQ

1.2 1.3

y- :
Q
(0, y ) = Eo y + ,
4o y
y

(0, y ) Q Q y
E (0, y ) = = Eo 2 = Eo + .
y 4o y 4o y y
E (0, y ) y :

Q 1 Q
E (0, y < 0) = Eo = 0. ys = .
4o y 2 2 o Eo

Q QEo
(0, y < 0) = Eo y (0, ys ) = .
4o y o

> 0?

8
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Q Q QEo
(0, y > 0) = Eo y + Eo y + =
4o y 4o y o
Q Q 2
y2 + y = 0 y 2 + 2 ys y ys = 0
o Eo 4o Eo

: y1 = ( 2 1) ys . , -
(0, y1 ) = (0, ( 2 1) ys )

1.5
-
.
, [133].

:
:
dl
dE = , dEr = dE cos ,
4o R 2

d
dl R
R

d

dEr
r

dE
1.4

r r R d r d
= cos R = , dl = =
R cos cos cos2

9
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r d cos2 cos cos d

dEr = =
4o cos r
2 2
4o r
/2

Er = cos d , Er = sin + sin = .
4o r 4o r 2
2 2o r
/ 2

1 d
E = grad = r + + z E=
r r z dr
r rref
dr r
= Edr = = ln ref . .
r
2o r
r 2o r
ref

1.6
-
2L,
, [134].
:
. -
(r,z) .
dl :

z
M (r , z )

R
z l

r
l
2L r

1.5

10
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

+L
dl dl
d =
4o R
, : = 4o R
+ o , R = r 2 + (z l )2
L

+L
dl
= 4o r 2 + (z l )2
+ o .
L

: z l = r sht , dl = r cht dt ,
z +L
z + L = r sht1 t1 = Arsh ,
r
z L
z L = r sht2 t2 = Arsh
r

(
Arshx = ln x + x 2 + 1 )
z + L + (z + L)2 + r 2 z L + (z L)2 + r 2
t1 = ln , t2 = ln .
r r
t2 t1
r cht dt cht dt
= + o = t + o ,
t1 4o r (1 + sh t )
2 2 4o 1 + sh 2t
2
t1
cht dt
=
4o cht
+ o ,
t2

z + L + (z + L)2 + r 2
= (t t ) + o , t1 t2 = ln
4o 1 2 z L + (z L)2 + r 2

z + L + (z + L)2 + r 2
= ln + o . (*)
4o z L + (z L)2 + r 2

1
E = grad = r + + z = r + z = Er r + E z z .
r r z r z

:
e x e x e x + e x e x e x 1
shx = ; chx = ; thx = , cthx = ,
2 2 e x + e x thx
11
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

ch 2x sh 2 x = 1, sh 2x = 2 shx chx , ch 2x = sh 2x + ch 2x ;

sh (x y ) = shx chy chx shy, ch (x y ) = chx chy shx shy,

(
Arshx = ln x + x 2 + 1 , ) (
Archx = ln x + x 2 1 ,(x 1), )
1 1+x 1 x +1
Arthx = ln ; ( x 1) , Arcthx = ln ; ( x  1) .
2 1x 2 x 1

1.7

Q. -
, [137].
:

y0z .
:

Q Q
dq = dl = ad = d ,
2a 2
dq Q d Q d
d = = = 2 .
4o R 2 4o R 8 o R
z
M (0, y, z )

r z
R

y
y
a
l

x
1.6
12
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

R = z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay cos = z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay sin ;
2

y0z :

/2 /2
Q d
=2 d, =2 8 2 o z + y + a 2 2ay sin
2 2
.
/ 2 / 2

: = 2 ,, d = 2d , , 0, .
2 2

R = z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay sin = z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay sin 2 ,
2

sin 2 = sin 2 = cos 2 = cos2 + sin2 ,
2 2

2ay cos 2 = 2ay (cos2 sin2 ) ,

z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay sin 2 =
2
= z 2 + y 2 + a 2 2ay + 2ay + 2ay (cos2 sin2 ) =
= z 2 + (y + a ) 2ay (1 cos2 ) 2ay sin2 =
2

= z 2 + (y + a ) 4ay sin2 =
2

4ay
= z 2 + (y + a ) 1 2 sin2 ,
2
z + (y + a )
2

4ay
R = z 2 + (y + a ) 1 k 2 sin2 .
2
k2 = 2 2 ,
z + (y + a )

13
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

/2
Q 2d
= 2
4 o z + (y + a )
2 2
1 k 2 sin2
=
0
/2
Q d
=
2 o z + (y + a )
2 2 2 1 k 2 sin2
,
0

Q
= K , k .
2 o z + (y + a )
2 2 2 2

/2
d
K , k . =
2 1 k 2 sin2
0
.

Q
2 Q
y = 0 k = 0 K , 0 = , (z ) = 2 = .
2 2 2 o z + a
2 2
4o z 2 + a 2

Q
Q
y = 0, z = 0, (0, 0) = 2 2 2 = .
2 oa 4oa

:
R , ,
:

R (x, ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d dx ) R (x, )
ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e dx (*)

(*) .
(*) -
, .

:
dt t 2dt dt
1 t 2 1 k 2t 2 1 t 2 1 k 2t 2 ; 1 + ht 2 1 t 2 1 k 2t 2 ; (**)
;
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
0 k 1.

t = sin , 0 (**) :
2

14
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

d d
, 1 k 2 sin2 d , , (***)
(1 k 2
sin )
2
(1 + h sin ) (1 k 2 sin2 )
2

, , -
.
(***)
, .
:

d
K (, k ) = , E (, k ) = 1 k 2 sin2 d ,
0 (1 k 2 sin2 ) 0

d
(, h, k ) = .
0 (1 + h sin ) (1 k 2 sin2 )
2

= 2 .

1.8
Q (0, 0, zo )
Q1 -
a z = 0, [136]

:
z

Q
(0, 0, zo )

R
a y
r dQ

x
1.7
Q1 Q
: = = 21 .
S a
15
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

R = r r + zo ,
z dQ = dS = rdrd .

Q dQ r r + zo z Q rdrd r r + zo z
dF = = .
4o (r + z )
2 2
r2 + z2 4o (r 2 + z 2 ) r2 + z2

-
z :
2 a Q zo rdrd Q zo a rdr
F=
0 0
4o (r + zo
2
)
2 3/2
z = 2
4o (r
0 2
+ zo 2 )
3/2
,

1 QQ1zo
Q zo 1 1 1
F= 2 = 2 2 .
2o zo a + zo 2 2a o zo a + zo 2

1.9
- ,
Q. a
, -
. : () -
, () z z-
, [139].

:
z

M (0, 0, z )

R
a y
r dQ

x
1.8

16
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

()
. z- x y
. z-
z .

: dS = r d dr .

