Công Nghệ Truyền Tải Quang

HE THONG
THONG TIN QUANG

Tp 2
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TS. L QUC CNG, THS. VN VIT EM,
THS. PHM QUC HP, THS. NGUYN HUNH MINH TM
HE THONG
THONG TIN QUANG
(Tp 2)
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

LI GII THIEU
Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch

v thng tin, c bit l s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide Web
lm gia tng khng ngng nhu cu v dung lng mng. iu ny i hi phi xy
dng v pht trin cc mng quang mi dung lng cao. Cng ngh ghp knh theo
bc sng quang (DWDM) l mt gii php hon ho cho php tn dng hu hiu
bng thng rng ln ca si quang, nng cao r rt dung lng truyn dn ng
thi h gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ca h thng WDM cng vi cng ngh
chuyn mch quang s to nn mt mng thng tin th h mi - mng thng tin ton
quang. Trong mng ton quang ny, giao thc IP - giao thc chun cho mng vin
thng th h sau (NGN) s c tch hp vi WDM. S tch hp ny s to ra mt
kt cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp s dng cho
c mng ng trc v mng th.
Nhm p ng nhu cu hc hi, nghin cu v h thng thng tin quang,
nhm tc gi TS. L Quc Cng, ThS. Vn Vit Em, ThS. Phm Quc Hp,
ThS. Nguyn Hunh Minh Tm, hin ang ging dy ti Hc vin Bu chnh Vin
thng v Cng ngh thng tin C s TP. H Ch Minh phi hp vi Nh xut bn
Thng tin v Truyn thng xut bn cun sch H thng thng tin quang tp 2.
Cu trc ca cun sch bao gm bn chng:
Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM. Chng ny trnh by cc nguyn
l c bn ca DWDM, kho st chi tit cc hin tng phi tuyn nh hng
n cht lng ca h thng WDM, v cc linh kin c s dng cho h
thng WDM.
Chng 2: Khuch i quang. Chng ny tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca
cc loi khuch i quang, tnh nng v cc ng dng ca chng trong mng
truyn dn quang
Chng 3: Truyn ti IP/WDM. Chng ny nghin cu v xu hng tch hp
IP trn WDM, c bit quan tm n vn nh tuyn v gn bc sng
trong mng WDM.
Chng 4: H thng thng tin quang Coherent. Chng ny tm hiu cc
nguyn l c bn ca h thng Coherent, nhng u im ca n so vi h
thng IM/DD v trin vng ca cng ngh ny trong tng lai.

Cun sch c bin son nhm phc v cho sinh vin h i hc v cao ng
chuyn ngnh in t - Vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Ngoi ra cun sch cng c th s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc k s
cng tc trong lnh vc Vin thng.
Do khun kh gii hn cng nh tnh ng dng thc t ca ti liu, cc m
hnh ton hc c trnh by trong cun sch ny i khi ch l cc kt qa cui
cng v c gii thch, minh ha bng cc ngha vt l c th. hiu thm v
vic dn xut v chng minh cc kt qu ny, bn c c th c thm cc ti liu
tham kho.
Do tnh cht phc tp cng nh s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh,
cun sch H thng thng tin quang - tp 2 khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n tt c cc kin ng gp ca cc bn c
hon thin hn cun sch ny.
Xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch cng bn c./.
H Ni, thng 4 nm 2009

NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

MUC LUC
CHNG 1: HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG WDM ............................. 11
GII THIU .................................................................................................................11

I. NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG (WDM) .......11
1. Gii thiu chung .............................................................................................12
2. S khi tng qut ......................................................................................14
3. c im ca h thng WDM ......................................................................16
4. Li ITU...........................................................................................................17
II. CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA
H THNG WDM......................................................................................................18
1. Tng quan v cc hiu ng phi tuyn .........................................................18
2. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin .....................................................................22
3. Tn x do kch thch Raman .........................................................................22
4. Lan truyn trong mi trng phi tuyn ......................................................24
5. Hiu ng t iu pha SPM ...........................................................................25
6. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha .......................................................................26
7. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng ......................................................................26
III. CC LINH KIN TRONG H THNG WDM ............................................28
1. B ghp/tch tn hiu .....................................................................................29
2. B isolator/circulator ....................................................................................33
3. B lc quang....................................................................................................35
4. B ghp/tch knh bc sng ......................................................................35
5. B chuyn mch quang .................................................................................58
6. B chuyn i bc sng ..............................................................................68
IV. MNG WDM ........................................................................................................72
1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................72
2. Tp vt l v tp logic...............................................................................74
3. Cc phn t mng (NE) WDM ....................................................................77
4. Bo v mng WDM ........................................................................................94
TM TT ...................................................................................................................106

8 H thng thng tin quang
BI TP ......................................................................................................................108
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................117
CHNG 2: KHUECH AI QUANG......................................118
I. TNG QUAN V KHUCH I QUANG .............................................. 118

1. Gii thiu khuch i quang................................................................ 118
2. Nguyn l khuch i quang ................................................................ 119
3. Phn loi khuch i quang ................................................................ 121
4. Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang ..................................... 122
5. ng dng ca khuch i quang ......................................................... 124
II. B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA) ...................................... 125
1. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng......................................................... 125
2. c tnh ca b khuch i FPA v TWA .......................................... 126
3. Nhiu xuyn m (Crosstalk) trong SOA .............................................. 129
4. u khuyt im v ng dng ca SOA ............................................... 130
III. B KHUCH I QUANG SI PHA TRN ERBIUM (EDFA) ....... 131
1. Cc cu trc EDFA .............................................................................. 131
2. L thuyt khuch i trong EDFA ....................................................... 132
3. Yu cu i vi ngun bm ................................................................. 136
4. Ph khuch i ..................................................................................... 138
5. Cc tnh cht ca EDFA ...................................................................... 140
6. Nhiu trong b khuch i................................................................... 143
7. u khuyt im ca EDFA .................................................................. 145
IV. B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN (RA) .......................................... 145
1. Nguyn l hot ng............................................................................. 145
2. rng bng tn v h s khuch i................................................ 147
3. u khuyt im ca khuch i Raman .............................................. 148
V. TCH LY NHIU TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
C LY DI....................................................................................................... 149
CU HI N TP .......................................................................................... 150
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 154
CHNG 3: TRUYEN TAI IP/WDM.......................................155
I. GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................. 155

Mc lc 9
1. Xu hng tch hp IP qua WMD ......................................................... 155

2. Cu trc mng IP/WDM ...................................................................... 156
3. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM ........................................................ 157
II. IP V GIAO THC NH TUYN ......................................................... 159
1. IPv4 v IPv6 ......................................................................................... 159
2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP ................................................................ 160
III. MPLS, GMPLS v MPS .......................................................................... 163
1. MPLS ..................................................................................................... 163
2. GMPLS v MPS .................................................................................. 164
IV. NH TUYN MNG IP/WDM ............................................................. 164
1. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM ............................ 164
2. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) .......... 172
3. Dnh bc sng (WR) trong IP/WDM................................................ 188
V. IU KHIN TRONG MNG IP/WDM ................................................. 191
1. C ch iu khin tp trung................................................................. 191
2. C ch iu khin phn b .................................................................. 192
VI. THIT K TI U TP LOGIC QUANG.......................................... 192
1. Khi nim tp mng ........................................................................... 192
2. Tm tt bi ton thit k tp logic .................................................... 193
3. nh tuyn cho lu lng trn tp logic........................................... 195
4. nh tuyn cho cc ng quang trn tp vt l ............................. 195
CU HI N TP .......................................................................................... 196
TI LIU THAM KHO ..........................................................................199
CHNG 4: HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG COHERENT ....... 201
I. GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................. 201

1. Khi nim v thng tin quang Coherent ............................................. 201
2. Cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang Coherent. ................ 202
3. Cc dng iu ch quang Coherent .................................................... 203
II. MY THU QUANG COHERENT ............................................................ 208
1. Cc nguyn l tch sng: ..................................................................... 208
2. S khi tng qut ca b thu quang Coherent .............................. 210
3. Tch sng Heterodyne ng b ........................................................... 211

4. Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b................................................ 213

5. Tch sng Homodyne ........................................................................... 213
6. Vng kho pha trong my thu quang Coherent.................................. 214
III. T S LI BIT (BER) TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
COHERENT ..................................................................................................... 215
1. Nhiu trong my thu quang Coherent ................................................. 215
2. Tch sng heterodyne ASK. ................................................................. 217
3. Tch sng heterodyne FSK .................................................................. 220
4. Tch sng heterodyne PSK .................................................................. 221
5. Tch sng Homodyne ASK v PSK ..................................................... 222
6. Hm xc sut li ................................................................................... 223
7. So snh nhy ca cc h thng Coherent ...................................... 227
IV. CC YU T NH HNG N NHY MY THU ................ 232
1. Nhiu pha .............................................................................................. 232
2. Nhiu cng .................................................................................... 233
3. Khng tng xng v phn cc ........................................................... 234
4. Tn sc trong si quang ...................................................................... 234
5. Cc yu t hn ch khc ...................................................................... 234
V. NHNG U IM CA H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
COHERENT ..................................................................................................... 235
1. Nng cao nhy thu .......................................................................... 235
2. Nng cao kh nng truyn dn............................................................ 236
3. Kh nng kt hp thu Coherent vi k thut khuch i quang ....... 236
TM TT ......................................................................................................... 236
CU HI N TP V BI TP .................................................................. 238
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 242
AP AN VA GI Y TRA LI MOT SO CAU HOI ON TAP

VA BAI TAP......................................................................243
CAC CH VIET TAT ...........................................................245

CHNG 1
HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG WDM
GII THIU
Bc vo thin nin k mi, chng ta chng kin nhiu s thay i quan trng
trong nn cng nghip vin thng c nh hng to ln n cuc sng ca chng ta.
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s thay i ny:
Trc ht l s gia tng lin tc v dung lng mng. Nhn t chnh cho s
gia tng ny l s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide Web. Bn
cnh l vic cc nh kinh doanh ngy nay da vo cc mng tc cao
thc hin vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Nhng mng ny c dng kt ni cc
vn phng trong mt cng ty cng nh gia cc cng ty cho vic giao dch
thng mi. Ngoi ra cn c mt s tng quan ln gia vic gia tng nhu cu
v gi thnh bng thng ca mng. Cc cng ngh tin tin thnh cng trong
vic gim lin tc gi thnh ca bng thng. Vic gim gi thnh ca bng
thng ny li lm thc y s pht trin ca nhiu ng dng mi s dng nhiu
bng thng v m hnh s dng hiu qu hn. Chu k hi tip dng ny cho
thy khng c du hiu gim bt trong mt tng lai gn.
Bi b v ph v s c quyn trong lnh vc vin thng. S bi b c quyn
ny kch thch s cnh tranh trong th trng, iu ny dn n kt qu l
gim gi thnh cho nhng ngi s dng v trin khai nhanh hn nhng k
thut v dch v mi.
S thay i quan trng trong th loi lu lng chim u th trong mng.
Ngc li vi lu lng thoi truyn thng, nhiu nhu cu mi da trn d liu
ngy cng pht trin. Tuy nhin nhiu mng hin nay c xy dng ch
h tr hiu qu cho lu lng thoi, khng phi l d liu. Vic thay i ny l
nguyn nhn thc y nhng nh cung cp dch v kim tra li cch thc m h
xy dng nn mng, kiu dch v phn phi v trong nhiu trng hp ngay c
m hnh kinh doanh ton th ca h.
Nhng nhn t ny dn n s pht trin ca mng quang dung lng cao.
Cng ngh p ng vic xy dng cc mng quang dung lng cao ny l cng

ngh ghp knh theo bc sng DWDM. Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu v
h thng thng tin quang WDM, c th s nghin cu:
Nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng quang (WDM).
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM do s lan truyn ca
tn hiu WDM trong si quang, trong tp trung vo vic tm hiu cc hiu
ng phi tuyn.
Cc linh kin, phn t trong mng WDM.
M hnh mng WDM bao gm cc phn t mng, tp vt l, tp logic v cc
k thut chuyn mch bo v.
I. NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG

(WDM)
1. Gii thiu chung
S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc m hnh truyn s liu, c bit l Internet
lm bng n nhu cu tng bng thng (xem hnh 1.1). Trong bi cnh IP (Internet
Protocol) ang ni ln nh l nn tng chung ca mi loi hnh dch v trong tng
lai, cc nh cung cp dch v truyn dn bt buc phi xem xt li phng thc
truyn dn TDM truyn thng, vn ti u cho truyn thoi nhng li km hiu qu
trong vic tn dng bng thng.
Hnh 1.1 Tng quan gia nhu cu truyn thoi v truyn s liu.
Tm li, ta phi gii quyt bi ton tng bng thng cho vin thng tng lai.
Cc nh cung cp dch v truyn dn bt u xt n ba phng thc truyn dn sau:

Chng 1: H thng thng tin quang WDM 13
Truyn dn ghp knh phn chia theo khng gian SDM (Space Division
Multiplexing): n gin v khng cn s pht trin cng ngh, ch n thun l
tng s lng si quang, tc truyn dn vn gi nguyn. Ta c th chn SDM
nu trn tuyn truyn dn cn tng bng thng c sn s lng si quang cha
dng v khong cch tuyn truyn dn l ngn khng cn dng cc b lp,
b khuch i. Nu khong cch l xa, khi chi ph s tng vt do mi h thng
lp thm u cn mt s lng b lp, b khuch i... nh h thng c.
Truyn dn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM (Time Division
Multiplexing): tng tc truyn dn ln trn si quang. Khi tip tc dng
phng thc truyn thng ny, ta phi xem xt n hai vn : trc v khi
truyn trn si quang. Trc khi chuyn thnh tn hiu quang truyn i, cc
linh kin in t c kh nng x l vi tc bit ti a l bao nhiu? Thc t
hin nay cho thy, a s cc mng truyn dn, linh kin in t c kh nng
p ng tt i vi cc dng tn hiu tc 2.5 Gbps hoc 10 Gbps. Nh vy
th cha gii quyt trn vn bi ton tng bng thng. Trong phng th nghim
cho cc linh kin hot ng tc 40 Gbps hoc 80 Gbps. TDM c th
t c nhng tc cao hn, cc phng php thc hin tch/ghp knh
trong min quang, c gi l phn knh thi gian trong min quang
(Optical Time Division Multiplexing - OTDM) ang c tch cc trin khai.
Cc kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim cho thy OTDM c th ghp
c cc lung 10Gbit/s thnh lung 250Gbit/s. Nhng khi , truyn trn si
quang s vp phi cc vn nghim trng nh hng n cht lng truyn
dn: tn sc sc th, tn sc phn cc, phi tuyn tnh.
Truyn dn ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing): ghp thm nhiu bc sng c th truyn trn mt
si quang, khng cn tng tc truyn dn trn mt bc sng. Cng ngh
WDM c th mang n gii php hon thin nht trong iu kin cng ngh
hin ti. Th nht n vn gi tc x l ca cc linh kin in t mc 10
Gbps, bo m thch hp vi si quang hin ti. Thay vo , cng ngh WDM
tng bng thng bng cch tn dng ca s lm vic ca si quang trong khong
bc sng 1260 nm n 1675 nm. Khong bc sng ny c chia lm nhiu
bng sng hot ng nh minh ha trn bng 1.1. Thot tin, h thng WDM
hot ng bng C (do EDFA hot ng trong khong bng sng ny). V sau,
EDFA c kh nng hot ng c bng C v bng L nn h thng WDM hin
ti dng EDFA c th hot ng c bng C v bng L. Nu theo chun ITU-T,
xt khong cch gia cc knh bc sng l 100 Ghz (m bo kh nng chng
xuyn nhiu knh trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti), s c 32 knh bc sng
hot ng trn mi bng. Nh vy, nu vn gi nguyn tc bit trn mi knh
truyn, dng cng ngh WDM cng lm tng bng thng truyn trn mt si
quang ln 64 ln!

Bng 1.1 S phn chia cc bng sng.
Bng sng M t Phm vi bc sng (nm)

Bng O Gc (Original) 1260 - 1360
Bng E M rng (Extended) 1360 - 1460
Bng S Ngn (Short) 1460 - 1530
Bng C Quy c (Conventional) 1530 - 1565
Bng L Di (Long) 1565 - 1625
Bng U Siu di (Ultra-long) 1625 - 1675
2. S khi tng qut

a) nh ngha
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM (Wavelength Devision
Multiplexing) l cng ngh trong mt si quang ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc
sng tn hiu quang. u pht, nhiu tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau c
t hp li (ghp knh) truyn i trn mt si quang. u thu, tn hiu t hp
c phn gii ra (tch knh), khi phc li tn hiu gc ri a vo cc u cui
khc nhau.
b) S chc nng
Hnh 1.2 S chc nng h thng WDM.
Nh minh ha trn hnh 1.2, m bo vic truyn nhn nhiu bc sng

trn mt si quang, h thng WDM phi thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l laser. Hin
ti c mt s loi ngun pht nh: laser iu chnh c bc sng (Tunable
Laser), laser a bc sng (Multiwavelength Laser)... Yu cu i vi ngun
pht laser l phi c rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut
pht nh, bc sng trung tm, rng ph, rng chirp phi nm trong gii
hn cho php.

Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc

nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua si quang.
Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp thnh cc tn
hiu nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c cc b
tch/ghp tn hiu WDM nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si,
cch t nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot... Khi xt
n cc b tch/ghp WDM, ta phi xt cc tham s nh: khong cch gia cc
knh, rng bng tn ca cc knh bc sng, bc sng trung tm ca knh,
mc xuyn m gia cc knh, tnh ng u ca knh, suy hao xen, suy hao
phn x Bragg, xuyn m u gn u xa...
Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh
hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn, vn
lin quan n khuch i tn hiu... Mi vn k trn u ph thuc rt
nhiu vo yu t si quang (loi si quang, cht lng si...) m ta s xt c th
trong phn II. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM.
Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i
quang si EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier). Tuy nhin b khuch i
Raman hin nay cng c s dng trn thc t. C ba ch khuch i:
khuch i cng sut, khuch i ng v tin khuch i. Khi dng b khuch
i EDFA cho h thng WDM phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- li khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng (mc chnh
lch khng qu 1 dB).
- S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng
n mc cng sut u ra ca cc knh.
- C kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo iu chnh
li cc h s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i l bng phng
i vi tt c cc knh.
Thu tn hiu: Thu tn hiu trong cc h thng WDM cng s dng cc b tch
sng quang nh trong h thng thng tin quang thng thng: PIN, APD.
c) Phn loi h thng WDM
H thng WDM v c bn chia lm hai loi: h thng n hng v song
hng nh minh ha trn hnh 1.3. H thng n hng ch truyn theo mt chiu
trn si quang. Do vy, truyn thng tin gia hai im cn hai si quang. H
thng WDM song hng, ngc li, truyn hai chiu trn mt si quang nn ch cn
1 si quang c th trao i thng tin gia 2 im.
C hai h thng u c nhng u nhc im ring. Gi s rng cng ngh hin
ti ch cho php truyn N bc sng trn mt si quang, so snh hai h thng ta thy:

Hnh 1.3 H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng
1, 2, 3,..., N
1, 2, 3,..., N
1, 2, 3,..., i
(i + 1), (i + 2),..., N
Xt v dung lng, h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao

gp i so vi h thng song hng. Ngc li, s si quang cn dng gp i
so vi h thng song hng.
Khi s c t cp xy ra, h thng song hng khng cn n c ch chuyn
mch bo v t ng APS (Automatic Protection-Switching) v c hai u ca
lin kt u c kh nng nhn bit s c mt cch tc thi.
ng v kha cnh thit k mng, h thng song hng kh thit k hn v cn
phi xt thm cc yu t nh: vn xuyn nhiu do c nhiu bc sng hn
trn mt si quang, m bo nh tuyn v phn b bc sng sao cho hai chiu
trn si quang khng dng chung mt bc sng.
Cc b khuch i trong h thng song hng thng c cu trc phc tp hn
trong h thng n hng. Tuy nhin, do s bc sng khuch i trong h
thng song hng gim theo mi chiu nn h thng song hng, cc b
khuch i s cho cng sut quang ng ra ln hn so vi h thng n hng.
3. c im ca h thng WDM
Thc t nghin cu v trin khai WDM rt ra c nhng u nhc im
ca cng ngh WDM nh sau:
u im ca cng ngh WDM
Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c
ghp vo truyn trn mt si quang.
Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n c
th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON,
chuyn mch knh, IP...

Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng bng
thng truyn trn si quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m rng mng
nhiu cp khc nhau.
Hin ti, ch c duy nht cng ngh WDM l cho php xy dng m hnh mng
truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network) gip truyn ti trong sut
nhiu loi hnh dch v, qun l mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng...
Nhc im ca cng ngh WDM
Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn
dng c bng C v bng L).
Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.
Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh
trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay gt.
4. Li ITU
Vic chun ho cc b bc sng dng cho cc mng WDM l ht sc cn
thit v n bo m cho cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau u c sn
xut theo cng mt tiu chun v u lm vic tng thch vi nhau.
Khi chun ho bc sng, vn cn phi xem xt u tin l l khong cch
gia cc knh phi da theo tn s hay bc sng. Khong cch tn s bng nhau s
lm cho khong cch bc sng hi khc nhau. Khng c mt tiu chun k thut
no c u tin la chn trong trng hp ny. Trong khuyn co ITU-G.692
cc knh cch nhau mt khong 50 GHz (tng ng vi khong cch bc sng
l 0.4nm) vi tn s trung tm danh nh l 193.1THz (1552.52 nm). Tn s ny
gia di thng ca si quang 1.55m v b khuch i quang si EDFA (xem hnh
1.4). Khong cch ny ph hp vi kh nng phn gii ca cc b MUX/DEMUX
hin nay, n nh tn s ca cc b laser, MUX/DEMUX,... Khi cng ngh hon
thin hn khong cch ny s phi gim i.
Hnh 1.4 Li bc sng theo ITU.
Mt vn khc, kh khn hn l chn la mt b bc sng tiu chun bo

m cho cc h thng cho 4, 8, 16 v 32 bc sng hot ng tng thch vi nhau

bi v cc nh sn xut u c cc cu hnh knh ti u ring v cc k hoch nng

cp h thng t t knh ln nhiu knh khc nhau. ITU chun ho (ITU G.959) b
16 bc sng bt u t tn s 192.1 THz, rng 200GHz mi bn cho giao din a
knh gia cc thit b WDM.
Cui cng l phi lu khng ch bo bo m cc tn s trung tm m cn
phi bo m lch tn s ti a cho php. i vi f 200 GHz, ITU quy nh
lch tn s l khng vt qu f /5 GHz. Vi f = 50 GHz v f = 100 GHz th
n thi im ny ITU vn cha chun ho.
II. CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA H

THNG WDM
C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng
thng tin quang, bao gm:
Suy hao.
Tn sc.
Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t
ny cng khc nhau. V d:
i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan
tm l suy hao.
i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan
tm l suy hao v tn sc.
i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 yu t trn cn
phi xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Hin tng suy hao v tn sc c trnh by chi tit trong H thng thng
tin quang - Tp 1. Trong phn ny s tp trung trnh by v cc hin tng phi
tuyn.
1. Tng quan v cc hiu ng phi tuyn
a) nh ngha
Hiu ng quang c gi l phi tuyn nu cc tham s ca n ph thuc vo
cng nh sng (cng sut). Cc hin tng phi tuyn c th b qua i vi cc
h thng thng tin quang hot ng mc cng sut va phi (vi mW) vi tc
bit ln n 2.5 Gbps. Tuy nhin, tc bit cao hn nh 10 Gbps v cao hn
v/hay mc cng sut truyn dn ln, vic xt cc hiu ng phi tuyn l rt quan
trng. Trong cc h thng WDM, cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th tr nn quan trng
thm ch cng sut v tc bit va phi.

Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra lm 2 loi. Loi th nht pht sinh do tc

ng qua li gia cc sng nh sng vi cc phonon (rung ng phn t) trong mi
trng silica- mt trong nhiu loi hiu ng tn x m chng ta xem xt l tn x
Rayleigh. Hai hiu ng chnh trong loi ny l tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS)
v tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS).
Loi th hai sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng in trng
hot ng, t l vi bnh phng bin in trng. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn quan
trng trong loi ny l hiu ng t iu pha (SPM - Self-Phase Modulation), hiu
ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation) v hiu ng trn 4 bc
sng (FWM - Four-Wave Mixing). Loi hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng Kerr.
Trong cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn, nng lng t mt sng nh sng c
chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn (hoc nng lng thp
hn). Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc dao ng phn t hoc cc phonon (loi
phonon lin quan n s khc nhau gia SBS v SRS). Sng th hai c gi l
sng Stokes. Sng th nht c th gi l sng bm (Pump) gy ra s khuch i
sng Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng lng v sng
Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm l sng tn hiu v
sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn x. Trong
trng hp SRS, sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l sng tn
hiu c khuch i t sng bm.
Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o
bng m/w (meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng
sut ngng Pth ca nh sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3
dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton b di si quang. H s li l mt i
lng ch cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn.
Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn b hin tng chirp (tn
s xung truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h s chirp (chirped
factor) tr nn ng k cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca hin tng chirp
lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp xy ra do SPM
(SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do tn sc mu trong h thng.
i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng mt cch ng k
gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh hng ca
SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) m
cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng.
Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s
thay i chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu
ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng
chirp trong mt knh do s thay i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta
gi hiu ng ny l SPM.

Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l hiu ng trn

bn bc sng. Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2, , fn, hiu ng trn
bn bc sng sinh ra cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj v fi + fj - fk. Cc tn
hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh (crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn trong h thng.
Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi khong cch gia cc knh
hp. Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng trn bn bc
sng. V vy, h thng s dng si quang dch chuyn tn sc chu nh hng ca
hiu ng trn bn bc sng nhiu hn l h thng s dng si n mt.
b) Chiu di v din tch hiu dng
S tc ng phi tuyn ph thuc vo c ly truyn dn v mt ct ngang ca si
quang. Tuyn cng di, s tc ng qua li gia nh sng v vt liu si quang cng
ln v nh hng ca phi tuyn cng xu. Tuy nhin, khi tn hiu lan truyn trong
si quang, cng sut ca tn hiu gim i do suy hao ca si quang. V vy, hu ht
cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra ngay trong khong u ca si quang v gim i khi
tn hiu lan truyn.
Hnh 1.5 Tnh chiu di truyn dn hiu dng. (a) Phn b cng sut c trng dc
theo chiu di L ca tuyn. Cng sut nh l Pin. (b) Phn b cng sut
gi nh dc theo tuyn n di hiu dng Leff. Chiu di Leff c
chn sao cho din tch ca vng di ng cong trong (a) bng din
tch ca hnh vung trong (b).
Pin Pin
Cong suat
Cong suat
L eff
M hnh ca nh hng ny c th rt phc tp. Trong thc t, c th s dng

mt m hnh n gin vi gi thuyt nng lng khng thay i qua mt di hiu
dng c nh Leff. Gi s Pin l cng sut truyn trong si quang v P(z) = Pine-z l
cng sut ti im z trn tuyn, vi l h s suy hao. L c k hiu l chiu di
thc ca tuyn. Chiu di hiu dng ca tuyn c k hiu l Leff c nh ngha
nh sau [1]:

L
Pin Leff = P( z )dz
z =0
(1.1)
Do :
1 eL
Leff = (1.2)

Thng th tuyn di do L >>1/ cho nn Leff 1/. Chng hn nh =
0.22 dB/km ti = 1,55 m v, ta c Leff ~ 20 km.
nh hng ca phi tuyn cng tng theo cng nng lng trong si. Vi
mt cng sut cho trc, cng t l nghch vi din tch li. Do nng lng phn
b khng ng u theo mt ct ngang ca si, do thun tin khi nim din
tch vng li hiu dng Aeff (effective cross-sectional area) thng c s dng
(xem hnh 1.6). Din tch ny lin quan n din tch thc ca li A v phn b trn
mt ct ngang ca mode c bn F(r,) nh sau [1]:
Hnh 1.6 Din tch mt ct ngang hiu dng. (a) Phn b c trng cng tn
hiu dc theo bn knh ca si quang. (b) Phn b cng gi nh
tng c vi (a) cho thy cng khc khng ch trong vng Aeff
xung quang tm si quang.
( Aeff / )1/2
Aeff =
[ F (r, )
r
2
rdrd ]
2
(1.3)
F (r , ) rdrd
4
r
vi r v l ta cc.
Thng c th nh gi gi tr Aeff thng qua cng thc n gin hn [2]
Aeff w02 (1.4)

Vi w0 l bn knh trng mt.

