I wish to thank,

Mr. George Hadjichristou

Mr. Michal Stephanidis
Mrs. Muroulla Stephanidou (psychology).
Mrs. Maria Shiali (psychology in therapeutic community
In Ag. Skepi)

for their help and assistance on collecting the research material of my research
and their help on grammar, vocabulary, citing and outcome of the research.

1|P a g e
CONTENTS

Abstract

Introduction

Chapter 1: Therapeutic Community

1.1 The process of the therapeutic community.

1.2 Time and therapeutic communities.

1.3 (i) The fundamental components and basic structure of Therapeutic

Communities.
1.3 (ii) The treatment process-from induction to rehabilitation.

1.4 Life in the therapeutic community.

1.4 (i) Activities in the community
1.4 (ii) Case study: The Kethea Exodos Therapeutic Community.

Chapter 2: Therapeutic Architecture

2.1 The role of architecture in therapy.

2.2 Kinesthetics and landscaping.

2.3 Light and shadow.

Chapter 3: Therapeutic Architecture for drug addicts-case studies

3.1 Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Revalidation Centre-Arnhem

Netherlands

3.2 Renewal through Architectural Design of a Holistic Therapy Drug

Addiction Centre, Namrata Shrestha (Architect Student).

3.3 Drug Addicts Hotel

Conclusion

References List

2|P a g e
ABSTRACT

All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains cuddles,
1
exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space.

Dismiss one of the great building designers of modern times at your peril. The words of
American Philip Johnson who undoubtedly revolutionized the conventional view of
architecture in the past century, lie at the core of this paper. Buildings have a cause or as
Spiro Kostof puts it are a social act and therefore when one is considering individuals with
drug abuse problems, the design of their temporary social containment so to speak, must
not look or feel anything like an exclusion. It must emulate a world which embraces them
through spaces encouraging gradual community involvement, a therapeutic process that
does not resemble a hospital or foundation environment. A rehabilitation inner and outer
space that provides them with the means of understanding what went wrong and how to
work-through the group- towards building their own strength to surpass physical and
psychological obstacles on the road to recovery and active inclusion. Such therapeutic
community buildings must not be designed to remind long term absence from life, but a
temporary home away from home, a pathway back to individual stability and societal
development. And this short term abode must be enriched with approaches to healing that
bring about changes from the inside out. One of them is expression through the arts.

Artcan feed the soul, motivate an individual to want to recover and in certain
circumstances, cause physiological changes in the body. 2

1
Accessed at http://thinkexist.com/quotations/architecture/
2
Bernie Warren, accessed in Rehabilitation and education village for young drug addicts, Sarah Ng Ka
Ling, March 2000, pg 16

3|P a g e
INTRODUCTION

Buildings, spaces between themmake different lives, influence how we think,

feel, behave-how we are. 3

Many specialists of various fields, including sociologists, therapists and architects

have repeatedly argued about how place and the design of its spaces communicate
with the human psyche, affect the way in which people react to their lives and how
they develop. And this might be said to be rather crucial for any individual who
requires long term constant care or needs to recover from a period of physical, social
and emotional instability such as the multi-faceted break down and loss of self
brought about by drug addiction. It is important to note from the outset that
architecture is not a treatment, but can most significantly become part of the healing
process through the creation of spaces that foster and provide meaning to those
activities utilized to achieve gradual rehabilitation through a therapeutic
environment. Light, colour and movement within a residence as well as landscape
and location are essential elements of this architectural therapy and the paper will
seek to bring their relevance to the fore in the 2nd part of this paper.

..form and space can be insidious shapers of person and community or they can
nourish and spur development, both social and individual. 4

It is a setting which readies for social inclusion and does not bunch up people as a
group of patients who simply need to take their medication or stay indoors for a
prolonged period of time but as active recipients of change and individuality. Not
merely a number behind a health facility door. Architectural design can provide the
corner stone of this individuality, with spaces built as an interactive process as
opposed to holding a disorder within. As Cynthia Leibrock puts it, even the little
things in the design of a building can play their part in the psychology of the healing
equation; such as the way windows reflect the sunlight in a therapeutic community
residence.

The power of a healing environment comes from the design details that empower
patients to take responsibility for their own health. 5

Before delving into how building design can interconnect with the healing process
and activities in providing healing for individuals with long term recurring drug
addiction problems, one must provide a detailed outlook of the approach that can
serve this type of architecture-drug addiction rehabilitation approach. And this is the
concept, or rather the healing principle of the therapeutic community, a relatively

3
Christopher Day Spirit and Place pg 5
4
Christopher Day Spirit and Place pg 111
5
Cynthia Leibrock Design Details for Health Preface
4|P a g e
recent way of creating the sort of environment that allows addicts reformation
through the development of a team spirit in conjunction with ways of restoring their
misplaced individuality.

5|P a g e
CHAPTER 1: Therapeutic Community

1.1 The process of the therapeutic community

One of the most widely accepted definition of the therapeutic community for drug
addicts is the 1993 Ottenberg thesis of an environment in which people live
together in an organized and structured way in order to promote change and make
possible a drug free life in the outside societythe community forms a miniature
society in which residents fulfill distinctive rolesdesigned to promote a transitional
process 6

It must only be a foundation or facility in name. In essence, the therapeutic

community should become society away from society, a shadow of reality for those
with the determination or even so, the decisive push by family and relatives to
rediscover and re-coordinate that inner creativity self, the social and individual
personality lost through drug abuse. As argued, this type of healing process, its
residential philosophy aside (and this is where architectural design comes in), does
not usually apply to a fixed setting, but rather to the principles of the care that is
offereda communal approach which is also democratic, collaborative and
encourages participation. 7

Thomas Main was the British psychoanalyst who coined this term in the 1950s,
as the response of psychoanalysis to the failure of psychiatry, incarceration
programmes which viewed addicts as mere criminals and stigmatized them as
outcasts or even mentally disturbed through abuse, as well as purely medication
approaches. Strangely enough though the therapeutic community model
developed by Maine and other analysts was based on a world war two
experience in Britain, as army psychiatrists, who had to deal with hundreds of
traumatized soldiers returning from the front, considered, in their desperation
from the failure of the conventional medication or one to one therapy approach,
to apply a group method that would allow those who had suffered severe
distress to overcome their psychological fears and return to the front as
physically and emotionally healthy as possible.