: = kr 2 . :
2 a a
ka 4 2Q
Q= dS = k r dr d = 2k r 3dr = , k= 4 .
2
r
S 0 0 0
2 a
2Q
, = 4 r 2 .
a
z-:

dq rdrd Q r 3drd
d = = = .
4o r 2 + z 2 4o r 2 + z 2 2 2 oa 4 r 2 + z 2

2Q a r 3dr
(0, 0, z ) =
2 2 oa 4 0
r2 + z2
=

= r 2 + z 2 = t 2 , r dr = t dt, t1 = z , t2 = a 2 + z 2
Q Q 2
a + z 2 (a 2 2z 2 ) + 2 z z 2 .
t2
(0, 0, z ) = (t z 2 )dt =
2

oa 4 t1 3oa 4

E z (0, 0, z ) = gradz (0, 0, z ) ; f (z ) = a 2 + z 2 (a 2 2z 2 ) + 2 z z 2 .

df 1 1/ 2
= (a 2 + z 2 ) 2z a 2 2z 2 + a 2 + z 2 (4z ) + 6z z ,
dz 2

df 3a 2z 6z 3 Qz a 2 + 2z 2
= + 6z z , E z (0, 0, z ) = 2 z (*)
dz a2 + z2 oa 4 a2 + z 2

:

a 2 + 2z 2 a 2 + 2z 2 2 z a2 + z 2
F (z ) = 2 z =
a2 + z 2 a2 + z 2

17
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

F (z ) =
a 2 + 2 z z a 2 + z 2
=
(
a2 a2 + z 2 z
;
)
a2 + z 2 (
a2 + z 2 z + a2 + z 2 )
Q z
E z (0, 0, z ) = F (z )
oa 4

z = 0 . , , (0,0,0).

()
(*) z = a t , z  0 :

tQ 1 + 2t 2
E z (0, 0, z ) = 2t .
oa 2 1 + t 2
d 1 + 2t 2

: t 2t = 0 .
dt 1 + t 2
1 + 2t 2
3t + 2t 3
4t + t =0
1+t 2
(1 + t 2 )
3

2u 1 (u 1)(1 + 2u )
t 2 = u 1 + = 4 u 1 .
u u 3/2
4 4 1
: + 2 + 3 = 0 ,
u u u
1 2
4u 2 4u 1 = 0 u1,2 = .
2
2 1
t = ,
2
2 1
z = a .
2

1.10
E -

, [141].
:

18
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.8 :
dq rdrd
d = = .
4o r + z 2 2
4o r 2 + z 2

a a
d (r 2 + z 2 )
(0, 0, z ) =
2
4o
rdr
r +z
2 2
=

2o r +z
2 2
=

2o
( )
a2 + z 2 z .
0 0

z z
E = grad = z = 2 z .
z 2o z a + z 2

a
z = 0 = , Ez = .
2o 2o

1.11

, [142].

z
dE
M (0, 0, z )

R
y

r dQ
(r, , 0)
x

1.9

19
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

-
z = 0 . 2.12 :
rdr d r r + z z
dE = .
4o (r 2 + z 2 ) r2 + z2

E z :


2 rzdrd z 1
E= 4o (r 2 + z 2 )
z =
2o

2
z = z .
(r + z ) 0
3/2
0 0 2 2o

1.12
-
. 2a .
, [143].

a +a
x
0

E2 E2 E2
(1) (2)
E1 E1 E1

1.10

1.10 E1
E2 :

20
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

( / o ) x x a

E (x ) = 0 a x a .

+ ( / ) x x a
o

1.13


,
Q, [144].
:
o dl
o r
d x
M z
a

z
b

1.11

z .
x . dq r :

dq dS Q
d = = , = ,
4o r 4o r 4a 2

dS = 2x dl = 2a sin a d = 2a 2 sin d ,

r 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos rdr = ab sin d

rdr 2a
sin d = , dS = rdr ,
ab b
2a a a dr
d = rdr = dr =  d =
 .
4ob r 2o b S
2o S b

21
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

x 2 = r 2 z 2 = a 2 (b z ) = a 2 b 2 z 2 + 2bz ,
2

r 2 = a 2 b 2 + 2bz rdr = bdz,

dr dz dz
= = .
b r a b 2 + 2bz
2

b +a
a dz
2o ba a 2 b 2 + 2bz
= =

a 2
= a b 2 + 2b (b + a ) a 2 b 2 + 2b (b a ) ;
2b o

a a 2 + b 2 + 2ab a 2 + b 2 2ab =
=
2b o
a
(a + b ) (a b ) ;
2 2
=
2b o
a
= [ b + a b a ];
2b o

a a 2 Q
= 2a = = ; ba
2b o b o 4ob

a a Q
= 2b = = ; ba
2b o o 4oa

d
E = grad = z
dz
Q
Er = , b a; E = 0 b a.
4ob 2

1.14
-
: (x ) = o x a , a x +a, o = const.
, [145].
:
22
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

o
o

2a
1.12

y z , E z Ey . -
.
s
divE =
o
o x dE x x o x 2
a x +a, s = = o , Ex = + C1 .
a dx o a 2a o

dE x
x a x a, s = 0 , =0 , Ex = C 2 .
dx
E x C 2
0.

E x (x = a ) = E x (x = a + ) ,
oa 2 oa
+ C1 = 0 C1 = .
2a o 2o

o
Ex = (x 2 a 2 ) , a x +a,
2a o

Ex = 0 , x a x a.

23
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.15

s
, , [158]:

o
) s (r ) = o ,
o

r
) s (r ) = 1 .
o

a

: 1.13

s
rotE = 0 , E = grad , divE = .
o
1 2 1 1 E
divE = (r Er ) + (sin E ) + .
r r
2
r sin r sin

.
: E = Er (r ) , E = 0 , E = 0 .
1 2
divE = 2 (r Er ) = s .
r r o
()

1 2 2 r2
0 r a, s = o = const. (r Er ) = o , (r Er ) = o
r r
2
o r o

or 3 o r C 1
r 2E = + C1 E= + 2
3o 3o r

o r
r 0 , C 1 0 : E = .
3o
1 1
E = grad = r .
r r r sin

r
E= r , d = Edr = o dr .
r 3o

24
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

4a 3
a a o a 2 r 2
3 = o + a 2
(r ) = E (r ')dr '+ (a ) = o r ' dr ' +
r '=r
3o r '=r 4oa 3o 2 2

o
(r ) = (3a 2 r 2 ) .
6o
d 2 C2
r a, s = 0 , (r E ) = 0 , s = o = const. , E= .
dr r2
, -
. : E (r = a ) = E (r = a + ) .
oa C 2 oa 3
= 2 C2 = .
3o a 3o
2
oa a
K je: E = Er = , r a.
3o r
r '=r
oa 3 dr ' oa 3
d = E dr, (r ) = Er dr ' = r ' 2 = 3or , r a.

3o r '=r

()

r 1 d 2 r
0 r a, . s = o 1 .

(r Er ) = o 1
a 2
r dr o a
d 2 r3 o 2
r r + C 3 .
(r Er ) = o r 2 Er =
3 4a r 2
dr o a o
o r 4 r
Za r 0 , C 3 0 , : Er = ,
4o 3 a
a a
o 4 r '
(r ) = E r dr '+ (a ) = r ' dr ' + (a ) ,
4o 3 a
r '=r r '=r

r3
(r ) = o a 2 2r 2 + + (a )
12o a
d 2 C
r a, s = 0 , (r E ) = 0 , r 2E = C 4 , E = 24 .
dr r
3
a
E (r = a ) = E (r = a + ) C 4 = o ,
12o

25
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r '=r
a
2
oa a3 dr ' oa 3
: E = Er = , (r ) = Er dr ' = o r '2 12or .
=
12o r 12o
r '=r

oa 2
: (a ) = . ,
12o
2 3
oa 3
(r ) =
o 2a 2r 2 + r , 0 r a, (r ) = , r a.
12o a 12o r

1.16
a
, b (b>a). .
, -
. Q. -
, [174].

Q
b

o o
(1) (2) a

1.14
:

(1), (2).
:

1 = a11Q1 + a12Q2 , 2 = a21Q1 + a22Q2 .