Din tch hiu dng nh c nh ngha trn c mt ngha l s ph thuc
ca hu ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th c biu din bng din tch hiu dng
i vi mode c bn truyn trong si quang cho trc. Chng hn nh cng
hiu dng ca mt xung c th c tnh Ieff = P/Aeff, vi P l cng sut xung,
tnh ton nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh SPM c xem xt di y.
Din tch hiu dng ca SMF khong 85 m2 v ca DSF khong 50 m2. Cc si
quang b tn sc c din tch hiu dng nh hn v do c nh hng phi tuyn
ln hn.
2. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin
Trong trng hp SBS, cc phonon lin quan n s tc ng tn x l cc
phonon m hc v s tng tc ny xy ra trn di tn hp f = 20 MHz bc
sng 1550 nm. Sng bm v sng Stokes truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau. Do ,
SBS khng gy ra bt k tc ng qua li no gia cc bc sng khc nhau khi m
khong cch bc sng ln hn 20 MHz (l trng hp c trng cho WDM). Tuy
nhin, SBS cng c th to nn mo kh quan trng trong mt knh n l. SBS to
ra li theo hng ngc li vi hng lan truyn tn hiu, ni cch khc l hng
v pha ngun. V vy, n lm suy gim tn hiu c truyn cng nh to ra mt tn
hiu c cng mnh v hng pht, nn phi dng mt b cch ly bo v. H
s li SBS gB xp x 4x10-11 m/W, khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Cng sut ngng cho SBS c th tnh bng cng thc sau [2]:
PthSBS = 21Aeff/gBLeff (1.5)
Vi gB l li ca SBS. Nh ni trong mc (2.3.1) Leff 1/ nn:
PthSBS = (21Aeff)/gB (1.6)
Ga tr c trng ca gB 5x10-11 m/W ti = 1550nm. Ly = 0.046, 1/km =
0.2dB/Km v Aeff = 55m2, tnh c PthSBS = 8mW cho mt knh.
Mt cch khc tnh cng sut ngng ny l [3]:
PthSBS = 4.4x10-3d22f W (1.7)
Vi - d: ng knh li si quang (m);
- : bc sng hot ng (m);
- : h s suy hao (dB/Km);
- f: rng ph ca ngun quang (GHz).
3. Tn x do kch thch Raman
Nu a vo trong si quang hai hay nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau
th SRS gy ra s chuyn nng lng t cc knh c bc sng thp sang cc knh
c bc sng cao hn (xem hnh 1.7). S chuyn nng lng t knh tn hiu c

bc sng thp sang knh tn hiu c bc sng cao l mt hiu ng c bn lm c

s cho khuch i quang v laser. Nng lng ca photon bc sng l hc/ vi
h l hng s Planck (6.63x10-34 Js). Do , photon ca bc sng thp c nng
lng cao hn. S chuyn nng lng t tn hiu bc sng thp sang tn hiu bc
sng cao tng ng vi vic sinh ra cc photon nng lng thp t cc photon nng
lng cao hn.
Hnh 1.7 nh hng ca SRS. Nng lng t knh bc sng thp c chuyn
sang knh bc sng cao hn.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Khng ging nh SBS, SRS l mt hiu ng bng rng. Hnh 1.8 cho thy
li l mt hm ca khong cch bc sng. Gi tr nh ca h s li gR xp x
6x10-14 m/W bc sng 1550 nm nh hn nhiu so vi li ca SBS. Tuy nhin,
cc knh cch nhau n 15 THz (125 nm) s b tc ng ca SRS. SRS gy nh hng
trn c hng truyn v hng ngc li. Mc SRS gia cc knh trong h thng
WDM nh hng xu cho h thng, SRS c th c dng khuch i h thng.
Hnh 1.8 H s li SRS l hm ca khong cch knh.

He so o li Raman (x10-14 m/W)

Cng sut ngng cho SRS c th tnh bng cng thc sau [2]:
PthSRS = 16Aeff/gRLeff = (16Aeff)/gR (1.8)
Gi tr c trng ca gR 1x10-13 m/W ti = 1550nm. Ly = 0.046, 1/km =
0.2dB/Km v Aeff = 55m2, tnh c PthSRS = 405mW cho mt knh. Con s ny
cho thy c th b qua SRS trong h thng n knh.
Mt cch khc tnh cng sut ngng ny l [3]:
PthSRS = 5.9x10-2d2 W (1.9)
Vi:
- d: ng knh li si quang (m).
- : bc sng hot ng (m).
- : h s suy hao (dB/Km).
4. Lan truyn trong mi trng phi tuyn
Theo [1,2] i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, vector phn cc P c mi lin h vi
in trng tc ng E nh sau:
P(r, t ) = 0 e (r, t ) E (r, t ) (1.10)
Vi e l cm in (electric susceptibility). Mi lin h gia e vi chit
sut ca mi trng n c th biu din bng:
n = 1 + e (1.11)
Cc hiu ng khc x phi tuyn xy ra l do s ph thuc ca cm in vo
cng in trng E. Trong si quang, cc hin tng phi tuyn c th xem xt
thng qua biu thc gn ng sau:
P(r, t ) = PL (r, t ) + PNL (r, t ) = 0 e (r, t )E(r, t ) + 0 (e3) E 3 (r, t ) (1.12)
S hng th nht trong cng thc (1.12) l phn cc in mi tuyn tnh, cn
s hng th hai l phn cc in mi phi tuyn.
Chit sut khc x ca mi trng s l:
n(,E) = nL ()+nNLE2 (1.13)
Vi l tn s gc ca nh sng. S hng th nht trong cng thc (1.13) l
chit sut tuyn tnh v l nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu. S hng th hai th
hin hiu ng phi tuyn bi v n t l vi cng nh sng I = 0.50cnE2. H s
khc x phi tuyn:
nNL = 3/8ne(3) (1.14)
C th biu din s khc x phi tuyn theo mt cch khc:
n = nL ()+nNL(P/Aeff) (1.15)

Vi P l cng sut nh sng. i vi si quang silica, thng nNL = 3.2x10-20

m2/W v Aeff55m2. Gi s P = 1mW th nNL(P/Aeff) = 5.8x10-9. y l phn phi
tuyn ca chit sut trong iu kin bnh thng. Chit sut ca silica vo khong
1,45 cho nn r rng trong trng hp ny cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th b qua.
Hng s lan truyn pha = n/c cng phi ph thuc vo E2. S ph thuc
ny c th biu din nh sau:
= nL/c + (3/8cn)e(3)E2 (1.16)
C th biu din hng s pha phi tuyn theo mt cch khc:
= L + NLP (1.17)
Vi L l thnh phn tuyn tnh ca hng s lan truyn pha v NL =
(2/)nNL/Aeff l h s lan truyn pha phi tuyn. Gi s nNL = 3.2x10-20 m2/W, Aeff =
55m2 v = 1550nm, khi NL = 2.35x10-3 1/m.W. Li gi s P = 1mW, phn phi
tuyn trong hng s lan truyn pha vo khong 10-6. Lu NLP = (2/)nNL(P/Aeff)
v vy:
= L + (2/)nNL(P/Aeff) (1.18)
5. Hiu ng t iu pha SPM
Xt mt h thng n knh, nh sng nh l sng EM c dng (ch xt phn
thc):
E(z,t) = E0e-zcos(t-z)
c tnh theo cng thc (1.16) nn s c dch pha b sung. dch pha
ny c tnh bng:
L L
= ( L )dz = NL P(z )dz = NL Pin L eff (1.19)

0 0
C th biu din s ph thuc ny theo mt cch khc:

= (3/8cn)e(3)E2Leff (1.20)
Da vo cng thc (1.19) v (1.20) c th gii thch c ch SPM nh sau:
dch pha phi tuyn ca sng mang quang thay i theo thi gian l do cng
(cng sut) ca xung nh sng thay i theo thi gian. S thay i ny l do thay i
ca cng sut u vo Pin(t) v/hay s bin thin theo thi gian ca bin xung khi
xung lan truyn dc theo si quang. Do tr thnh mt hm s theo thi gian
(t). Theo nh ngha o hm ca dch pha d(t)/dt0 biu din s thay i ca
tn s. S thay i tn s ny c gi l chirping. By gi r v sao hiu ng
ny c gi l t iu pha: iu ch ny l s thay i tn s xy ra do s dch
pha gy ra bi chnh xung nh sng.
Trong tn sc mu, cc bc sng khc nhau (cc tn s) lan truyn theo cc
vn tc khc nhau. Nh vy xung mang cc tn s khc nhau khi lan truyn s gin

ra. R rng SPM gy ra gin xung thng qua tn sc mu. Cn lu mt u im

ca SPM l: khi cng sut lan truyn cao, khong u si quang, SPM c th nn
xung. Tuy nhin khi xung lan truyn xa hn, xung s b gin nhiu hn. Hin tng
nn xung ny c th s dng b tn sc.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn thng c nh gi qua cc gii hn cng sut cho
h thng thng tin. nh hng ca SPM l ti thiu, dch pha phi tuyn phi
rt nh tc l < < 1. Theo cng thc (1.2) Leff 1/ cho nn Pin < < /NL. V d
= 0,2dB/km tc = 0,046 1/km v NL = 2,35x10-3 1/m.W th cng sut u vo
phi nh hn 19,6 mW.
6. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha
SPM l gii hn phi tuyn ch yu trong h thng n knh. Trong h thng
a knh dch pha ca mt knh, v d nh knh th nht 1, ph thuc khng
nhng vo cng (cng sut) ca chnh knh m cn ph thuc vo cng
ca nhng knh cn li. Hin tng ny gi l iu ch xuyn pha CPM. V d xem
xt h thng ba knh. Khi 1 s l:
1 = NLLeff(P1+2P2+2P3) (1.21)
CMP nh hng n cht lng truyn dn thng qua c ch ging nh SPM:
tn s chirping v tn sc mu. CPM c th nh hng n h thng mnh hn SPM
v h s 2 trong cng thc (1.21).
7. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng
Trong h thng WDM s dng cc tn s gc 1 .n, s ph thuc ca chit
sut vo cng (cng sut) khng ch gy ra s dch pha trong mi knh m cn
sinh ra tn s mi nh l 2i-j v i+j-k. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng trn
bn bc sng (FWM_Four-wave Mixing). Tri vi SPM v CPM ch c nh hng
i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, hiu ng trn bn bc sng khng ph thuc
vo tc bit m ph thuc cht ch vo khong cch knh v tn sc mu ca si.
Gim khong cch knh lm tng nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng v
vic gim tn sc mu cng vy. Do , cc nh hng ca FWM phi c xem
xt ngay c cc h thng tc va phi khi khong cch knh gn nhau v/hoc
khi s dng si dch chuyn tn sc.
hiu cc nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng, ta xt mt tn hiu
WDM l tng ca n sng phng n sc. Trng in ca tn hiu ny c th c
vit mt cch n gin:
n
E (r , t ) = Ei cos( i t i z )
i =1
Theo cng thc (1.12), phn cc in mi phi tuyn c th c vit:

n n n
PNL ( r , t ) = 0 (e3) E i cos( i t i z )E j cos( j t j z ) E k cos( k t k z )
i =1 j=1 k =1
3 0 (e3) n
= E i
2
+ 2 E i E j E i cos( i t i z) (1.22)
4 i =1 j i
0 (e3) n
+
4
E
i =1
i
3
cos(3i t 3 i z) (1.23)
3 0 (e3 ) n
+ E E j cos(( 2 i j ) t ( 2 i j ) z )
2
i
(1.24)
4 i =1 j i
3 0 (e3) n
+ E E j cos((2i + j ) t (2 i + j )z )
2
i (1.25)
4 i =1 j i
6 0 (e3) n
+
4
E E E
i =1 j> i k > j
i j k
(cos((i + j + k ) t ( i + j + k )z) (1.26)
+ cos((i + j k ) t ( i + j k )z) (1.27)
+ cos((i j + k ) t ( i j + k )z) (1.28)
+ cos((i j k ) t ( i j k )z) ) (1.29)

Nh vy, cm in phi tuyn ca si quang to ra cc trng mi (cc sng
mi) tn s ijk (i, j, k c th ging nhau). Hin tng ny gi l hiu
ng trn bn bc sng. Nguyn nhn l do cc tn s i, j, k t hp vi nhau to
ra bc sng th t tn s ijk. i vi khong cch tn s bng nhau v
mt s la chn i, j, k no , bc sng th t nh hng n i. V d, cho
khong cch tn s vi 1, 2, 3 l cc tn s lin tip, ngha l 2 = 1 +
v 3 = 1 + 2 s c 1-2+3 = 2 v 22-1 = 3.
Biu thc (1.22) cho thy nh hng ca SPM v CPM m ta cp n
trong mc 5. Hiu ng t iu pha SPM v 6. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha, cc biu
thc (1.23), (1.24) v (1.25) c th b qua do khng c s ng pha. Di cc iu
kin thch hp, c th tha mn iu kin ng pha i vi cc biu thc cn li,
l tt c cc dng i+j-k, i,j k (i, j c th ging nhau). Chng hn, nu cc
bc sng trong h thng WDM l gn nhau hoc phn b gn vng tn sc khng
ca si, th gn nh l khng i trn cc tn s ny v iu kin ng pha gn
nh l c tha mn. Khi cc iu kin ny tha mn, cng sut ca cc tn s mi
c to ra c th phi quan tm n.
C th xc nh gi tr ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng dng i+j-k, i,j k
n gin nh sau:

nh ngha ijk = i+j-k v h s suy bin (Degeneracy Factor)

3, i = j
d ijk =
6, i j
Phn cc in mi phi tuyn ti ijk c th c vit:
0 e(3 )
PNLijk ( z , t ) = d ijk Ei E j Ek cos((i + j k )t ( i + j k ) z ) (1.30)
4
Gi s rng cc tn hiu quang lan truyn nh cc sng phng qua din tch li
hiu dng Aeff trong si (xem hnh 1.6), theo (1.25) c th biu din cng sut ca
tn hiu tn s ijk sau khi lan truyn qua khong cch L trong si l
2
ijk d ijk e(3)
Pijk = Pi Pj Pk L2
8 Aeff neff c

y, Pi, Pj, Pk l cc cng sut ng vo ti cc tn s i, j, k. Ch rng
chit sut n c thay th bi chit sut hiu dng neff ca mode c s. S dng
chit sut phi tuyn nNL, c th vit
2
ijk n NL d ijk
Pijk = Pi Pj Pk L2 (1.31)
3cA
eff
Hy xem xt mt s v d c th. Gi s rng mi tn hiu quang cc tn s
i, j, k c cng sut 1mW v din tch li hiu dng ca si quang l Aeff =
50m2. Cng gi s i j, dijk = 6. S dng nNL = 3.0x10-8m2/W, khong cch
lan truyn L = 20 km. Cng sut Pijk ca tn hiu tn s gc ijk sinh ra do hiu
ng trn bn bc sng khong 9.5W. Gi tr ny ch thp hn cng sut ca tn
hiu 1mW khong 20 dB. Trong h thng WDM, nu c knh khc cng tn s
ijk, hiu ng trn bn bc sng c th gy nhiu knh ny.
Thc t, cc tn hiu to bi hiu ng trn bn bc sng c nng lng thp
do khng c s ng pha hon ton v suy gim suy hao si.
III. CC LINH KIN TRONG H THNG WDM

Cc linh kin c s dng trong cc mng quang hin i bao gm cc b
ghp/tch (couplers), b pht laser (lasers), b tch quang (photodetectors), b
khuch i quang (optical amplifiers), b chuyn mch quang (optical switches), b
lc (filters) v b ghp/tch knh (multiplexers). Mc ny s tp trung xem xt
nguyn l hot ng ca cc linh kin nu trn. i vi mi linh kin trc tin s
a ra m hnh m t n gin sau l cc m hnh ton hc chi tit. Bn c c
th b qua phn m t ton hc nu thy cha cn thit tham kho. Ring b
khuch i quang s c xem xt ring chng 2. Phn ny cng khng trnh by

b pht laser. Bn c c th tm hiu b pht laser trong H thng thng tin quang
Tp 1.
1. B ghp/tch tn hiu
a) nh ngha
B ghp/tch tn hiu (Coupler) l thit b quang dng kt hp cc tn hiu
truyn n t cc si quang khc nhau. Nu coupler ch cho php nh sng truyn
qua n theo mt chiu, ta gi l coupler c hng (directional coupler). Nu n cho
php nh sng i theo 2 chiu, ta gi l coupler song hng (bidirectional coupler).
Hnh 1.9 Cu to coupler FBT 2 x 2
Si quang
au vao 1 au ra 1
Vung ghep
l
au vao 2 au ra 2
Chieu dai ghep
Hnh 1.10 Coupler hnh sao vi 8 ng vo v 8 ng ra c hnh thnh t cc

coupler 3dB. Cng sut t mt ng vo c chia u cho cc ng ra.

Coupler thng dng nht l coupler FBT (Fused Binconical Taper). Coupler
ny c ch to bng cch t 2 si quang cnh nhau, sau va nung chy
chng kt hp vi nhau va ko dn ra to thnh mt vng ghp (coupling
region). Mt coupler 2 x 2 c trng bi t s ghp (0 < < 1). l t l cng sut
nh sng ng vo 1 n ng ra 1 so vi tng cng sut nh sng vo ng vo 1. Phn
t l 1- cng sut nh sng cn li ca ng vo 1 s c truyn n ng ra 2. Hnh
1.9 l mt coupler FBT 2 x 2 c hng.
Coupler c th l chn la bc sng (wavelength selective) hay khng ph
thuc vo bc sng, tng ng vi ph thuc hay khng ph thuc vo bc sng.
Trng hp = 1/2, coupler c dng chia cng sut tn hiu ng vo
thnh hai phn bng nhau hai ng ra. Coupler trong trng hp ny c gi l
coupler 3 dB.
Coupler hnh sao nxn c th c to bng cch kt ni cc coupler 3dB nh
trn hnh 1.10.
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Khi hai si quang c t cnh nhau, nh sng s c ghp t si ny sang
si kia v ngc li. l do qu trnh truyn mode nh sng trn si quang qua
vng ghp s khc so vi truyn trn si quang n. Khi , ton b nh sng thuc
mt si quang s c ghp hon ton sang si quang ghp vi n, phn nh sng
ny li tip tc c ghp ngc tr li sang si quang ban u theo mt chu k
tun hon khp kn. Kt qu ta c cng trng in t u ra ca b ghp Eo1,
Eo2 c tnh theo cng trng in t u vo Ei1, Ei2 theo cng thc [1]:
E01 ( f ) cos(l ) i sin(l ) Ei1 ( f )
= e il (1.32)
E02 ( f ) i sin(l ) cos(l ) Ei 2 ( f )
Trong :
- l h s pha ca s truyn nh sng trong si quang.
- l H s ghp. ph thuc vo chiu rng ca si quang, chit sut ca li
si v n khong cch gn nhau ca hai si quang khi thc hin nung chy.
Nu ch cho nh sng vo ng 1 (cho Ei2 = 0), khi cng thc (1.32) c
vit li l:
E01 ( f ) = e il cos(l ) Ei1 ( f ) (1.33)
E02 ( f ) = e il e i ( / 2) sin(l ) Ei1 ( f ) (1.34)
Ta nhn xt rng 2 u ng ra c s lch pha /2. Cng trong iu kin ny,
ta tnh c hm truyn t cng sut:

T11 (f ) cos 2 (l) (1.35)

= 2
sin (l)
12
T ( f )
y hm truyn t cng sut Tij c nh ngha:
2
E oj
Tij = 2
E ii
T cng thc (1.35) c coupler 3 dB di coupler phi c chn sau cho
l = (2k + 1) / 4 vi k l s khng m.
c) Cc thng s c bn
B coupler WDM c c trng bi cc thng s sau [2]:
Suy hao vt mc Pex (Excess Loss): c nh ngha:
Hnh 1.11 Cc thng s c trng ca coupler

Pex (dB) = 10 log Pj / Pi (1.36)
j
y Pj: cng sut ti ng ra j,
Pi: cng sut ti ng vo.
Theo hnh 1.11, Pex c tnh:
Pex(dB) = -10 log[(P2+P3)/P1]
Suy hao xen IL (Insertion Loss): l t s ca cng sut tn hiu ng ra so vi
ng vo ti mt bc sng c th. Suy hao xen l suy hao m coupler thm vo
ng vo v ng ra.
IL12(dB) = -10 log[P2/P1] (1.37)
T s ghp CR (Coupling Ratio): c nh ngha
CR(dB) = -10 log[P2/(P2+P3)] (1.38-a)

CR c th c biu din theo % :

CR (%) = [P2 (P2 + P3 )] 100 (1.38-b)
D thy
IL = CR + Pex (1.39)
Tnh ng nht U (Uniformity): c trng cho coupler dng trong trng hp
chia i cng sut (50:50). H s ny ch ng nht gia 2 nhnh ca
coupler (bng 0 trong trng hp coupler l tng).
U(dB) = ILmax ILmin = 10 log[P3/P2] (1.40)
Suy hao do phn cc PDL (Polarization-dependent Loss): l dao ng ln
nht ca suy hao xen do s thay i phn cc nh sng u vo. Thng ch s
ny khng vt qu 0.15 dB.
Tnh nh hng D (Directivity): l phn cng sut tn hiu ng vo xut hin
ti ng ra khng mong mun.
D(dB) = -10 log[P4/P1] (1.41)
Xuyn knh u gn (near-end crosstalk): dng nh gi tnh nh hng.
NEC (dB) = 10 log[P3 (1 ) P1 (1 )] (1.42)
Suy hao phn hi RL (Return Loss): c nh ngha:
RL(dB) = -10 log[P1out/P1in] (1.43)
cch ly (Isolator): dng nh gi phn nh sng trn mt ng b ngn
khng t n mt ng khc. V d 1 l bc sng truyn t cng 1 n
cng 2, truyn n cng 4 l khng mong mun. Tng t 2 truyn t cng 1
n cng 4, truyn n cng 2 l khng mong mun. Khi cch ly c
nh ngha nh sau:
I 41 (dB) = 10 log[P4 (1 ) P1 (1 )]
(1.44)
I 21 (dB) = 10 log[P2 ( 2 ) P1 ( 2 )]
d) ng dng
Coupler l linh kin quang linh hot v c th cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau:
B coupler vi t s ghp 1 c dng trch mt phn nh tn hiu quang,
phc v cho mc ch gim st.
Coupler cn l b phn c bn to nn cc thnh phn quang khc, chng hn
nh: cc b chuyn mch tnh, cc b iu ch, b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder
MZI... MZI c th c ch to hot ng nh b lc, MUX/DEMUX, chuyn
mch v b chuyn i bc sng.
Thc hin ghp/tch bc sng trn si quang. Nh iu chnh chiu di ghp
thch hp khi ch to, coupler 2 x 2 ghp 50:50 phn b cng sut nh sng t

mt u vo ra lm 2 phn bng nhau 2 ng ra. Coupler ny cn c gi l

coupler 3 dB, ng dng ph bin nht. T coupler 3 dB, c th to nn b
coupler n x n ghp n tn hiu khc nhau vo mt si quang.
2. B isolator/circulator
a) nh ngha
Coupler v phn ln cc linh kin quang th ng khc l cc thit b thun
ngc (reciprocal) theo ngha thit b s hot ng cng mt kiu nu o ng vo
v ng ra vi nhau. Isolator l thit b khng thun ngc (nonreciprocal). N ch
truyn nh sng qua n theo mt chiu v ngn khng cho truyn theo chiu ngc
li. N c dng ti u ra ca cc thit b quang (b khuch i, ngun pht laser)
ngn qu trnh phn x ngc tr li cc thit b , gy nhiu v h hi thit b.
Hai tham s chnh ca Isolator l suy hao xen v cch ly.
Circulator cng thc hin chc nng tng t nh b Isolator nhng n
thng c nhiu cng, thng l 3 hoc 4 cng. Chnh v s tng ng gia hai
loi thit b, ta s ch trnh by hot ng ca b Isolator m thi.
Hnh 1.12 (a) S khi ca b Circulator 3 ca. (b) S khi ca b Circulator

4 ca. (c) S khi ca b Isolator.
Con g 2
Con g 2
1,2 ,3 1,2 ,3
4
Con g 3
Con g 4
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Trng thi phn cc ca nh sng truyn trong si quang c nh ngha l
chiu phn cc ca vector cng trng E nm trn mt phng vung gc vi
phng truyn nh sng trong si. Ta gi l phn cc ngang v phn cc dc. Qu
trnh truyn nh sng trong si quang l s kt hp tuyn tnh truyn cc sng phn
cc ngang v phn cc dc.
M hnh n gin ca b Isolator c minh ha nh trong hnh 1.13 (a). Gi
s nh sng truyn l phn cc dc, truyn n b phn cc (Polarizer), b ny thc
hin chc nng ch cho sng phn cc dc i qua, khng cho sng phn cc ngang
i qua. Sau b phn cc l b quay pha Faraday, thc hin quay pha 45o theo chiu

kim ng h khng phn bit chiu nh sng n. Tip theo l b phn cc, b ny
thc hin chc nng ch cho sng phn cc 45o i qua. Nh vy, b Isolator ta xt
ch cho php sng phn cc dc i qua theo chiu t tri sang phi. Trong trng
hp sng phn x theo chiu ngc li, nu sng qua c b phn cc th hai, qua
tip theo b quay pha Faraday, th cng khng th qua c b phn cc th nht
(do lc ny sng phn cc ngang).
Hnh 1.13 (a) Cu to b Isolator khi nh sng vo phn cc dc. (b) Cu to b

Isolator khi nh sng vo phn cc bt k.
/2
Trn thc t th sng truyn trong si quang lun l s kt hp tuyn tnh ca

cc trng thi phn cc ngang v dc nn thit k b Isolator phc tp hn. M hnh
thu nh c trnh by trong hnh 1.13 (b).
nh sng truyn trong si quang vi trng thi phn cc bt k c a n
b tch/ghp trng thi phn cc SWP (Spatial Walk-off Polarizer), tch thnh hai
dng tn hiu phn cc dc v ngang theo hai ng c lp nhau. Tip theo, n b
quay pha Faraday, quay pha 45o theo chiu kim ng h. Mt phng /2 (Half-wave
plate) thc hin quay pha 45o theo chiu kim ng h i vi tn hiu truyn t tri
sang phi, quay pha 45o theo chiu ngc kim ng h theo chiu truyn ngc li.
Cui cng, tn hiu hai nhnh c kt hp li nh b SWP th hai. Nu theo
chiu ngc li, hai b SWP s kh ln nhau. nh sng truyn qua b SWP th hai,

qua b quay pha Faraday s khng th kt hp li c ti b SWP th nht nh

minh ha trn hnh 1.13.
c) ng dng
B Isolator v Circulator c nhng ng dng sau:
B Isolator thng ng trc u ra b khuch i quang hoc ngun pht
laser ngn nh sng phn x ngc tr li thit b gy nhiu v c th lm h
thit b.
B Circulator c dng nh mt b phn ch to phn t xen rt quang
OADM.
3. B lc quang
a) Tng quan
nh ngha
B lc l thit b ch cho php mt knh bc sng i qua, kha i vi tt c
cc knh bc sng khc. Nguyn l c bn nht ca b lc l s giao thoa gia cc
tn hiu, bc sng hot ng ca b lc s c cng pha nhiu ln khi i qua n,
cc knh bc sng khc, ngc li, s b trit tiu v pha. Tu thuc vo kh nng
iu chnh knh bc sng hot ng, ngi ta chia b lc lm hai loi: b lc c
nh (fixed filter) v b lc iu chnh c (tunable filter). Hnh 1.14 l s khi
b lc c nh v b lc iu chnh c.
Hnh 1.14 S khi ca b lc. (a) B lc c nh bc sng k. (b) B lc c th

iu chnh bc sng c trong khang .
1 2 N m (1 m N)
1,2 ,..., N k (1 k N)
k
Yu cu i vi b lc
Hin nay, c rt nhiu cng ngh ch to b lc. Tuy nhin, yu cu chung
i vi tt c cc cng ngh l:
B lc tt phi c gi tr suy hao xen IL thp.
B lc phi khng ph thuc nhiu vo trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu a vo.
Di thng hot ng ca b lc phi khng nhy cm vi s thay i nhit
ca mi trng. B lc phi m bo trong khong nhit hot ng (thng

l khong 100o C), dch di thng hot ng phi khng vt qu khong

cch gia hai knh bc sng hot ng gn nht.
Khi ng dng ghp ni tip nhiu b lc trong h thng WDM, bng thng hot
ng s b thu hp li. hn ch ti a iu ny, cc b lc phi c hm truyn
t trong khong bc sng hot ng l bng phng.
Hm truyn t ca b lc phi c dc ln trnh giao nhau phn vt ca
hai bc sng ln cn, gy xuyn nhiu gia cc knh.
Gim chi ph sn xut. Vn ny li ph thuc vo cng ngh ch to. Tuy
nhin, khi vn ny t ln hng u th ta s c hai la chn. Th nht l
dng cng ngh ng dn sng, cho php sn xut trn nhng vi mch tch hp
quang (b li hot ng ph thuc vo trng thi phn cc ca sng quang). Th
hai l dng cng ngh sn xut cc thit b thun quang, tuy kh khn trong tch
hp mch nhng c nhiu u im l: khng ph thuc vo trng thi phn cc
ca sng quang, ghp sng t si quang vo thit b d dng.
Hnh 1.15 (a) Cc thng s c trng ca b lc. (b) gn sng ca b lc.

Suy hao them vao (dB)
20 dB
o cach li
(nm) (nm)
b) Thng s c bn
Hnh 1.15 minh ha cc c tnh c trng cho mt b lc, cc c tnh
c nh ngha nh sau:
Bc sng trung tm: phi l bc sng tun theo tiu chun ITU-T
rng bng thng (Pass Bandwidth): l rng ca hm truyn t ti mc
suy hao xen cch nh 0.5 dB. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta cn c th xt
bng thng i qua 1 dB, 3 dB. c tnh ny rt quan trng v laser trong trng

hp khng l tng ch pht tn hiu c bc sng dao ng nht nh so vi

bc sng trung tm c qui nh theo chun ITU-T.
rng bng chn (Stop Bandwidth): l rng ca hm truyn t ti mc
suy hao xen cch nh 20 dB. Di chn ca b lc phi cng nh cng tt
trnh hin tng xuyn nhiu gia cc knh.
cch li (Isolation): ch cng sut ca mt knh bc sng xuyn nhiu
sang cc knh bc sng ln cn.
gn sng (Ripple): l chnh lch nh-nh trong phm vi mt knh bc
sng.
H s s dng bng thng BUF (Bandwidth-utilization Factor): l t s ca
rng knh truyn LW (Linewidth) ca nh sng c truyn i so vi nh sng
phn x ti mt mc suy hao xc nh. B lc l tng phi c BUF = 1. Trn
thc t, khi IL = -25 dB th BUF 0.4.
Nu b lc thuc loi c th iu chnh bc sng c, n cn c thm cc
c tnh na nh l:
Khong iu chnh bc sng ng: l khong bc sng m trong phm vi
hot ng ca b lc.
S knh bc sng c th x l: l t l khong iu chnh bc sng ng trn
khong cch gia cc knh bc sng.
Thi gian iu chnh: Thi gian iu chnh gia cc knh bc sng hot ng
khc nhau.
T l nn bin SSR (Sidelobe Suppression Ratio): l khong cch gia gi tr
cng sut nh so vi gi tr cng sut ln nht bin.
phn gii: l dch bc sng nh nht b lc c th nhn bit c.
c) Cch t
Cch t dng m t cc thit b m hot ng ca n da trn hin tng
giao thoa gia cc tn hiu quang xut pht t cng mt ngun quang nhng c
lch pha tng i vi nhau. Phn bit vi cch t l vt chun (etalon) l thit b
nhiu tn hiu quang c to ra nh mt hc cng hng (single cavity) lp li
cc tia i ngang qua n.
Sng nh sng c lan truyn theo hng z vi tn s gc l v hng s pha
l s c dch pha l (t-z). Do dch pha tng i gia hai sng pht
sinh t mt ngun c th c to ra bng cch cho chng truyn qua hai ng
khc nhau.
Trong WDM cch t c dng nh l mt b tch knh tch cc bc
sng hoc nh l mt b ghp knh kt hp cc bc sng.