6
Ottenberg, accessed in scientific magazine Psychiatric Nursing at
http://nursingplanet.com/pn/therapeutic_community.html
7
OHara What are Therapeutic Communities August 2010, accessed in Funding Caring from
http://www.fundingcaring.co.uk/what-are-therapeutic-communities.html

6|P a g e
The psychiatrists at Northfield Hospital in Birmingham decided to focus on the unit
as a whole rather than on individual problems; they structured the wards as
communities, encouraging mutual support and cooperation in living. 8

Instead of medication treatment therefore, they provided the necessary tools to the
community of patients in dealing with their own problems, making them part of the
process with which they could overcome their traumatic experiences. As Crampling
notes, this later became known as the living-learning method. Maine took this and
applied a psychoanalytic approach to it. Some later appropriately dubbed it social
psychiatry.

It formed the beginnings of an attempt to consider drug rehabilitation as a

psychological awakening through a group environment, in which members (not
patients) and experienced professionals interact in a setting promoting trust and
individuals are encouraged to become part of a community with the goal of
rebuilding their social skills, such as responsibility and integration. This community
philosophy essentially places the healing process into the hands of addicts
themselves in a controlled and voluntary but not institutionalized environment,
finding methods that allow them to rebuild their ability of dealing independently
with their own problems.

Central throughout have been the Encounter Groups; the move from behavior
modification to social learning, from confrontation to motivationthe self-help and
here and now, plus the gradual erosion of insider/outsider divisions, to becoming
part of the wider community. 9

Many of those seeking or being encouraged by their environment to follow

the therapeutic community approach have gone through an extended period
of social and behavioral dysfunction, the substance problems gradually
eroding-in spite of what educational or professional capabilities they might
have had-every sense of societal responsibility, creating a situation whereby
they need to essentially re-invent themselves, develop integration skills and
individual creativity. This is why this form of residential therapeutic
community involves an internal hierarchy of jobs and progressive
responsibilities, and a variety of medical, educational, and vocational
services.10

8
Penelope Crampling Therapeutic Communities-Accessed from scientific magazine Advances in
Psychiatric Treatment from http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/7/5/365.full
9
Malcolm Bruce, Consultant Psychiatrist in Addiction, Review of Therapeutic Communities for the
Treatment of Drug Users by Rawlings and Yates. Accessed in
http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/27/1/37.2.full
10
The New England Journal of Medicine Treating Drug Problems, Gerstein and Lewin, September
1990, accessed from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199009203231230
7|P a g e
Architecture fits into this process, as the outer shell providing the necessary support
to the inner self-corrective therapy. There are of course no guarantees of success in
such cases. However, at least the connection of interior design and community spirit
as a means of molding a socially functioning individual forms an alternative that puts
the individual first, as opposed to the medication institution like processes that have
not managed to make any headway, both in attracting the trust of addicts who make
the step to rehabilitation, as well as eradicating existing prejudices and public
opinion views. The therapeutic community, as referred to earlier in the paper is not
about being locked in, but a home in which the individual with the need for care,
becomes part of the method of their gradual return to physical and emotional
health, they become involved in the decision-making process, improving their
creativity through the group. The basic premise is to become the change within
themselves, to sense that even though they live in a treatment community, the
environment surrounding them is one in which they feel not part of the problem, but
part of the solution on their way to re-learning the social process.

Individual client members are involved in all decisions about their own care and
treatment. 11

As heard in the 10th European Conference on Rehabilitation and Drug Policy,

rehabilitation is not about shutting the door of the world in the face of the addicts,
but giving them the ability, through sharing their life experiences to reach a glass
door on their own, where they can see social inclusion laying in the horizon.

for the suffering soul, world is healing. 12

1.2 Time and therapeutic communities

There cannot really be any set length of time in such a self-help programme which
depends on the effectiveness of staff in building trust and a community spirit as well
as the willingness of members and the triggers provided to them both in terms of the
architectural surroundings and healing techniques, as a means of a gradual return to
social responsibility and inner growth. Drug addiction rehabilitation is an individual
process, so each has their own time. In general terms, logic dictates that the longer
an addict remains with a drug-free programme based on an interactive process of
self-development, the more positive the result will be, particularly so if rehabilitation
is completed, with the benchmark of at least partial success being a minimum of
three months. This is particularly true of individuals who have a record of more
severe and prolonged substance abuse, such as heroin and cocaine (which now
forms the majority in most community programmes), a history of violence and
incarceration, mental instability stemming from uses, as well as limited educational
ability, which means they are less likely to understand or accept their situation.

11
Service Standards for Addiction Therapeutic Communities, Royal British College of Psychiatrists
accessed at http://www.drugslibrary.stir.ac.uk/documents/tc.servicestandards.ed1.pdf
12 th th th
Menander, taken from the 10 European Conference on Rehabilitation and Drug Policy-10 -14
May 2005
8|P a g e
The structure of a therapeutic community, with its community meetings, diverse
network of relationships, supportive peer group, strong sense of belonging, means
that a strong therapeutic attachment can be forged an attachment that can
withstand high levels of aggression and risk. 13

But the basic complication of such a residential community method whereby a more
specialist architectural design is needed, with facilities to accommodate usually 40-
80 individuals, has been the cost. Financial limitations have meant, in cases, that an
ideal period of up to 2 years rehabilitation often had to be sliced in half or at worst,
the residential model of community design treatment, abandoned altogether for
cheaper alternatives. The drop-out rate or lack of motivation to join can also become
a problem and to this end, more recently, those involved in therapeutic communities
have conducted extensive research in order to establish why many addicts often lack
the determination to carry on with the programme. What has been established is
that stronger family connections are, the more likely an individual is to make a
positive decision and remain with the programme in the longer-term. What might
also influence addicts to become members of a therapeutic community and stay for
the duration or at least a long period of time, are improved job opportunities
through skills attainment, as well as fear of getting entangled with the law once
again. According to many documented responses by addicts themselves even a
limited time at a residential drug-free community, can go a long way.