26
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1 1 1
a11 = Q = 0 = , a12 = a21 = 1 Q1 = 0 = 4 b ,
Q1 2 4ob Q2 o
1
a22 = 2 Q = 0 = .
Q2 1 4oa

: 2 = 0 , Q1 = Q ,

a 21
0 = a21Q + a22Q2 Q2 = Q,
a22

a a2
1 = a11 a12 21 Q = a11 12 Q ,
a22 a 22

2
a12 1 a 1 a
a11 = 1 1 = 1 Q .
a22 4ob b 4ob b

1.17
-
a b d
Q . , [157].

o
b
a Q

o d

1.15
:
Q -
. -
.

27
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

.
:
Q + Qi
 E dS = o
= 0, Qi = Q .
S

+ Q ,
.

+ Q -
Q ,
.
Q
:
Q
E= .
r
4o r 2

Q
.

1.18

a , [175].

:

1.16 ) :

1 1
E (0, y ) = +
2o h y h + y .
i i

hi a hi a
2h 1 2h
i = E (0, y ) dy = E (0, y ) dy = ln i . aii = ln i .
0 0
2o a 2o a

28
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

i - j - . j -
j . i - :
D 1 D
i = j ln ij . aij = i = 0 = ln ij .
2o dij i 2 j d o ij

y
j

i
dij h y
i E
hj
hi y E
=0 x

Dij
hi h +y
hj

i
2a
j

1.16

1.19
h
Q.
, , -
, [165].

, , E
:

Ez =0 = 2 EQ cos z = E z z ,
29
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2Q h Qh
Ez = =
4o (h + x ) h + x 2o (h 2 + x 2 )
2 2 2 2 32

Qh
i = o E z =
2 (h + x 2 )
2 32

Q
i max = (x , y ) = (0, 0) .
2h 2

Q 2
F = Q EQ z = h = .
z
16o h 2

z
Q
Q
o

h n
h
o
=0
x
o
EQ EQ

Ez =0
Q

1.17
.

1.20
, Eo ,
. -
h (h>>a) . . ()

, = 0 , ()
), [176].

:
30
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
Q Q
M = Q + Q + o = + Eo y
4o r1 4o r2
y
Q
Q r1 M (x , y )

h Eo Eo

=0 x
r2

1.18

r1 = x 2 + (h y )2 , r2 = x 2 + (h + y ) .
2

(a)
r1 = a, r2 = 2h a, (0, h ) = 0

Q 1 1
( 0, h ) =
4o a 2h a + Eo y = 0

2o hEoa (2h a )
Q= 4o haEo .
h a

()
i = o En ,

31
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Q 2ah 2
En = 2 cos + Eo = Eo 1 , ( 1.19).

(x 2 + h 2 )
2
4or 3


2ah 2
i = o Eo 1 .

( )
3
x 2
+ h 2

1.21
a -
h, h>>a.
o .
, [205].

E :

E = 2E cos z, .

h
E = = , cos = ;
2o r 2o h 2 + x 2 h + x2
2

z


o

h
o
=0
x
o
E E

Ez =0

1.19
32
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

h h h
E = 2 = i = o E = .
2o (h + x ) o (h 2 + x 2 )
2 2
(h 2 + x 2 )

=?
:

h h 2h 2oo
o = ln ln = ln = .
2o a 2o 2h 2o a 2h
ln
a

h 2o o h 2o h o
i (x ) = = = .
(h + x )
2 2
ln
2h (h + x )
2 2
(h 2 + x 2 ) ln
2h
a a

1.22
a h
(h>>a) , . ,
Eo
. : ()
, () , [177].

:
y

r1 M (x , y )

h Eo Eo

=0 x
r2

1.20
33
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Eo -
.
.
()
:

r r r
(M ) = ln ref ln ref + y Eo = ln 2 + y Eo .
2o r1 2o r2 2o r1

?
, (r 1 = a, r 2 = 2h a, y = h ) :

2h a
( 0, h ) = ln + h Eo = 0 , ( !)
2o a

x 2 + (h + y )
2
2o Eoh Eh
= . (x , y ) = o ln + y Eo
2h 2h x 2 + (h y )
2
ln ln
a a
()
Eo h r
(x , y ) = y E o ln 2 , r1 = x 2 + (h y ) , r2 = x 2 + (h + y ) .
2 2
2h r1
ln
a
( 0, y ) = ? , r1 ( 0, h ) = h y , r2 (0, h ) = h + y

Eo h h +y
( 0, y ) = y Eo ln .
2h h y
ln
a
x = 0 , , y :

hEo h +y
Ey (0, y ) = = Eo y ln ,
y y 2 h h y
ln
a
hEo 1 1
Ey (0, y ) = Eo + + ,
2h h + y h y
ln
a
34
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2h 2Eo 2Eo
Ey (0, a ) = Eo + Eo .
2h 2h
(h 2 a 2 ) ln ln
a a

1.23
.
-
. .
: () ,
() () -
, [178].

2a (1) (1)

h o o o

(2) (2)

h
(a ) (b )
=0 =0 =0

1.21
:
()
?

1 = a111 + a12 , 2 = a211 + a22

1 4h 1 3h 1 1 2h
a11 = ln , a12 = a21 = ln = ln 3 , a22 = ln .
2o a 2o h 2o 2o a

a12 ln 3
1 = 0 = a111 + a12 , 1 = = .
a11 4h
ln
a

35
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

()
?

1
E =2 cos 2 cos
2o r1 2or

2h h
cos = , cos = ,
r1 r


h 1 ln 9
E = + ,
o h + x 4 h
4h 2 + x 2 ) ln
2 2


(
a


1 ln 9
i = oEn = h 2 + .
4
h + x
h
(4h 2 + x 2) ln
2

h
r1


n r
h

1.22

36
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

()
-
?
-
2a = 1a , 2 = 0 :

a21
2 = a211 + a22 2 = 0 2 = 1
a22
a 12a 21
1 = a 11 1 + a 12 2 = a 11 1 1,
a 22
(a11a22 a122 ) a a12 (a11a22 a12
2
)
1 = 12 =
a22 a11 a11a22

1.24
-
(1) (2). , d,
h, ( d , h  a ). ,
o , ). , ).
: ()
, () -
, [179].
(1) (2) (1) (2)
o
d

h
=0 =0

(a ) (b )
1.23

(a)
1 2h 1 d 2 + 4h 2
a11 = a22 = ln , a12 = a21 = ln ,
2 o a 2 o d
1a = 0 , 2a = o .
37
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1a = a11 1a + a12 2 a = a12 2 a , 2 a = a211a + a22 2 a = a22 2 a = o

d 2 + 4h 2
ln
d o 2 oo
1a = a12 o = o , 2a = = .
a22 2h a 22 2h
ln ln
a a

(b)
o
1b + 2b = 2 a = , 1b = 2b , ( a11 a21 ) 1b = ( a22 a12 ) 2b
a22
2a o oo
1b = 2b = = = ,
2 2a22 2h
ln
a
2a o
1b = ( a11 + a12 ) 1b = ( a11 + a12 ) = ( a11 + a12 ) ,
2 2a22
2h d 2 + 4h 2
ln + ln
1b = a 2
d .
2h
ln
a

1.25
d -
Q. -
, : () , () , .
. , [162].