Hnh 1.16 l hai v d v cch t: trn mt phng cch t (grating plane), cc

khe (slit) c cch u nhau. Khong cch gia hai khe k cn gi l pitch. Do cc
khe nh nn theo hin tng nhiu x (diffraction) nh sng truyn qua cc khe ny
s lan to ra mi hng. Trn mt phng nh x (imaging plane) s quan st c
hin tng giao thoa cng hng (constructive interference) v trit tiu cc bc
sng ti cc im khc nhau, cch t ny c gi l cch t nhiu x (diffraction
grating).
Hnh 1.16(a) l cch t truyn dn (transmission gratings), 1.16(b) l cch t
phn x (reflection gratings).
Hnh 1.16: (a) Cch t truyn dn v (b) Cch t phn x
2 2
1 1
d1 d2 d2
d1
i i
1 +2 1 +2
Hnh 1.17 Nguyn tc hot ng ca cch t truyn dn. Cch t phn x hot
ng tng t. S chnh lch di gia cc tia khc x ti gc d vi
cc khe k cn l: AB CD = a[sin( i ) sin( d )]
d
i

Nguyn l hot ng
Theo hnh 1.17 ta c s chnh di gia cc tia khc x ti gc d vi cc
khe k cn l AB CD = a[sin( i ) sin( d )] . Giao thoa xy dng (constructive
interference) xy ra khi:
a[sin(i)-sin(d)] = m (1.45)
Vi m: bc ca cch t. Khi i = 0 c th vit li (3.14) nh sau:
asin(d) = m (1.45a)
Trn thc t, nng lng tp trung ti bc 0 khi i = d i vi mi bc sng.
Nng lng nh sng ti bc 0 l v ch v cc bc sng khng c tch ri. Do
cn thit k cc cch t khc gi l blazing (xem hnh 1.18).
Hnh 1.18 Cch t blazing vi gc blaze . Nng lng ca giao thoa ti i tng
ng vi gc blaze l cc i.
d) Cch t Bragg
nh ngha
Cch t Bragg c s dng rng ri trong h thng thng tin quang. Mi s
bin i tun hon trong mi trng truyn sng (thng l bin i tun hon chit
sut mi trng) u c th hnh thnh cch t Bragg.
Nguyn l hot ng
Xt hai sng truyn theo hai chiu ngc nhau vi h s pha l 0, 1. Nng
lng ca tn hiu ny c ghp sang tn hiu kia nu chng tho mn iu kin
v pha:
2
0 1 = (1.46)

Trong : l chu k cch t.
Trong cch t Bragg, nng lng ca sng truyn theo hng n c ghp
vo sng phn x tng ng truyn theo hng ngc li. Xt sng c h s pha 0
truyn theo chiu t tri sang phi. Nng lng ca sng ny s c ghp vo sng
tn x ca n theo chiu ngc li (c cng bc sng vi sng ti) nu tho mn
iu kin v pha:

2
0 ( 0 ) = 2 0 = (1.47)

Gi 0 = 2neff/0, 0 l bc sng nh sng ti v neff l gi tr chit sut hiu dng
ca si quang hoc ng dn sng (vt liu lm cch t Bragg). Khi , iu kin
phn x c vit li l:
0 = 2neff (1.48)
Cng thc trn gi l iu kin Bragg. Trong , 0 c gi l sng Bragg.
Hnh 1.19 (a) minh ha c ch hot ng ca phn x Bragg. l mt si
quang hot ng theo c ch phn x Bragg. Chit sut tng i ca li si quang
c lm bin i tun hon dc theo chiu di ca si ng vai tr nh cch t
Bragg. Sng truyn trong si quang v n c phn x li theo mi chu k cch t.
Cc sng phn x s cng pha vi nhau nu bc sng tun theo iu kin Bragg ta
trnh by trn.
Hnh 1.19 (a) Cch t Bragg trong si quang chit sut ng nht. (b) Cch t
Bragg trong si quang chit sut gim dn. (c) Ph cng sut phn x
ca cch t ng nht. (d) Ph cng sut phn x ca cch t gim dn.
l rng ca di thng v l khong cch gia bc sng nh v
im phn x ti thiu u tin trong trng hp mt ct chit sut ng
nht. t l nghch vi chiu di cch t. l lch bc sng so vi
bc sng ng pha.
Pho cong suat song phan xa (dB)
Pho cong suat song phan xa (dB)

Hnh 1.19 (c) v (d) l rng ph cng sut ca sng phn x i vi hai
trng hp cch t: cch t ng nht v cch t gim dn. Cch t gim dn
(apodized grating) l trng hp ch to chit sut tng i sao cho cng xa trung
tm cch t, s khc bit v chit sut cng gim. Dng cch t gim dn s gim
c cng sut ca sng phn x ln cn, nhng i li phi chu bng thng hot
ng tng ln. Theo th, ta cng thy rng cng xa bc sng Bragg, ph ca
sng phn x cng gim. C ngha l khi hot ng vi cc knh bc sng cch
nhau mt khong cch nht nh, ch c bc sng Bragg l phn x tr li khi
truyn qua cch t Bragg, cc bc sng khc s truyn i xuyn qua.
ng dng ca cch t Bragg
Cch t Bragg l nguyn l c bn dng trong cng ngh ch to b lc, b
ghp xen/rt quang, dng b suy hao tn sc.
ng dng ch to b lc c th iu chnh quang-m hc.
Ngoi ra, i vi lnh vc khuch i quang, cch t Bragg cn cho nhiu ng
dng quan trng nh: n nh li, cn bng li cho EDFA.
e) B lc cch t kiu si quang
nh ngha
Cch t Bragg kiu si quang l mt on si quang nhy vi nh sng, c
ch to bng cch dng tia cc tm UV (Ultra-violet) chiu vo lm thay i mt
cch tun hon chit sut bn trong li. S thay i chit sut trong li si ch cn
rt nh (khong 10-4) cng to ra cch t Bragg. B lc cch t Bragg kiu si
quang c phn lm hai loi: cch t chu k ngn v cch t chu k di. Cch t
chu k ngn c chu k cch t tng ng vi bc sng hot ng (khong 5m).
Trong khi cch t chu k di c chu k cch t ln hn nhiu ln so vi bc
sng hot ng (khong vi trm 5m n vi mm). B lc Bragg kiu si quang
cng c th l b lc c nh hoc b lc iu chnh c.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cch t chu k ngn
Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang hon ton tng t nh
ta cp phn trn. Bng cch to s thay i tun hon chit sut trong li si
quang, qu trnh truyn sng trong si quang qua nhng min chit sut khc nhau
khi tr nn nghim ng i vi iu kin Bragg. Khi truyn trong si quang
c cch t Bragg ho, ch c bc sng = B s c phn x tr li v cng
pha vi nhau, cng pha vi sng ti, lm tng cng sng phn x. Cc bc
sng khc s truyn xuyn qua hoc phn x tr li khng ng k do trit pha vi
nhau. Bc sng Bragg B ca b lc c tnh t cng thc:
B = 2neff (1.49)
Trong : - neff l chit sut tng i ca li si.
- l chu k cch t Bragg.

Nguyn l hot ng ca cch t chu k di

Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang chu k di c khc so
vi loi chu k ngn. Trong loi cch t chu k ngn m ta xt trn, khi bc
sng truyn trong li si l B, sng phn x tr v s c ghp cng pha vi nhau
v cng pha vi sng ti. Tt c qu trnh ch din ra trong li si quang. i vi
cch t chu k di, sng truyn trong phn lp ph ngoi li si theo chiu i s
c ghp cng pha vi sng truyn trong phn li si cng chiu. iu kin
c s ghp cng pha gia phn mode sng truyn trong li v phn mode sng
truyn trong lp v l:
2
clp = (1.50)

Trong : - l h s pha ca mode sng truyn trong li.
- pcl l h s pha ca mode sng bc p truyn trong lp v.
Thng th hiu s gia hai hng s lan truyn ny rt nh nn s tr nn rt
ln vic ghp nng lng c th xy ra. Gi tr ny thng vo khong vi trm
m (lu i vi cch t si Bragg hiu s gia hng s lan truyn ca mode ti v
mode phn x l rt ln nn chu k cch t s rt nh). Do ta c mi lin h gia
h s pha v chit sut tng i:
2n eff
= (1.51)

Nn t cng thc (1.50), ta suy ra c:
= (n eff n eff
p
) (1.52)
Nh vy khi bit c neff, neffp ta c th ch to mt cch t gi tr mt cch

hp l sao cho vic ghp nng lng xy ra ngoi di bc sng mong mun. Cch
t trong trng hp ny hot ng nh mt b suy hao theo bc sng.
B lc Bragg kiu si quang c th iu chnh c
T cng thc (1.49) v (1.52), ta thy ta ch cn thay i chu k cch t l
c th thay i bc sng hot ng ca b lc Bragg kiu si quang. Trn thc t,
thay i chu k cch t ngi ta thng dng 2 cch: dng nhit hoc dng sc
cng. S thay i bc sng hot ng ca b lc c xc nh l mt hm theo
chiu di cch t (L) v nhit (T).
= 0.8(L / L) + (8 x 10 6 / 0 C )T (1.53)
ng dng ca b lc cch t Bragg kiu si quang
Cch t Bragg kiu si quang l thit b thun quang nn c nhng u im
ca h thit b ny nh: suy hao thp, d phi ghp tn hiu t si quang vo thit b,

khng nhy vi s phn cc, h s nhit thp. Nh cc c tnh cho nhiu ng

dng khc nhau:
To ngun laser bng cch ghp 2 b lc cch t Bragg si quang cng bc
sng hot ng vi nhau to thnh hc cng hng, ri dng mt ngun laser
pht bc sng lin tc cho chiu vo. Ngun laser to bng phng php ny
cn c th iu chnh sng ra ch mode-locked.
n nh bc sng: tn dng tnh chn lc chnh xc bc sng ca b lc
Bragg kiu si n nh sng bm bc sng 980 nm. Dng kt hp vi 2
coupler nh minh ha trn hnh 1.20 (a). Mch hi tip so snh gia sng qua b
lc v sng khng qua b lc iu chnh tr li ngun laser DBR.
B tn sc bng cch dng cch t chu k gim dn (Chirped Grating). Khi nh
sng vo si quang kiu ny, nhng bc sng khc nhau s phn x nhng
im khc nhau, ng i khc nhau, dn n b c tn sc nu cu hnh
thch hp. Minh ha trn hnh 1.20 (b).
L thnh phn quan trng trong vic ch to cc b xen/rt, kt hp vi b
Circulator. Minh ha trn hnh 1.20 (c).
B lc cch t Bragg chu k di c th ng vai tr nh cc b lc bng (bng
gm nhiu knh bc sng) rt hiu qu, ng dng cn bng li khi dng
b khuch i EDFA.
Hnh 1.20 Mt s ng dng ca b lc cch t Bragg kiu si quang. (a) ng dng

to ngun pht laser. (b) B tn sc bng cch dng cch t chu k gim
dn. (c) Thnh phn cu to b xen/rt knh bc sng.
90 %
DBR
10% 1
2
( 2 < 1 )
(b)
50%
50%
Mach
ieu khien Cach t
ien t Bragg
1 , 2 , 3 1 , 2 , 3 1 , 3 1 , 2 , 3
Mach
hoi tiep Coupler
Cach t Bragg
2 2
(a) (c)
f) B lc Fabry-Perot
nh ngha

B lc Fabry-Perot gm mt khoang c to bi hai gng c h s phn

x cao t song song vi nhau. nh sng i vo gng th nht, mt phn i qua
gng th hai, phn cn li c phn x qua li gia hai b mt ca hai gng. B
lc dng ny gi l giao thoa k (interferometer) hay vt chun (etalon) Fabry-Ferot.
Nguyn l hot ng
Cc sng nh sng c i ra khi b lc Fabry-Perot c cng ng pha vi
nhau. Cc bc sng ny c gi l bc sng cng hng ca b lc v phi tho
mn cng thc [2]:
2l = NN (1.54)
Trong : - l: chiu di khoang cng hng Fabry-Perot;
- N: s nguyn tng ng vi N.
Hnh 1.21 Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot.
Suy ra, khong cch gia 2 knh bc sng lin tip l:

N+1-N = x2/2l (1.55)
Trong : x l bc sng nh ca b lc trong mi trng c chit sut nx v x =
/nx vi l bc sng nh sng trong chn khng.
Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc Fabry-Perot c xc nh l [1]:
A 2
(1 )
TFP ( f ) = 1 R
(1.56)
2 R
[1 + ( sin( 2f ))2 ]
1 R
Cng thc (1.56) c th biu din theo bc sng nh sau:
A 2
(1 )
TFP ( ) = 1 R (1.56a)
2 R
[1 + ( sin( 2nl / ))2 ]
1 R
Trong :

- A l suy hao do hp th ca gng.

- R l phn x ca gng, c tnh l t s cng sut sng phn x so vi
sng n.
- l l chiu di ca khoang cng hng.
- = nl/c vi c l vn tc nh sng.
Ta thy rng TFP ( ) l hm tun hon theo , chu k ca n c nh ngha
l khong ph t do FSR (Free Spectral Range):
FSR = c/2nl (1.57)
Bng thng 3 dB ca b lc Fabry-Perot ti mi nh ca hm truyn t cng
sut c k hiu l FWHM. Khi b qua suy hao trong b lc (A = 0), FWHM c
tnh t cng thc:
c 1 R
FWHM = ( )( ) (1.58)
2 ln R
Thng s c trng cho b lc l mn F (Finesse), c nh ngha nh
sau:
FSR R
F= = (1.59)
FWHM 1 R
F ch s bc sng m b lc c th phc v.
Hnh 1.22 Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc Fabry-Perot.

Ham truyen at cong suat (dB)
R=
0 .7
5
R= 0
.9 0
R=0.9
9
f
FSR

Hnh 1.22 l hm truyn t ca b lc Fabry-Perot khi A = 0, R = 0.75, 0.9

v 0.99. Ta c th thy rng R cng ln th kh nng chng xuyn nhiu gia cc
knh ca b lc cng gim.
B lc Fabry-Perot iu chnh c
T cng thc (1.54) xc nh bc sng hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot, ta
thy c th thay i bc sng hot ng bng cch thay i chit sut n ca khoang
cng hng hoc thay i chiu di l ca khoang. Thay i chiu di l bng cch p
gia mt trn v mt di ca khoang mt cp in cc lm bng gm. Thay i
in p gia hai in cc s lm thay i chiu di ca khoang. Tuy nhin, khi di
chuyn hai gng, vn gi cho hai gng song song nhau rt kh thc hin. Do
vy, c ch ny khng t c tnh chnh xc cao. C ch thc hin c minh ha
nh trn hnh 1.23.
Mt phng php khc l thay i n bng cch dng tinh th lng in-t lp
y khoang cng hng. Chit sut ca tinh th lng in-t s thay i khi c dng
in i qua. Phng php ny cng c nhc im l cc cht tinh th lng in-t
thng d bin ng theo nhit .
Hnh 1.23 Dng in cc thay i bc sng hot ng ca b lc Fabry-Perot
ng dng ca b lc Fabry-Perot
B lc Fabry-Perot cng l thit b thun quang nn kh nng ng dng kh
phong ph. Tuy nhin, kh nng vt tri so vi cc thit b lc kiu khc l h s F
ca b lc Fabry-Perot kh ln (n 2000), cng vi kh nng iu chnh bc sng
linh ng nn thng dng trong phng th nghim kim tra, o lng cc thit b
quang khc.
g) B lc a khoang mng mng in mi (TFMF)
nh ngha
B lc mng mng TFF (Thin-film Filter) cng l mt dng ca giao thao k
Fabry-Perot, trong cc gng bao quang hc cng hng c hin thc bng

nhiu lp mng mng in mi c th phn x c. B lc ny l b lc di thng

ch cho mt bc sng nht nh i qua v phn x tt c cc bc sng cn li.
B lc a khoang mng mng in mi (TFMF) gm nhiu hc cng hng
cch nhau bng cc mng mng in mi phn x nh minh ha trong hnh 1.24 (a).
S hc cng hng cng nhiu th hm truyn t cng sut c nh cng phng
trong di thng v c dc cng ng (hnh 1.24).
Hnh 1.24 B lc a khoang mng mng TFMF (Thin-film Multicavity Filter). (a)
Cu to b lc gm c 3 hc cng hng. (b) Hm truyn t cng sut
i vi cc trng hp gm: mt, hai, ba hc cng hng.
ng dng ca b lc TFMF
Hnh 1.25: B lc ghp/tch knh c to t cc b lc mng mng in mi.
1, 2 ,..., 8
1
5
2
7
4

B lc TFMF c nhiu u im nh: hm truyn t c nh bng phng,

dc cao, thit b hot ng n nh vi nhit , suy hao thp v t b nh hng bi
s thay i trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu nn hin nay b lc loi ny c ng
dng rng ri. Mt ng dng tiu biu nht l to b tch bc sng (DEMUX),
thc hin vi 8 bc sng, nh minh ha trn hnh 1.25.
h) B lc Mach-Zehnder
nh ngha
B lc Mach-Zehnder l mt loi giao thoa k. Sng i vo b lc c phn
thnh nhiu ng khc nhau, sau cho giao thoa vi nhau. MZI thng c sn
xut da trn cc mch tch hp quang v thng gm cc couple 3 dB c ni vi
nhau bng cc ng c cc di khc nhau (hnh 1.26).
Hnh 1.26: (a) B lc MZI c to thnh bng cch kt ni cc coupler nh

hng 3 dB. (b) S khi ca MZI. l l lch v ng i gia hai
nhnh (c) S khi ca MZI bn tng s dng cc bc sng khc nhau
mi tng.
(L)
(L) (2L) (4L) (8L)
Nguyn l hot ng
Trn hnh (1.26), gi s tn hiu i vo ng s 1, sau b coupler u tin, cng
sut c chia u hai ng ra nhng c lch pha /2. lch v ng i L
lm cho lch pha tng thm L nhnh di. Ti coupler th hai, tn hiu

nhnh di i vo nhnh trn v li tr hn nhnh trn l /2. lch pha tng i

tng cng nhnh trn l /2+L +/2. Tng t tn hiu t nhnh trn i vo
nhnh di nhnh di th lch pha tng i tng cng l /2+L -/2 =
L. Nu L = k vi k l l th cc tn hiu ng ra th nht c cng ng pha
cn ng ra th hai s trit tiu ln nhau do ngc pha. Do tn hiu s c
truyn vo t ng vo th nht ra ng ra th nht. Nu k chn th tn hiu s truyn
t ng vo th nht n ng ra th hai.
Hm truyn t cng sut trong trng hp ch c ng vo 1 l tch cc:
T11 (f ) sin 2 ( L / 2)
= (1.60)

T12 (f ) cos ( L / 2)
2
Trn thc t, tng dc ca hm truyn t cng sut, b lc Mach-

Zehnder thng c mc ni tip vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu mc ni tip nhiu b
lc s dn n suy hao thm vo tng.
B lc Mach-Zehnder c th iu chnh c
B lc Mach-Zehnder c th iu chnh c c cu trc i xng gia 2
nhnh trn v nhnh di ca ng dn sng. iu chnh bc sng hot ng bng
cch iu chnh chit sut tng i ca mt nhnh. Phng php thay i chit sut
tng i c th l dng nhit hoc to ng dn sng bng cc cht in-t (chng
hn nh LiNbO3), sau p in p ln lm thay i chit sut tng i ca
cht .
ng dng ca b lc Mach-Zehnder
B lc Mach-Zehnder thng c ng dng ch to cc b ghp/tch
knh. Xt trng hp MZI n. Vi L c nh, ng vo 1 tch cc, MZI s ng
vai tr l b tch knh 1x2 nu cc bc sng c chn trng vi cc nh ca hm
truyn t. C th nu = 2neff/ th bc sng ng vo i phi c chn sao cho
neffL/i = mi/2 vi mi l s nguyn dng. Nu mi l l th i s xut hin ng ra
th nht v hm truyn t cng sut trong trng hp ny l sin2(mi/2) = 1, cn
nu mi l chn th i s xut hin ng ra th hai v hm truyn t cng sut trong
trng hp ny l cos2(mi/2) = 1. V MZI l thit b thun nghch nn khi cc ng
vo v ra i ch cho nhau n s l mt b ghp knh 2x1. c b tch knh 1xn
vi n l ly tha ca 2 cn ni chui (n-1) MZI (hnh 1.26c). Tuy nhin so vi
TFMF th chui MZI c cht lng km hn: di thng khng phng v vng
chuyn tip khng dc. Cc b ghp/tch knh dung lng cao hn thng dng
cng ngh tin tin hn m ta s xt phn sau.
i) B lc cch t ng dn sng ma trn (AWG)
nh ngha
AWG l trng hp tng qut ca b lc giao thoa Mach-Zehnder (hnh 1.27).
B lc ny bao gm hai b coupler nhiu cng (multiport coupler) c kt ni vi

nhau bng mt ma trn ng dn sng (array of waveguides). AWG c th c xem

nh l mt thit b mt tn hiu c nhn bn ln thnh mt lot cc tn hiu
vi cc lch pha tng i khc nhau rng c cng li vi nhau.
AWG c th c s dng nh l b ghp/tch knh 1xn. So vi chui MZI,
AWG c tn hao thp, di thng phng v d dng c sn xut da trn cc mch
quang t hp (integrated optic substrate). AWG cn c th c s dng nh l mt
b kt ni cho bc sng (wavelength crossconnect). Tuy nhin b kt ni cho
trong trng hp ny khng c kh nng t nh tuyn (xem hnh 1.28).
Hnh 1.27 Cch t ng dn sng ma trn
Hnh 1.28 Mu b kt ni cho c to t AWG
11, 12 , 13 , 14 11, 22 , 33 , 44
12 , 22 , 32 , 24 14 , 12 , 23 , 34
13 , 23 , 33 , 34 13 , 24 , 13 , 24
14 , 24 , 34 , 44 12 , 32 , 34 , 14
Nguyn l hot ng
Xem xt AWG trn hnh (1.27). S ng vo v ng ra ca AWG l n. Coupler
th nht c kch thc l nxm, cn coupler th hai c kch thc l mxn. Hai
coupler ny c ni vi nhau bng m ng dn sng, c gi l cc ng dn sng
dng ma trn. di ca cc ng dn sng c chn sau cho lch v chiu di
gia hai ng dn sng k cn l L. Coupler u tin chia tn hiu thnh m phn.
lch pha gia cc phn ny ph thuc vo khong cch m tn hiu t ng vo n
mt ng dn sng.
K hiu dikin l lch v ng i (tng i vi bt k mt ng dn sng
ng vo no v bt k mt ng dn sng ma trn no) gia ng dn sng ng vo i
v ng dn sng ma trn k. Gi s rng ng dn sng ma trn k c di ng dn

ln hn ng dn sng k-1 mt khong L. Tng t k hiu dikout l lch v

ng i (tng i vi bt k mt ng dn sng ma trn no v bt k mt ng dn
sng ng ra no) gia ng dn sng ma trn k v ng dn sng ng ra j. Khi pha
tng i ca cc tn hiu t ng vo i n ng ra j i qua m ng khc nhau c
cho bi:
2
ijk =

(
n 1d inik + n 2 kL + n 1d out
kj ,)k = 1,...., m (1.61)
y n1 l chit sut khc x ca cc coupler ng vo v ng ra, n2 l chit sut

khc x ca cc ng dn sng ma trn. T ng vo i, nhng bc sng lm cho ijk
khc nhau mt bi s ca 2 th s c cng ng pha ti ng ra j.
Gi s cc coupler ng vo v ng ra c thit k sao cho:
d inik = d ini + k ini (1.62)
ik = d i
d out + k out
out
i
th pha tng i ca cc tn hiu c th vit li nh sau:

2 2k
ijk =

(
n 1d ini + n 1d out
j )
+

(
n 1 ini + n 2 L + n 1 out
j )
, k = 1,...., m (1.63)
Cu trc ny c gi l cu trc vng Rowland (hnh 1.29).

Nu bc sng ng vo i tho mn iu kin:
j = p (1.64)
vi p l mt s nguyn dng th s c cng ng pha ng ra j.
Hnh 1.29 Vng Rowland dng to cc coupler cho AWG
Cac ong dan

song ma tran
Cac ong dan
song ngo vao
i vi trng hp AWG s dng nh mt b tch knh th tt c cc bc

sng c a n cng mt ng vo i. Do nu cc bc sng 1, 2,..., n ca h
thng WDM tha mn iu kin:
j = p j (1.65)

cho mt p no th cc bc sng ny s c tch bi AWG. Lu iin v

L cn thit xc nh chnh xc t hp cc bc sng c phn knh, khong
cch ti thiu gia cc bc sng khng ph thuc vo hai tham s m ch yu
ph thuc vo out
j .
Nu c bc sng j tha mn iu kin:

j = (p + 1)' j (1.66)
th c hai bc sng j v j u c tch ra ng ra j. Nh vy AWG c
p ng tun hon v tt c cc bc sng phi cng nm trong mt FSR.
j) B lc quang m iu chnh c (AOTF)
nh ngha
B lc quang-m AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable) l tiu biu cho h thit b m
cng ngh ch to kt hp gia m thanh v nh sng. Dng sng m thanh to
cch t Bragg trong ng dn sng, cc cch t ny thc hin chc nng la chn bc
sng. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti, b lc AOTF l mt trong nhng thit b
duy nht c kh nng iu chnh la chn nhiu bc sng cng mt lc. Kh nng
ny gip cho b lc l linh kin ch cht ch to cc b kt ni cho bc sng.
Nguyn l hot ng
Hnh 1.30 Mt AOTF n gin.
Bo chuyen oi
song am Song am hoc
TE TM
Ngo vao Bo phan Ngo ra
cc
Xem v d ca mt AOTF trn hnh 1.30. AOTF l mt ng dn sng c to

thnh t vt liu khc x kp v ch h tr cc mode TE v TM bc thp nht (v d
lm bng Ti trn nn LiNbO3). Gi s nng lng nh sng ng vo l TE mode. B
phn cc ng vo (input polarizer) ch chn nng lng nh sng trong mode TM
c b tr 2 u cui ca ng dn sng.
B to sng m (Acoustic transducer) to ra sng m b mt SAW (Surface
Acoustic Wave) lan truyn dc theo hoc ngc chiu vi hng truyn dn ca nh
sng. Kt qu ca s lan truyn ny l mt ca mi trng thay i mt cch tun
hon. Chu k ca s thay i mt ny bng vi bc sng ca sng m. S thay
i mt mt cch tun hon ny ng vai tr nh l mt cch t Bragg.

Nu cc h s chit sut nTE v nTM ca cc mode TE v TM tha iu kin

Bragg:
n TM n TE 1
= (1.67)

th nh sng s c ghp t mt mode ny n mt mode khc. Nng lng nh
sng trong mt di ph hp xung quanh bc sng tha iu kin phn x Bragg
s b chuyn i t TE sang TM mode. Nh vy thit b ny ng vai tr nh mt b
lc bng hp khi ng vo ch c nng lng nh sng trong mode TE v ng ra
ch c nng lng nh sng trong mode TM l c chn (xem hnh 1.30).
Trong LiNbO3, mode TE v TM c chnh lch v chit sut n = 0.07.
iu kin phn x Bragg c th vit li:
= (n ) (1.68)
Hnh 1.31 B lc quang-m c th iu chnh c AOTF (Acousto-optic Tunable

Filter).
1, 2 ,..., n 1
2 , 3 ,..., n
Vi mt bc sng m hc thch hp AOTF c th chn ra bc sng ph

hp. V d chn c bc sng = 1550 nm vi n = 0.07 th bc sng m
hc vo khong = 22m. Vn tc m thanh trong LiNbO3 l 3.75 km/s do tn
s RF s l khong 170 MHz. B AOTF trn hnh 1.30 l thit b ph thuc vo
phn cc. Hnh 1.31 l AOTF khng ph thuc vo phn cc.
Hm truyn t cng sut
sin 2 ( / 2) 1 + (2 / )
2
T ( ) = (1.69)
1 + (2 / )
2
Vi: - = -0 vi 0 l bc sng tha iu kin Bragg;

- = 02/ln s o rng di thng ca b lc vi l l chiu di ca b lc.