I left early (but) what happened to me was I felt the power gained from having
peers who were all experiencing the same issues with addiction as me I am taking
baby steps in life. But baby steps or not they are still steps. 14

Ultimately, the level of self-esteem stemming both from the addicts support system
as well as his own vocational and educational past, determines to a great extent
whether he decides to go ahead and fully join the programme and more so, whether
he has the psychological strength to continue with it. It can be said, in addition, that
effectiveness, does also depend from the way professionals structure the community
programme and whether they can retain trust.

1.3 (i) The fundamental components and basic structure of Therapeutic

Communities

Therapeutic communities, drug-free residential settings are primarily of a humanistic

philosophy in which the member gradually develops social group responsibility and a
sense of personal growth through structured activities but also the opportunity of
more creative expression such as theatre therapy, art, photography and prose
writing that bring out untold emotions and help the resident through this active self-

13
Penelope Crampling Therapeutic Communities-Accessed from scientific magazine Advances in
Psychiatric Treatment from http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/7/5/365.full
14
A drug addict experience, from the wired in to recovery blog, July 2009, accessed at
http://wiredintorecovery.org/blogs/entry/2687/rehab-and-the-need-for-a-therapeutic-community

9|P a g e
help process, become aware of their problems and finally come to terms with what
brought them to that situation. The member is forced to become part of their future,
by developing on a daily basis individually and with the group, having a daily routine,
starting at seven in the morning, sharing and having a common target, feeling
responsible also through the choice of employment that can be provided at the
facility. For example many communities make their own furniture. Work is a means
of strengthening the sense of community and developing the communication and
interpersonal tools needed.

the therapeutic community movement holds a multidisciplinary view of health

which is based on ideas of collective responsibility, citizenship and empowerment. 15

The therapeutic community is usually at a distance from city centers where drugs are
much more accessible, (but not too far from the reminder of daily life-the sports
facilities of the Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands are also
used by the general public as a means for residents to feel social proximity) and close
to the positive influence of nature. Funding also determines the location of
therapeutic communities. The ultimate aim is for these residences to become a
microcosm of real life, a placebo of a social situation, whereby conditions proceed
pretty similarly to a societal motif-providing solutions to situations that might come
up through activities or assigned work, planning a schedule, following necessary
rules, having control over your life as well as realizing that the way one conducts
themselves must be respectful to the group. Individual and group therapy sessions
are conducted daily, lasting more than an hour and offering the opportunity of
openly expressing emotions.

Problems and their solutions are discussed in the community before action is taken.
The discussion is regarded as a learning opportunity. 16

Based on the sociological approach of community as method, residents gradually

learn, through a hierarchical system, open communication and expressing
themselves in the group and through activities, to discard negative emotions and are
taught to use the peer community to learn about themselves, to change lifestyle and
identity. 17 As Alcorn puts it, gradually building or re-building a new life, for which

15
S.Davies Survival and Growth in the Marketplace-Does every district need a TC? in Therapeutic
Communities Past, Present and Future, edited by Campling and Haigh, accessed in
http://books.google.com.cy/books?id=63yWIz9GUC4C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=money+and+ther
apeutic+communities&source=bl&ots=8RYbhPgRXR&sig=H6UMNlIZuDdzgZqvlYrdeasxwnA&hl=en&sa
=X&ei=51A9T_KaJ8j0sga4ucjzBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=money%20and%20therapeutic%20com
munities&f=false
16
Service Standards for Addiction Therapeutic Communities, Royal British College of Psychiatrists
accessed at http://www.drugslibrary.stir.ac.uk/documents/tc.servicestandards.ed1.pdf
17
Mary Alcorn, executive director GCDC What is a therapeutic community?, accessed at
http://www.aic.gov.au/events/aic%20upcoming%20events/2006/~/media/conferences/2006-
drugdiversion/10maryalcorn.pdf

10 | P a g e
they are fully responsible, always having in mind that professional monitoring is daily
and reviewing of the communitys progress is conducted at a regular basis to
establish whether the residence is achieving its goals of gradually creating new
identities that are well on the road to physical and mental rehabilitation and are,
through work and activities inside the community, building new positive strategies of
dealing with their problems. Strategies that they will be able to put into practice
once they are able to face real social situations. Therapeutic communities

provide a combination of therapeutic involvements between residents and staff

and living in a caring and challenging community as the principal mediums to
encourage change and personal development. 18

1.3 (ii) The treatment process-from induction to rehabilitation

In this community environment and following the interviews and assessments that
are required to establish whether individuals have completed their preparation in
joining, it is psychologically inevitable that members need to be gradually introduced
to the new setting, an induction process that takes a month and includes the
practicalities of living and working with others in the same quarters.
The early stage of this first month of what is to be a major process of change for
addicts who decide or consider following down this community two year therapy
path occurs at the induction and information centers, usually located in easily
accessible city areas. These drug-free corridors, one might say, to the therapeutic
community, provide the necessary psychological support structure, an initial
approach to addicts who have made a conscious decision, encouraged by relatives or
friends, to seek rehabilitation, through an organized community system. Most
important at this stage, are also the information groups, made up of people who are
yet undecided on whether they are ready and prepared to go through with this
social and personal turn to their lives. It is here, from the outset, that the influence
of space is crucial for the success of the programme. Such information centres
offering day psychological and health care at a physical and mental basis need to
constitute friendly open environments, where the addict is able to experience a
community spirit and not institution-like architectural outlooks. This is where they
get the first education on how they can set off on a programme of reducing their
dependence on substances.

1.4 Life in the therapeutic community

Before proceeding to briefly describe how life progresses in the community, one
must make clear of the voluntary nature of this approach. Whatever the positives

18
Australasian Therapeutic Communities Association Towards Better Practice in Therapeutic
Communities pg 13, accessed in
http://www.atca.com.au/04_resources/Towards%20Better%20Practice%20in%20Therapeutic%20Co
mmunities.pdf

11 | P a g e
might be from making the effort, the addict must first become aware of their
predicament and the need to overturn a situation that does not allow them to
become an active member of society. As non-profit NGO HelpGuide points out, the
biggest and toughest step toward recovery is the very first one: deciding to make a
change. 19 And beyond that, since addiction gradually takes hold of all aspects of life,

Treatment success depends on developing a new way of living and addressing the
reasons why you turned to drugs in the first place. 20

Integration of new members to the community is immediate, once it is certain that

they are completely detoxified. Their introduction to this group life starts from the
living quarters, as they meet the group orientation leader (in other communities he
is described more informally as buddy, or alternatively mentor and host 21),
who will be responsible for their daily work routine, forming one of the fundamental
parts of their life at the community, with the philosophy of the medication-free
approach stipulating that it will imbue a sense of social responsibility.