a
Q

1.24
38
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
) .
=0
a
Q1 = Q,
a d
Q1 Q a2
D= ,
d
D d D
d 2 a2
d
dD= .
d
1.25
Q Q1 aQ 2 d
F (d ) = = 2 .
4o (d D ) 4o (d 2 a 2 )
2

Q :

Q 2a rdr aQ 2
A=
4o (r 2
a2 )
2 =
8o (d 2 a 2 )
.
d

) . o .
.
o

a
Q1 Q1 Q

D d D
d

1.26

Q 2da Q 2a
F (d ) = + ,
4o (d 2 a 2 )
2
4od 3
39
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Q 2a rdr Q 2a dr
A=
4o (r 2
a )
2 2
+
4o r3
d d

Q 2a 3 Q1 Q
A= . o = = .
8od 2 (d 2 a 2 ) 4oa 4od

1.26
-
. , [180].
Qo o
M

a a ro r1 r2
Q Q1 Q
Qo Q1
D
d
d

) )

1.27
:

a a2 Qo Q1 Q1 Q
Q1 = Q , D= , E(M ) = 2
ro + r +
2 1
r2 ,
d d 4o ro 4o r1 4or22

Qo Q1 dQo + aQ
o = = .
4oa 4oad

1.27
, -
.
. ,
, -
, [181].
40
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

y M (x , y )
r1 r r2
y
(1) x (2)
+ a a x

1.28

. -
, 1.28 :

r
(r) = ln 2 + C . (1)
2 o r1

C , r1 = r2 , .
, -
. (1) (
, ):
r2
= k > 0, (2)
r1

. 1.28 -
:
r12 = (x + a )2 + y 2 , r22 = (x a )2 + y 2 , (3)

(2), :
2
1 + k2 2
x a 1 + k + y 2 = 4a k
2 2
x + y 2a
2 2
x + a 2
= 0 , (4)
1 k2 1 k 2 (1 k 2 )
2

x-,
:
1 + k2
xo = a , y=0 (5)
1k2
:

41
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2ak
R= . (6)
1 k2

, 1.29. 1 2. -
:

R x +a r
= o = 2 =k . (7)
xo a R r1

>1, r2 > r1 , (1). , <1

(2).

y
k M

r1 r2
R
(1) (2)
x
a a xo a 0
xo + a
xo

1.29

(1) (2). -
y-.
.
, -
1.31.

42
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

k
R
(1) (2)
x

xo a

xo
xo + a

1.30

0 , (1)
(2), (x o a ) (x o + a ) . (7) -
:

(x o a ) (xo + a ) = R 2 , (8)

-
(1) (2). ,
.
:
. -
.
. (8)

(x o , 0) R. , (1) (2)
1.30 (5) (6).

43
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

l2

l1

l3

l1 l2 = l 32

1.31

-

.

1.28
-
,[182].
:
. -
,

, .
, 1.32 1.33.
R1 R2
d. 2. -
, -

44
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

, (8) . -
x1 , x 2 , .

y
2

=0
1
R2
R1
+
x
x1 a a a

x1 x2

x1 + a
d

1.32

y
2

1
R2
R1
+
x
a a

x1

x2

1.33

1.32 :

45
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

(x 1 a ) (x 1 + a ) = R12 ,
(x 2 a ) (x 2 + a ) = R22 , (1)
x1 + x 2 = d.

, 1.33, :

(x 1 a ) (x 1 + a ) = R12 ,
(x 2 a ) (x 2 + a ) = R22 , (2)
x 2 x1 = d.

R1 , R2 d x 1 , x 2
, -
, -
, .
(1) :

1 R22 R12
x1 = d , x 2 = d x 1 , a = x 12 R12 . (3)
2 d

(2) :

1 R22 R12
x1 = d , x 2 = d + x 1 , a = x 12 R12 . (4)
2 d

1.32:
R22
R2
x R1 + a x2 + a
1 = ln 1 ; 2 = ln ; (5)
x 2 R2 + a
2
2 R 2o
R1 1
x1 + a

(x + a )(x 2 + a )
U = 1 2 = ln 1 ,
2o R1R2

2o 1 2o 2 2o U
= x1 + a = = (6)
ln ln
R2 (x + a )(x 2 + a )
ln 1
R1 x2 + a R1R2

46
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

, 1.33:

R1 R2 (x + a ) R1
1 = ln ; 2 = ln ; U = 1 2 = ln 2 ;
2o x 1 + a 2o x 2 + a 2o (x 1 + a ) R2

(x + a ) R1
U = 1 2 = ln 2 ,
2o (x 1 + a ) R2

2o 1 2o 2 2o U
= = =
ln
R1
ln
R2 (x + a ) R1
ln 2
x1 + a x2 + a (x 1 + a ) R2

:

C = . (7)
U

1.29
,
a, o , -
d -
b (b<<,d), o .
. , [166].
o y
M (x , y )
o
a a r2 r1
o

x
D
d
d

1.34
:

47
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

.
:

r
M = ln r1 + ln r2 + a = ln 2 + a ,
2o 2o 2o r1

a = ?

x 2 + y2 = a2 ,

r 12 = y 2 + (d x ) = y 2 + d 2 2dx + x 2 = a 2 + d 2 2dx
2

r22 = y 2 + (x D ) = y 2 + D 2 2Dx + x 2 = a 2 + D 2 2Dx

2

a2 a4 a2
r22 = a 2 2x + 2 = 2 (d 2 2xd + a 2 )
d d d
r22 a2 r2 a
= 2 = .
r12 d r1 d
a a
M = ln + a = o a = o ln
2o d 2o d
rd
M = o + ln 2 .
2o r1a

=?
:

a2 d 2 a 2 bd
r1 = b, r2 = d D b = d b = ,
d d
r2d d 2 a 2 bd d 2 a 2 bd
= , o = o + ln ,
r1a ab 2o ab
2o
=
2o d a 2 bd
2
ln
ab

48
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2 2
1 rd
(x , y ) = o 1 ln 22 2 ,
d a bd r1 a
2 2

ln
ab
a2
2

r = y + (d x ) ; r = y + x .
2 2 2 2 2
1 2
d

1.30
, -
,
, d>a . -
o M

, [167].

Q=0 y
o
o M (x , y )

a r2 r1
a r


x
D
d
d

1.35

-
. :

r
M = ln r1 + ln r2 ln r + a = a ln r1 + ln 2 .
2o 2o 2o 2o 2o r

a . .
a2 a (d a )
r1 = d a , r2 = a D = a = , r =a
d d
49
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r d
o = a ln d . a = o + ln d , M = o + ln 2 .
2o 2o 2o r r1

r-
:

= o Er r = a , Er = .
r

r12 = r 2 + d 2 2rd cos , r22 = r 2 + D 2 2rD cos

dr1 r d cos dr2 r D cos

= , = ,
dr r1 dr r2

= o + (ln d ln r1 + ln r2 ln r )
2o

d r d cos d r D cos d 1
(ln r1 ) = , (ln r2 ) = , (ln r ) =
dr r12 dr r22 dr r

r d cos r D cos 1
Er = + r = a
2o r12 r22 r

1 a d cos a D cos
= + 2 2 .
2 a a + d 2ad cos a + D 2aD cos
2 2

1.31
ro -
.
, ro h, a, d .
, [168].
:
, , :
a2 a2
x1 = , x2 = .
d +h d
a 2
2
2a 2x a4
r1 = (x x 1 ) + y = y + x
2
2 2 2
= x2 + 2 +y
2
d +h d + h (d + h )
50
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

=0

d h

y
M (x , y )

r1
r2 r3 r4

x
x1
x2
d
d +h

1.36

a2
2
2a 2x a 4
r22 = y 2 + (x x 2 ) = y 2 + x = x 2
2
+ 2 + y2 ,
d d d

r32 = (d x ) + y 2 = d 2 2dx + x 2 + y 2 ,
2

r 42 = (d + h x ) + y 2 = (d + h ) 2x (d + h ) + x 2 + y 2 ,
2 2

rr
M = ln r1 + ln r2 ln r3 + ln r4 + a = ln 2 4 + a ,
2o 2o 2o 2o 2o r1r3

a = ?