Hm truyn t c v trn hnh (1.32). Nh vy l quyt nh rng ca di
thng. C th chng minh c FWHM0.8. Nh vy b lc cng di di thng
cng hp. Tuy nhin lu rng tc hiu chnh cng t l thun vi l v tc ny
c xc nh bi thi gian cn thit sng m truyn qua ht chiu di ca b lc.
Hnh 1.32 Hm truyn t cng sut ca b lc AOTF

Ham truyen at cong suat (dB)
ng dng ca b lc AOTF
Hnh 1.33 B kt ni cho bc sng c to t cc b lc AOTF
11, 12 21 , 12
21 , 22 11, 22
11, 12 , 13 , 14 12 , 12 , 13 , 24
12 , 22 , 32 , 24 11, 22 , 23 , 14

AOTF l b kt ni cho bc sng. Nu cp cho AOTF nhiu sng m hc

ng thi th nhiu bc sng quang c th tha iu kin Bragg ng thi. Do
vi mt AOTF c th thc hin vic hon i cc bc sng gia hai cng mt cch
ng thi (hnh 1.33 b). Nh vy AOTF c th thc hin vic nh tuyn bc sng
ng d dng bng thay i bc sng m hc. Tuy nhin AOTF kh c ng dng
nhiu trn thc t v nhiu xuyn knh ln ng thi c khong cch knh hp
cho DWDM th AOTF phi c chiu di ln nn kh sn xut.
4. B ghp/tch knh bc sng
B ghp/tch knh bc sng, cng vi b kt ni cho quang, l thit b quan
trng nht cu thnh nn h thng WDM. Khi dng kt hp vi b kt ni cho
quang OXC (Optical Crossconnect) s hnh thnh nn mng truyn ti quang, c kh
nng truyn ti ng thi v trong sut mi loi hnh dch v, m cng ngh hin
nay ang hng ti. Tuy nhin, trong khi thit b v cng ngh chuyn mch quang
nhn chung vn cn ang mc nghin cu ti cc phng th nghim th cc thit
ghp/tch knh bc sng c thng mi ho rng ri. V cng ngh ch to,
cng ngh ch to b lc (m c trnh by chi tit phn 3. B lc quang) v
cng ngh ch to b tch/ghp knh hon ton ging nhau. Ch khc l b lc
thng ch c mt bc sng hot ng, cn b tch/ghp knh hot ng trn nhiu
knh bc sng lin tc. B lc chnh l phn t c bn cu to nn b ghp/tch
knh nn phn ny ta s khng i su vo cng ngh ch to na.
a) nh ngha
Nguyn l hot ng ca b MUX/DEMUX cng tng t nh b Coupler.
Tuy nhin, b Coupler/Splitter thc hin ghp tch tn hiu c cng bc sng, cn
b MUX/DEMUX thc hin ghp tch tn hiu cc bc sng khc nhau. S
khi b MUX/DEMUX cho trong hnh 1.34 (a) v (b).
b) c tnh
B MUX/DEMUX thng c m t theo nhng thng s sau:
Suy hao xen (Insertion Loss): m t phn coupler.
S lng knh x l: l s lng knh bc sng u vo v u ra ca b
ghp/tch knh. Thng s ny c trng cho dung lng ca thit b.
Bc sng trung tm: Cc bc sng trung tm phi tun theo chun ca ITU-T
m bo vn tng thch.
Bng thng: l rng ph (linewidth) ca knh bc sng trn thc t. Bng
thng thng c tnh l rng ca hm truyn t cng sut cc mc cch
nh 1dB, 3dB, 20dB.
Gi tr ln nht suy hao xen: c tnh l khong cch nh nht gia nh ca
hm truyn t cng sut ca mt knh bc sng no so vi mc IL = 0
(dB) (minh ha trn hnh 1.34 (c)).
chnh lch suy hao xen vo gia cc knh: c tnh l hiu ca gi tr ln
nht v nh nht suy hao xen vo gia cc knh bc sng.

Hnh 1.34 B tch/ghp knh bc sng quang. (a) S khi b ghp knh bc
sng (MUX). (b) S khi b tch knh bc sng (DEMUX). (c) Cc
thng s c trng ca b MUX/DEMUX.
1 1
2 2
1, 2 ,...., n 1, 2 ,...., n
MUX DEMUX
n n
(a) (b)
Khoang cach gia

cac kenh bc song
0.8 nm
0
Suy hao them
BW 1dB vao cc ai
-10
BW 3dB
-20
BW 20dB
-30
-40
1540.56 1541.35 (nm)
(c)
c) Ghp tng to b ghp knh dung lng cao

Nhu cu v dung lng ngy cng cao trong khi cng ngh ch to si quang
vn cn nhng gii hn nht nh, lm hn ch tc truyn dn mt knh bc sng.
iu i hi phi tng s lng knh bc sng truyn trn mt si quang, c
ngha l s lng knh m b MUX/DEMUX x l phi tng ln. Trong khi cng
ngh ch to phn t c bn vn cn gii hn mt khong s lng knh bc sng
c th x l nht nh th gii php ghp tng c xem l gii php hp l nht.
Ghp tng ni tip n knh (Serial)
Trong phng php ny thc hin ghp n tng, mi tng ch thc hin ghp/tch
mt knh bc sng. Mt v d tiu biu l b DEMUX 8 knh bc sng, ch
to t cc phn t c bn l b lc TFMF nh trnh by trong hnh 1.35.

u im ln nht ca phng php ghp tng ni tip l s bc sng x l c

th thay i linh ng bng cch thm/bt s b lc ghp vo.
Nhc im chnh l ch c th tng ln n mt s lng bc sng no m
thi, do suy hao xen s tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi s lng b lc thm vo.
Hnh 1.35 Ghp tng tng dung lng ghp/tch cc knh bc sng. (a) Ghp
tng theo tng bng sng. (b) Ghp tng an xen chn l.

Ghp mt tng (Single-Stage)

Tt c cc bc sng u c tch ng thi trong mt tng duy nht. V d
cho cu trc ny l b lc AWG (hnh 1.27).
u im ca phng php ny suy hao xen nh, tnh ng nht ca suy hao tt
hn.
Nhc im l s knh c tch b hn ch do cng ngh sn xut AWG.
Ghp tng theo tng bng sng (Multistage Banding)
Phng php ny thc hin vi n/m tng, mi tng thc hin ghp/tch m knh
bc sng thuc cng mt bng sng (thng thng m = 4 hoc m = 8, s lng
knh bc sng trong mt bng sng l do nh sn xut thit b qui nh) xem
hnh 1.35 (a). Nh vy, i hi b MUX/DEMUX tng u phi c di bc
sng hot ng rt rng.
u im: hn ch c suy hao thm vo m ln so vi phng php ghp tng
ni tip. Cu trc ny c th m rng thm nhiu tng. Cu trc c dng mun
nn tng cui cng c th ch dng mt bng
Nhc im: ph phm ti nguyn bc sng do phi cha khong cch rng
gia cc bng sng.
Ghp tng an xen chn l
C th p dng vi hai tng hoc nhiu hn. Tng u lm nhim v ghp/tch
cc knh bc sng chn, l ra lm thnh hai bng, a n tng hai. Tip theo,
tng hai c th thc hin chc nng tng t nh tng mt hoc thc hin
ghp/tch ring ra thnh cc knh ring l, xem hnh 1.35 (b).
u im ca phng php ny l cng v tng cui, khng cn phi dng cc b
lc c chnh xc cao do khong cch gia cc knh bc sng cn x l
tng sau s cng rng ra.
5. B chuyn mch quang
a) Cc b chuyn mch n (Single Switch)
Theo chc nng, cc b chuyn mch n thng c chia lm hai loi:
on/off v chuyn tip (passing). B chuyn mch on/off (1x1) s cho php/hoc
khng cho php tn hiu nh sng i qua (hnh 1.36(a)). Chuyn mch chuyn tip
1x2 hng tn hiu nh sng t si quang th nht sang si quang th hai hoc sang
si quang th ba (hnh 2.3(b)). Cu hnh chuyn mch 1x2 trong hnh 1.36(b) l cu
hnh chuyn mch n gin nht. Cc b chuyn mch chuyn tip 1xN n mang
tnh thng mi cao. B chuyn mch chuyn tip 2x2 c th kt ni hai si quang
ny vi hai si quang khc. B chuyn mch chuyn tip 2x2 c th c hai trng
thi: trng thi kt ni thng (bypass/bar) v trng thi kt ni cho (cross/inserted)
(hnh 1.36(c)). Thut ng khng nghn dng ch mt b chuyn mch c th kt

ni bt k ng vo n bt k ng ra. Hnh 1.36(d) trnh by b chuyn mch 2x2 c

nghn v b chuyn mch ny ch c th kt ni t si quang 1 n si quang 4.
Hnh 1.36 Cc loi cu hnh chuyn mch quang: (a) chuyn mch On/Off (1x1);
(b) chuyn mch chuyn tip (1x2) (khng nghn); (d) chuyn mch 2x2
c nghn.
Nhiu v d n gin v cc ng dng ca b chuyn mch khng nh tm

quan trng ca cc b chuyn mch trong h thng thng tin si quang nh sau:
Cc chuyn mch on/off c dng lm cc u pht v u thu cch ly trong
thit b o th. B chuyn mch 1x2 cho php la chn knh v c dng cho
chuyn mch bo v ( nh hng li lu lng khi si quang b t).
Cc chuyn mch 1xN c dng kim tra v o cc linh kin quang, kim
tra t xa cc h thng thng tin si quang.
Cc chuyn mch 2x2 c dng kt ni thng nt trong cc mng quang.
Chuyn mch 2x2 thng c ng dng trong cc mng FDDI. Khi mt trm
no b h hng hoc b mt ngun, b chuyn mch s t ng thay i sang
trng thi nghn, do m bo lung lu lng khng b nh hng khi nt b
h hng.
Cc chuyn mch n c ch to theo cc kiu kha (latching) hoc khng
kha (nonlatching). Loi kha s gi nguyn trng thi (v tr) ca chuyn mch nu
ngun b mt.

Hnh 1.37 Nguyn l hot ng ca cc b chuyn mch quang: (a) chuyn mch
on/off dng SOA; (b) b ghp ng dn sng ch to t LiNBO3; (c)
chuyn mch dng lng knh chuyn ng; (d) chuyn mch dng gng
hnh cu; (e) chuyn mch bng cch di chuyn si quang; (f) chuyn
mch ng dng hiu ng FTIR; (g) chuyn mch quang-nhit s dng b
giao thoa Mach-Zehnder.
V
1 2
V
SOA 3
(a) (b)
Thau knh
GRIN
1
2 2
3
(c) (d)
2
1 Thau
3 knh
GRIN
1 La chuyen
(e) mach
2
1 Thau
3
knh
GRIN
2
Bo dch pha 3
(g) (f)
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc chuyn mch n in hnh thng da trn:

in-quang, quang c hc, nhit quang. Hnh 1.37 trnh by mt s nguyn l hot
ng ca b chuyn mch. Nu chuyn mch thin p ca mt b khuch i quang
bn dn (SOA- Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) sang hai trng thi on/off th to

ra c mt chuyn mch in-quang (hnh 1.37(a)) v mt SOA ch khuch i nh

sng khi n c phn cc v hp th nh sng khi n khng c phn cc. Hnh
1.37(b) trnh by mt v d khc ca chuyn mch EO, trong t s ghp ca b
ghp ng dn sng ph thuc vo in p p vo. Thay i t s ghp bng cch
dng LiNbO3 ch to lp trn cng ca b ghp v LiNbO3 l loi nhin liu c
ch s khc x thay i theo gi tr ca in p p vo. Chuyn mch quang c hc
hot ng da trn chuyn ng c hc ca cc linh kin quang. V d, di chuyn
lng knh trong hnh 1.37(c) theo chiu dc s cho php chuyn mch mt tn hiu
quang t si 2 sang si 3. Ta cng c th t c kt qu tng t khi t nh ln
tr mt gng hnh cu (hnh 1.37(d)). Cc thu knh GRIN (graded-index) s lm
cho vic chuyn tip nh sng ghp t/vo si quang c d dng hn. Hnh
1.37(e) trnh by v d v chuyn mch quang. Mt cp si quang ng vo chuyn
t v tr ny sang v tr khc thc hin vic chuyn mch tn hiu quang.
Nguyn l ca vic lm mt tc dng ca ton b nh sng phn x bn trong
(FTIR- Frustration of Total Internal Reflection) c ng dng ch to b chuyn
mch c trnh by trong hnh 1.34(f). Nhc li l mt phn nh sng s truyn qua
mi trng khc x khc ngay c khi khng c nh sng phn x bn trong. Ta gi
nh sng c truyn qua ny l sng suy bin (evanescent wave). Nh hiu ng
ny, khi l chuyn mch c gn vi lng knh th s to ra nh sng phn x bn
trong. Khi l chuyn mch (switching plate) tin ti gn lng knh, th ton b nh
sng phn x bn trong b mt tc dng, kt qu l chm nh sng phn x s di
chuyn dn dn sang hng khc. Do , bng cch di chuyn l chuyn mch
hng ti lng knh, ta c th nh hng tn hiu nh sng sang si 3. Khi l
chuyn mch khng tip xc vi lng knh, s xy ra hin tng phn x nh sng
bn trong v tn hiu quang i vo si 2. Ch l qu trnh chuyn ng c hc ca
cc linh kin quang xy ra rt nhanh, rt t v chc chn. Nn hin nay, cc b
chuyn mch quang c hc ang c s dng ph bin nht.
Hnh 1.37(g) trnh by v d v chuyn mch quang nhit. Mt b giao thoa
Mach- Zehnder kt hp vi mt b dch pha gn trong mi nhnh giao thoa. Bng
hi nng, ta c th iu khin s lng b dch pha, ngha l c th nh hng tn
hiu quang sang si 2 hoc si 3. Cc chuyn mch quang nhit c tc chuyn
mch nhanh hn so vi cc b chuyn mch quang c hc v quan trng nht l,
chng c th c thc hin theo cng ngh trng thi rn planar (planar solid-state)
nh cc ma trn chuyn mch ln.
Mt s tham s chnh quy nh c tnh ca cc b chuyn mch:
T s tt m (extinction ratio): th hin c tnh ca b chuyn mch on/off. y
l t s gia nng lng nh sng khi chuyn mch trng thi on v nng
lng nh sng khi chuyn mch trng thi off. Gi tr ny cng cao cng tt,
thng nm trong khong t 45 n 50 dB.

Suy hao xen (insertion loss): l n v o cng sut suy hao do b chuyn mch
gy ra thng c gi tr khong 0.5 dB.
Nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk): t s gia cng sut ng ra c to ra bi ng vo
mong mun v cng sut ng ra c to ra bi ng vo khng mong mun. Gi
tr ny cng cao cng tt, thng khong 80 dB.
Thi gian chuyn mch (switching time): l tham s rt quan trng. Khi s dng
cc b lc hiu chnh c, thi gian chuyn mch yu cu ph thuc vo cc
ng dng ca chuyn mch. i vi cc mng chuyn mch knh ngy nay, thi
gian chuyn mch khong c s, thm ch c ms, nhng i vi cc mng
quang chuyn mch gi, thi gian chuyn mch ch khong vi ns, thm ch
khong s. Cc b chuyn mch n quang-c hc v quang-nhit c thi gian
chuyn mch nm trong khong t 2 n 20 ms, trong khi cc b chuyn mch
n quang-in c thi gian chuyn mch c ns.
Ngoi nhng tham s k ra trn y, trong ti liu tham kho c tnh ca
phn t chuyn mch cn c mt s tham s nh di bc sng hot ng, PDL v
nhit phng.
b) Cc khi chuyn mch quang ln (multistage/large optical switch)
Cc khi chuyn mch quang vi s lng cng t vi trm n vi ngn ang
c nghin cu cho h thng mng quang th h tip theo. Khi thit k cc khi
chuyn mch quang ln, cn quan tm n cc vn sau:
S lng ca cc phn t chuyn mch cn thit: cc b chuyn mch ln c
to thnh t cc phn t chuyn mch theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh s trnh
by bn di. Chi ph v phc tp ca khi chuyn mch ph thuc vo s
phn t chuyn mch c yu cu, cch ng gi, ghp ni, phng php ch
to v iu khin.
Tnh ng nht ca suy hao: cc b chuyn mch c th to ra suy hao khc
nhau cho tng kt ni khc nhau ca ng vo v ng ra. Khi chuyn mch cng
ln th s khc nhau v suy hao cng nhiu. nh gi tnh ng nht ca suy
hao bng cch xem xt s phn t chuyn mch ti thiu v ti a trn ng
dn quang i vi tng kt ni ng vo/ra khc nhau.
S im ni cho trong khi chuyn mch: thng s ny c bit quan trng
trong vic ch to cc khi chuyn mch quang. Mt s khi chuyn mch
quang c tch hp t nhiu b chuyn mch trn mt mch duy nht. Khng
ging nh trong cc mch in tch hp (IC), , cc kt ni gia nhiu linh
kin khc nhau c th nm trn nhiu lp, trong cc mch quang tch hp, tt c
cc kt ni u c to ra trn mt lp duy nht bng cc ng dn sng. Nu
cc ng dn ca hai ng dn sng ct nhau (to ra im ni cho) th s xy ra
cc hiu ng khng mong mun nh suy hao cng sut v hin tng nhiu
xuyn m. hin tng suy hao cng sut v nhiu xuyn m khng gy nh

hng n khi chuyn mch th phi ti thiu ha hoc hn ch hon ton cc

im ct nhau ny.
Cc c tnh nghn: v chc nng, c th chia khi chuyn mch thnh hai loi:
nghn v khng nghn. Khi chuyn mch gi l khng nghn khi mt cng ng
vo no ang ri c th kt ni vi bt k ng ra no cng ang ri. V th,
mt khi chuyn mch khng nghn c kh nng thc hin mi kt ni t ng
vo n ng ra. Nu trong khi chuyn mch c mt s kt ni khng th thc
hin c, th khi chuyn mch ny c gi xem l c nghn. Phn ln cc
ng dng u yu cu chuyn mch khng nghn. Vi chuyn mch khng
nghn c th phn thnh hai loi l: chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha rng
(wide-sense nonblocking) v chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-
sense non-blocking). Theo ngha rng, bt k ng vo no cha c s dng
cng c th kt ni vi bt k ng ra no cng cha c s dng m khng cn
phi nh tuyn li cc kt ni ang tn ti; khi chuyn mch dng ny s dng
cc thut ton nh tuyn c trng nh tuyn cho cc kt ni hin c sao
cho m bo khng xy ra nghn cho cc kt ni tip sau . Theo ngha hp,
bt k ng vo no cha c s dng cng c kt ni vi bt k ng ra no
cng cha c s dng m khng cn quan tm n trng thi ca cc kt ni
trc trong khi chuyn mch.
Mt khi chuyn mch khng nghn yu cu vic nh tuyn li cho cc kt ni
m bo thuc tnh khng nghn c gi l khi chuyn mch khng nghn
sp xp li (rearrangeably non-blocking switch). Vic nh tuyn li cc kt ni
c th hoc khng th c chp nhn cn ty thuc vo ng dng v chc chn
cc kt ni s b ngt trong mt khong thi gian no khi chng c chuyn
mch sang ng dn khc. So vi cc cu trc chuyn mch khng nghn theo
ngha rng, u im ca cc cu trc chuyn mch khng nghn sp xp li l
s dng cng t cc b chuyn mch nh th kch thc ca khi chuyn mch
cng ln. Tuy nhin, khi cc cu trc khng nghn sp xp li s dng cng t
b chuyn mch nh th thut ton iu khin thit lp kt ni ca chng
cng phc tp, nhng ni chung vi cng ngh vi x l p dng trong khi
chuyn mch ngy nay, th y l vn nh, khng quan trng. Nhc im
ln nht ca cc khi chuyn mch khng nghn sp xp li l khng th phc
v cho cc ng dng khng cho php ngt cc kt ni ang tn ti, thm ch
trong khong thi gian cc ngn khi cn thit lp mt kt ni mi.
R rng, khi thit k mt khi chuyn mch dung lng ln th khng th
cng lc t c s ti u i vi tt c cc thng s k trn. Tu thuc vo ng
dng ca khi chuyn mch trn thc t mt thng s c th c u tin hn cc
thng s khc.

Bng 1.2 trnh by s so snh gia cc cu trc chuyn mch khc nhau, trong
cu trc Spanke dng cc b chuyn mch 1n, cc cu trc cn li u hnh
thnh t b chuyn mch 22.
Bng 1.2 So snh gia cc cu trc chuyn mch khc nhau.
Loi khng S b Suy hao Suy hao

nghn chuyn mch ln nht nh nht
Crossbar Wide-sense n2 2n-1 1
Clos Strict-sense 4 2 n1.5 5 2n 5 3
Spanke Strict-sense 2n 2 2
Benes Rearrangeable n 2 log 2 n 1 2 log 2 n 1
(2 log 2 n 1)
2
Spanke- Rearrangeable n n n
Benes (n 1)
2 2
Cu trc Crossbar
Hnh 1.38 Khi chuyn mch 4x4 dng 16 b chuyn mch 2x2.
1 2 3 4
Ngo ra
Hnh 1.38 trnh by cu trc ca khi chuyn mch crossbar 4x4. Khi chuyn
mch ny dng 16 phn t chuyn mch 2x2 v cc kt ni gia ng vo v ng ra
c thc hin bng cch b tr thch hp cc phn t chuyn mch 2x2. V d,
kt ni gia ng vo 1 v ng ra 3, cn phi sp xp cc phn t chuyn mch 2x2

nh trong hnh 1.38. Cn nhiu ng dn khc i t ng vo 1 n ng ra 3

nhng ng dn trong hnh l ng dn thch hp nht c chn da trn thut
ton nh tuyn s dng trong khi chuyn mch.
Cu trc crossbar l cu trc ca loi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha
rng (wide-sense). kt ni t ng vo i n ng ra j, ng dn c chn s i
qua cc phn t chuyn mch 2x2 trn hng i cho n khi n i n ct j, sau i
qua cc phn t chuyn mch trn ct j cho n khi n i n ng ra j. Do , cc
phn t chuyn mch trn ng dn ny hng i v ct j phi c t cc v tr
thch hp c th to ra kt ni ny. Theo quy tc nh tuyn kt ni nh trn th
khi chuyn mch s khng b nghn v khng yu cu phi nh tuyn li cc kt
ni ang tn ti.
Tm li, mt cu trc crossbar nxn cn phi c n2 phn t chuyn mch 2x2.
Chiu di ng dn ngn nht l 1 v chiu di ng dn di nht l 2n-1 v y
l mt trong nhng nhc im chnh ca cu trc crossbar. Chuyn mch ny lun
tn ti cc im ni cho nhau.
Cu trc Clos
Cu trc Clos l loi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict- sense
nonblocking) v c s dng rng ri trong thc t xy dng cc khi chuyn
mch c vi s lng cng rt ln. Hnh 1.39 trnh by cu trc chuyn mch Clos
ba tng c 1024 cng. Mt khi chuyn mch c xy dng nh sau: dng ba tham
s l m, k v p. Cho n = mk. Tng u tin v tng th ba c k phn t chuyn mch
(mxp). Tng th hai (tng gia) c p phn t chuyn mch (kxk). Mi phn t trong
s k phn t chuyn mch ca tng u tin c kt ni vi tt c cc phn t
chuyn mch ca tng th hai, mi phn t chuyn mch ca tng u tin c p ng
ra, mi ng ra c kt ni vi mt ng vo ca tng phn t chuyn mch khc
nhau ca tng th hai. Tng t nh th, mi phn t trong s k phn t chuyn
mch ca tng th ba c kt ni vi tt c cc phn t chuyn mch ca tng th
hai. Trng hp p 2m-1, th khi chuyn mch loi ny hon ton khng b nghn.
ti thiu ha chi ph ca khi chuyn mch, chn p = 2m-1. Thng thng,
tng khi chuyn mch ring trong mi tng l cc khi chuyn mch crossbar. Do
, mi b chuyn mch mx(2m- 1) cn m(2m-1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2 v mi
b chuyn mch (kxk) trong tng th hai cn k2 phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Tng s
phn t chuyn mch cn thit l:
2km(2m-1) + (2m-1)k2
n
vi k = n/m, th s phn t chuyn mch s t ti thiu khi m .
2

Dng gi tr ny ca m ta tm c s phn t chuyn mch cn cho cu hnh

c chi ph thp nht phi l 4 2n 3 / 2 4n . Gi tr ny rt nh hn so vi gi tr n2
ca cu trc crossbar.
Cu trc Clos c nhiu u im thch hp vi cu to ca cc khi chuyn mch
a tng. Tnh ng nht suy hao gia cc kt ni ng vo/ra khc nhau ln hn v s
lng cc phn t chuyn mch cng nh hn rt nhiu so vi cu trc crossbar.
Hnh 1.39 Khi chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense) 1024x1024
s dng cc kt ni gia b chuyn mch 32x64 v 32x32 trong cu trc
Clos c 3 tng.
Cu trc Spanke
Hnh 1.40 trnh by cu trc Spanke ang c ng dng rng ri cho cc
khi chuyn mch ln. Mt khi chuyn mch nxn c to ra bng cch kt ni n
phn t chuyn mch 1xn vi n phn t chuyn mch nx1. Cu trc Spanke l cu
trc khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense nonblocking). Cho n nay, tiu chun
nh gi chi ph ca mt khi chuyn mch vn l s lng phn t chuyn mch
2x2 cn thit to ra khi chuyn mch . Cu trc Spanke chim u th hn l
ch, trong nhiu trng hp, mt chuyn mch quang 1xn c th c xy dng
bng cch s dng mt phn t chuyn mch duy nht m khng cn phi xy dng
t cc phn t 1x2 hoc 2x2. Phn t chuyn mch ny ng dng cng ngh MEMS.
Do , ch cn 2n phn t chuyn mch MEMS xy dng nn khi chuyn mch
nxn, iu ny cng c ngha l chi ph ca khi chuyn mch t l vi n, y l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho cu trc Spanke chim u th hn so vi cc khi
chuyn mch khc. Mt khc, mi kt ni ch i qua hai phn t chuyn mch, mt
con s rt nh so vi s phn t chuyn mch trong ng dn ca cc cu trc a
tng khc. Hn na, cu trc ny c th to ra cc chiu di ng dn quang ging
nhau cho tt c cc kt ni vo/ra suy hao u nh nhau i vi tng kt ni
vo/ra ring bit.

Hnh 1.40 Chuyn mch n(n khng nghn theo ngha hp (strict-sense) s dng cc
kt ni gia 2n phn t chuyn mch 1xn trong cu trc Spanke.
1 1xn nx1 1
2 1xn nx1 2
n 1xn nx1 n
Cu trc Benes
Hnh 1.41 Chuyn mch nghn 8x8 sp xp li s dng cc kt ni gia 20 phn t

chuyn mch 2x2 trong cu trc Benes.
Ngo vao
Ngo ra
Cu trc Benes l cu trc chuyn mch loi khng nghn sp xp li c

(rearrangeably nonblocking) v l mt trong nhng cu trc hiu qu nht v s
lng phn t chuyn mch 2x2 c s dng to ra cc khi chuyn mch ln
hn. Hnh 1.41 trnh by mt khi chuyn mch khng nghn sp xp li kch thc
8x8 nhng ch cn s dng 20 phn t chuyn mch 2x2, nhng nu l cu trc
Crossbar th phi cn 64 phn t chuyn mch 2x2. Ni chung, cu trc chuyn
mch Benes nxn cn (n/2)(2log2n -1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2, vi n l mt s ly
tha ca 2. Trong cu trc ny, suy hao trn mi ng dn u bng nhau- mi
ng dn s i qua (2log2n - 1) phn t chuyn mch 2x2.