As such, job assignments or functions begin immediately for new residents,

usually with basic housekeeping or maintenance chores. 22

The American National Institute of Drug Abuse notes in its guide that all activities, as
well as interpersonal and social interactions within the community are in essence of
opportunities to facilitate individual change. It breaks them down into the group and
individual therapy sessions which address the personal issues of residents with
feedback from all involved , more open community meetings that are considered to
be a review of how the situation is progressing, vocational and educational activities
and community and clinical management activities which involve the monitoring of
residents both physically and psychologically. 23

The therapeutic community is in essence a self-rediscovery journey, the forging of a

lost identity that will allow the individual, re-integration, but also a re-learning of
ones societal role, therefore the structured activities of the resident mirror everyday
life through a hierarchical system, whereby complying with the rules and necessary
behaviors mean rewards and strengthen the sense of belonging and collective

19
HelpGuide.org, accessed at
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/drug_abuse_addiction_rehab_treatment.htm
20
Ibid.
21
Service Standards for Addiction Therapeutic Communities, Royal British College of Psychiatrists
accessed at http://www.drugslibrary.stir.ac.uk/documents/tc.servicestandards.ed1.pdf
22
magazine Psychiatric Nursing at http://nursingplanet.com/pn/therapeutic_community.html

23
National Institute of Drug Abuse July 2002, accessed in
http://m.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/therapeutic-community/what-daily-life-in-
therapeutic-community

12 | P a g e
awareness of the members both for the good of the group but also the step towards
inner change through involvement.

Community members are encouraged to think and act as if they have progressed as
a means of developing a positive attitude. 24

Following the first month, the resident is intensively introduced to the therapeutic
community approach, by being assigned various chores and activities that are aimed
at developing collective responsibility. In most such communities, the member also
simultaneously begins continuous day time vocational education, a process of
professional learning, in addition to group therapy that is aimed at changing their
negative outlook to life into positive emotions and reactions to others as well as to
their own psychological state. The approach importantly also has a practical nature,
as the resident develops skills and can complete an educational or professional
course in several trades, that can increase opportunities of employment. This occurs
in parallel with a gradual re-introduction to social relationships. In some cases, the
resident is encouraged to re-establish torn relationships with their familial
environment, relatives or friends.

1.4 (i) Activities in the community

These are very much connected with the need for the development of new skills, but
also with the principle of therapy through creativity and recreation. Classes might
include literacy and English for those with low education levels, theatre and drama,
literature and prose writing, photography and art, as well as sports, very much a part
of the mind and body health approach. As this is meant to be a structured routine
from morning to dusk, these activities are interspersed in the daily schedule
between group and individual counseling sessions, other vocational courses, possible
employment offered by the community as a means of providing professional skills
(carpentry, computer science, culinary skills, mechanical engineering) and the house
chores, such as cleaning and assisting in preparing meals, that are part and parcel of
the spirit of community giving and belonging through responsibility. Residents are
divided into different groups on a daily basis.

Educational programmes provide residents a host of different skills and emotions, a

chance to express what theyve finding hard to release, gradually begin to come to
grips with all the negative feelings, the anger, the frustration, the confrontation and
psychological abyss that they had found themselves in. For example, theatre and
drama classes provide them with the stage expression that gives the opportunity to
for role playing that is relevant to their situation, both positive roles but also perhaps
a chance to exorcise their demons through story-telling. Some psychotherapists
believe that the emotional healing offered by the theatre is one of the best ways in

24
Service Standards for Addiction Therapeutic Communities, Royal British College of Psychiatrists
accessed at http://www.drugslibrary.stir.ac.uk/documents/tc.servicestandards.ed1.pdf

13 | P a g e
which an addict can bring their inner self to the fore, come forward with parts of
themselves that had been stashed away in their addiction. American psychologist
Tom Horvath, founder of Practical Recovery, a wide ranging addiction treatment
programme believes that for addicts to play out their emotions on stage, is one of
the first steps towards actually reliving through expression and in that way growing
out of them, throwing them in the melting pot. But its better to hear it from the
residents themselves through an experience of a drama therapy session.

Once our problems were piled up in our figural trashcan in the middle of the room,
we chose how to dispose of it all. With laughter, we decided on a spinning vortex to
suck away our problems tonight, possibly lighting it on fire next time 25

The same idea of healing through the creative release of vent up emotion might be
said to be true of prose writing, another form of communication, as well as
photography or art. They charge the resident in an artistic manner and this could
lead to the start of their re-discovery as individuals, through expression of thoughts
that were lying dormant and now can be further developed through art self-
exploration. The story of 51 year old Ed, an attorney who ended up buying hard
drugs from the clients he defended is characteristic of this method.

One of the first issues we focused the art therapy on was triggers. Ed had no idea
what emotions or situations predicated his desire to use. By responding to pictures
that reminded him of his own emotions, Ed began to identify his feelings for the first
time. 26

But even cultivating the land can trigger emotions. Certain therapeutic communities
have the option of agriculture products and in this manner, residents have the
opportunity to actually offer to the community by providing food for the community
that in some cases can also be distributed to markets.

1.4 (ii) Case study: The Kethea Exodos Therapeutic Community

This therapeutic community, a programme that began in 1989, is housed in a rural

area of central Greece, at a distance from the urban centre of Larisa and can provide
full time care for 60 live-in members. It is voluntary and medication substitute free,
focusing as the philosophy of these communities goes, on the healing of the
individual and the belief that he must play a role in his own catharsis, as the problem
is both body and mind. And the aim is to achieve this catharsis through group
interaction, which will lead to the path of the new self and change. As noted in the
web page of the community it is not always easy to maintain such a facility near an

25
Drama therapy in addiction recovery, October 2011, taken from the Reunion blog, accessed at
http://www.reunionsandiego.com/blog/drama-therapy-in-addiction-recovery/
26
Art Therapy and Drug Abuse-A personal perspective, accessed at http://www.ava-charney-
danysh.com/drug_abuse.html

14 | P a g e
urban centre as the public still have many misconceptions and prejudices in regard
to this form of addiction, which are often difficult to overcome. However, it has
managed to establish itself, providing all the stages of induction and treatment for
individuals who decide to take the difficult step of rehabilitation.