51
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

: x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , = 0 ,

2x a 2 2x a 2
r12 = a 2 1 + 2
, r 2
= a 2
1 + 2,
d + h (d + h )
2
d d
2dx d 2 (d + h )
2
2 (d + h ) x
r32 = a 2 1 2 + 2 , r42 = a 2 1 + ,
a a a2 a2
r2r4
2
d + h
2
=
d
.
r1r3

d + h d + h
0= ln + a a = ln
2o d 2o d

rr d +h r2r4d
M = ln 2 4 ln = ln .
2o r1r3 2o d 2o r1r3 (d + h )

1.32
-
. -

, [169].
y

a

=0

1.37

-
. :

52
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

a2 rr
x = r cos , y = r sin , D= . M = ln 2 3
d 2o r1r4

y

r1

r3 M (r , )

D r r4

r2

1.38

y
y
r1
d
M (r , ) M (r , )
r
r
x x
r2
d

1.39

r12 = (r cos d sin ) + (d cos r sin ) = r 2 + d 2 2rd sin ( + ) ,

2 2

r22 = (r cos d sin ) + (r sin + d cos ) = r 2 + d 2 2rd sin ( ) ,

2 2

53
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r32 = r 2 + D 2 2rD sin ( + ) , r42 = r 2 + D 2 2rD sin ( ) .

M = (ln r2 + ln r3 ln r1 ln r4 ) ;
2o

Er = .
r
dr1 r d sin ( + ) dr2 r d sin ( )
= , = ,
dr r1 dr r2

dr3 r D sin ( + ) dr4 r D sin ( )

= , = .
dr r3 dr r4

r d sin ( + ) r d sin ( )

r12 r22
Er = ,
2o r D sin ( + ) r D sin ( )
+
r32 r42
1
E = ,
r

1 dr1 d cos ( + ) 1 dr2 d cos ( )

= , = ,
r d r1 r d r2

1 dr3 D cos ( + ) 1 dr4 D cos ( )

= , = .
r d r3 r d r4

d cos ( + ) d cos ( ) D cos ( + ) D cos ( )

E = + + .
2o r2 r2 r2 r2
1 2 3 4

1.33
, Q
.
.

, [170].
54
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
r  a :
Qs Qs
 D dS = Q s , Dr 4r 2 = Qs , D=
4r 2
, E = Er =
4r 2
.
S

:
Qs
P = e E = e o E = (r 1) o E = ( o ) E, P = ( o ) .
4 r 2

1 2 1 P 2P P
v = divP = (r Pr ) = 2 2r Pr + r 2 r = r r ,
r r
2
r r r r

2 Pr Pr 2 ( o ) Qs 2 ( o ) Qs
v = = + = 0.
r r 4 r 3 4 r 3
-
:
Qs
v = P n = P = ( o ) .
4 a 2
:
o 1
Q = Qs + Qv = Qs + 4a 2 v = Qs = Qs .
r

Qs
, .

Q Qs o Qs
E= = = .
4o r 2 2
4o r 4 r 2

1.34
-
1 2 . a, b c .
Q : ()
E D , () () -
, [171].
55
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
Q

2 Q
1
a
b

1.40

Qs
a)  D dS = Q s , D = Dr , D=
4r 2
.
S

r  c D = 0.

Qs Qs
a r b E1 = . b r c E2 = .
41 r 2 42 r 2

) v = P1n P2n = (1 o ) E1 (2 o ) E 2 ,

(1 o ) (2 o ) (1 2 ) o
v = 2
Qs 2
Qs = Qs .
4b 1 4b 2 4b 2 12

b c
Qs (b a ) Qs (c b )
) U = E1dr + E 2dr =
41ab
+
42bc
.
a b

1 U b a c b
= = + .
C Qs 41ab 42bc

1.35
-
1 2 . d. -
. U. . -
56
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

: () E D , ()
s , () v , () -
, [172].

1 b

2
c

1.41

) E ,
. E1t = E 2t
:
d
U
U = E dl = Ed E=
d
.
0
1U U
D1 = 1E = , D2 = 2E = 2 .
d d
1U U
) s = Dn s 1 = s 2 = 2 .
d d
U
) v 1 = P1 n = P1 = o (r 1 1) E1 = (1 o ) ,
d
U
v 2 = P2 n = P2 = o (r 2 1) E 2 = (2 o ) .
d

:
57
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

U
s 1 + v 1 = s 2 + v 2 = o .
d

Q (a c ) + (b c ) (ac 1 + bc 2 ) U ac bc
) C = = s1 s2
= = 1 + 2 .
U U U d d d

1.36

. -
. ,
2 . Q : () -
E D, () s , () -
v () ,
[183].

o
b
a h

2
r

1.42

a) :
b

U=
Edr ,
a
Qs = Q .

 D dS = D o So + D S = Qs , E (o So + S ) = Qs ,
S

58
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

S = 2r h = 2r (r r cos ) = 2r 2 (1 cos ) ,
So = 4r 2 S = 2r 2 (1 + cos ) .
Qs
E (r ) = ,
o 2r (1 + cos ) + 2r 2 (1 cos )
2

Q
E (r ) = 2 .
2r (o + ) ( o ) cos

Do (r ) = o E (r ) , D r = E (r )
oQ
) so (a ) = Do (a ) = ,
2a (o + ) ( o ) cos
2

Q
s (a ) = D (a ) = 2 ,
2a (o + ) ( o ) cos

so (b ) = Do (b ) , s (b ) = D (b ) .

) v (a ) = P (a ) = ( o ) E (a ) .

b
Q
) U = 2r (
2
+ ) ( o ) cos
dr,
a o

Q b a
U = .

2 (o + ) ( o ) cos ab

Q ab
C = = 2 (o + ) ( o ) cos .
U b a

1.37
B E EB
Q
1 . 1 2 -
E E B , [184].

59
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
EA EB EB EA

A B A B A B

2h 1 2 2h 2 2 2h 1 1 2h

y y y
Q h h Q2 h h Q h h Q1
x x x
( ) ( ) ( )
1.43
B , 1.43 ):
Q2 2 2 Q
EB = , Q2 = Q, EB = ,
4 2 8h 2 1 + 2 16 h ( 1 + 2 )
2

Q 2
EB = ( x + y ) .
32 h 2 ( 1 + 2 )

A 1.43 ):

2 Q1 1 2 2 ( 1 2 ) Q
E Ax = , Q1 = Q, E Ax = .
2 41 8h 2 1 + 2 64 1h 2 ( 1 + 2 )

2 ( 1 2 ) Q Q
E Ay = + ,
641h ( 1 + 2 ) 4 1 4h 2
2

Q 4 ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 ( 1 2 )
E Ay = .
161h 2
4 ( 1 + 2 )

Q
EA =
641h ( 1 + 2 )
2 {
2 ( 1 2 ) x + 4 ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 ( 1 2 ) y
}

60
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.38
Q o h
1 = 2o , . E ,
o , [185].