Hai nhc im chnh ca cu trc ny: th nht, y khng phi l cu trc

chuyn mch khng nghn theo ngha rng (wide-sense); th hai, s lng im
giao nhau ca cc ng dn sng theo yu cu lm cho cu trc ny kh ch to trong
cc mng quang tch hp.
Cu trc Spanke-Benes
Hnh 1.42 trnh by s kt hp gia cu trc chuyn mch Benes v cu trc
Crossbar, l mt cu trc chuyn mch 8x8 khng nghn sp xp li dng 28
phn t chuyn mch 22 v khng c im kt ni cho gia cc ng dn sng.
Cu trc ny do Spanke v Benes nghin cu v c gi l cu trc planar n tng
(cu trc ng dng cng ngh bn dn n tng) v n phi c n tng (n ct) thc
hin mt khi chuyn mch nxn. Cu trc ny cn n(n-1)/2 phn t chuyn mch,
chiu di ng dn ngn nht l n/2 v chiu di ng dn di nht l n, khng c
cc im kt ni cho. Nhc im chnh ca cu trc ny l n khng phi l cu
trc khng nghn theo ngha rng (wide-sense) v suy hao ca n khng ng nht.
Hnh 1.42 Khi chuyn mch 88 khng nghn c th sp xp li dng 28 phn t

chuyn mch 2x2 v khng c im kt ni cho gia cc ng dn sng
trong cu trc Planar n tng.
Ngo vao
Ngo ra
6. B chuyn i bc sng
B chuyn i bc sng l thit b chuyn i tn hiu c bc sng ny
u vo ra thnh tn hiu c bc sng khc u ra. i vi h thng WDM, b
chuyn i bc sng cho nhiu ng dng hu ch khc nhau:
Tn hiu c th i vo mng vi bc sng khng thch hp khi truyn trong
mng WDM. Chng hn nh hin nay cc thit b WDM trn th gii a s u
ch c kh nng hot ng trn cc bc sng thuc bng C v bng L, nhng

tn hiu SDH hot ng vi bc sng 1310 nm c th truyn trn h thng

WDM nh cc b chuyn i bc sng t bin gii gia mng WDM v
mng SDH, chuyn i tn hiu t bc sng 1310 nm sang tn hiu tng thch
vi bc sng theo qui nh ITU-T hot ng vng 1550 nm.
B chuyn i khi c trang b trong cc cu hnh nt mng WDM gip s
dng ti nguyn bc sng hiu qu hn, linh ng hn.
C bn phng php ch to b chuyn i bc sng: phng php quang-
in, phng php ca quang, phng php giao thoa v phng php trn bc
sng. Phng php trn bc sng l phng php ton quang, hot ng hon ton
khng da vo tn hiu in, tuy nhin hin ti cng ngh ch to theo phng php
ny vn cha hon thin c th thng mi ho.
a) Ch to bng phng php quang-in
Hnh 1.43 Cc loi chuyn i bc sng quang in: (a) 1R; (b) 2R; (c) 3R
Tn hieu nhieu
Tn hieu nhieu
khuech ai
Bo tach Bo khuech Bo phat

Laser
song quang ai laser
(a)
Tai tao lai tn hieu

(Phase Jitter
Tn hieu nhieu Present)

Cong Laser
song quang ai laser
(b)
Tn hieu nhieu Tn hieu c

tai tao va
nh thi lai
Giam sat
Cong thc hien, Laser
song quang ai laser
x ly qua tai
Bo nh
thi ong ho
(c)

y l phng php ch to b chuyn i bc sng n gin v ph bin

nht hin nay. Tn hiu u vo trc ht c chuyn sang dng tn hiu in, ti
to li v sau c mt b pht laser pht bc sng khc. Thng cc b
chuyn i bc sng u vo bin i, u ra c nh dng phng php ch to
ny. Tnh trong sut ca thit b loi ny ph thuc vo kiu ti to (regeneration)
ca thit b i vi tn hiu:
Ti to 1R: u thu n gin ch chuyn i tn hiu u vo t dng nng lng
cc ht photon nh sng sang cc ht in t, sau cc ht in t c khuch
i bi mt b khuch i tng t RF (Radio Frequency) v pht ra tia laser
vi bc sng thch hp.
Ti to 2R: phng php ti to ny ch p dng c khi tn hiu u vo l tn
hiu s. Tn hiu c sa li dng xung (reshaped) nh cho i qua cng logic,
khng thc hin ng b li tn hiu (retimed) nn phng php ch to ny d
lm ny sinh hin tng Jitter.
Ti to 3R: thc hin ng thi vic sa dng xung v ng b li cho tn hiu.
Phng php ny gip xo b nhng nh hng n dng ca tn hiu do cc
yu t nh: phi tuyn tnh, tn sc trong si quang, nhiu ca b khuch i
Tuy nhin, ng b li tn hiu mi b chuyn i bc sng ch hot ng
tng ng vi mt lung tn hiu s c tc bit nht nh, gim tnh trong sut
ca thit b.
b) Ch to bng phng php ca quang
Hnh 1.44 Nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn i bc sng ch to theo phng

php ca quang.
Tn hieu s
Tn hieu do s
Bo loc p
SOA
Tn hieu do p
Tn hieu
Mat o
hat mang
o li
au ra tn
hieu do
Thi gian
Phng php ch to cc b chuyn i bc sng dng phng php ca

quang tn dng tnh cht ca mt s thit b quang c c tnh u ra thay i theo

cng tn hiu. S thay i ny c chuyn n tn hiu cha c iu ch,

gi l tn hiu d (probe signal) cu hnh cho i xuyn qua thit b. Ti u ra, tn
hiu d mang thng tin cha trong tn hiu u vo. Cc thit b ch to theo phng
php ny thng thuc dng u vo thay i-u ra c nh, hoc u vo thay i-
u ra thay i tu theo tn hiu d l c nh hoc c th iu chnh bc sng
khng. K thut chnh ca phng php ny l iu ch cho li CGM (Cross-
Gain Modulation), tn dng hiu ng phi tuyn trong mt b khuch i quang bn
dn SOA, tn dng tnh cht ca SOA l c li thay i theo cng tn hiu i
vo. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt thit b SOA c cu hnh lm b chuyn i
bc sng c minh ha nh trn hnh 1.44.
c) Ch to bng phng php giao thoa
Hnh 1.45 Bin i bc sng bng iu ch xuyn pha s dng b khch i quang
bn dn c gn b lc Mach-Zender bn trong.
1
s
s tn hieu
Mat o hat mang
S thay oi pha
Cong suat (p )
( s ) (s ) ( s )
p tn hieu
K thut chnh ca phng php ny chnh l iu ch cho pha. Khi cng

sng mang trong b khuch i thay i cng vi tn hiu u vo, n lm thay i
chit sut ca mi trng li, dn n thay i pha ca tn hiu d. Hin tng
iu ch pha kiu ny c th chuyn sang iu ch bin bng cch dng b lc
Mach-Zehnder. Trong , c hai nhnh ca b lc Mach-Zehnder u c cng chiu
di, mi nhnh dng kt hp thm vi mt b khuch i SOA (xem hnh 1.45). Ti
u vo ca b lc Mach-Zehnder dng b Coupler tch tn hiu i theo hai nhnh

ca b lc theo t l khng u nhau. Do cng tn hiu i trn mi nhnh khng

u nhau nn khi i qua cc b SOA s b dch pha cc lng khng ging nhau.
Theo nguyn l hot ng ca MZI, s lch pha gia hai tn hiu ny c chuyn
n mt tn hiu iu ch bin u ra truyn vi bc sng khc.
d) Ch to bng phng php trn bc sng
Phng php ch to ny da trn hin tng trn bn bc sng, trong
nu c ba bc sng f1, f2, f3 cng truyn trong si quang th theo hin tng phi
tuyn tnh s xut hin sng nh hng do hiu ng phi tuyn tnh c tnh l:
f1+f2-f3. ng dng cho b chuyn i bc sng khi f1 = f2 v sau cho qua b
khuch i SOA. Gi s sng vo k hiu l fs v sng d l fp, b khuch i SOA
c cu hnh sao cho mt trong hai bc sng sinh do hin tng FWM 2fp-fs v
2fs-fp nm trong bng thng hot ng ca tn hiu, khi ta thc hin c chc
nng chuyn i bc sng.
u im ca phng php ch to ny l tnh trong sut i vi cc nh dng
tn hiu, ngha l c th hot ng vi nhiu tc bit khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhc
im l khi khong cch gia bc sng tn hiu fs v bc sng d fp tng th hiu
qu chuyn i bc sng s gim.
Hnh 1.46 Chuyn i bc sng bng cch trn bn bc sng trong b khuch
i quang
IV. MNG WDM

1. Tng quan
S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM nhn chung c th chia lm ba giai on
(xem hnh 1.42):
H thng WDM th h 1: H thng WDM im-im vi cc trm xen/r trn
tuyn phi s dng cc thit b MUX/DEMUX tch/ghp tt c cc bc
sng.
H thng WDM th h 2: H thng WDM im-a im vi cc trm xen/r
trn tuyn l cc OADM cho php tch trc tip bc sng cn xen/r.
H thng WDM th h 3: Mng quang WDM hon ton vi cc thit b chuyn
mch v nh tuyn bc sng.

Hnh 1.47 S pht trin ca cc h thng WDM
Hnh 1.48 Mng WDM nh tuyn bc sng.
1 1
2
1
Mng trong trng hp ny gi l mng nh tuyn bc sng: mng cung cp

cc ng quang (lightpaths) ti ngi s dng l cc u cui SDH (SONET) hay
cc router IP. Hnh 1.48 l mt minh ha cho mng ny. Trn hnh 1.48 c th thy
cc ng quang gia B v C, D v E, E v F, A v F. Trong mng nh tuyn bc
sng ny ti cc nt trung gian, cc ng quang c nh tuyn v chuyn mch
t mt mt ng (link) n mt ng khc. C th xy ra trng hp bin i
bc sng trong trng hp ny. Cc phn t ch cht cho lin kt mng quang l
b kt cui ng dy quang (OLT), b ghp knh xen/rt quang (OADM) v b
kt ni cho quang (OXC).

Kin trc mng phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:

Ti s dng bc sng: nh ta thy trn hnh 1.48, nhiu ng quang
(lightpath) khc nhau trong mng khng trng vi nhau c th cng s dng mt
bc sng. Kh nng ti s dng bc sng gip cho s lng ng quang
trong mng c th trin khai nhiu ch vi s lng bc sng gii hn. Ta phi
hiu rng p ng ny ht sc quan trng trong iu kin bng thng ca thit b
WDM hin ti cn hn ch.
Chuyn i bc sng: mt ng quang khi c nh tuyn trong mng c
th dng nhiu bc sng khc nhau truyn tn hiu. Kh nng chuyn i
bc sng l ht sc cn thit c mt mng truyn ti quang linh hot do hiu
qu s dng bc sng cao. Hn na, chuyn i bc sng cn phi thc hin
ti cc giao tip pha mng khch hng chuyn i thnh tn hiu bc sng
chun WDM sang tn hiu bc sng ca mng lp khch hng.
Trong sut: c ngha l kin trc mng phi c kh nng truyn ti cc tn hiu
khch hng vi nhiu tc bit, giao thc khc nhau.
Chuyn mch knh: i vi lp knh quang, c ch thit lp v xo b ng
quang tng t nh chuyn mch knh. Tuy rng qua thc t, qu trnh tn ti
ng quang gia hai im nt mng c th trong thi gian kh di: vi thng
hoc vi nm. C ch chuyn mch gi i vi lp knh quang hin ti vn
cha c pht trin do p ng chm v kh nng cha linh hot ca cc thit
b hot ng trong lp knh quang. Chuyn mch gi c th c p dng
mng lp trn, mng lp khch hng nh IP, ATM..., trong khi ng quang
vn gi nguyn trng thi thit lp.
Kh nng tn ti khi mng gp s c (Surviability): mng phi c cu hnh
sao cho khi kt ni ng dy quang gp s c, ng quang vn phi c duy
tr bng cch nh tuyn li.
M hnh ng quang: m hnh ng quang l th cc im nt mng, vi
cc giao tip vi lp mng khch hng (edge) ti mi nt. Nh vy m hnh
ng quang c s dng bi lp mng khch hng (lp trn) v c thit k
sao cho p ng nhu cu truyn ti thng tin ca lp mng khch hng.
2. Tp vt l v tp logic
Tp vt l ca mng bao gm cc b nh tuyn quang kt ni vi nhau bng
cc cp lin kt si quang im ni im trong mt tp mng li bt k (hnh
1.49). Trong hnh 1.49, mi cp lin kt c tng trng bng mt cnh v hng
gia cc nt nh tuyn. Nt u cui kt ni vi b nh tuyn. Mi nt u cui
c s b pht v b thu gii hn. Trong hnh 1.50, nt nh tuyn thu tn hiu ti mt
bc sng xc nh ng vo ca n, sau nh tuyn tn hiu ny (c lp vi
cc bc sng khc) n mt ng ra no . B nh tuyn c p ng vo v p ng
ra c kh nng x l bc sng ging nh b chuyn mch bc sng p p
cu hnh li c.

Hnh 1.49 Mng WDM gm nhiu nt nh tuyn kt ni bng cc cp lin kt si

quang im ni im. Cc nt nh tuyn gn vi cc nt u cui hnh
thnh cc nt ngun v ch cho lu lng trong mng.
ng quang
1 3
A C
Nut au cuoi -
chuyen mach ATM
Nut nh
tuyen
Topo vat ly
Hnh 1.50 Cu trc ca b nh tuyn cu hnh li. B nh tuyn c th chuyn

mch mi bc sng ng vo c lp vi cc bc sng khc.
12 1 2
1
1 1
2
1
1
1
12 1 2
2
2 2
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2

Tp vt l ca mng l mt tp cc nt u cui, nt nh tuyn v cc lin

kt si quang kt ni cc nt vi nhau v mt vt l m trn , ngi ta c th thit
lp ng quang gia cc nt u cui. ng quang l mt ng dn i qua mng
c cp pht bc sng gia cc nt u cui v c thit lp bng cch cu hnh
cc nt nh tuyn trong mng. Hai ng quang dng chung mt lin kt phi s
dng bc sng khc nhau. ng quang cung cp mt ng thng gia hai nt
u cui vi bng thng bng vi bng thng ca mt knh, thng l 2.5Gb/s n
10 Gb/s. Tp hp tt c cc ng quang c thit lp gia cc nt u cui to
thnh tp logic.
Hnh 1.51 trnh by tp logic ng vi tp vt l trong hnh 1.49, tp logic
ny tng ng vi mt tp cc ng quang trong hnh 1.49. Tp logic l mt
th vi cc nt tng ng vi cc nt u cui trong mng gc v mt cnh c
hng t nt B n nt A nu ng quang c thit lp t nt B n nt A. Cp
vt l (physical degree) ca mt nt nh tuyn l s lng cc nt nh tuyn kt
ni trc tip vi n bng cc lin kt si quang (v d cp vt l ca tt c cc nt
nh tuyn trong hnh 1.49 l 2). Cp logic i (logical out-degree) ca mt nt
u cui l s ng quang bt ngun t nt v cp logic n (logical in-
degree) ca mt nt u cui l s ng quang kt cui ti nt , v d, trong hnh
1.51, cp logic i v cp logic n ca mi nt u cui u l 1. Gi s rng
mi nt nh tuyn kt ni vi mt nt u cui duy nht v ngc li, th n gin
ta ch ni n cp logic v cp vt l ca mi nt.
Hnh 1.51 Tp logic cho mng hnh 1.49. Cc cnh c hng trong tp ny
tng trng cho cc ng quang gia cc nt u cui tng ng trong
hnh 1.49.
A C

Trong mng c N nt, th trong trng hp l tng, c th thit lp ng

quang gia tt c N(N-1) nt. Tuy nhin, c hai l do khng xy ra trng hp ny.
Th nht, s lng bc sng sn c s quy nh s ng quang c thit lp. V
d, gi s mt mng c 128 nt vi cp vt l trung bnh l 4, th c th thit lp
trung bnh 640 ng quang song hng (full-duplex) s dng 32 bc sng hay
ni cch khc l ch c 10 ng quang song hng trn mi nt (rt t hn so vi
yu cu 127 ng quang cho tt c cc nt khc). Th hai, mi nt ch c th l nt
ngun v ch ca mt s lng ng quang gii hn l 1. S lng ny c xc
nh da vo s lng cc thnh phn phn cng ca mng (b pht, b thu) v tng
s lng thng tin m mt nt c kh nng x l.
Khi khng th thit lp ng quang gia tt c cc cp nt trong mng, th
cp nt no khng c kt ni trc tip qua ng quang phi s dng nhiu
ng quang qua cc nt trung gian kt ni thng tin lin lc vi cc nt khc.
Ti mi nt trung gian, cc gi n trn mt ng quang ng vo phi c
chuyn sang dng in, chuyn mch di dng in, sau chuyn li sang dng
quang v gi n mt ng quang khc ng ra nh tuyn n nt ch ca
gi. Nh vy, n c nt ch cui cng, cc gi phi i trn ng dn c
nhiu chng. Xt n rng buc ny, mi nt ch chuyn mch in vi lng
thng tin hn ch, c xc nh bi s lng cng m chuyn mch in ti nt
c th x l, t l 2. Cc iu kin trn y s quy nh gii hn v cp ti
a ca mt tp logic, ngha l s lng ng quang ti a bt ngun v kt cui
ti mt nt phi l 1 = min(1, 2). Ch rng ngay c khi s lng ng quang
sn c ln cc ng quang c th c thit lp gia tt c N(N-1) cp
ngun-ch (s-d), nu 1 < N-1, th vn s dng cc ng quang gia cc cp
s-d sao cho khng xy ra ng trong mng din rng l mt vn rt kh
khn. Nhng nu c th xy dng m hnh mng nh vy, th tt c cc gi c
nh tuyn trc tip trn cc ng dn ton quang v khng yu cu chuyn tip
gi ti cc nt trung gian.
3. Cc phn t mng (NE) WDM
3.1 B u cui ng quang (OLT)
a. nh ngha
B u cui ng quang OLT (Optical Line Terminal) l thit b kh n
gin trong mng truyn dn WDM. OLT c trong cc m hnh mng im-im, thc
hin ghp tn hiu u pht v truyn i trn si quang, gii ghp u thu v
chuyn cc tn hiu thnh phn n pha u cui khch hng. Nh minh ha trn hnh
1.52, OLT gm c ba khi chc nng chnh: chuyn i tn hiu (Transponder), ghp
bc sng (Wavelength Multiplexer) v khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier) (chc
nng khuch i tn hiu l ty chn OLT v khng c minh ha trn hnh).

Hnh 1.52 S khi ca mt b u cui ng quang (OLT). OLT bao gm b

ghp knh/phn knh bc sng v b chuyn i tn hiu (transponder).
B chuyn i tn hiu chuyn i tn hiu n t ngi s dng thnh tn
hiu ph hp cho vic truyn dn trn cc tuyn WDM v ngc li cng
chuyn tn hiu t tuyn WDM thnh tn hiu ph hp cho ngi s dng.
Cc b chuyn tip s khng cn thit nu thit b khch hng c th
truyn v nhn trc tip cc tn hiu tng thch vi tuyn WDM. OLT
cng c kh nng kt cui mt knh gim st quang ring l (OSC) dng
trn tuyn quang.
Bc song Chuyen oi MUX/DEMUX

khong thuoc tn hieu
ITU ITU 1
Router IP O/E/O
Bc song
khong thuoc
ITU ITU 2 1 23
O/E/O
SONET MUX
OSC
ITU 3 Bo phat
Laser OSC
SONET
Bo thu
Bo au cuoi ng quang
B chuyn i tn hiu thc hin chuyn tn hiu n t mng khch hng

vi nhng tc , bc sng v giao thc khc nhau sang thnh tn hiu thuc bc
sng chun theo qui nh ca ITU-T. Vi nhng tn hiu khch hng khc nhau, b
chuyn i cung cp cc giao tip khc nhau. Giao tip ny gi l giao tip khch
hng. B ghp bc sng ghp cc tn hiu qua b chuyn i hnh thnh tn
hiu WDM, truyn trn mng WDM. Mng WDM c th s dng cc b khuch i
quang khuch i tn hiu truyn i c xa hn.
b. Cc chc nng
Chc nng chuyn i tn hiu
B chuyn i tn hiu ti OLT thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh:
Chuyn tn hiu sang bc sng, mc cng sut v cc thng s quang cho ph
hp vi yu cu chung ca lp knh quang. B chuyn i tn hiu thc hin
chuyn tn hiu quang sang in ri t in sang quang dng cc b pht laser
WDM m ta kho st trn. Theo chiu ngc li, thc hin chuyn i tn
hiu tng thch vi lp knh quang sang tn hiu tng thch vi lp khch

hng cng qua chuyn i quang-in-quang. Thc t c th ch thc hin

chuyn i theo mt chiu t lp khch hng vo lp knh quang.
Thm vo hoc trch ra cc tn hiu mo u c th qun l tn hiu truyn i
ngay ti lp knh quang.
Gim st BER ca tn hiu truyn trong lp khch hng v tn hiu truyn trong
lp quang ti u vo (ingress) v u ra (outgress) ca n.
Hin ti cng c xu hng trin khai b chuyn i tn hiu ti cc thit b u
cui khch hng. iu ny gip gim chi ph, thit b WDM cng bt cng knh v
phc tp hn. Tuy nhin, pha giao din u ra (outgress) ca b chuyn i, thng
gi l giao din knh quang, vn cha c chun ho v khc nhau i vi cc nh
cung cp thit b WDM khc nhau nn xu hng cng ngh ny vn cha c trin
khai rng ri.
Chc nng ghp bc sng
B ghp bc sng thc hin ghp cc tn hiu thuc cc bc sng khc nhau
tng thch vi khuyn ngh ca ITU-T thnh tn hiu truyn i trn mt si
quang. Cc k thut ghp bc sng m ta kho st nh k thut ng dn sng
AWG, k thut in mi mng mng, k thut cch t Bragg,... u c th c ng
dng.
Chc nng khuch i tn hiu
Chc nng khuch i tn hiu l ty chn ti OLT. thc hin c chc
nng khuch i tn hiu, c th dng hai cu hnh EDFA khc nhau. Cu hnh
EDFA khuch i cng sut cho hng pht (booster amplifier) v cu hnh EDFA
tin khuch i (Pramplifier) cho hng thu. Hin nay, cc nt mng WDM c th
hot ng cc bc sng bng C (1530-1565 nm) v bng L (1565-1625 nm) do
b khuch i EDFA hot ng c trn hai bng sng ny.
Ngoi ba chc nng chnh trn, OLT cn c chc nng kt cui (ghp/tch)
knh gim st OSC (Optical Supervisory Channel). Knh gim st c truyn trn
mt bc sng khc vi bc sng truyn tn hiu. Vai tr ca OSC l gim st
hot ng ca cc b khuch i quang dc theo mt lin kt quang v thc hin cc
chc nng qun l khc.
3.2 B khuch i ng quang (OLA)
Cc b khuch i ng quang OLA (Optical Line Amplifier) c dng
gia cc lin kt quang vi nhng khong cch bng nhau (trn thc t c th
khong cch t cc OLA khng bng nhau nhng phi nh hn mt gi tr khong
cch nht nh, thng l khong 100-200 km). Trn hnh l s khi ca OLA,
thnh phn c bn mt hoc nhiu khi li l si EDF mc ni tip vi nhau,
gia cc chng li c th l b b tn sc (dispersion compensasor) b tn sc
tch lu dc theo tuyn quang.

Hnh 1.53 S khi ca mt b khuch i ng dy quang in hnh. Trn hnh

v ch v mt hng. B khuch i s dng nhiu tng khuch i
Erbium v bao gm b b tn sc (ty chn) v cc OADM gia cc tng
khuch i. B bm Raman c th dng cung cp thm khuch i
Raman cho on si quang. OSC c tch ra ti u vo v kt cui v
xen vo ti ng ra.
12 ,..., W
OSC OSC
B OLA cn c cc thit b thc hin chc nng ghp/tch knh gim st

OSC. Ti u vo khi cha qua cc khi li, knh gim st OSC c lc li v
a vo u thu OSC. Tip n, sau khi khuch i cc knh tn hiu thuc cc bc
sng khc nhau, knh OSC c ghp chung vo vi cc knh tn hiu v truyn i.
Nh vy, knh OSC khng c khuch i bi cc OLA. B OLA cng c th
c cu hnh gm b khuch i Raman thc hin chc nng khuch i phn b
(distributed amplifier) bng cch cu hnh ti u vo ca n ngun bm Raman c
cng sut quang ln, bm ngc chiu vi chiu tn hiu i vo.
3.3 B xen rt quang (OADM)

a. nh ngha
B ghp xen/rt quang OADM (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) thng c
dng trong cc mng quang th v mng quang ng di v n cho hiu qu kinh
t cao, c bit i vi cu hnh mng tuyn tnh, cu hnh mng vng (Ring).
Chc nng ca b ghp xen/rt quang l n c cu hnh xen/rt mt s
knh bc sng, cc knh bc sng cn li c cu hnh cho i xuyn qua (pass
through).
minh ha tnh hiu qu kinh t cho ng dng ca OADM, ta xt mt mng
gm c ba trm ni chui vi nhau, thng c gi l cu hnh tuyn tnh (xem
hnh 1.54). Gi s cc lin kt v kt ni u l song cng, cc nt mng c ni
vi nhau bi hai si quang, mi si truyn theo mt chiu. Gi s kt ni A v B
dng mt bc sng cho chiu truyn i v v, kt ni B v C dng mt bc sng,
kt ni A v C dng 3 bc sng. Nh vy, lin kt A-B v B-C u dng 4 bc
sng.
Nu mng ch dng b OLT, khi cn phi dng 4 OLT vi s b chuyn
i bc sng l 16. Trong khi nu trin khai dng OADM ti site B vi cu hnh
thch hp cho rt knh bc sng thuc kt ni A v B, cho xen knh bc sng

thuc kt ni B v C, cho i xuyn qua knh bc sng thuc kt ni A v C, ta c

th tit kim s nt mng s dng ch cn l 3 (2 OLT+1 OADM) v s b chuyn
i tn hiu dng by gi ch cn l 8. C hai cu hnh u c cho nh trn hnh
1.54. Trn thc t, s bc sng cn xen/rt ti nt mng thng rt nh so vi s
lng bc sng c truyn trn si quang nn hiu qu ng dng OADM vo
mng s l rt ln. Tuy nhin, ta cng thy rng nu khong cch t trm A n trm
C nh, ta c th ni trc tip kt ni gia A v C m khng cn qua trung gian l
trm B. Khi , hiu qu ca ng dng OADM khng cn ln na. Trong trng
hp cc trm c khong cch tng i nh (mng th) th cu hnh mng Mesh
dng OXC lm phn t c bn l cu hnh ti u nht.
Hnh 1.54 Mt v d v mng tuyn tnh c ba nt minh ha cho vai tr ca

OADM. Ba bc sng c dng gia hai nt A v C v ch mt bc
sng gia nt A v B v gia nt B v C. (a) Mt gii php dng cho h
thng WDM im ni im. (b) Mt gii php dng OADM ti nt B.
ng dng OADM s cng hiu qu hn nu OADM c kh nng cu hnh

li. Tuy nhin, thc t thit b OADM c kh nng cu hnh li cha c thng
mi ho rng ri.
b. Thuc tnh c bn ca OADM

Mt im nt mng ng vai tr l im ghp xen/rt knh quang trong h thng c

nhng thuc tnh c bn sau:
S lng bc sng c th h tr ti a
S lng bc sng ti a c th thc hin xen/rt. i vi a s OADM hin
ti, s lng bc sng thc hin xen/rt thng quyt nh bi s phn cng
c lp t. Thay i s bc sng xen/rt bng cch thay i phn cng.
C quy nh nhng bc sng c th no c th xen/rt ti OADM khng? iu
ny c nh hng rt ln ln vic nh tuyn lu lng trong mng.
C d dng xen/rt knh khng: c lm gin on lu lng khi xen rt knh
khng?
OADM c cu trc mun; theo ngha gi thnh t l thun vi s knh c
tch ra? iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc nh cung cp dch v bi v h
mong mun tr tin khi cn thm (pay as you grow) ch khng phi tr trc.
Tnh phc tp ca lp vt l (suy hao truyn dn) c thit k c nh hng
n vic s dng OADM v vic xen cc knh mi hay nt mng mi nh
hng ti vic thit k lp vt l nh th no? V c bn, nu suy hao truyn
dn tng cng khng ph thuc vo s lng knh c xen/rt th vic xen/rt
thm cc knh mi s khng nh hng nhiu n cc knh hin hu (tuy nhin
c th xut hin nhiu xuyn knh).
OADM c th cu hnh li c, theo ngha c th c th iu khin t xa vic
xen, rt hoc ni thng cc knh bng phn mm?
c. Cc cu trc cho OADM
Ngi ta a ra nhiu cu trc cu thnh OADM, trong phn t c
bn vn l mt hoc nhiu b lc, b MUX/DEMUX m ta xt phn III. Cc
linh kin trong h thng WDM. Thng thng, cng ngh ch to cc phn t c bn
ny l: cng ngh cch t Bragg, cng ngh in mi mng mng hoc cng ngh
ng dn sng.
Mt cch c bn, c ba cu trc cho OADM: cu trc song song, cu trc ni
tip v cu trc xen/rt theo bng sng. So snh cc c tnh c bn ca ba cu trc
ny c cho trn bng 1.3, trong N l tng s knh bc sng OADM c th x
l v D l s lng knh bc sng ti a c th thc hin xen/rt.
Cu trc song song
Trong cu trc song song, tt c cc knh tn hiu u c gii ghp knh.
Sau , mt s knh ty c cu hnh rt, cc knh cn li cu hnh cho i xuyn
qua mt cch thch hp, minh ha nh trn hnh 1.55(a). Nh vy, s lng knh
thc hin xen/rt, c th knh no thc hin xen/rt l khng c nh. OADM ch
to theo cu trc song song s khng to nhiu rng buc khi thit lp mt ng
quang gia cc nt trong mng. ng thi, do OADM x l i vi tt c cc knh

bc sng i vo, suy hao thm vo ca tn hiu khi qua OADM l c nh, khng
ph thuc vo s lng knh xen/rt ti im nt. Hn na vic xen/rt thm cc
knh khng lm gin on cc knh ang hot ng.Tuy nhin, so vi iu kin
thc t, cu trc ny s khng mang tnh kinh t do s lng knh xen/rt ti mi
nt thng khng ng k so vi s lng knh truyn trn si quang.
Bng 1.3 So snh gia cc cu trc cho OADM
Thuc tnh Song song Ni tip Xen/rt theo bng
D N 1 <<N
iu kin rng buc la chn Khng Quyt nh khi lp k C nh mt tp hp

bc sng xen/rt hoch phn b bc bc sng
sng
Thay i lu lng Cao nht p ng c yu Tng i cao
cu
Lp k hoch phn b bc t tn thi Tng i Nhiu rng buc cn
sng gian gii quyt
Suy hao thm vo C nh Thay i C nh tng ng
vi s bng sng
c xen/rt
Chi ph (nu s knh xen/rt Cao Thp Trung bnh
t)
Chi ph (nu s knh xen/rt Thp Cao Trung bnh
nhiu)
Cu trc song song theo bng (theo mun)

tng tnh kinh t hn, cu trc song song c th thay i nh bng cch
thit k theo tng mun nh minh ha trn hnh 1.55(b). y, qu trnh MUX v
DEMUX tn hiu c thc hin theo hai tng. Tng th nht MUX tn hiu t si
quang i vo ra thnh cc bng sng ring bit v tng th hai MUX tn hiu thuc
cc bng sng ra thnh cc tn hiu bc sng ring r. Nh vy, cu trc theo
mun gip tng hiu qu s dng b MUX/DEMUX cao hn v cho ra suy hao
gia cc knh bc sng ng nht hn.
Cu trc ni tip
Trong cu trc ni tip, mt knh n c thc hin rt v xen t tp hp cc
knh i vo OADM. Ta gi thit b ny l OADM knh n SC-OADM (single
OADM). SC-OADM l yu t c bn cu thnh nn h thng OADM hon chnh
bng cch ghp ni tip nhiu SC-OADM li vi nhau nh minh ha trn hnh
1.55(c). Trn thc t, thit b kiu ny cho tnh kinh t cao hn so vi cu trc song
song nhng suy hao thm vo ln do mc ni tip cc SC-OADM theo nhiu chng.