The Kethea units include counseling centers in Larisa and Trikala, a social re-
integration centre for those who have successfully completed the programme, as
well as a family support centre and an alternative adult school providing secondary
education for former users who have joined or completed the programme. As
pointed out the school has a transitional character and is aimed at cultivating
initiative and the critical mind among the students, intended to make an optimal
association between school and learning, employment and life. 27 Kethea publishes
the Exit magazine with the main purpose of informing the general public of the
mostly psychological nature of drug addiction and treatment. It is an awareness
publication and the editorial groups are all members or former members of the
therapeutic community. And since we are talking about buildings as contributing
factors to addiction reformation it is worth referring to the Temple of
Remembrance, a chapel housed inside the premises of the community. But it is not
just used as a chapel. It has been transformed, through both modern and traditional
elements into a multi-purpose venue, such as a classroom, an auditorium, a place of
worship, but also an arts exhibition and therapy hall, which shall give the
opportunity to its users to come in touch with art, experience aesthetic pleasure and
'learn' every moment of their daily life. 28

Figure 2: Temple of Remembrance , chapel

housed inside the premises of the community

Figure 1: Art Exhibition Space in

the Community

27
Therapy Centre for Dependent Individuals-Kethea, accessed at http://www.kethea-
exodos.gr/unit5_en.php
28
Kethea Exodos web page, accessed at http://www.kethea-exodos.gr/naos_en.php (pictures of
temple included)

15 | P a g e
Chapter 2 Therapeutic Architecture

2.1 The role of architecture in therapy

If drug addiction rehabilitation is mostly about bringing positive feelings to the fore
and helping to build a new identity for members of therapeutic communities, then
architectural design, is perhaps the most decisive of factors in how space is utilized,
both in practical terms and landscape wise, to uplift the spirit and provide the
necessary environment in which community daily life and activities can become most
effective. Christopher Day believes that buildings have the life the architect gives
them, a personality that is either positive or negative, and that aura is captured by
those who reside in them.

The more felt are buildings, the more connected to rhythms of daythey value
the individuals they will houseenvironment can heal as well as harmplaces of
spiritnourish both individual and society. 29

A host of studies have shown that the surrounding environment, the place as a
physical sense, is associated with drug addiction risks. Starting from this premise it
can be said that building design is more than just a backdrop to health issues, but is
more of a forefront. A wide ranging research paper pointing to the need for safer
environment interventions, even though its main topic might be drug injection in
public, comes to a conclusion highly relevant to the importance of place as both
physical and social in nature.

Place is not simply a set of coordinates, but is constructed through finding meaning
in the social and built forms we inhabit. 30

In other words, the building, a city and the way it is designed does not just form slabs
of concrete, but is literally a social construction, that can have an influence on those
who reside in it. As outlined earlier, this is more true of people, in this case, addicts
who are in a process of rehabilitation, a tough community healing programme that
seeks to root out their negativity. In such an instance, the energy and individuality
their residence might project could be crucial in how they respond to this process.
Colour, they way they are able to move within the building, staircases, connections
between rooms, surrounding nature can all play a role, as will be analyzed, not just
in underpinning the mood of the residents, but also whether they feel welcome in
the building, whether it forms a connection to their emotions and physical presence
and by extension if it provides a motivation for them to follow the programme. A

29
Christopher Day-Spirit and Place, pg 117
30
Rhodes, Kimber, Small, Fitzgerald, Kerr, Hickman, Holloway, Public injecting and the need for safer
environment interventions in the reduction of drug related harm, pg 1387, accessed at
http://www.harmreduction.org/downloads/rhodes2006.pdf

16 | P a g e
rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands has left nothing to chance, paying particular
attention to natural but also artificial lighting as both aspects of mood and energy.

Natural daylight deep in the heart of the 30 metres wide building was allowed.
The interior was enlivened by interplay of striking but subtle colours and direct and
indirect artificial lighting. 31

The same connections are made about colour, with Day pointing out that preference
in this case is highly personal. For the individual in a therapeutic community the
slightest detail in a room, be it his personal space or a place of group therapy and
activities might affect the way the individual receives the treatment, bringing about
as negative physical or psychological reaction.

How different is the living grey of an overcast sky or a blue wash over brown to the
dead grey of a concrete wall. 32

Clearly, a building balance or imbalance, whether be it colour, the light in a building,

design or even the length of a corridor can affect the way in which residents in a
therapeutic community react to the energy of the space and can relax and release
themselves. The example of a group therapy session in Reading, England, provides
quite an amazing example of how architectural space can play with the psychology
of the individual, particularly so when this is a member of a therapeutic community,
seeking positivity. The Winterburn Community had moved to a new home and as
described, although the building had much more pleasant small group rooms, the
large therapy group room looked much smaller than they were used to. And this was
not the only detail. The community previously lived in an old mental hospital, so
were not used to the modern amenities of the new abode. Even transition to new
surroundings can have its effects.

The dependency culture of being in an old asylum was symbolized every lunch time
when the food was delivered and plugged in by a porter. 33

In essence, the daily life within community housing individuals who need to feel as
close to a home as possible must be designed having buildings in mind that are both
practical but also do away with any institutionalized emotions. According to Leibrock
researchers in the field of anthroposophic medicine have maintained that colour can

31
Case study of Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, Netherlands accessed at
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517
32
Day, pg 112
33
Crampling, Boundaries-Discussion of a Difficult Transition, accessed in
http://books.google.com.cy/books?id=63yWIz9GUC4C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=money+and+ther
apeutic+communities&source=bl&ots=8RYbhPgRXR&sig=H6UMNlIZuDdzgZqvlYrdeasxwnA&hl=en&sa
=X&ei=51A9T_KaJ8j0sga4ucjzBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=money%20and%20therapeutic%20com
munities&f=false

17 | P a g e
be a major contributing factor towards patients regaining health. She describes
green as a colour which is psychologically perceived as providing safe refuge, while
coral, peach and yellow are seen as warmer choices for a dining room and blue is
considered relaxing. In her book Design details for health, in which she associates
good health with the positive aura of space, she argues that warm color hues are
often associated with extroverted responses and social contact.