:
o 1 = 2o
y
Q h Q Q 3
A

h o o
=0
x
o o

Q Q 3

1.44

, -
1.44.

1 2 Q
Q1 = Q = ,
1 + 2 3
h 1 2h 2
cos = = , sin = = .
h + 4h
2 2
5 h + 4h
2 2
5

Q Q 1 Q/3 Q /3 1 Q 5
E Ax = + = 2
1 ,
4o h 2 2
4o 5h 5 4oh 2 2
4o 5h 5 3o h 25

Q 2 Q /3 2 Q 5
E Ay = + = . EA = E Ax x
+ E Ay y
.
2 2
4o 5h 5 4o 5h 5 3o h 2 25

61
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.39
1 2 . -
Q1 Q2
h. F1 F2 , [186].

:
Q1

1
h

2 h

Q2
1.45

Q1 Q2' Q1"

1 2 2 1

1 2 2 1

Q1' Q2 Q2"
1.46

1 2 1 22 21
Q1' = Q1, Q2' = 2 Q2 , Q1" = Q1, Q2" = Q2
1 + 2 2 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 2

Q1 :

Q' +Q" (1 2)Q1 2

2Q1Q2
F1 = Q1 1 2 2 = + ,
16h 1 161 (1 + 2 ) h 2
16 (1 + 2 ) h 2

Q 2 :

62
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

Q2' Q1"

Q22 (2 1 ) 2Q1Q2
F2 = Q2 + = + .
16h 2
2 16h 2 162 (1 +2 ) h
2

2
16 (1 + 2 ) h 2

1.40
1 2
,
, -
. , -
, [187].
:
,
1.47. ,
.
1 1
d 2 d 2

h1 h1
h2 h2
=0 D

h1 h2

2
1
1.47
1 :

1 2h D
1 = ln 1 + 2 ln . (1)
2 a 2 d
:

1 D 2h
2 = ln + 2 ln 2 . (2)
2 d 2 a

63
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1 = a11 1 + a12 2 ,
(3)
2 = a21 1 + a22 2
:

1 2h1 1 D 1 2h
a11 = ln ; a12 = ln ; a22 = ln 2 . (4)
2 a 2 d 2 a

, -
.
(3) -
:

1 = b111 + b12 2 ,
(5)
2 = b211 + b222 .
a22 a12 a11
b11 = , b12 = , b22 = . (6)
a11a22 a122 a11a22 a122 a11a22 a122

, .

, -
1.48.

1 C 12
2

C 11 C 22

1.48

1 = b111 + b12 ( 2 1 + 1 ) = ( b11 + b12 ) 1 b12 (1 2 ) = C111 + C12 (1 2 ) ,

2 = b21 (1 2 + 2 ) + b222 = b21 (2 1 ) + ( b21 + b22 ) 2 = C21 (2 1 ) + C222 .

64
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

C11 = b11 + b12 , C12 = b12 , C22 = b22 + b21 . (7)

: 1 = 2 = ,
( )
.

' =
Cradno , (8)
U

U = 1 2 = ( a11 + a22 2a12 ) . (9)

,
' 1 2
C = = . (10)
a11 + a22 2a12 4h1h2 d 2
ln 2 2
a D
-
:
C11C22
C = C12 + . (11)
C11 + C22

, h, D
d, :

'
C = . (12)
d
ln
a 1 + (d / 2h )
2

-
:

C U 2
We = . (13)
2

1.41

, [188].

65
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

d23 d23
1
2
d12
(3) (1) (2)
h1
h3 h2
(2) (3) (1)
D12
h2 (1) (2) (3)
h1
D13 h3
2
1 l 3 l 3 l 3

3
1.49

. .
, 1.49.
, . -
:
1 + 2 + 3 = 0 . (1)

1 = a111 + a12 2 + a13 3 . (2)

(1), (2) :
1 = (a11 a12 ) 1 + (a13 a12 ) 3 . (3)

a13 a12 ,
.
:
1 1 1
C' = = = . (4)
1 a11 a12 s m

66
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

() -
l / 3 . s m
:
1 1
s = (a11 + a22 + a 33 ), m = (a12 + a 23 + a 31 ) . (5)
3 3

a + a22 + a 33 a12 + a 23 + a 31
1 = (s m ) 1 = 11 1. (6)
3 3

d12 , d23 d31

h1 , h2 h3 . :

1 2h1 1 2h2 1 2h3

a11 = ln , a22 = ln , a33 = ln ,
2 a 2 a 2 a
(7)
1 D12 1 D23 1 D31
a12 = ln , a23 = ln , a31 = ln .
2 d12 2 d 23 2 d31

:
1 2 3 h1h2 h3 1 3 D12 D23 D31
s = ln , m = ln . (8)
2 a 2 3 d12 d 23 d31

D, d h
, :

1 2h 1 D
s = ln , m = ln . (9)
2 a 2 d
(4) :
2
C' = . (10)
2hd
ln
aD
-
.

67
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.42
-
a b . d,
d  a + b, [189].

a b
d

1.50
,
. ( 1.27 1.28).
y
b
a

a b
x
c c
xa xb
d
1.51

(x a c )(xa + c ) = a 2 , (xb c )(xb + c ) = b 2 , x a + xb = d .

1 b 2 a 2
xa = d , xb = d xa , c = x a2 a 2 .
2 d

1.28. ,
:

68
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

2
C' = = .
a b (x a + c )(xb + c )
ln
ab

1.43
-
a b . d,
d a, b, [190].

:
2
b C' =
a ( x + c )( xb c )
ln a
ab
1 b a2
2

xa = d ,
2 d
d
1.52 xb = d + xa , c = xb2 a 2

1.44
a ,
.
h, (h  a ), [191].

a :

2
C' = .
h h + h2 a 2
ln
a

1.53

1.45

. : 1 = 3o 2 = 2o, [192].
69
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

a 1 2 a
x
1 2

d 2 d 2
1.54

.
A B
, 1.56.

A B
x

d 2
1.55

1 2
1 1 2 2
(a )
( )

4 3
1 1 2 2

( ) ()
1.56

1 2 22
1 = = 1 , 2 = = 1 ,
1 + 2 1 + 2

2 1 21
3 = ( ) = ,
2 4 = ( ) = 2 .
1 + 2 1 + 2

1 = 1 5, 1 = 4 5, 2 = 1 5, 2 = 6 5.

70
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

r r r
A = ln ref . + 1 ln ref . + 4 ln ref . ,
21 a 21 d a 21 d a

d a
A = (2 1 ) ln (d a ) ln a + o = ln + o ,
21 6o a

2 r r r
B = ln ref . + 3 ln ref . + ln ref . ,
22 d a 22 d a 22 a

a
B = ln a + (2 1 ) ln (d a ) + o = ln + o .
22 4o d a

5 d a
A B = ln ,
12o a
12o 12o
C' = = .
A B d a d
5 ln 5 ln
a a

1.46

. a , (<<h), [193].

r1

1
h
r
1 1
2 r2 2

1.57

71
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

e :
1 2
1 = .
1 + 2
(1) :
1
g = ln r1 ln r2 + o .
21 21

-
E1t = E 2t :

 DdS = D dS + D dS = l,
1 2 1Er l + 2Er l = l
S

E= ,
(1 + 2 ) r

d = Edr + o = ln r + o .
(1 + 2 )

, (1) :

(1) = ln r1 1 ln r2 + ln r + o .
21 21 (1 + 2 )

A B :

(1 2 )
A(1) = ln a ln (2h a ) + ln (h a ) + o ,
21 21 (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
(1 2 )
B(1) = ln (h a ) ln (h + a ) + ln a + o .
21 21 (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
31 + 2 h a 1 2 2h a
A(1) B(1) = ln ln ,
21 1 + 2 a 1 + 2 h + a

31 + 2 h 1 2
ln 2 , C ' = (1)

A(1) B(1) ln ,
21 1 + 2 a 1 + 2 A B(2)

72
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

21 (1 + 2 )
C' = .
h
(31 + 2 ) ln (1 2 ) ln 2
a

1.47
d,
, a, (a  d ), . -
, [195].