Vic xen/rt cc knh mi s lm gin on cc knh khc. Do cn c k hoch

phn b bc sng trc hn ch vic gin on ny.
Hnh 1.55 Cc kin trc khc nhau cho OADM. (a) Dng song song, tt c cc
bc sng c phn chia v ghp knh tr li; (b) phin bn mun ca
kin trc song song; (c) dng ni tip, cc bc sng c tch v ghp
ti mt thi im; (d) dng tch bng, mt bng cc bc sng cng
c tch v ghp. W biu th tng s cc bc sng.
12 ,..., W 12 ,..., W
12 ,..., W 12 ,..., W
12 ,..., W 12 ,..., W
1 2
12 ,..., W 12 ,..., W
1 2 3 4

Cu trc xen/rt theo bng sng

Trong cu trc ny, mt nhm c nh knh bc sng c thc hin
xen/rt ti mi nt mng OADM. Cc knh c thit lp thc hin xen/rt l cc
knh lin tip nhau trong mt bng sng, s c lc bi mt b lc c bng thng
l di bc sng. Sau , chng c a ln mc ghp knh cao hn v t gii
ghp knh thnh cc knh bc sng ring l nh minh ha trn hnh 1.55(d). y l
cu trc trung ha gia hai cu trc song song v cu trc ni tip m ta m t
trn. S lng ti a knh bc sng c xen/rt l ty thuc vo bng thng ca
b lc. S lng thc t cc knh xen/rt l cn ty thuc vo nh qun l h thng
trang b bao nhiu b chuyn i tn hiu ti nt OADM. Tuy nhin, s lng cc
knh xen/rt l bao nhiu cng khng nh hng n qu trnh tnh ton cc ng
quang khc truyn trong mng v suy hao ca tn hiu khi i qua OADM. Trong
mt nhm knh, vic xen/rt cc knh b xung s khng lm nh hng ti cc
ng quang khc trong mng bi v suy hao ni thng cho tt c cc knh khng
nm trong nhm xen/rt l c nh. Tuy nhin cu trc ny lm phc tp k hoch
ho bc sng v p t mt s hn ch ln vic phn b bc sng.
d. OADM c th cu hnh li c
Thuc tnh c th cu hnh li l thuc tnh rt cn thit phi c i vi tt c
cc thit b truyn dn WDM do n cho php s linh ng mm do trong vic thit
lp cc ng quang i trong mng. Cc cu trc ca OADM m ta xt trn u
khng c kh nng cu hnh li c.
Trong hnh 1.56 l mt s cc cu trc OADM c th cu hnh li. Trn hnh
1.56(a) l mt bin th ca cu trc song song, n dng b chuyn mch quang
thc hin xen/rt mt knh tn hiu no khi cn thit. Trn hnh 1.56(b) l mt
bin th ca cu trc ni tip khi cc SC-OADM lc ny l cc thit b c th iu
chnh c bc sng hot ng, hoc cu hnh cho i qua tt c cc bc sng.
Tuy nhin, c hai cu trc nu trn mi ch gii quyt c vn cu hnh li
mt phn v vn phi dng cc b chuyn i tn hiu c nh. Cc b chuyn i tn
hiu mt cch tng qut c phn lm hai loi: b chuyn i tn hiu c nh v
b chuyn i tn hiu iu chnh c. B chuyn i tn hiu c nh thc hin
nhn v pht vi mt bc sng c nh trong lp knh quang. B chuyn i tn
hiu iu chnh c, cu to gm c mt b pht laser c th iu chnh c v
mt diode thu quang c bng thng rng, c th thc hin nhn v pht vi nhiu
bc sng khc nhau. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti, b chuyn i tn hiu c
nh l ph bin nht.
Khi dng b chuyn i tn hiu c nh trong cu hnh ng ca OADM
s dn n yu t m ta cn phi cn nhc. l tnh kinh t khi v ta phi lp t tt
c cc b chuyn i tn hiu i vi tt c bc sng m c th khng dng n.
Chnh v vy, gii quyt trn vn vn cu hnh li i vi OADM, ngi ta
gii thiu cu trc nh cho trn hnh 1.56(c) v (d). Cu trc OADM trn hnh

1.56(c) l cu trc ni tip v cu trc OADM trn hnh 1.56(d) l cu trc song
song. C hai cu trc ny u phi dng cc b chuyn i bc sng c th iu
chnh c thc hin chuyn i sang bc sng chun.
Hnh 1.56 Kin trc OADM cu hnh li c. (a) Mt OADM iu chnh c mt

phn dng kin trc song song vi cc b chuyn mch xen/rt quang v
cc b chuyn i tn hiu bc sng c nh. T k hiu b pht v R l b
thu. (b) Mt OADM iu chnh c mt phn dng kin trc ni tip vi
cc b chuyn i tn hiu bc sng c nh; (c) Mt OADM iu chnh
c hon ton dng kin trc ni tip vi cc b chuyn i tn hiu
iu chnh c;
1 2 ,..., N 1 2 ,..., N
2
1 2 ,..., N 12 ,..., W
1 2

1 2 ,..., N 12 ,..., W

Hnh 1.56 Kin trc OADM cu hnh li c. (d) Mt OADM iu chnh c

hon ton dng kin trc song song vi cc b chuyn i tn hiu iu
chnh c.
1 2 ,..., N 1 2 ,..., N
2
3.4 B kt ni cho quang (OXC)

a. nh ngha
i vi cc m hnh mng n gin nh m hnh mng tuyn tnh hoc m hnh
mng vng (Ring), OADM l s la chn ti u xt v kha cnh kinh t, cng ngh
ch to v kh nng p ng yu cu ca mng. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai khi yu
cu v kh nng linh ng trong vic cung ng dch v, ng thi cc dch v a
phng tin i hi phi p ng c s tng bng thng t bin th cc m hnh
mng hin ti khng p ng c. Khi , cn phi trin khai mng mt li (mesh),
vi phn t trung tm l cc b kt ni cho quang OXC (Optical Cross Connect).
Hnh 1.57 Mt mng dng OXC. OXC nm gia thit b ngi s dng ca lp
quang v cc OLT lp quang.

Mc d OXC thc hin kt ni cho i vi cc tn hiu u vo l tn hiu

quang, phn li ca OXC c th l in hoc l ton quang ty thuc vo cu hnh
do nh sn xut qui nh. M hnh ca mt OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.57. Nh
trn hnh 1.57, tn hiu quang y phi c hiu l tt c cc nh dng tn hiu
khc nhau, c th l cc nh dng tn hiu thuc lp khch hng ch khng thun
tu l cc tn hiu bc sng chun ca WDM c ITU-T qui nh.
b. Yu cu i vi OXC
Mt OXC thng phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn nh sau:
Cung cp dch v: OXC phi h tr kh nng cung cp cc ng quang trong
mng mt cch t ng m khng cn s can thip ca nh qun l h thng,
chng hn nh kh nng p ng thm knh bc sng nu nhu cu bng thng
tng ln...
Bo v: bo v ng quang i vi cc s c t cp hoc s c nt mng l
mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng i vi cc b OXC.
Trong sut i vi tc truyn dn bit: l kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu
c tc bit v nh dng khung truyn khc nhau.
Gim st cht lng truyn dn: cho php kh nng trch tn hiu i n qua mt
cng khc thc hin chc nng o c, xc nh v gim st cht lng
truyn dn.
Chuyn i bc sng: bc sng u vo i, chuyn mch n u ra j c
th cng c chuyn i thnh bc sng khc.
Ghp v nhm tn hiu (Multiplexing and Grooming): cho php hot ng vi
cc tn hiu khch hng c tc bit khng tng ng vi tc bit ca tn hiu
truyn trong lp knh quang.
c. Cc cu hnh cho OXC
Mt b OXC c th phn lm hai phn: phn li chuyn mch v phn cng
giao din. Phn li thc hin cc chc nng kt ni cho quang trong khi phn cng
giao din thc hin giao tip vi tn hiu khch hng. Ch rng thng thng th
cng giao din l cc card cha cc b chuyn i quang-in-quang, hoc b
chuyn i quang-in, tuy nhin i vi cu hnh phn li chuyn mch l ton
quang th phn li c ni trc tip vi cc b MUX/DEMUX ca cc OLT hoc
OADM m khng cn qua b chuyn i quang-in-quang phn giao din. Cc
cu hnh cho OXC c cho nh trn hnh 1.58. Cc cu hnh trn phn bit nhau
im bn cht chuyn mch quang hay in, c s dng cc b chuyn i quang-
in-quang hay khng v cch kt ni vi cc thit b xung quanh. So snh gia cc
cu hnh c cho nh trong bng 1.4.

Hnh 1.58 Cc kiu trin khai OXC khc nhau. (a) Li chuyn mch in. (b) Li
chuyn mch quang bao quanh bi b chuyn i O/E/O. (c) Li chuyn
mch quang ni trc tip n cc b chuyn i tn hiu trong thit b
WDM; (d) Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n b ghp knh/phn
knh bn trong OLT. Ch mt OLT c v mi pha trn hnh, mc d
tht s mt OXC c th kt ni n nhiu OLT.
Bng 1.4 So snh gia cc cu hnh ca OXC
Thuc tnh Cu hnh Cu hnh Cu hnh Cu hnh

1.58 (a) 1.58 (b) 1.58 (c) 1.58 (d)
Nhm lung tn hiu tc C Khng Khng Khng
thp

Thuc tnh Cu hnh Cu hnh Cu hnh Cu hnh

1.58 (a) 1.58 (b) 1.58 (c) 1.58 (d)
Dung lng chuyn mch Thp Cao Cao Cao nht
Chuyn i bc sng C C C Khng
Gim st cht lng truyn BER BER Cng sut Cng sut
dn quang quang
Giao din ti cc OLT SR/VSR SR/VSR IR Ph thuc vo
yu t khc
Chi ph sn xut mt cng Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh Thp
Tiu th nng lng Cao Cao Trung bnh Thp
Chim khng gian Cao Cao Trung bnh Thp
Li chuyn mch in
Li chuyn mch in thc hin chuyn mch cc tn hiu in. N c th
thc hin nhm cc lung lu lng c tc bit nh li thnh lung lu lng c
tc bit l tc bit truyn trn knh bc sng thuc lp knh quang. Li chuyn
mch in thng c thit k vi tng lu lng m n c th x l. Chng hn
nh tng lu lng c th x l ca mt li chuyn mch in l 1.28 Tbps, khi ,
n c th thc hin chuyn mch ti 512 lung STM-16 hoc 128 lung STM-64.
Do linh kin hot ng vi tn hiu in ph thuc vo tc bit nn v lu di, khi
tc bit cao th cc OXC dng li chuyn mch in s t hn do cc linh kin
in t hot ng vi tc cng cao cng kh ch to. Tuy nhin, do hot ng
da trn cc tn hiu in, li chuyn mch in cho kh nng gim st cht lng
tn hiu tt thng qua ch s BER, kch hot chuyn mch bo v khi cht lng
truyn dn khng m bo. Cu hnh OXC dng li chuyn mch in c cho trn
hnh 1.58(a).
Li chuyn mch quang
Khc vi li chuyn mch in, li chuyn mch quang thc hin chc nng
kt ni cho cc tn hiu quang. Do , li chuyn mch quang trong sut vi tc
bit truyn dn, cung cp kh nng m rng cho nhu cu tng tc truyn dn trong
tng lai. Tuy nhin, ngoi tr cu hnh trn hnh 1.58(b) th kh nng gim st cht
lng truyn dn ca OXC khi dng li chuyn mch quang khng tt bng li
chuyn mch in do ch c kh nng gim st thng qua cng sut quang o c
u vo. Cc cu hnh OXC trn hnh 1.58(b), (c), (d) u dng li chuyn mch
quang. C ba cu hnh khc nhau ch n kt ni vi cc thit b quanh n (thng
l OLT hoc OADM). Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.58(b) kt ni vi cc OLT
thng qua b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang vi giao din pha knh quang
cho php khong cch gia OXC v OLT l ngn hoc cc ngn. Cu hnh OXC
nh trn hnh 1.58(c) th khng dng cc b chuyn i tn hiu quang-in-quang
m tn dng b chuyn i ny cc OLT. Cu hnh OXC nh trn hnh 1.58(d)

khng dng bt c b chuyn i tn hiu no trong kt ni gia OXC v cc OLT.

Cu hnh ny mang tnh kinh t nht nhng trong iu kin hin ti l khng thc t
v nh cung cp dch v truyn dn c th mua thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc
nhau, d dn n vn khng tng thch bc sng hot ng.
d. Cu hnh ton quang ca OXC
Hnh 1.59 Mt nt mng ton quang thc s kt hp b kt ni cho li quang v

b kt ni cho li in. Tn hiu c chuyn mch dng quang nhng
c chuyn xung dng in khi chng cn nhm li, ti to hoc
chuyn i t mt bc sng ny n mt bc sng khc.
1 2 , 3 , 4 1 2 , 3 , 4
Chuyen
mach
quang
OLT OLT
Chuyen mach bc Xen/Rt

song hay bang song noi bo
O O
E E
Chuyen
Nhom toc o thap, mach ien
Bien oi bc song,
Tai tao tn hieu E E
O O
T/en khach hang
Trong phn ny ta s xt chi tit cc cu hnh ton quang ca OXC do c tnh

kinh t cao so vi tt c cc cu hnh khc. i vi cu hnh ton quang OXC m ta
xt trong hnh 1.58(d), ta thy n c cc yu im l: khng c kh nng nhm
tn hiu tc thp, khng c kh nng chuyn i bc sng v khng c kh nng
ti to tn hiu do hot ng hon ton c lp vi lp in. khc phc cc vn
trn, ta thm vo cu hnh OXC li chuyn mch in. Li chuyn mch in ny

thc hin chc nng hon ton ging nh trong cu hnh OXC trn hnh 1.58(a) m
ta xt. Nh vy, va m bo tnh kinh t khi phn ln cc tn hiu bc sng
c li chuyn mch quang thc hin chuyn mch, va m bo gii quyt cc
nhc im ca cu hnh ton quang xt trn vi mt phn nh knh bc sng
yu cu thc hin cc tc v thm (chuyn i bc sng chng hn).
Nh ta bit, ch to mt phn li chuyn mch quang dung lng ln hin
nay thc hin cn nhiu kh khn. Nn cu hnh ton quang OXC nh trn hnh
1.59 tuy n gin v mt m hnh nhng li rt phc tp trong cng ngh ch to
c li chuyn mch quang. Gi s trn thc t OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi
OLT truyn trn si quang 32 knh bc sng. Nh vy, vi m hnh a ra cn
phi ch to c li chuyn mch quang dung lng 256 x 256 mi p ng yu
cu phc v mng. Trong iu kin cng ngh hin ti iu ny l ht sc kh khn.
khc phc iu ny, ngi ta a ra khi nim mt phng bc sng.
Hnh 1.60 Mt OXC mt phng bc sng li quang, bao gm mt mt phng cc

b chuyn mch quang, mi b cho mt bc sng. Vi F si quang v W
bc sng trn mi si quang, nu mun linh hot tch v ghp bc
sng bt k, mi b chuyn mch cn c kch thc 2Fx2F.
OXC
Chuyen
mach
quang
1 2 , 3 , 4 1 1 2 , 3 , 4
Chuyen
mach
quang
2
Chuyen
mach
quang
3
Chuyen
mach
OLT OLT
quang
4
Xen noi bo Rt noi bo
Mt phng bc sng gm cc phn t c bn l cc b chuyn mch vi

dung lng trung bnh, mi b chuyn mch ch chu trch nhim chuyn mch mt
bc sng. Nguyn l hot ng ca mt phng bc sng c cho nh trn hnh

1.60. Mt phng bc sng c cu to sao cho cc tn hiu WDM trn si quang

c i qua chng 1 l cc b DEMUX, tch thnh cc bc sng ring bit nhau.
Sau , cc knh tn hiu cng bc sng c a n cc cng u vo ca mt
b chuyn mch no . B chuyn mch ny chuyn mch tn hiu t cng ny n
cng kia m khng quan tm n vic chuyn i bc sng. Chc nng chuyn i
bc sng khng thuc mt phng pha. Tip theo, u ra ca mt b chuyn mch
c a n cc b MUX ghp tn hiu vo si quang truyn i.
Hnh 1.61 Gii quyt vn kt cui xen/rt trong phng php mt phng bc
sng. Cn c thm mt b chuyn mch quang gia cc b chuyn i tn
hiu iu chnh c v cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng.
y, T l b pht iu chnh c trn mt pha ca mng WDM v R l
b thu.
OXC
Chuyen
mach
quang
1 2 , 3 , 4 1 1 2 , 3 , 4
Chuyen
mach
quang
2
Chuyen
mach
quang
3
Chuyen
mach
OLT OLT
quang
4
Chuyen mach quang
Xen/Rt noi bo
R T R T R T Cac bo chuyen tiep
T R T R T R hieu chnh c
T/en khach hang
Nh vy, nu cng trong cng mt iu kin OXC c ni vi 8 OLT, mi

OLT truyn trn si quang 32 knh bc sng th ta phi dng 32 phn t chuyn

mch dung lng 8 x 8; 8 b MUX v 8 b DEMUX. R rng gim dung lng

ca b chuyn mch i nhiu ln, ph hp vi kh nng ch to trong iu kin hin
ti hn. Tng qut nu s dng F OLT (tng ng vi F si quang) vi W bc
sng trn mi si quang th cn c W (2Fx2F) b chuyn mch mt bc sng.
Nh vy, phng php mt phng bc sng cung cp gii php kinh t hn
so vi vic s dng cc b chuyn mch quang khng nghn kch thc ln. Tuy
nhin, trong phn tho lun trn, chng ta khng xem xt cch ti u ho s lng
cc kt cui xen/rt (l cc b chuyn i tn hiu hoc giao din O/E trn cc li
chuyn mch in). C hai hnh 1.59 v 1.60 u gi s rng c s cng kt
cui tt c WF tn hiu. iu ny hu nh khng c, trn thc t ch c mt phn lu
lng cn c tch v cc b kt cui rt tn km. Hn na, nu chng ta thc s
cn WF kt cui trn mi chuyn mch in, cu hnh tt nht l dng cu hnh li
in hnh 1.48 (a) khng c cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng.
Nu c tng cng T kt cui, tt c u c b pht laser iu chnh c v
chng ta mun tch bt k tn hiu no trong WF tn hiu, th cn mt b chuyn
mch quang TxWF gia cc b chuyn mch mt phng bc sng v cc b kt
cui, nh trn hnh 1.61. Ngc li, vi b chuyn mch khng nghn ln, chng ta
c th kt ni n gin T kt cui vi T cng ca chuyn mch ny, kt qu l c
mt b chuyn mch (WF+T) x (WF+T). Do trong vi trng hp phng php
mt phng bc sng khng c ng dng.
Tm li, phng php mt phng bc sng cn tnh n s lng si, phn
lu lng xen/rt, s lng kt cui v kh nng iu chnh ca chng nh l cc
tham s ring bit trong thit k. Vi b chuyn mch kch thc ln, chng ta c
th phn chia cc cng mt cch linh hot tnh s thay i ca tt c cc thng s
ny. Hin nay c OXC li in v li quang u c thng mi ho. OXC li in
vi tng dung lng ln n vi Tb/s, kh nng nhm n cc lung STS-1
(51Mb/s), c sn xut. OXC li quang vi trn 1000 cng v OXC mt phng
bc sng cng sp c tung ra th trng.
4. Bo v mng WDM
Cung cp s phc hi chng li s h hng l mt yu cu quan trng cho cc
mng tc cao. Nhng mng ny ngy cng mang nhiu d liu. Do mt gin
on thng tin cng lm nh hng ti hng triu ngi s dng v gy thit hi
nghim trng v mt kinh t. Cc nh cung cp bng thng v dch v phi bo m
thng (availability) ca cc kt ni l 99.999% v thi gian gin on nh hn 3
pht /nm. Bin php thc t nht t c thng ny l lm mng c kh
nng sng st (survivable) tc l vn tip tc cung cp dch v ngay c trong trng
hp h hng. Chuyn mch bo v l k thut chnh bo m tnh sng cn ny.
K thut chuyn mch bo v bao gm vic bo m mt vi dung lng d tha
trong mng v t ng nh tuyn lu lng theo dung lng d tha trnh khi ch

h hng. Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung xem xt cc cu hnh chuyn mch

bo v cho lp quang bo m an ton cho cc lp khch hng m n phc v.
4.1 Cc lp trong lp quang
Hnh 1.62 M hnh mng quang vi nhng lp con c bn.
OCh-P
OCh-S OCh-S
OMS OMS OMS
OTS OTS OTS OTS
Bo khuech ai
OADM
OLT
Bo tach song / Tai tao tn hieu
Lp quang l mt thc th phc tp thc hin cc chc nng nh ghp knh

theo bc sng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn bc sng, gim st cht lng mng ti
cc mc khc nhau trong mng. gip m t nhng chc nng qun l mng, cng
nh xc nh ranh gii ph hp gia cc loi thit b khc nhau, cn thit phi tip tc
chia lp quang thnh nhiu lp con. ITU nh ngha ba lp con trong lp quang
nh minh ha trn hnh 1.62. Trn cng l lp knh quang OCh (optical layer). Lp
ny thc hin chc nng nh tuyn chnh t u cui n u cui cho cc ng
quang. Chng ta s dng thut ng ng quang biu th mt kt ni quang.
Chnh xc hn, mt ng quang l mt ng knh quang gia hai nt mang ton b
mt bc sng ca lu lng. Mt ng quang i qua nhiu lin kt trong mng,
n c ghp vi nhiu bc sng khc mang nhng ng quang khc. N cng
c th c ti to dc trn ng truyn. Ch rng chng khng bao gm bt k
chc nng ghp knh phn knh in theo thi gian no trong lp quang. y l chc
nng lp cao hn (v d SONET/SDH). V vy mt kt ni 10GB/s gia hai im m
khng c ghp knh/tch knh c xem l mt ng quang.
Mi tuyn gia cc OLT hay OADM th hin mt on ghp knh quang
OMS (Optical Multiplex Section) mang nhiu bc sng. Mi OMS li bao gm mt
vi on tuyn (link segment), mi on l mt phn ca mt tuyn gia hai tng
khuch i quang. Mi phn ny l mt on truyn dn quang OTS (optical
transmission section). OTS bao gm cc OMS cng vi mt knh gim st quang
(OSC) b xung.

Mi lp knh quang c tip tc chia thnh nhng lp nh hn. ITU G.709

m t nhng lp ny. tho lun n gin, chng ta s s dng mt s thut ng
hi khc vi nh ngha ca ITU. on knh quang trong sut OCh-TS (Optical
Channel-Transparent) th hin mt on (section) ca ng quang bn trong mng
con ton quang (all-optical subnetwork). Bn trong on ny, ng quang c
truyn i khng c bt k mt s bin i vo min in no. Ti ranh gii ca
OCh-TS, mt ng quang c ti to.Trn OCh-TS l on knh quang OCh-S
(Optical Channel Section). Lp ny thm vo phn mo u vi chc nng kim tra
li (FEC) vo ng quang, l iu kin truyn tn hiu trong tt c cc lp
mng quang pha di. Cui cng, ng knh quang OCh-P (Optical Channel
Path) th hin truyn ti t u cui n u cui ca mt ng quang qua nhiu
trm ti to trong ng truyn.
Theo nguyn tc, mt khi giao din gia cc lp mng khc nhau c xc
nh r, cc nh cung cp thit b s c th cung cp cc thit b chun ho t b
khuch i quang n cc tuyn WDM n ton b mng WDM. Quan trng khng
km l vic phn lp ny phn b nhng chc nng qun l cn thit. V d vic
tch v xen bc sng l chc nng c thc hin lp knh quang. Vic gim st
cng sut quang trong mi bc sng cng ph thuc vo lp ny, nhng vic gim
st cng sut tng li ph thuc vo lp OTS, hay lp OMS, ph thuc vo knh
gim st quang c a vo hay khng.
4.2 Ti sao phi bo v lp quang

Lp quang cung cp nhng ng quang (lightpath) cho lp khch hng nh
l cc lp SONET, IP hoc ATM (cc lp s dng nhng dch v cung cp bi lp
quang gi l lp khch hng ca lp quang). Cc lp khch hng ny hot ng c
lp vi nhau, c c ch bo v ring ca mnh v khng da vo c ch bo v c
cung cp bi lp khc. Tuy nhin trn thc t vn cn phi bo v lp quang do
nhng l do sau:
Mng SONET/SDH c kt hp cc chc nng bo v m rng nhng cc mng
IP, ATM v ESCON th khng, do , cc lp khch hng ny mong mun lp
mng quang phi c cc phng thc bo v mng ca h bo m c
thng nh cc mng SONET/SDH
C th thc hin cc bin php bo v trn cc lp khch hng nhng thc hin
bo v trn lp quang s hiu qu v mt kinh t hn.
Lp quang c th x l mt s s c hiu qu hn so vi lp khch hng. Mt
mng WDM ti lu lng trn mt vi bc sng trn mt si quang. Khng c
bo v ti lp quang, t mt si quang s lm cho cc lp khch hng phc hi
lu lng ca mnh mt cch c lp. Thm vo , h thng qun l mng s
b trn ngp bi mt lng ln cnh bo cho s c ny. Thay vo , nu lp
quang phc hi s c ny mt s thc th phi nh tuyn li t hn v do qu
trnh x l nhanh hn v n gin hn.

Bo v ti lp quang cung cp thm kh nng phc hi trong mng, v d, chng

li nhiu s c ng thi.
Cui cng, bo v trong SONET c da trn vng (UPSR/BLSR). Phng
php da trn vng i hi dung lng d tr cho bo v bng vi dung lng
ang hot ng. Trong lp quang, nhiu phng php bo v khc da trn cu
hnh li ang c pht trin. iu ny ha hn dng t dung lng hn cho
vic bo v.
Tuy nhin bo v ti lp quang cng c nhng gii hn ca n:
Khng phi tt c cc s c u c th x l ti lp quang. Nu b pht laser
gn trong mt thit b u cui ca khch hng h, lp quang khng th x l
c g. Do thit b khch hng h hng cn c x l lp khch hng.
Lp quang c th khng c kh nng pht hin cc iu kin tng ng kch
hot chuyn mch bo v. V d, mng trong sut ch c th gim st c c
cng sut hay mt cng sut (v trong vi trng hp l t s tn hiu-trn-tp
m quang). Lp quang cn c th o c s suy gim cng sut nhng n
khng th bit c mc cng sut no l ph hp v cc mc ny ph thuc
vo loi tn hiu c truyn i. Do n ch c th kch hot chuyn mch bo
v khi pht hin mt ngun quang. T s li bit hin th cht lng tn hiu chnh
xc hn, tuy nhin mng trong sut khng th o c t s li.
Lp quang bo v lu lng theo mt n v l cc ng quang v n khng
th bo v mt phn lu lng trong mt ng m khng bo v phn khc.
Do chc nng ny cn c thc hin lp khch hng.
Tuyn bo v trong lp quang c th di hn tuyn chnh v chn la tuyn thay
th c th b gii hn bi qu cng sut ca tuyn.
Cn phi quan tm n vic lin kt hot ng ca cc phng thc bo v gia
cc lp khc nhau.
4.3 Cc cu hnh bo v lp quang
V nguyn l hu ht cc cu hnh bo v lp quang u tng t nh cc cu
hnh tng ng trong SONET v SDH. Tuy nhin, hin thc chng li khc nhau
do mt vi l do: gi thit b cho cc kt ni WDM tng theo s bc sng c ghp
hay c kt cui, gii hn v qy cng sut v c th phi thc hin bin i bc
sng. Bng 1.5 v 1.6 di y tm tt cc cu hnh bo v cho lp quang.
Bng 1.5 Tm tt cc cu hnh bo v quang hot ng trn lp on ghp knh

quang. C c hai loi vng bo v dnh ring v chia s.
1+1 1:1 OMS-DPRing OMS-SPRing

Dng tp Dnh ring Chia s Dnh ring Chia s
im-im im-im Vng Vng

Bng 1.6: Tm tt cc cu hnh bo v hot ng trong lp knh quang
1+1 OCh-SPRing OCh-Mesh

Dng tp Dnh ring Chia s Chia s
Li Vng Li
a. Bo v 1+1 OMS
Hnh 1.63 So snh cc cu hnh bo v: (a) 1+1 OMS v (b) 1+1 Och
MUX DEMUX
Lam viec
Bo chia Chuyen
quang mach
Bao ve
Bo tach song Bo tach song
(a)
Bo chia Chuyen
quang Lam viec mach
Bo chia Chuyen
quang mach
Bo chia Chuyen
quang mach
Bo chia Bao ve Chuyen

quang mach
Bo tach song Bo tach song

(b)
y c th l phng php bo v lp quang n gin nht v c trnh by

hnh 1.63(a). Tn hiu tng WDM c bc cu qua hai ng ring bit, s dng b
chia quang. Ti u cui thu, mt b chuyn mch quang c dng la chn tn
hiu tt hn gia hai tn hiu n, ch yu da trn vic d c hay mt tn hiu. Vic
chia tn hiu lm tng suy hao thm 3dB v b chuyn mch cng b sung thm mt t
suy hao (< 1dB). Mt cch khc l s dng b khuch i quang trn mi si quang v
b kt hp th ng kt hp hai hng ti b thu. Ti mt thi im, mt b khuch
i c kch hot v mt b tt i. Cch ny c thun li l trnh c s c mt
im (b switch) trong h thng, nhng thc hin c th t tin hn.
b. Bo v 1:1 OMS

Hnh 1.64 Bo v OMS-DPRing. (a) Hot ng bnh thng. Mt cp khuch i

c tt i v cc cc cp khc c m, to thnh mt bus. (b) Sau khi
h hng, hai b khuch i hin ang tt c bt ln v hai b khuch
i bn cnh ch h hng c tt i to thnh tuyn thay th v phc
hi lu lng.
Bo khuech Bo khuech
ai ai
Chu ong B ong
Demux Mux Nut B
Nut A
Nut D Nut C
(a)
Bo khuech Bo khuech
ai ai
Chu ong Chu ong
Demux Mux Nut B
Nut A
Nut D Nut C
(b)

S bo v ny ging nh s SONET/SDH 1:1 v cng c li ch tng

t h tr lu lng c u tin thp v c kh nng chia s mt tuyn bo v cho
N tuyn lm vic. So snh vi s 1+1 ca hnh 1.58(a), s ny thng s dng
mt b chuyn mch ti my pht thay cho b chia, kt qu l tng suy hao ng
truyn nh hn. Tng t nh trong SONET, giao thc APS cn c cung cp
hai u cui ca tuyn phi hp hot ng.
c. Vng bo v dnh ring OMS (OMS-DPRing)

Vng bo v dnh ring (OMS-DPRing) lp quang tng t nh
SONET/SDH UPSR, ngoi tr mt iu l n hot ng trn lp OMS trong khi
UPSR hot ng lp ng dn SONET/SDH. Phng php ny c th xem nh
l phng php chuyn mch trn vng quang n hng ULSR (Unidirectional
Line-Switched Ring).
Mt s hin thc ca OM-DPRing c biu din trn hnh 1.64. Cc tn
hiu c ghp vo vng v tch ra bng cc coupler th ng. Mi nt mng
truyn tn hiu trn c hai hng ca vng. Lu cc nt khc nhau phi truyn trn
cc bc sng khc nhau trnh xung t. iu kin bnh thng vng hot
ng nh mt bus, vi mt cp khuch i b tt i trong c vng, cn cc b
khuch i khc th lm vic. Khi mt tuyn hng, cc b khuch i cnh tuyn
hng c tt i v b khuch i lc trc khng hot ng gi c kch hot
khi phc lu lng. V d, trong hnh 1.64(a), cp khuch i bn phi nt A tt i
trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng. Trong hnh 1.64(b) khi tuyn CD hng, cp
khuch i C, k tuyn b h, c tt i v cp khuch i khng c kch hot
lc u ti A gi c kch hot to mt bus mi phc hi lu lng.
d. Vng bo v chia s OMS (OMS-SPRing)
Vng bo v chia s OMS-SPRing (Shared Protection Ring) tng t nh
SONET/SDH BLSR/4 nhng c mt s thay i. Mt cu hnh ca vng bn si
quang c trnh by trn hnh 1.65. Hai si quang c kt ni vi thit b WDM
v hai si cn li ni quanh vng ring c dng cho mc ch bo v v khng
phi gn vo thit b WDM. Khi si quang b t, tn hiu c chuyn mch on
hoc chuyn mch vng ln nhng si quang bo v, nh hnh 1.61. Trong c hai
trng hp, khng c thit b WDM trn si quang bo v khng nhng tit kim
c gi thnh m cn bo m suy hao t hn trn ng quanh vng dnh cho lu
lng bo v. B khuch i quang c th c dng nu cn, ph thuc vo suy
hao ca tuyn.
C th thc hin OMS-SPRing hai si quang bng cch dnh ring mt na
cc bc sng trn mi si quang cho bo v. Nu m bo rng bc sng bo v
trn mt si quang tng ng vi bc sng lm vic trn si quang khc, tn hiu
c th c nh tuyn li m khng cn chuyn i bc sng. Tuy nhin, s
ny cn hai nhm bc sng c gii ghp v ghp ti mi nt, do chnh xc
y khng phi l hot ng lp OMS.