A monochromatic colour scheme throughout the building may be perceived as

institutionalIt can contribute to sensory deprivation which leads to disorganization
of brain function 34

2.2 Kinesthetics and landscaping

Kinesthesia is the exploration of our environment through movement; this can be

movement with the eyes or with our body 35

The sense of movement in a space, deriving from the combination of the Greek
words kinisi and aisthisi has been said to affect the way the individual reacts to the
building, how it marks their behaviour, mood, how it creates and maintains a
positive or negative attitude to the particular situation they are facing. Architecture
can become a strong determinant in the successful kinesthetics of individuals,,
particularly in the case of people with psychological imbalances such as drug addicts,
who have joined therapeutic communities seeking to regain the peace of their inner
self in order to build or regain their social identity. So the way they are able to
physically interact with their surroundings, the kinesthetics of human bodies, can be
said to be decisive in how they adapt to their daily routine in a group community.

Laban refers to movements directed towards other objects and bodies. The latter, termed
spatial-movements, construct nearly imperceptible forms of social interaction 36

Ziada, utilizing the model of the ritual space of Muslim mosques and Soviet
assemblies, argues that building spaces for collective activities, (much like
therapeutic communities), can, through their design, produce a positive sense of
kinesthetics in individuals, who are in situation of conjoined attention and
communal practice. 37 For people in drug reformation this can be said to be highly
relevant, as they need to adapt to their new tasks and responsibilities and learn new
skills that can change their mobility in a positive manner. So in other words,
improving ones kinesthetic skills in a setting that encourages techniques and

34
Leibrock, Design Details for Health pg 82
35
Schaap Design your own mind, accessed at http://www.designyourownmind.net/
36
Hazem Ziada, Kinesthetic foundations of spatial concepts and configurations, accessed at
http://www.spacesyntaxistanbul.itu.edu.tr/papers%5Clongpapers%5C053%20-%20Ziada.pdf
37
Ziada

18 | P a g e
therapies to do so is a highly significant step towards an improved physical presence
that also brings about internal changes. In simple terms, building positivity produces
body positivity, as well as techniques to further improve this positivity. Besides,
movement is a major part of sensory perception. According to Dutch architect Jasper
Schaap, who co-wrote the paper Design your own Mind in 2009, contemporary
architecture must turn the tide of its alienation, through buildings that are not
monochromic and mono-visual, spaces that participate and affect human movement
and action, designs which encourage multi-sensory perception, bringing to the fore
the power of the senses, beyond the visual and the spatial. As the Design your own
Mind researchers point out, buildings which encourage a highly positive sense of
kinesthesia, connect with the individuals that reside in them. The Schaap thesis is
that moving through space with the body, automatically makes the architecture
experience less static. What Pallasmaa (cited in the paper) calls the eyes of the skin.
If you manage to wake up these eyes, the building immediately becomes a source of
positive energy of particular importance to drug addicts who need to develop a new
self.

If we succeed in enticing the senses, people can participate again in their

surroundings and regain their identity in the contemporary world 38

A 2000 paper on a Rehabilitation and Education village for Drug Addicts uses the
same premise in designing an art therapy room. The senses are prodded through a
wide space that allows rich daylight, distance between individuals so each one can
feel the space of their own creativity, as well as an informal furniture setting, that
further encourages a spontaneous reaction, limiting the emotion, the perception of
you will, that this is an exercise or an obligatory activity. 39 But landscape can also
contribute to a heightened positive kinesthesia in therapeutic communities, with
Ling providing the case study of The Good Samaritan Regional Medical Centre in
Arizona, whereby the space triggers the senses through an award winning health
design. The surrounding garden awakens patients senses of sight, smell and
touch, prompting body movement by inspiring the patient to explore the garden. 40
Water flowing through the garden as well as proximity of plants to all patients,
allows, as pointed out in the Ling paper, the interactive sense of touch.

38
Shaap, Design your own mind accessed at http://www.designyourownmind.net/
39
Rehabilitation and education village for young drug addicts, Sarah Ng Ka Ling, March 2000, pg 16
40
Ibid pg 19
19 | P a g e
 Figures 3,4 : Good Samaritan Regional Medical
Center Gardens

Figure 3 Figure 4

But the same effect, it is underlined, can be achieved through keeping an open space
landscape simple, without elaborate additions, such as the case study provided of
the Harrison hospital in Washington, where the architect focused on creating a stony
pattern with the least of plants, creating curvy pathways, a process known as
abstraction, that awakens the individual to the realization of their problems and
smoothly allows them to concentrate on the therapy.

Figures 5,6 : Harrison Hospital

pathways
Figure 5 Figure 6

Leibrock introduces the concept of the Healing Garden, whereby nature, through
landscaping, becomes part of the therapeutic process. Many addict communities
might not have the means to create such conditions, but as the paper will argue
through two case studies, when it is possible through design it can provide a much
needed psychological boost. Leibrock cites studies linking sunlight exposure to well-
being and details the architectural innovation of American James Burnett, outlining
his plan of a bed-accessible garden so that contact with nature can be re-established.

20 | P a g e
2.3 Light and shadow

Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of volumes brought

together in light ...the history of architecture is the history of the struggle for light. 41

Light and particularly the life-giving rays of the sun, have been well documented as a
major determinant of vitality and well being, more so in therapeutic environments
where such positive natural stimulants can go a long way towards developing the
desired attitude to individual change. In therapeutic architecture therefore, the way
sunlight is utilized is one of the factors in creating a healthy environment and
psychological motivation. The way the corridors are lit, the way the windows are
placed throughout the building to reflect warmth and how light and shadow appears
in the space, can affect the balance or imbalance of rooms, always in conjunction
with colour, shape, interior design and landscape features. Once again its all about
the way the senses perceive the surrounding environment, the degree that space
resonates with the individual self. Marilyne Andersen of MIT is amongst a group of
young architects and researchers who have become increasingly aware of the
importance of incorporating sunlight in building design. They have realized that

Light is not only an amount of energy," Andersen said. "It also provides us with
the means to reveal spaces and volumes and interact with our environment." 42

For Day, sunlight is a great part of the spirit of place and directly associated with
physical and psychological health. Its all about energy and mood and how it
positively connects people with their environment, particularly so when it comes to
a long and arduous process of self-healing, such as in addict therapeutic
communities. Daylight is also closely associated with kinesthesis and as Day argues,
natural light through what he calls interactive directions, constantly changes the
colours and shadow dynamic, stimulating the eye, which is essentially for health,
as NASA sensory-deprivation research has demonstrated. 43