:
, (1) (2) , :
21 22
= 0, = .
x 2 x 2
o
2
: 1 = C 1 x + C 2 , 2 = x +C3 x +C4 ,
2o

(1) (2)

x
=0

o o
=0

d
1.58

: x = 0, 1 = 0, x = d 2 = 0,
1 2
x = d a 1 = 2 , = .
x x
:

73
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

a2 2
d + (d a ) , C 4 = (d a ) .
2 2
C1 = , C 2 = 0, C 3 =
2d o 2d o 2o

, :

a2 2 2
d + (d a ) x (d a ) .
2 2
1 = x, 2 = x +
2d o 2o 2d o 2o

1.48
o -
. o , a .
, [196].

.
r z , :

o

=

o =0

1.59

1 d 2
= 0, = 0. = = 0, = C1 + C 2 .
r z r 2 d 2

= 0 , C 2 = 0 , = o , o = C 1 o ,
1 d
= o , 0 o . E = grad = = o .
r d o r

74
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.49
.
1 ,
2 , [194].
o
(2)
b (1)
a
c 1

2

1.60

d 2 d C1
r = 0, = + C2.
dr dr r

a r b , :

C1 C
1 = + C 2 , 2 = 1 + C 2 ,
a b
(2 1 )ab b2 a1
C1 = , C2 = .
b a b a
( 2 )ab 1 b2 a1
(1) = 1 + , a r b.
b a r b a
C
c r , = 3 + C 4 . r , C 4 = 0. r = c , = 2 ,
r
(2) 2c
C 3 = 2c, = , c r .
r
:

(1) ( 2 )ab 1 (2) c

E1 = = 1 2, E2 = = 22 .
r b a r r r
-
:
75
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1 2 b 2
a = E1 (r = a ) = , Qa = 4a 2 a = 4 1 ab.
b a a b a
2 a 2
b = E1 (r = b ) = 1 , Qb = 4b 2 b = 4 1 ab.
b a b b a

c = o E 2 (r = c ) = o 2 , Qc = 4c 2 c = 4o2c.
c
: Q1 = Qa Q2 = Qb + Qc .

1 2 ab ab
Q1 = 4 ab = 4 1 4 2 ,
b a b a b a
Q1 = b111 + b122 ,

ab ab
Q2 = 4 1 + 4 + c o 2 ,
b a b a

Q2 = b211 + b222 .

ab ab ab
b11 = 4 , b12 = 4 , b22 = 4 + oc .
b a b a b a

Q1 = b111 + b122 = b111 + b12 (2 1 + 1 ) = (b11 + b12 ) 1 b12 (1 2 ),

Q2 = b211 + b222 = b21 (1 2 + 2 ) + b222 = b21 (2 1 ) + (b22 + b21 ) 2 .

,
Q1 = C 111 + C 12 (1 2 ),
Q2 = C 21 (2 1 ) + C 222 .

, , :
ab
C 11 = b11 + b12 = 0, C 12 = b12 = 4 , C 22 = b22 + b21 = 4oc.
b a
:
C 11 C 22 ab
C = C 12 + = C 12 = 4 .
C 11 + C 22 b a

76
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.50
-
. 1
2 . 1 , 2 .
. -
, [197].

2
1

1
2

1.61

, r = 0,
:
1 d
 = 2 sin = 0, ( ) = C 1 + C 2,
r sin sin
d d
( ) = C 1 + C2 = C1 + C 2,

2 sin cos 2tg cos2
2 2 2 2
d d
( ) = C 1 + C2 = C1 + C 2,
2
2 sin cos 2tg cos
2 2 2 2

d tg
2
( ) = C 1 + C 2 = C 1 ln tg + C 2 ,
2
tg
2
( )
, tg 2  0. = 1, = 1 , = 2 ,
= 2 , :
77
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

C1 =
2 1
, C2 =
1 ln tg( 2 ) ln (tg 2 ) ,
2
2
1

( ) ( ) ln (tg ) ln (tg )
2 1
ln tg ln tg 2 1
2 2 2 2

( ) =

2

(2 1 ) ln tg
+
( 2 ) ln (tg 2 ) .
1 ln tg 2
2
1

( ) ( )

ln tg 2 ln tg 1
2 2
ln (tg ) ln (tg )

2
2
2
1

1 d (2 1 ) 1 1 1
E (r , ) = = ,
r d
( ) ( )
ln tg

2
2
ln tg

2
1

tg cos
2
2 2

2
(2 1 ) 1
E (r , ) = .
( ) ( )
ln tg
2
2
ln tg
1 r sin
2

1.51

o . z , -
o .
, [198].

:
z

=0

1.62

78
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1
= sin = 0, = C 1 ln tg + C 2 ,
r sin
2
2

( )
, tg 2  0.

= o , = o o = C 1 ln tg o + C 2 ,
2

= , =0 0 = C 1 ln tg + C 2 ,
2 4
o o
C 2 = 0, C 1 = . ( ) = ln tg .
( )
ln tg
o
2
ln tg( )o
2
2

1 d 1 o 1 1
E = grad = = .
r d
( )
2 2

r ln tg o tg 2 cos2


2
o
E= .
( )

r ln tg o sin
2

1.52
2.82 -
b -
.
(1) (2), [199].

c (2)
(1)
a
b
d o
1
2
0
=

1.63

79
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

:
2
1 ( r ) = r + C1 ln r + C2 , a r b,
41

2 ( r ) = C3 ln r + C4 , b r c.

b
2 ( b 2 a 2 ) 21 b 2 ln 41 2o 2
c a
C1 = , C2 = C 1 ln a + o ,
b b 41
41 2 ln ln
a c
2
b 1 b2 1
C3 = + C1 , C4 = C1 ln c .
2 2 2 2 2 2

1.53
a -
, 1 ,
a b , (a b ) 2 .
. ,
, [200].

a
b
, 1
2

1.64

:
r 2 a 3 2 o 21 + 2
1 (r ) = + + , (r a ) ,
61 3 o 2 b 21 2 a
a3 1
2 (r ) = + 2 o , (a r b ),
3 2 r o 2 b
3
a
(r ) = , (r b ) .
3o r
80
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1.54

. -
, [201].
z

1.65
:
1
= (1 2 ) ln tg + 1 ln tg 2 + 2 ln tg 1 .
(
ln tg
1
2

tg 2
2 ) 2 2 2

1.55*
-
o . o -
, [202].