Hnh 1.65 OMS-SPRing khi hot ng bnh thng. Ch c cc si quang lm vic

c ni vi b ghp xen/rt. Cc si quang bo v c ni quanh vng.
Hnh 1.66 OMS-SPRing sau khi h hng. (a) Chuyn mch on. (b) Chuyn mch
vng
e. Bo v b chuyn tip 1:N (1:N Transponder Protection)

Cc s bo v lp OMS m chng ta tho lun trn x l s c
tuyn v s c ti nt mng nhng khng x l s c ti thit b u cui, c bit

cc b chuyn tip (transponder). Cc b chuyn tip c th c bo v bng cu

hnh 1:N, s dng mt b chuyn tip d phng cho tt c N b chuyn tip lm
vic. Mt trong nhng vn cn phi khc phc l cc b chuyn tip hin nay
hot ng cc bc sng c nh v v th b chuyn tip d phng s hot ng
cc bc sng khc vi cc bc sng ca b chuyn tip lm vic. Khi tn hiu
c chuyn mch qua b chuyn tip d phng, chng ta cn thit lp mt ng
quang mi trm mt bc sng mi thng qua mng. Mt cch khc l c th dng
mt b pht laser hiu chnh c trong b chuyn tip d phng.
f. Bo v knh quang dnh ring 1+1 (1+1 OCh Dedicated Protection)

Trong phng thc bo v 1+1 OCh, hai ng quang trn hai tuyn khc
nhau c thit lp cho mt kt ni. Nh minh ha trn hnh 1.63(b), tn hiu khch
hng c chia ti u vo v u thu chn la tn hiu tt hn gia hai ng
quang ny. Ging nh SONET v SDH, phng php ny khng cn bo hiu.
Phng php ny ph hp vi cu hnh im-im, vng v mt li. cu hnh
vng, s ny cn gi l vng bo v dnh ring cho knh quang (OCh Dedicated
Protection Ring) hoc vng chuyn mch n hng quang (Optical UPSR). Ging
nh SONET/SDH UPSR, cch ny khng hiu qu trong s dng bng thng v
bng thng cho bo v khng chia s c cho nhiu kt ni ca khch hng. Tuy
nhin, y l mt trong nhng cch n gin nht v v th c thc hin mt s
thit b ca vi nh sn xut trong cc b ghp xen rt v b kt ni cho.
Hnh 1.67 Mt dng khc ca phng php bo v 1+1 OCh. Tn hiu t thit b
khch hng c chia ra v a n hai b chuyn tip truyn trn hai
ng khc nhau v ti pha thu b chuyn mch quang ti u ra s
chn tn hiu no tt hn.
Hnh 1.67 trnh by mt hin thc khc ca phng php bo v ny, s

dng cc b cu ni (bridge) v b chn (selector) trong mt nt. y, tn hiu vo
lp quang c chia v gi n hai b chuyn tip v sau c nh tuyn ring

bit qua mng. Ti u thu, tn hiu c kt thc ti hai b chuyn tip v tn hiu
tt hn c la chn, sau c gi cho khch hng. Trong hnh 1.58, tn hiu
ca khch hng c a qua mt b chuyn tip v c chia ra sau . Ti u
thu, mt trong hai tn hiu c chn la bi b chuyn mch quang trc khi c
gi cho khch hng. Cch ny s dng mt na s b chuyn tip so vi cch trc
nhng khng bo v chng li h hng b chuyn tip. Bn cnh , c mt vi yu
t nh hng n n vic thc hin phng php ny hay phng php khc nh
tiu chun cho vic chuyn mch t mt ng ny sang ng khc v thi gian
khi phc s khc nhau vi nhng cch thc hin khc nhau.
g. Vng bo v chia s cho knh quang (OCh-SPRing)

Vng bo v chia s cho knh quang OCh-SPRing l phng php bo v
ging nh SONET/SDH BLSR/4. Tuy nhin, BLSR hot ng lp ng dy
(on ghp knh), trong khi OCh-SPRing hot ng lp knh quang, khng phi
lp ghp knh. ng lm vic c thit lp theo ng ngn nht trn vng. Khi
ng lm vic hng, n c phc hi bng chuyn mch on hay chuyn mch
vng, nh trong SONET/SDH BLSR/4. Cc ng quang khng chng nhau trong
vng c th s dng chung mt bc sng quanh vng cho bo v v cch s dng
li v mt khng gian ny cho php OCh-SPRing hot ng hiu qu hn OCh-
DPRing trong lu lng phn b. Hot ng ca OCh-SPRing cn bn ging nh
SONET/SDH BLSR/4 tuy nhin cc si quang trong SONET/SDH BLSR/4 tng
ng vi cc bc sng v cc kt ni tng ng vi cc ng quang. Ging nh
trong BLSR s phi hp nhanh gia cc nt trong vng l cn thit gii quyt s
c ti nt hoc h tr lu lng c u tin thp.
Bo v dng mt li cho knh quang (OCh-Mesh Protection)

Kin trc hnh vng thch hp cho tp vt l tha tht v trong cc trng
hp khi phn ln lu lng b gii hn trong mt vng (ring). Cc mng ng trc
ngy nay thng l dy c v c dng mt li hn l cu hnh vng, vi lu lng
c phn b ng u. i vi nhng mng ny, cc s bo v mt li cung
cp bo v hiu qu hn l dng vng. Ni chung tp cng dy c v cng mt
li th bo v dng li cng c li. So vi cc cu trc vng th hiu qu ny c
th t t 20% n 60%.
Xt v d mng mt li nh trn hnh 1.68(a) h tr ba ng quang. Gi s tt
c chng cn c bo v. Mi knh quang s dng mt n v dung lng trn mi
tuyn m chng i qua. Hnh 1.68(b) xut s bo v 1+1 OCh dnh ring. Trong
trng hp ny, tng cng cn 8 n v dung lng bo v trong mng. Hnh 1.68(c)
xut cu hnh bo v vng chia s (OCh-SPRing). Trong trng hp ny cc ng
X v Y cng chia s mt bng thng bo v trong khi ng quang Z c mt vng bo
v ring. Cu hnh bo v ny cng cn c 8 n v dung lng bo v. Lu , bng
thng bo v c th gim xung cn 6 n v bng cch cho knh X, Y chia s mt
vng nhng s dng ng bo v dnh ring cho knh Z. Nhn theo mt cch khc

nu s dng 8 n v dung lng cho bo v, ta c th thm cc ng quang na chia

s vng bo v cho knh Z. Hnh 1.68(d) l s bo v dng mt li. Trong s
ny, cc ng quang cng c bo v 1+1 nhng cc ng quang bo v khng
c thit lp trc m ch c thit lp khi c s c. Cu hnh ny ch i ph vi
mt s c ti mt thi im. Trong trng hp ny ch cn n v dung lng bo v.
Hnh 1.68 V d minh ha v hiu qu s dng bng thng ca phng php bo v

dng mt li so vi bo v dng vng ring. (a) Mt mng mt li c ba
ng quang. (b) Bo v ng quang s dng cu hnh bo v dnh
ring 1+1. (c) Bo v ng quang s dng vng chia s cho knh quang
OCh-SPRing. (d) Bo v ng quang s dng s mt li cho knh
quang (OCh-Mesh).
g
Z
an
ec
qu
vi
ng
La

ng quang ng quang Lam viec Y Lam viec X
Bao ve X Bao ve Y
B
ao
ve
Z
(a) (b)
B
Z
Z
ec
ec
vi
vi
m
m
La
La
Vong bao ve 2
Lam viec Y Lam viec X Lam viec Y Lam viec X
C
A E
Dung lng
Vong bao ve 1 bao ve
(c) (d)

Bo v dng mt li khng phi l mi. Chng c s dng trong nhng

nm 1980 trong cc mng c b kt ni cho s. Tuy nhin cc s ny c tp
trung ha v vn hnh chm chp, thng cn n vi pht khi phc li lu
lng sau khi c s c. Vic bo v cng rt phc tp trong qun l v khng c
chun p dng c. Sau khi SONET/SDH c chun ho v yu cu chuyn
mch nhanh 60ms trong vng SONET/SDH c hin thc, phng php phc hi
da trn dng mt li gn nh b b qua.
Ngy nay dng mt li c tng cng s dng v nhng l do sau:
Nng lc x l cho mng li c tng ln tc tnh ton cho nh tuyn
v bng thng dnh cho qun l mng tng ln.
Cc b kt ni cho quang v bng thng bo v thit b lp quang c cc mc
tc (cc ng quang) ln hn l cc b cc ni cho hot ng tc
DS1 v DS3. V th c t thc th hn iu khin v bo v. Tuy nhin tnh
trng ny s thay i khi lu lng tng nhanh.
Cc giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn nhanh c pht trin cho cc mng d
liu khc nh IP v ATM v nhiu giao thc c th sa i thch ng s
dng cho lp quang.
Yu cu thi gian bo v 60ms khng phi l con s cng nhc. Nhiu nh cung
cp bng thng, quan tm n bo v lu lng d liu s tha mn vi thi
gian bo v khong vi trm ms v iu ny lm d dng hn cho vic thc hin
nhng phng php bo v phc tp.
Nhiu s bo v dng mt li khc nhau c xut v nhiu s
ang c thc hin bi cc nh sn xut thit b kt ni cho quang. Bn cnh
nhng yu t trn, phng php bo v dng mt li cn phi khc phc mt vi
vn then cht c th p dng rng ri:
Cc cu hnh bo v SONET/SDH c chun ha tuy nhin cha c chun
ho v dng li.
Mt trong nhng u im ca dng vng l mng c chia thnh nhiu min
v mi min c bo v c lp, phn ny ca mng khng th nh hng n
phn khc. Do mng c th iu khin nhiu s c ng thi, min l chng
xy ra trong cc min khc nhau. s bo v mt li hon ton c li nh
mong mun, cn xem mng ny nh l mt min duy nht. Chia nh mng
thnh nhng min con s gim hiu qu s dng bng thng tr khi cc min
ring bit l kh ln
Cc s bo v mt li kh iu khin hn s bo v vng, do , cc nh
sn xut phi cung cp cho cc nh cung cp dch v nhng cng c iu khin
ph hp che du s phc tp khi cc ngi vn hnh. V d, iu ny c th
ngha l cung cp nhng cng c t ng thit k v tnh ton nhng tuyn
bo v chnh trong mng. Ngc li vic vn hnh s rt phc tp.

Mng mt li cng hiu qu nu c cc c ch bo hiu nhanh truyn cc

thng tin lin quan n cc s c v nh tuyn li cc ng quang b tc ng
bi s h hng ny. iu ny dn n cc nt thc hin chuyn mch bo v
phi c thit k cn thn ti thiu ho thi gian x l.
Mng mt li cng hiu qu i hi phi c bng nh tuyn bo v ti cc nt.
Cc bng nh tuyn cung cp ton b thng tin v tp mng v cc ng bo
v trong mng. Bng cn c cp nht khi cc ng quang, cc tuyn hoc
cc nt c thm vo hoc b i khi mng. Quan trng nht nhng bng ny
cn c cha ti tt c cc nt mng
Bo v dng mt li c th khc nhau ch hoc ton b mng c bo v
nh mt min n, hoc n c chia ra thnh nhiu min, mi min c bo v
c lp v cc min c kt ni li vi nhau. Trong qu trnh thoi ho (degenerate
scenario), mi min n c th l mt vng n, trong trng hp ny chng ta
quay li m hnh bnh thng ca bo v vng.
Mt kha cnh quan trng khc phn bit cc s bo v l tuyn bo v
c tnh trc (offline), hoc chng c tnh sau khi s c xy ra (online). Trong
c hai trng hp, mt chiu khc c xem xt l mc ca vic thc hin c
phn b. iu ny nh hng n phc tp ca bo hiu v tc ng trc tip n
tc phc hi.
Ni chung, bo v dng mt li cn nhng chc nng sau: tnh ton tuyn,
duy tr tp v bo hiu thit lp tuyn bo v. Nhng chc nng ny c thc
hin trong mng IP hay ATM. V d, trong mng IP, tnh ton tuyn s dng thut
ton ng i ngn nht Dijikstra v tp c duy tr bng cch s dng giao thc
nh tuyn nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Bo hiu cn c s dng
thit lp cc ng i trong cc mng MPLS v ATM. Mt vi giao thc bo hiu
c dng cho mc ch ny, bao gm giao thc d phng trc ti nguyn RSVP
(Resource Reservation Protocol), giao thc bo hiu giao din mng-mng ring
PNNI (Private Network-Network Interface), bo hiu s 7 (SS7). Ngy nay ang c
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu pht trin MPLS s dng trong cc mng quang.
TM TT
Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh
dch v thng tin, c bit l s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet v World Wide
Web lm gia tng khng ngng nhu cu v dung lng mng. iu ny i hi phi
xy dng v pht trin cc mng quang mi dung lng cao. Cng ngh ghp knh
theo bc sng quang (DWDM) l mt gii php hon ho cho php tn dng hu
hiu bng thng rng ln ca si quang, nng cao r rt dung lng truyn dn ng
thi h gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ca h thng WDM cng vi cng ngh
chuyn mch quang s to nn mt mng thng tin th h mi-mng thng tin ton
quang trong sut.

Chng ta nghin cu cc nguyn l c bn ca DWDM v so snh cng

ngh ny vi TDM. Qua chng ta thy r rng WDM l gii php hon thin nht
cho bi ton tng bng thng ca mng vin thng trong iu kin cng ngh hin
ti. Cng ngh WDM l cng ngh duy nht cho php xy dng m hnh mng
truyn ti quang cho php truyn ti trong sut nhiu loi hnh dch v, qun l
mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng.
Chng ta thy bn cnh suy hao v tn sc, cc hin tng phi tuyn nh c
hng ln n cht lng ca h thng WDM. Cc hin tng phi tuyn bao gm tn
x do kch thch Brilloin (SBS), tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS), hin ng t iu
pha (SPM), hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM) v hiu ng trn bn bc sng
(FWM), trong SPM v FWM c nh hng nghim trng nht. Chng ta nghin
cu ngun gc ca cc hiu ng ny v thy r rng cc hiu ng ny c th suy gim
rt nhiu nu si quang c li hiu dng ln v c mt lng tn sc mu nh.
Cc linh kin cho WDM bao gm coupler, isolator/circulator, cc b lc v
ghp knh, b chuyn mch, b bin i bc sng, b pht laser, b khuch i
quang, b thu quang. Isolator v coupler l cc linh kin thng dng trn thc t.
Nhiu loi b lc quang nh b lc cch t kiu si quang, b lc a khoang mng
mng in mi, b lc cch t ng dn sng ma trn c s dng rng ri trong
cc h thng WDM thng mi. C nhiu cng ngh sn xut ra cc khi chuyn
mch quang kch thc ln s dng trong cc b kt ni cho. Cc b chuyn mch
ny ang trong qu trnh thng mi ho. Cc b chuyn i bc sng ton quang
vn cn trong giai on nghin cu gim gi thnh v nng cao cht lng trc
khi a ra ng dng trn thc t.
Hin nay, c ba th h mng quang v ang pht trin: mng quang th h
th nht, mng quang th h th hai v mng quang th h th ba. Mng quang th
h th nht s dng cp quang thay th cho cp ng t c dung lng truyn
dn cao hn. Mng quang th h th hai cung cp cc ng quang chuyn mch
knh bng cch nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc sng bn trong mng. Mng quang
th h th ba l mng nh tuyn bc sng- cung cp cc ng quang trong sut
ti ngi s dng l cc u cui SONET/SDH hay cc b nh tuyn IP. Cc phn
t ch cht cho lin kt mng quang l b kt cui ng quang (OLT), b ghp
knh xen/rt quang (OADM) v b kt ni cho quang (OXC). OLT c s dng
cho mng im ni im. OADM c hiu qu kinh t cao i vi cc cu hnh vng
(ring). OXC c s dng trong cc cu hnh mng li (mesh).
Cc k thut phc hi chng li s c ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong
cc mng truyn ti. Cc lp khch hng u c c ch bo v ring tuy nhin bo v
trong lp quang s cung cp thm kh nng phc hi. Bo v trong lp quang cn
hiu qu hn v mt bng thng, x l s c (c bit l khi tt c cc lu lng u
cn c bo v) v v mt kinh t. Cu hnh bo v dng mt li ang l xu th cho
lp quang. Hin c cc sn phm thng mi cho cc cu hnh bo v lp quang

BI TP
1.1. Mt si quang n mode c suy hao 0.5 dB/km khi hot ng bc sng
= 1.3m. ng knh si l d = 6m v ngun laser c rng l f =
600MHz. So snh cng sut quang ngng cho SBS, PthSBS v cho SRS,
PthSRS.
1.2. Cho si quang n mode c ng knh li l d = 8m. Ngun laser a
vo si quang c rng ph f = 1GHz. Cng sut ngng i vi tn x
Brillouin l PthSBS = 190mW v i vi tn x Raman l PthSRS = 1.70 W.
Tnh bc sng hot ng (m) v h s suy hao (dB/km).
1.3. Mt si quang n mode s dng ngun laser c rng ph l f =
800MHZ c cng sut quang ngng cho SBS l PthSBS = 127mW ti bc
sng 0.85m. Suy hao ca si quang ti bc sng ni trn l 2dB/km.
Xc nh cng sut quang ngng cho SRS, PthSRS trong si quang ny ti
bc sng 0.9m, gi s rng suy hao ti bc sng l 1.8 dB/km.
1.4. Cho cch t truyn dn c chu k a = 5m. Tnh cch gc (hiu gia
hai gc nhiu x) gia hai bc sng 1540.56 nm v 1541.35 nm nu hai
bc sng ny c chiu thng gc vi cch t.
1.5. Cho b lc AOTF vi n = 0.07 nm, bc sng quang c chn l =
1540.56 nm, vn tc m thanh l 3.75km/s, chiu di on tng tc m-
quang l l = 22 mm. Tnh (a) chu k cch t v tn s sng m, (b) thi
gian hiu chnh ca b lc quang-m hiu chnh c.
1.6. Kho st coupler 3dB 2x2 cho hnh bn di. Gi thit rng ta kt ni
hai ng ra vi mt on si quang. Gi s cc phn cc c bo ton khi
qua thit b ny. Mt tn hiu nh sng a vo ng vo th nht. iu g
xy ra? Tm hm truyn t ca thit b ny. Gi s coupler c s dng
nh mt thit b thun nghch v vy hot ng ca n hon ton khng
thay i khi i ng vo v ng ra cho nhau.
1.7. Theo hnh 1.17 hy chng minh s chnh di gia cc tia khc x ti
gc d vi cc khe k cn l AB CD = a[sin( i ) sin( d )] khi khong
cch gia hai khe k cn (grating pitch) l rt nh so vi khong cch t
mt phng cch t ti ngun v ti mt phng nh x.

1.8. Tm phng trnh cch t cho cch t nhiu x nghing blazing trn hnh
1.18.
1.9. Chng minh rng cc tn s cng hng fn ca hc Fabry-Perot tho mn
biu thc fn = f0+f, vi k l s nguyn, f0 v f l cc gi tr khng i.
iu ny c ngha l cc tn s ny cch nhau mt khong bng nhau. Ch
rng cc bc sng tng ng khng cch nhau mt khong bng
nhau.
1.10. Chng minh mn F ca b lc Fabry-Perot trong cng thc 1.59. Gi s
rng h s phn x ca gng R = 1.
1.11. Chng minh rng phn cng sut ca ng vo c truyn qua b lc
Fabry-Perot trn mi tn s l (1-R)/(1+R). Lu rng phn cng sut ny
l nh i vi cc gi tr R ln. Do , khi xem xt tt c cc tn s, th ch
c mt phn nh cng sut ng vo c truyn qua hc cng hng c
cc mt phn x cao.
1.12. Chng minh rng bng thng 3 dB (FWHM) ca b lc quang-m l
0.802/ln.
1.13. Tnh chiu di tng tc quang-m cn thit i vi b lc AOTF c bng
thng (FWHM) l 1 nm ti bc sng hot ng l 1.55m. Gi s n =
0.07 nm.
1.14. DWDM ging nh:
a. Ghp knh phn thi gian (TDM);
b. Ghp knh phn khng gian (SDM);
c. Ghp knh phn tn s (FDM);
d. C ba cu trn u ng.
1.15. TDM ging nh:
a. Tng vn tc cc xe hi trn xa l cao tc;
b. Xy thm xa l cao tc mi;
c. Phn lung trn xa l cao tc;
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
1.16. SDM ging nh:
1.17. DWDM ging nh:


1.18. Vai tr ca DWDM l:
a. Tng cng sut pht quang;
b. Tng tc truyn dn trn si quang;
c. Tng dung lng truyn dn trn si quang bng cch tng s lng
si quang, thit b, khng cn tng tc truyn dn;
d. Tng dung lng truyn dn trn si quang bng cch ghp thm
nhiu bc sng c th truyn trn mt si quang, khng cn tng
tc truyn dn.
1.19. ng lc pht trin DWDM l:
a. S gia tng nhanh chng ca lu lng d liu;
b. Hn ch ca vic pht trin TDM;
c. Chi ph cao trong vic lp t cc tuyn cp quang mi cc vng
ng dn c;
d. S tin b trong cng ngh DWDM;
e. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
1.20. u im ca DWDM l:
a. Tn dng bng thng si quang;
b. Gim yu cu v thit b;
c. Khng ph thuc vo giao thc;
d. C kh nng m rng;
e. C 4 cu trn u ng.
1.21. Bng thng hot ng ca DWDM hin nay:
a. Di C v L;
b. Di O;
c. Di U;
d. C 4 cu trn u ng.
1.22. Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng phi tuyn trong
si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn
trong si quang;
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang;

c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut)

nh sng;
1.23. Cc hiu ng Kerr pht sinh l do:
a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot
ng;
b. Nng lng t mode lan truyn c truyn sang mt mode khc gi
l mode bc x;
c. Tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng;
d. Nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang mt sng nh
sng khc c bc sng di hn. Nng lng mt i b hp th bi
cc photon.
1.24. Cc hiu ng Kerr bao gm:
a. Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM);
b. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM);
c. Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM);
1.25. Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM) l:
a. S thay i tn s (chirping) do cng ca xung nh sng thay i
theo thi gian;
b. S thay i tn s (chirping) do cng ca cc knh quang khc
thay i theo thi gian;
c. S sinh ra cc tn s khi c nhiu tn s lan truyn trong si quang;
cc phonon.
1.26. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM) l:
theo thi gian;
cc phonon.
1.27. Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM) l:


theo thi gian;
cc phonon.
1.28. Cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn pht sinh l do:
a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot
ng;
b. Nng lng t mode lan truyn c truyn sang mt mode khc gi
l mode bc x;
c. Tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng;
cc phonon.
1.29. Hiu ng tn x phi tuyn bao gm:
a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS);
b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS);
c. Tn x Rayleigh;
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng;
e. Ch c a v b ng.
1.30. Hiu ng no c th ng dng lm b khuch i quang:
a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS);
b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS);
c. Tn x Rayleigh;
d. Khng c cu no ng.
1.31. Bn c th s dng linh kin ny chia cng sut tn hiu quang thnh
hai phn bng nhau. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB;
b. Circulator;
c. B lc quang (Optical Filter);
d. B ghp knh (MUX);
e. B tch knh (DEMUX).

1.32. Bn s dng linh kin ny nh tuyn (vo mt cng ra mt cng tng

ng nht nh) mt tn hiu quang. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB;
b. Circulator;
d. B ghp knh (MUX);
1.33. Bn c th s dng linh kin ny ly ra mt bc sng mong mun t
nhiu knh bc sng ng vo. l linh kin g?
a. Coupler 3dB;
b. Circulator;
d. B ghp knh (MUX);
1.34. Bn c th s dng thit b ny kt hp nhiu knh bc sng khc
nhau thnh tn hiu tng truyn trong si quang. l thit b g?
a. Coupler 3dB;
b. Circulator;
d. B ghp knh (MUX);
1.35. Bn c th s dng thit b ny tch tn hiu tng gm nhiu knh bc
sng khc nhau thnh cc knh bc sng ring r. l thit b g?
a. Coupler 3dB;
b. Circulator;
d. B ghp knh (MUX);
1.36. Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng cho c b lc cch
t Bragg kiu si quang v b lc quang m AOTF:
a. Hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x Bragg;
b. Hot ng da trn nguyn l giao thoa k;
c. Cch t Bragg c to ra bng cch to s thay i tun hon chit
sut trong li si quang;

d. Cch t c to ra bng cch cho sng m b mt SAW lan truyn

trong ng dn sng.
1.37. Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng cho c b lc
Fabry-Perot v b lc a khoang mng mng in mi TFMF:
a. Hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x Bragg;
b. Hot ng da trn nguyn l giao thoa k;
c. Khoang cng hng c to bi hai gng c h s phn x cao;
d. Khoang cng hng c to bng nhiu lp mng mng in mi
c th phn x c.
1.38. Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc
Fabry-Perot:
a. Hm truyn t c nh bng phng, dc cao;
b. n nh vi nhit , khng nhy vi phn cc;
c. Kh nng iu chnh bc sng linh hot;
d. D sn xut to nn cc b MUX/ DEMUX dung lng ln;
e. Cc cu a v b ng;
f. Cc cu b v c ng;
g. Cc cu a, b v d ng.
1.39. Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc a
khoang mng mng in mi TFMF:
e. Cc cu a v b ng;
f. Cc cu b v c ng;
1.40. Trong cc c im di y, c im no l ng i vi b lc cch t
ng dn sng ma trn AWG:
e. Cc cu a v b ng;

f. Cc cu b v c ng;
1.41. Trong nhng cu di y, cu no ng cho b MUX c cu trc ghp
tng theo tng bng:
a. C n tng (n l tng s bc sng), mi tng ch thc hin tch/ ghp
mt knh;
b. C 1 tng thc hin tch/ ghp tt c cc bc sng;
c. C n/m tng (n l tng s bc sng), mi tng thc hin tch/ ghp
m bc sng;
d. C 2 tng, tng u ghp/ tch cc knh bc sng chn, l thnh 2
bng. Tng 2 thc hin tch/ ghp cc knh ring r.
1.42. Ch cn cho bit knh bc sng quang no cn chim, thit b ny s bin
i tn hiu quang phi tiu chun thnh bc sng ph hp. l thit b
g?
a. OLT;
b. B chuyn tip quang (Transponder);
c. OADM;
d. OXC.
1.43. Thit b ny cho php bn ly ra hoc a vo mt knh quang no .
l thit b g?
a. OLT;
c. OADM;
d. OXC.
1.44. Thit b ny t ti ni giao nhau ca nhiu tuyn DWDM. N cho php
nh tuyn cc bc sng t mt tuyn DWDM ny sang mt tuyn
DWDM khc. l thit b g?
a. OLT;
c. OADM;
d. OXC.
1.45. Thit b ny nhn cc tn hiu ca khch hng, x l v a chng vo mt
si quang duy nht. l thit b g?
a. OLT;

c. OADM;
d. OXC.
1.46. Trong cc cu trc OADM di y, cu trc no s lm gin on cc
knh khc khi xen/ rt thm knh mi:
a. Song song;
b. Song song theo bng;
c. Ni tip;
1.47. Trong cc cu trc OADM sau, cu trc no khng c iu kin rng buc
la chn bc sng xen/rt
a. Song song;
b. Ni tip;
c. Xen/rt theo bng;
d. Tt c cc cu trn.
1.48. Trong cc cu trc OADM sau, cu trc no lun lm tng suy hao khi
xen/rt thm bc sng:
a. Song song;
b. Ni tip;
c. Xen/rt theo bng;
d. Tt c cc cu trn.
1.49. OXC c cc chc nng c bn sau:
a. Cung cp cc ng quang mt cch t ng;
b. Bo v cc ng quang i vi cc s c t cp hoc s c nt
mng;
c. Trong sut i vi tc truyn dn bit;
d. Gim st cht lng truyn dn;
e. Chuyn i bc sng;
f. Ghp v nhm tn hiu;
g. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
1.50. Trong cc cu hnh OXC sau, cu hnh no cho php gim cht lng
truyn dn thng qua t s BER
a. C li chuyn mch in;
b. Li chuyn mch quang bao quanh bi cc b chuyn i O/E/O;

c. Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n cc b chuyn i tn hiu

trong thit b WDM;
d. Li chuyn mch quang ni trc tip n cc b ghp/phn knh bn
trong OLT;
e. Tt c cc cu trn u ng;
f. Ch c a v b ng.
1.51. Trong nhng c im di y, c im no l KHNG NG cho
OXC c li chuyn mch quang
a. Nhm lung tn hiu tc thp;
b. Dung lng chuyn mch ln nht;
c. Gim st cht lng truyn dn thng qua cng sut quang;
d. Tiu th nng lng thp;
e. Chim khng gian nh.
1.52. Lp con ca lp quang l:
a. Lp knh quang OCh;
b. Lp on ghp knh quang OMS;
c. Lp on truyn dn quang OTS;
d. Tt c cc cu trn.
1.53. on ghp knh quang OMS l:
a. Tuyn gia cc OLT hay OADM;
b. on gia cc OLA;
c. Tuyn gia cc b chuyn tip quang (Transponder);
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, Second Edition - Rajiv
Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, 2002.
2. FiberOptic Communications Technology - Djafar K.Mynbaev, Lowell
L.Scheiner, 2001.
3. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition-
John M. Senior.