Leibrock offers a host of ideas on how public areas in treatment centres can become
more sensory-positive, for example waiting areas, as she points out, where patients
and their families will feel more comfortable when provided access to nature and
natural light. This can be achieved with the waiting area (or for example group
therapy areas in the case of therapeutic communities), being designed in an atrium
or adjacent to a courtyard. What is clear to Leibrock is that natural light
deinstitutionalizes and humanizes the space, making residents feel they are not

41
Le Corbusier, 1989, accessed at vol.3 issue 3 of scientific journal Implications from
http://www.informedesign.org/_news/mar_v03-p.pdf

42
MIT NEWS Nov. 2006 accessed at http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/building-tech-1108.html
43
Day, Spirit and Place pg 201

21 | P a g e
enclosed, but receiving therapy in a home-like environment.44 More so in terms of
therapy

sufficient lighting is particularly important in areas where concentration is

required, decisions are made or danger is present.

44
Leibrock Design Details for Health 134-136

22 | P a g e
Chapter 3-Therapeutic Architecture for drug addicts-case studies

3.1 Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Revalidation Centre-Arnhem Netherlands

This is the magnificence of therapeutic glass where the sunlight is ever-present,

bringing residents as close to nature as they might ever hope to be.
The overarching characteristic of this two-storey glass rehabilitation centre is direct
contact with nature, a landscaping decision that places this building in an idyllic
forest environment, but not at a great distance from the city of Arnhem, as the
sports facilities of the centre are also used by the community, as a means of
encouraging addicts to feel a sense of belonging.

Despite its size, the brown-golden anodized aluminum facade allows the nearly
14.000sqm building to blend in with its natural surroundings. 45

Figure 7: Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Figure 8: Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation

Center at Night Center in the Day

Improving positive kinesthesis is clearly the concept guiding the continuity between
exterior and interior, through an innovative height glazing along the central area of
the community that connects the internal aspects of the building in a subtle but
importantly practical design, which ensures that residents dont feel enclosed, cut
off. The brightly lit faade of the restaurant establishes warm emotions during day
meals, with the hall windows virtually touching the surrounding forest in a
welcoming environment.

A strong visual and tangible presence everywhere because of the surrounding

nature. The user was allowed to revalidate whilst walking. 46

45
Groot Climmendaal accessed at http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517
46
Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Centre accessed at
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517

23 | P a g e
 Figures 9, 10 : Connection between the
interior and exterior.
Figure 9 Figure 10

All recreation, fitness and other common use spaces such as the gym, swimming
pool, restaurant and theatre are located in close proximity at entrance level. The
facilities are also used by residents families as well as members of the local
community. The philosophy behind facilities being used by locals is that the patient,
who is placed at the centre of the community gradually, begins to feel re-integrated.
The concept behind the design is first and foremost, care and therapy not through
detachment and negative seclusion, but designing the building and its spaces to
become part of the surroundings and the community. A centre designed to
encourage the self-awareness of the residents about their problems and enhance
their degree of responsibility in overcoming their problems through their own
personal involvement, but also interaction with the group. The open environment of
the interior design is set to promote self-confidence, with great emphasis also placed
on recreational activities and therapy through arts expression. Architect Koen van
Velsen made sure no part of the building is detached by creating a direct route
between the different floors, as well as alternative routes to reach different areas.
This brings about both a positive sense of physical movement, as well as a
community spirit. The interplay between light and shadows is also evident, in
combination to other psychologically boosting effects, such as colour and shapes.

Natural daylight deep in the heart of the 30 meters wide building was allowed.
The interior was enlivened by striking but subtle colors and direct and indirect
artificial lighting. 47

In practical terms, the design of mechanical and electrical installations was energy
saving, particularly through thermal storage. Designed to be easily maintained for a
long period of time, the rehabilitation revalidation centre forms a sustainable multi-
use, closely-knit building exuding stimulating therapeutic components. A building
arranged not just for use exclusively by residents but also the community, forging a
feeling of social belonging for everyone. Complex in its web of connected floors,

47
Groot Klimmendaal accessed at http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517

24 | P a g e
rooms and public spaces, but also simple in its desire to unite and encourage
residents to use and benefit from the whole area, making it practical and accessible,
it establishes continuity and a diversity of use, utilizing nature, light, colour and
kinesthetics. This was the winner of the 2011 Architecture Festival in the field of
health.

The design ambition was not to create a centre with the appearance of a health
building but a building as a part of its surroundings and the community. 48

Figure 11 Figure 12

Figures 11,12, 13: Show the interplay between light and

shadows, the use the colors, the shapes and the connection
of the floors-levels.

Figure 13

3.2: Renewal through Architectural Design of a Holistic Therapy Drug Addiction

Centre, Namrata Shrestha (Architect Student)

In this case study therapeutic architecture is adapted for the implementation of

holistic therapies that apply both contemporary and ancient spiritual methods in
treating the addict, body and mind. The design, with great emphasis on a
landscaping of healing gardens and spacious group therapy areas at the heart of the
centre, aims at focusing on the personality and life course of the addict, creating a

48
Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Centre accessed at
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517

25 | P a g e
harmonious setting, but also maintaining contact with the outside world, once again,
preventing a feeling of institutionalized enclosure.

Figure 14 Figure 15

Figures 14, 15: Holistic Therapy Drug Addiction Centre

Nature is utilized extensively to this effect, with windows reflecting substantial

natural light, subtle artificial lighting and large corridors.

Figure 16 Figure 17
Figures 16, 17: Interior Spaces How the natural light reflects into the space

3.3 Drug Addicts Hotel

This building is currently under construction in Amsterdam by architects Kempe and

Thill,(Dutch Architects of the year 2011) renowned and receiving numerous awards
in Europe for their contemporary new age but practical designs. Once again, the idea
here is to do away with any form of design resembling an institutional character,
focusing on a community sense of belonging. The residents rooms are small yet
imbuing the emotion of privacy and hospitality, with a spacious well lit central area
used for group therapy of up to 50 people. Dubbed collective living room, it boasts
a window roof for even greater daylight effect with a direct view of the park,
establishing visual proximity to nature. The architect had the possibility of creating
an open healing space, a courtyard on top of the building, where the individual
stimulates the senses.