81
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

= o

=0

=0
b
x
=0
a
1.66
1.66,
:
2 2 1 d 2X 1 d 2Y
+ = 0, (x , y ) = X (x ) Y (y ), + = 0.
x 2 y 2 X dx 2 Y dy 2

1 d 2X 1 d 2Y
2
= kx2 , 2
= ky2 , kx2 + ky2 = 0. (1)
X dx Y dy

x -
, :

X (x ) = A1 cos(kx x ) + A2 sin(kx x ), Y (y ) = B1 ch(ky y ) + B2 sh(ky y ). (2)

(1) x = 0 , 0 y b , (0, y ) = 0.
(2) x = a , 0 y b , (a, y ) = 0.
(3) y = 0 , 0 x a , ( x,0 ) = 0.
(4) y = b , 0 x a , (x , b ) = o .

(1) (3) A1 = B1 = 0 . :

n (x , y ) = An sin(kx x ) sh(ky y ) . (3)

(2) sin(kxa ) = 0 , kx a = n , kx = n / a .
n n
ky2 = kx2 kx = ky = j , (4)
a a
n n
n (x , y ) = An sin( x ) sh( y ) . (5)
a a
82
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

n, . -
:

n n
(x , y ) = n (x , y ) = An sin( x ) sh( y ) . (6)
n =1 n =1 a a

An ,
. (4):

n n
o = (x , b ) = An sin( x ) sh( b); 0+ x a (7)
n =1 a a

(x ) = o , 0+ x a , (0) = (a ) = 0. (8)

(x )

a x
0 2a

1.67

1.67.
, T = 2a :

T
f (x ) = f x + = f (x + a ) . (9)
2

( -
):
n
f (x ) = Ao + [Ak cos (kwx ) + Bk sin (kwt )]
k =1

Ak = 0 , k = 0,1,2,.......
B2k = 0 , k = 1,2,........
T /4
8 (2k 1)
B2k 1 = f (x ) sin x dx , k = 1,2,........
T a
0

83
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

, :
a /2
8 (2k 1)
B2k 1 = o sin x dx =
2a a
0

a (2k 1)
a /2
4 4o
= o cos x = .

a (2k 1) a 0 (2k 1)

4o (2k 1)
(x ) = sin . (10)
k =1 (2k 1) a

(7) (10) :
4o
An = n , n = 2k 1, k = 1,2,...... (11)
n sh b
a

1.66:

4o (2k 1) (2k 1)
(x , y ) = n sin x sh y. (12)
k =1 (2k 1) sh b a a
a

1.56*
-
Eo .
, [203].

M (r, )

a
x
Eo Eo

=0 =0
1.68

84
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

z -. :

(r , ) = R(r ) T ( ) . (1)

, :

1 d dR 1 1 d 2T
r + =0. (2)
rR dr dr r 2 T d 2

1 d 2T d 2R 1 dR n 2
2
= n 2 ; + 2 R = 0. (3)
T d dr 2 r dr r
-
= 0 r = a . -
,
-
o = Eo x .
x- , :
(r , ) = (r , ) , (3) :
T ( ) = An cos (n ) . (4)

(3) :
R (r ) = Bn r n + C n r n . (5)

(4) (5) (1) :

n (r , ) = (an r n + bn r n ) cos (n ) . (6)
i =1

r , (r, ) = Eo x = Eo r cos a1 = Eo ,
an = 0, n > 1 (6) :

n (r , ) = Eo r cos + bn r n cos (n ) . (7)
i =1

85
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

(a, ) = 0 :

n (a, ) = Eoa cos + bn a n cos (n ) . (8)
i =1

-
:
T 0, p q

0
cos( pwt ) cos(qwt ) dt = T
2 , p = q
(9)

(8) (9) :
2
b
Eoa + 1 cos2 () d = 0 , b1 = Eoa 2 , n = 1. (10)
a 0
(9) n > 1 .
:

a 2
(r, ) = Eo r cos . (11)
r

1.57*

, , ,
Eo , [204].

:
z - Eo .
, ( i
) .
, ,
:
(r, ) = R (r ) T ( ) . (1)

-
R :

1 d 2 dR 1 d dT
r = sin
R dr dr T sin d d
86
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

z
M (r , , )

a
o

Eo

1.69

, (2)
:

1 d dT
sin =n. (3)
T sin d d

1 d 2 dR
r =n. (4)
R dr dr

n = 0 .
Ro To :

d dT C1
d
sin = 0,
d
To ( ) = sin
d + C 2 = C 1 ln tg + C 2 .
2
(5)

d 2 dR C3
r = 0, Ro (r ) = +C4 . (6)
dr dr r

[0, ] C 1 ,
. (6) -
. C 3 .
:
87
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

1 (r, ) = RoTo = D1 . (7)

(3) n 0 :

1 d dT d 2T 1 dT
sin =n, + + nT = 0 . (8)
T sin d d d 2
tg d

-
. -
, . Z-
Eo -
.

. :
d
Eo = E z = o , (9)
dz
o -
:
o = E dz = Eo z + Ao = Eo r cos + Ao . (10)
cos ,
:

T ( ) = C 5 cos . (11)

(8):

C 5 cos C 5 cos + n C 5 cos = 0 n = 2. (12)

n 2. (6) -
:

r 2 d 2R r dR
2
+2 = 2. (13)
R dr R dr
:
R (r ) = C 6 r n , (14)

88
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

(13) n(n 1) + 2n = 2 . n1 = 1
n 2 = 2 . :

R (r ) = C 7r + C 8r 2 . (15)

(11) (15) :

D
2 (r , ) = D2r + 23 cos . (16)
r

(7) (16) :

D
(r, ) = 1 + 2 = D1 + D2r + 23 cos . (17)
r

:
C
i (r, ) = C 1 + C 2r + 23 cos , (18)
r

D
e (r , ) = D1 + D2r + 23 cos . (19)
r
C 3 , -
. , -
o : D1 = Ao D2 = Eo . , -
, :

i (r, ) = C 1 + C 2 r cos , (20)

D
e (r, ) = Ao Eo r cos + 23 cos . (21)
r
r = a :

i e
i = e r = . (22)
r r
:
1 D r 1
C 1 = Ao , C 2 = Eo + 2 33 , D3 = Eo a 3 . (23)
r a r + 2
:
89
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

3Eo
ii (r , ) = Ao r cos , (24)
r + 2
a 3 1
e (r, ) = Ao + 3 r 1 Eor cos . (25)
r r + 2

r cos -
z , (24) :
3Eo
i (z ) = Ao z . (26)
r + 2
:
3Eo
Ei = = = const . (28)
z r + 2
, Eo .

:
 1
E (r , ) = grad (r , ) = r ,
r r

e 1 2a 3
Er = = 1 + r Eo cos . (29)
r r + 2 r 3

1 e 1 a 3
E = = r 3 Eo sin . (30)
r r + 2 r

1.58
, , -

V , . , [205].
:
O :

1 ( r) 1 1 1
M = dV +  R n dSk .
R (1)
4 V R k 4 Sk k n k
90
 . , - 1, (2007/2008)

, S k (1) -
:

1 ( r) 1 1 k 1
M = dV +  R n dSk  n
dSk (2)
4 V R k 4 Sk k k 4 Sk k R

1, 2 , 3 , ........N S1, S 2 , S 3 , ........S N .

, :

0, M V , M S


1 cos (rMN , n N )
 n dS k =
 dS N = 2, M S (3)

k R R2

Sk S
4, M V

k

S1 .
Sk , (2) :

1 ( r) 1 1
M = dV +  R n dSk + 1 . (4)
4 V R k 4 Sk k

V, S k , (2)

, :
1 ( r) 1 1
M = dV +  R n dSk . (5)
4 V R k 4 Sk k

-*-

91