26 | P a g e
 Figure 18: Drug Addicts Hotel Figure 19: Courtyard on the top of the Building

The concept of a hotel for addicts attempts to implement the philosophy that the
addict is a guest, a person being given time in a group environment to rediscover
themselves physically and psychologically, passing through as in a hotel setting. 49
Most of the Kempe-Thill projects have a socially interactive inclination, with the
importance of light, spacious surroundings, practical connectivity and energy-saving,
their defining characteristics. Just consider the sun drenched multi-glass design of a
research laboratory and education building at the university campus in Leuven
Belgium, that will become one of the most energy sustainable ever constructed in
the country. It will form an ideal space for an educational setting, similarly to the
need for the re-education of drug addicts. 50

Figure 20: Connection of interior and Figure 21: Group Environmental space
exterior space

49
Drug Addicts Hotel by Kempe and Thills, accessed at http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-
showcase/2011/09/10/drug-addicts-hotel-in-amsterdam-the-netherlands-by-atelier-kempe-tthill/
50
Picture of Leuven building at http://www.atelierkempethill.com/0106.html

27 | P a g e
Conclusion

I call architecture frozen music. 51

Not the words of an architect in most definitely not a philosophy paper. In spite of
this, Goethe does capture the elements of an inspired building much like those of a
musical piece-rhythm, movement, colour and most significantly stimulating the
senses. A building must be a tribute to harmonious movement and motivation in a
surrounding space. The recent departure of architects from conventional principles
of design in the field of health care has been spectacular. Though it has gradually
been building, (pun intended) the past decade has been a turning point.
Professionals have realized that multi-dimensional practicality but wrapped in simple
details is the way forward, with light, colour, kinesthetics, connection of spaces and
nature at close proximity (wherever possible) forming the ingredients. Therapeutic
architecture has taken a strong anthropocentric turn. When it comes to drug
addiction rehabilitation centres, the focus is now firmly towards constructing or
transforming existing buildings that are de-institutionalized. Where addicts gradually
gain the feeling of awareness, self-confidence and dont feel they are closed in by a
rejecting finger pointing society, but merely passing through the therapeutic
community on their way to recovery, re-integration into the group and re-invention
of the self. Through group counseling, community work, responsibility, recreational
therapy, group exposure, interaction. But in buildings that nudge the senses into
self-healing, not push them back oblivion. Day talks of process-based design. It has to
be architecture that brings about a continuous process of change, even if the start is
just a window reflecting sunlight in the right place.

If architecture isnt about spirit functionalism what is it about? Process-based

design is carried by forces already at workUltimately we are co-shapers of the
world. 52

Work with what you have. The needs of the individual sufferer-and dont use
complex constructs-but the materials nature and simplicity of space can provide as
the ingredients of a healing design. Truth, beauty, good. That was Platos philosophy.
And as Structure magazine puts it. Architects are from Plato.53

51
Johanne Von Goethe, accessed at http://www.quotes.net/quotations/greek%20architecture
52
Day Spirit of Place, pg 240-241
53
Structure magazine, US National Council of Structural Engineers, accessed at
http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=337

28 | P a g e
References List

Accessed at http://thinkexist.com/quotations/architecture/

Bernie Warren, accessed in Rehabilitation and education village for young

drug addicts, Sarah Ng Ka Ling, March 2000

Day, Christopher. Spirit and Place: Healing Our Environment. London:

Architecture Press, 2002.

Leibrock A. Cynthia. Design Details for Health: Making the most of Interior
Designs Healing Potential (Wiley Series in Healthcare and Senior Living
Design). Canada, 2000.

Ottenberg, accessed in scientific magazine Psychiatric Nursing at

http://nursingplanet.com/pn/therapeutic_community.html.

OHara What are Therapeutic Communities August 2010, accessed in

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communities.html.

Penelope Crampling Therapeutic Communities-Accessed from scientific

magazine Advances in Psychiatric Treatment from
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Malcolm Bruce, Consultant Psychiatrist in Addiction, Review of Therapeutic

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The New England Journal of Medicine Treating Drug Problems, Gerstein and
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Service Standards for Addiction Therapeutic Communities, Royal British

College of Psychiatrists accessed at
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Menander, taken from the 10th European Conference on Rehabilitation and

Drug Policy-10th-14th May 2005.

A drug addict experience, from the wired in to recovery blog, July 2009,
accessed at http://wiredintorecovery.org/blogs/entry/2687/rehab-and-the-
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S.Davies Survival and Growth in the Marketplace-Does every district need a

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Kethea Exodos web page, accessed at http://www.kethea-

exodos.gr/naos_en.php.

30 | P a g e
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and the need for safer environment interventions in the reduction of drug
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http://www.harmreduction.org/downloads/rhodes2006.pdf.

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Netherlands accessed at
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517.

Crampling, Boundaries-Discussion of a Difficult Transition, accessed in

http://books.google.com.cy/books?id=63yWIz9GUC4C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA21
0&dq=money+and+therapeutic+communities&source=bl&ots=8RYbhPgRXR&
sig=H6UMNlIZuDdzgZqvlYrdeasxwnA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=51A9T_KaJ8j0sga4ucjz
BA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=money%20and%20therapeutic%20communit
ies&f=false.

Schaap Design your own mind, accessed at

http://www.designyourownmind.net/.

Hazem Ziada, Kinesthetic foundations of spatial concepts and configurations,

accessed at
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0-%20Ziada.pdf.

Le Corbusier, 1989, accessed at vol.3 issue 3 of scientific journal

Implications from http://www.informedesign.org/_news/mar_v03-p.pdf.

MIT NEWS Nov. 2006 accessed at

http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/building-tech-1108.html.

Groot Klimmendaal Rehabilitation Centre accessed at

http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3517.

Drug Addicts Hotel by Kempe and Thills, accessed at

http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2011/09/10/drug-addicts-
hotel-in-amsterdam-the-netherlands-by-atelier-kempe-tthill/.

Picture of Leuven building at http://www.atelierkempethill.com/0106.html.

Johanne Von Goethe, accessed at

http://www.quotes.net/quotations/greek%20architecture.

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31 | P a g e