CHNG 2
KHUECH AI QUANG
I. TNG QUAN V KHUCH I QUANG

1. Gii thiu khuch i quang
Hnh 2.1 Cu trc ca mt trm lp quang in (optoelectronic repeater)
Ngo vao Ngo ra
Pout
Pin
Si quang Si quang
O-E K E-O
Bo thu quang Bo khuech ai Bo phat quang
Mien quang Mien ien Mien quang
Suy hao ca si quang l nguyn nhn gii hn c ly truyn ca cc h thng

thng tin quang. i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang c ly di, gii hn v suy
hao c khc phc bng cch s dng cc trm lp quang in (optoelectronic
repeater). Trong cc trm lp quang in ny (xem hnh 2.1), qu trnh khuch i
tn hiu quang c thc hin qua nhiu bc. u tin, tn hiu quang s c bin
i thnh dng in bi cc b thu quang (optical receiver) s dng linh kin tch
sng quang nh PIN hay APD. Dng quang in thu c s c ti to li dng
xung, nh thi v khuch i bi cc mch phc hi tn hiu v mch khuch i.
Sau , tn hiu in s c bin i thnh tn hiu quang thng qua cc ngun

Chng 2: Khuch i quang 119
quang trong b pht quang (optical transmitter) v c truyn i trong si quang.

Nh vy, qu trnh khuch i tn hiu c thc hin trn min in.
Cc trm lp quang in c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn
dn quang mt bc sng nh h thng truyn dn quang SDH. Tuy nhin, khi s
dng cho cc h thng truyn dn quang a bc sng nh h thng WDM, rt
nhiu trm lp quang in cn c s dng khuch i v ti to cc knh quang
c bc sng khc nhau. iu ny lm tng phc tp cng nh tng gi thnh
ca h thng truyn dn quang WDM.
Mt gii php c th khc phc cc nhc im trn ca trm lp quang in,
l s dng cc b khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier). Trong cc b khuch i
quang ny, tn hiu nh sng c khuch i trc tip trong min quang m khng
thng qua vic bin i sang min in. So vi cc trm lp, cc b khuch i
quang c cc u im sau:
Khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang, khng c mch ti to thi gian hay mch
phc hi (b bin i E/O hoc O/E). Do khuch i quang s tr nn linh
hot hn.
Khng ph thuc vo tc bit v phng thc iu ch tn hiu nn nng cp
h thng n gin hn.
Khuch i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng truyn trn mt si
quang.
2. Nguyn l khuch i quang
Nguyn l khuch i quang trong cc b khuch i quang c thc hin
da trn hin tng pht x kch thch v khng c s cng hng xy ra trong qu
trnh khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch (stimulated emission) l mt trong ba hin
tng bin i quang in c ng dng trong thng tin quang. Cc hin tng
ny c minh ha trn hnh 2.2.
Hnh 2.2 Cc hin tng bin i quang in (a) Hp th (b). Pht x t pht (c).
Pht x kch thch

Hin tng pht x kch thch, hnh 2.2.c, xy ra khi mt in t ang trng
thi nng lng cao E2 b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng h12 bng vi
chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp
ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi , in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao
xung trng thi nng lng thp hn v to ra mt photon c nng lng bng vi
nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u. Nh vy, t mt photon ban u sau khi
khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch s to ra hai photon (photon ban u v
photon mi c to ra) c cng phng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng
tn s (tnh kt hp, Coherent, ca nh sng). Hay ni cch khc, qu trnh khuch
i nh sng c thc hin. Hin tng ny c ng dng trong cc b khuch
i quang bn dn (OSA) v khuch i quang si (OFA).
Hin tng pht x kch thch cng c ng dng trong vic ch to laser.
Tuy nhin, im khc bit chnh gia laser v cc b khuch i quang l trong cc
b khuch i quang khng xy hin tng hi tip v cng hng. V nu xy ra
qu trnh hi tip v cng hng nh trong laser, b khuch i quang s to ra cc
nh sng kt hp ca ring n cho d khng c tn hiu quang ng vo. Ngun nh
sng ny c xem l nhiu xy ra trong b khuch i. Do vy, khuch i quang
c th lm tng cng sut tn hiu nh sng c a vo ng vo b khuch i
nhng khng to ra tn hiu quang kt hp ca ring n ng ra.
Hin tng hp th (absorption), hnh 2.2(a), xy ra khi mt photon c nng
lng hf12 b hp th bi mt in t trng thi nng lng thp. Qu trnh ny ch
xy ra khi nng lng hf12 ca photon bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia trng
thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi
xy ra hin tng hp th, in t s nhn nng lng t photon v chuyn ln trng
thi nng lng cao. Hay ni cch khc, hin tng hp th l nguyn nhn gy suy
hao cho tn hiu quang khi i qua b khuch i quang. Qu trnh ny xy ra ng
thi vi hai hin tng pht x t pht v pht x kch thch trong mi trng tch
cc (active medium) ca b khuch i.
Hin tng pht x t pht (spontaneous emission), hnh 2.2(b), xy ra khi
mt in t chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc
nng lng thp E1 v pht ra mt nng lng Eg = E2 E1 di dng mt photon
nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2
khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t. Sau mt khong thi gian
c gi l thi gian sng (life time) ca in t mc nng lng cao, cc in t
s t ng chuyn v trng thi nng lng thp hn (trng thi nng lng bn
vng). Ty theo loi vt liu khc nhau, thi gian sng ca in t s khc nhau.
Cho d hin tng pht x t pht to ra photon nh sng, nhng trong khuch
i quang, pht x t pht khng to ra li khuch i. Nguyn nhn l do hin
tng ny xy ra mt cch t pht khng ph thuc vo tn hiu nh sng a vo b
khuch i. Nu khng c nh sng tn hiu a vo, vn c nng lng nh sng

c to ra ng ra ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra, nh sng do pht x t pht to ra

khng c tnh kt hp nh hin tng pht x kch thch. Do vy, pht x t pht c
xem l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhiu trong cc b khuch i quang. Loi nhiu ny
c gi l nhiu pht x t pht c khch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission noise). nh hng ca loi nhiu ny i khuch i quang v h thng
thng tin quang s c trnh by chi tit trong phn sau ca chng ny.
3. Phn loi khuch i quang
Tng qut, cu to ca mt b khuch i quang c th c biu din nh
hnh 2.3.
Hnh 2.3 M hnh tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang
Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c din ra

trong trong mt mi trng c gi vng tch cc (active medium). Cc tn hiu
quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi li ln hay nh ty thuc vo
nng lng c cung cp t mt ngun bn ngoi gi chung l ngun bm (Pump
Source). Cc ngun bm ny c tnh cht nh th no ty thuc vo loi khuch i
quang hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo cu to ca vng tch cc. Ty theo cu to
ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai loi chnh:
Khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Optical Semiconductor Amplifier):
Vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu bn dn.
Cu trc ca vng tch cc ca SOA tng t nh vng tch cc ca laser bn
dn. im khc bit chnh gia SOA v laser l SOA hot ng trng thi
di mc ngng pht x.
Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu quang l dng in
Khuch i quang si OFA (Optical Fiber Amplifier):
Vng tch cc l si quang c pha t him. Do , OFA cn c gi l
DFA (Doped-Fiber Amplifier).

Ngun bm l nng lng nh sng c cung cp bi cc laser c bc sng

pht quang nh hn bc sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i.
Ty theo loi t him c pha trong li ca si quang, bc sng bm ca
ngun bm v vng nh sng c khuch i ca OFA s thay i. Mt s loi
OFA tiu biu:
- EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1530 nm 1565nm;
- PDFA (Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1280 nm 1340nm;
- TDFA (Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1440 nm -1520nm;
- NDFA (Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 900nm, 1065 nm hoc
1400nm.
Trong cc loi OFA ny, EDFA c s dng ph bin hin nay v c nhiu
u im v c tnh k thut so vi SOA v c vng nh sng khuch i (1530nm-
1565nm) thch hp vi di tn hot ng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng
mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). Chi tit v EDFA
s c trnh by trong phn III. B khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium (EDFA)
ca chng ny.
C hai loi khuch i quang SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn hin
tng pht x kch thch. Ngoi ra, mt loi khuch i quang khc cng c s
dng nhiu trong cc h thng WDM hin nay l khuch i Raman. Loi khuch
i ny cng s dng si quang lm vng tch cc khuch i nh sng. Tuy
nhin, nguyn l khuch i ca khuch i Raman da trn nh hng phi tuyn
ca si quang (hin tng tn x Raman c kch thch SRS, Stimulated Raman
Scattering) hn l hin tng pht x kch thch. Chi tit v loi khuch i ny s
c trnh by trong phn IV. B khuch i quang Raman ca chng ny.
4. Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang
a) li (Gain)
li ca mt b khuch i quang l t s gia cng sut quang ng ra
chia cho cng sut quang ng vo.
Pout
G= (2.1)
Pin
P
G(dB) = 10.log out (2.2)
Pin
Trong :
- G: li tn hiu ca b khuch i quang;
- Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu nh sng ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i
quang (mW).

li l mt thng s quan trng ca b khuch i. N c trng cho kh

nng khuch i cng sut nh sng ca b khuch i. Tuy vy, li ca mt b
khuch i b gii hn bi cc c ch bo ha li. iu ny lm gii hn cng
sut quang ra cc i ca b khuch i.
b) Bng thng li (Gain Bandwidth)
li ca b khuch i quang khng bng nhau cho tt c cc tn s ca tn
hiu quang vo. Nu o li G ca cc tn hiu quang vi cc tn s khc nhau,
mt p ng tn s quang ca b khuch i G(f) s t c. y chnh l ph
li ca b khuch i quang.
Bng thng li ca b khuch i quang Bo c xc nh bi im -3dB
so vi li nh ca b khuch i. Gi tr Bo xc nh bng thng ca cc tn hiu
c th c truyn bi mt b khuch i quang. Do , nh hng n hot ng
ca cc h thng thng tin quang khi s dng chng nh cc b lp hay b tin
khuch i.
c) Cng sut ng ra bo ha (Saturation Output Power)
Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang ng ra s tng tuyn
tnh vi cng sut quang ng vo theo h s li G: Pout = G.Pin. Tuy nhin, cng
sut ng ra khng th tng mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt
c cc b khuch i quang, khi cng sut ng vo Pin tng n mt mc no ,
li G bt u gim. Kt qu l cng sut ng ra khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tnh
hiu ng ra na m t trng thi bo ha. S thay i ca tn hiu quang ng ra so
vi cng sut quang ng vo c minh ha trong hnh 2.4(a).
Hnh 2.4 a) Cng sut ng ra theo cng sut ng vo; b) li khuch i theo
cng sut quang ng ra
Hnh 2.4(b) biu din s bin i ca li tn hiu G theo cng sut quang
ng ra Pout. Cng sut ng ra ti im li gim i 3 dB c gi l cng sut ra
bo ha Psat, out.
Cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng sut
ng ra ln nht m b khuch i quang c th hot ng c. Thng thng,

mt b khuch i quang c li cao s c cng sut ra bo ha cao bi v s

nghch o nng cao c th c duy tr trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng.
d) H s nhiu (Noise Figure)
Ging nh cc b khuch i in, cc b khuch i quang u to ra nhiu.
Ngun nhiu chnh trong cc b khuch i quang l do pht x t pht. V s pht
x t pht l cc s kin ngu nhin, pha ca cc photon pht x t pht cng ngu
nhin. Nu photon pht x t pht c hng gn vi hng truyn ca cc photon
tn hiu, chng s tng tc vi cc photon tn hiu gy nn s dao ng v pha v
bin . Bn cnh , nng lng do pht x t pht to ra cng s c khuch i
khi chng truyn qua b khuch i v pha ng ra. Do , ti ng ra ca b khuch
i cng sut quang thu c Pout bao gm c cng sut tn hiu c khuch i v
cng sut nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission).
Pout = G.Pin + PASE (2.3)
nh hng ca nhiu i vi b khuch quang c biu din bi h s nhiu
NF (Noise Figure), m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal to Noise
Ratio) do nhiu ca b khuch i thm vo. H s NF c cho bi cng thc sau:
SNRin
NF = (2.4)
SNRout
Trong , SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti ng vo v ng ra ca
b khuch i
H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh th cng tt. Gi tr nh nht ca
NF c th t c l 3dB. Nhng b khuch i tha mn h s nhiu ti thiu ny
c gi l ang hot ng gii hn lng t.
Ngoi bn thng s k thut chnh c nu trn, cc b khuch i quang
cn c nh gi da trn cc thng s sau:
nhy phn cc (Polarization sensitivity) l s ph thuc ca li ca b
khuch i vo phn cc ca tn hiu.
nh hng ca nhit i vi li v bng thng li.
Xuyn nhiu (crosstalk).
5. ng dng ca khuch i quang
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang nh
cc b khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn,
khc phc suy hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn.
Ty theo v tr lp t, cc b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia
lm ba loi:

Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t

ngay sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut tn hiu quang n
mc cao nht lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b
khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut u ra cc i ch khng phi li
cc i v cng sut tn hiu ng vo ln.
Khuch i ng dy (In-line Amplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t
trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si,
suy hao do kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc
b khuch i ng dy c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn ng truyn
gia tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch i
quang s lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn
dn quang. Vn ny s c trnh by trong phn V. Tch ly nhiu trong h
thng thng tin quang c ly di. Yu cu ca b khuch i ng dy l n
nh trn ton b di thng ca h thng WDM, gi nhiu mc cc tiu v
thc hin vic trao i tt tn hiu quang vi si quang truyn dn.
Tin khuch i (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc
thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tn hiu c a
vo thit b. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca nhy thit b thu v
cho php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr
lp t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu vo yu v mc
nhiu u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca mt b tin khuch i l nhy ln,
li ln v nhiu thp.
Ngoi cc ng dng chnh lm cc b khuch i trn ng truyn quang,
cc b khuch i quang SOA v OFA cn c s dng trong cc b chuyn i
bc sng. Vic chuyn i bc sng c thc hin da trn hin tng bo ha
li v hin tng trn bn bc sng FWM (Four-Wave Mixing) xy ra trong
cc b khuch i quang. Chi tit v cc ng dng ny c th tham kho trong cc
ti liu [1], [2]...
II. B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA)

1. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng
Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn SOA
(Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn. Ngha l cng da
vo h thng hai di nng lng ca cht bn dn v cc qu trnh bin i quang
in: hp th (absorption), pht x t pht (spontaneous emission) v pht x kch
thch (stimulated emission). Trong , tn hiu quang c khuch i da trn hin
tng pht x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA. Vng tch cc ny
c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n v p (xem hnh 2.5). Ngun bm bn ngoi
c cung cp bi dng in phn cc.

Hnh 2.5 Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA
Do c cu trc v nguyn l hot ng tng t vi laser bn dn nn SOA

cn c gi l khuch i laser bn dn SLA (Semiconductor Laser Amplifier).
S khc nhau chnh gia SOA v laser bn dn l SOA hot ng di mc
ngng dao ng. iu kin ny xy ra khi dng in phn cc Ibias < dng in
ngng Ith ca laser hoc/v h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca vng tch cc
nh. Khi , qu trnh phn x, cng hng v t pht x nh sng s khng xy ra.
SOA c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh da vo h s phn x ca hai mt
phn x ca lp tch cc. Loi th nht, khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot
Amplifier) c h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%). Cu trc ca FPA cng tng
t nh laser Fabry-Perot nhng hot ng vi dng phn cc Ibias < Ith. Vi cu trc
hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu trnh hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra. Kt
qu l, FPA c li cao nhng ph li khuch i nhp nh, khng u. iu
ny lm gim bng thng khuch i ca FPA.
khc phc hn ch trn ca FPA, hai lp chng phn x AR (anti-
reflection) c h s phn x R = 0, c t ti hai u ca vng tch cc khng
cho qu trnh phn x xy ra bn trong b khuch i. Khi , tn hiu vo SOA s
c khuch i khi ch i qua mt ln (c gi l single pass) xuyn qua vng
tch cc ca b khuch i m khng c hi tip v. y l cu trc ca loi SOA
th hai: khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave Amplifier). Trn thc t, h s
phn x hai u ca vng tch cc ca TWA khng hon ton bng 0 m c gi tr
rt nh t 0.1% n 0.01%.
2. c tnh ca b khuch i FPA v TWA
Xt mt b khuch i FPA c h s phn x cng sut hai mt phn x ca
lp tch cc l R1 v R2 nh hnh 2.5. B khuch i ny cng c th TWA nu cho
R1 = R2 = 0. Do , qu trnh phn tch sau, u c th p dng cho FPA v TWA.
B qua suy hao khi nh sng truyn qua mi mt phn x, ta c h s xuyn
qua ca cng sut nh sng i qua mi mt phn x tng ng l (1-R1) v (1-R2).

Tng ng, ta c h phn x v h s xuyn qua ca cng in trng ti

hai mt phn x l R1 , R2 v t1 = 1 R1 , t 2 = 1 R2
Gi Gs l li n thng (single-pass gain) ca SOA khi tn hiu quang i
qua vng tch cc m khng c s hi tip (h s phn x R = 0). Ta c:
Pout
Gs = = exp[(g ) L] (2.5)
Pin
Trong :
- g: li trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc;
- : suy hao trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc;
- : h s tp trung (confinement factor) biu din mc tp trung ca
lung nh sng bn trong vng tch cc;
- L: chiu di ca vng tch cc;
- Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i.
Hnh 2.6 Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra trong FPA
t 1Ei t 1 Gs Eie jkL t 1Gs R2 Eie2 jkL
E0 =
t 1Gs R2 Eie2 jkL t 1 Gs R2 Eie jkL
t 1Gs R1R2 Eie2 jkL t 1 Gs R1R2 Eie3jkL t 1t 2Gs Gs R1R2 Eie3jkL
Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu nh sng trong FPA (xem hnh 2.6) c th c

dn gii nh sau:
in trng ca tn hiu quang vo Ei c a vo hc cng hng ca FPA
c chiu di L ti mt phn x R1. Sau khi xuyn qua mt phn x R1, tn hiu ban
u s c khuch i bi vng tch cc v t cng t1 GS Ei e jkL ti mt
phn x R2 (k l h s truyn dn ca mi trung khuch i). Ti y, mt phn
nng lng nh sng s truyn ra ngoi vi cng t1t 2 G S Ei e jkL . Phn cn li
s phn x ngc tr li v pha R1 vi cng t1 GS R2 Ei e jkL . Ti R1, in
trng thu c l t1G S R2 Ei e 2 jkL . Tng t nh ti R2, mt phn in trng
t1G S R1 R2 Ei e 2 jkL s phn x ngc v pha R2, phn cn li s i ra ngoi hc
cng hng. Sau khi i qua khong cch L ca vng tch cc, tn hiu thu c ti

R1 t gi tr t1G S G S R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL . Qu trnh phn x v truyn xuyn qua mt

phn x R2 tip tc din ra. Phn tn hiu xuyn qua c in trng
t1 t 2 G S G S R1 R2 Ei e 3 jkL . Phn cn li s phn x ngc v pha R1. C nh vy
qu trnh phn x trong vng tch cc tip tc tip din.
in trng tng cng thu c ti ng ra ca b khuch i s bng tng ca
cc thnh phn in trng i xuyn qua R2. Nu gi s rng thi gian truyn trong
hc cng hng nh hn chu k ca in trng ti Ei, ta c in trng thu c
ti ng ra [5]:

Eo = Ei e jkl t1t 2 ( R1 R G s ) m e 2 mjkL (2.6)
m =0
Vi R1 R2 Gs < 1 , biu thc (2.6) c th bin i thnh [5]:
Gs t1t 2 e jkL
Eo = Ei (2.7)
1 R1 R2 Gs e 2 jkL
Hm truyn cng sut ca b khuch i FPA [5]:
2
E (1 R1 )(1 R2 )GS ( )
GFPA ( ) = o = (2.8)
Ei (1 GS R1 R2 ) 2 + 4GS R1 R2 sin 2 kL]
( 0 )
Do sin 2 ( kL) = sin 2 ( L) = sin 2 ( L) [5] vi v l vn tc nh sng truyn
v v
trong mi trng khuch i, l tn s gc ang xt, 0 l tn s gc cng hng
m ti li t gi tr ln nht. Biu thc (2.8) c vit li nh sau:
2
E (1 R1 )(1 R2 )GS ( )
GFPA ( ) = o = (2.9)
Ei (1 GS R1 R2 ) 2 + 4GS R1 R2 sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
Nu h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca FPA bng nhau R1 = R2 = R, biu
thc (2.9) tr thnh [4]:
2
E (1 R ) 2 GS ( )
GFPA ( ) = o = (2.10)
Ei (1 GS R) 2 + 4GS R sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
Hnh 2.7 biu din li G(f) ca FPA thay i theo tn s vi 3 gi tr khc
nhau ca h s phn x R = 0.3, R = 0.03 v R = 0 [4].
Gi s li n thng Gs, tng ng vi R = 0 (TWA), c dng Gauss. Khi
h s phn x ca hai lp phn x ca vng tch cc ln R = 0.3, li G() khng
bng phng theo tn s m c dng gn sng ln do chc nng lc tn s ca hc
cng hng.

Ti cc tn s cng hng = (2fN)/(2L) vi N l s nguyn, li ca

FPA t gi tr cc i. Gia cc tn s cng hng, li ca FPA gim nhanh
chng. Do , bng thng li (c xc nh ti v tr -3dB so vi li nh)
ca FPA nh so vi bng thng li ca TWA. V vy, FPA khng thch hp vi
cc ng dng khuch i trong h thng thng tin quang.
Hnh 2.7 li ca FPA thay i theo tn s vi R = 0.3; R = 0.03 v R = 0 [4].
GFPA max
GFPA (R=0.3)
GFPA( )
GFPA (R=0.03)
GTWA (R=0)
GFPA min
Khi h s phn x R = 0.03, G() tin gn ti Gs nhng vn cn gn sng nh.

gn sng ny c th c loi b bng cch gim h s phn x hn na b
khuch i tr thnh TWA.
3. Nhiu xuyn m (Crosstalk) trong SOA
Nhiu xuyn m xy ra khi cc tn hiu quang khc nhau c khuch i
ng thi trong cng mt b khuch i. C hai loi nhiu xuyn m xy ra trong
SOA: nhiu xuyn knh (interchannel crosstalk) v bo ha li (cross saturation).
Nhiu xuyn knh xy ra l do hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM (Four
Wave Mixing). Bn cht v nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn ny i h thng
thng tin quang WDM c trnh by trong chng 1 ca sch ny.
Hnh 2.8 nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh trong SOA khi khuch i hai tn hiu
o li giam do
nhieu xuyen am
Tn hieu #1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
SOA
Tn hieu #2
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1

Nhiu xuyn knh gy nn do hin tng bo ha li xy ra trong SOA

c minh ha trn hnh 2.8. Xem xt u vo b SOA l tng ca hai tn hiu
quang cc bc sng khc nhau. Gi thit rng c 2 bc sng nm trong bng
thng ca SOA. S c mt ca tn hiu th hai s lm suy gim mt in t
vng nng lng cao do qu trnh bc x kch thch lm dn n s nghch o nng
c quan st tn hiu th nht gim xung. Do , tn hiu th nht s khng
c khuch i ging nh tn hiu th hai v nu mt in t vng nng lng
cao khng ln th tn hiu th nht c th b hp th. Qu trnh ny xy ra ng
thi i vi c hai tn hiu. Do , trn hnh 2.8 ta thy, khi mc 1 ca hai tn hiu 1
v 2 xy ra ng thi, li ca mi tn hiu s nh hn so vi bnh thng.
Hin tng xuyn m ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca in t trng thi
nng lng cao. Nu thi gian sng ln so vi tc dao ng ca cng sut
trong cc tn hiu vo, cc in t khng th chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao
xung trng thi nng lng thp do s dao ng ny. Do , khng c xuyn m
xy ra.
i vi cc SOA, thi gian sng ny mc ns. Do , cc in t d dng phn
ng li s dao ng trong cng sut ca cc tn hiu c iu ch tc Gb/s, dn
n mt s suy yu h thng chnh do xuyn m. Ngc li, thi gian sng pht x t
pht trong EDFA l khong 10ms. Do , xuyn m ch c mt nu tc iu ch
ca cc tn hiu vo t hn vi kHz, iu ny thng t gp trong thc t. Do ,
EDFA ph hp hn khi c s dng trong cc h thng WDM hn SOA.
4. u khuyt im v ng dng ca SOA
u im:
li cao (25-30dB).
Kch thc nh, c th tch hp vi cc linh kin quang bn dn khc.
Di thng ln, c th ln ti 100 nm, rng hn so vi EDFA.
C th thc hin khuch i tn hiu c hai ca s nh sng 1300 nm v 1550
nm.
Khuyt im:
Cng sut ra bo ha thp (khong 5mW) hn ch kh nng ca SOA khi c
s dng lm b khuch i cng sut.
H s nhiu cao (5-7 dB) nh hng n cht lng ca SOA khi c s dng
lm b tin khuch i v khuch i ng dy.
Ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu quang ti.
Nhiu xuyn knh ln do cc hiu ng phi tuyn: hiu ng trn 4 bc sng
FWM (four wave mixing) v hiu ng bo ha li cho (cross-gain
saturation).

Ph li c dng gn sng do s khng hon ho ca lp chng phn x to nn.

Km n nh do li chu nh hng ca nhit .
ng dng:
Vi cc c tnh k thut trn, SOA c nhiu khuyt im so vi EDFA khi
c dng lm khuch i quang. Do , cho d SOA c nghin cu v ch to
t trc EDFA, nhng SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h
thng WDM cng nh cc h thng truyn dn quang khc hin nay. Thay vo ,
da trn cc hiu ng phi tuyn p ng nhanh ca SOA, SOA c dng trong cc
ng dng khc ca h thng thng tin quang nh: b bin i bc sng
(wavelength convertor), phc hi xung ng h (clock recovery) v cc ng dng x
l tn hiu quang (optical signal processing applications)
III. B KHUCH I QUANG SI PHA TRN ERBIUM

(EDFA)
1. Cc cu trc EDFA
Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium EDFA (Erbium-
Doped Fiber Amplifier) c minh ha trn hnh 2.9. Trong bao gm:
Hnh 2.9 Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA.
Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy ra

qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA. Cu to ca si quang pha ion
Er3+ c minh ha nh trn hnh 2.10.
Trong , vng li trung tm (c ng knh t 3 -6 m) ca EDF c pha trn
ion Er3+ l ni c cng sng bm v tn hiu cao nht. Vic pha cc ion Er3+
trong vng ny cung cp s chng lp ca nng lng bm v tn hiu vi cc ion
Erbium ln nht dn n s khuch i tt hn. Lp bc (cladding) c chit sut
thp hn bao quanh vng li. Lp ph (coating) bo v bao quanh si quang to
bn knh si quang tng cng l 250 m. Lp ph ny c chit sut ln hn so vi

lp bc dng loi b bt k nh sng khng mong mun no lan truyn trong

si quang. Nu khng k n cht pha Erbium, cu trc EDF ging nh si n
mode chun trong vin thng. Ngoi ra, EDF cn c ch to bng cc bng cc
loi vt liu khc nh si thy tinh flouride (flouride-based glass fiber) hoc si
quang thy tinh a vt liu (multicomponent glass fiber).
Hnh 2.10 Mt ct ngang ca mt loi si quang pha ion Erbium.
Laser bm (pumping laser): cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi

nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc
sng 980 nm hoc 1480nm.
WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm
vo trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp
cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550 nm hoc 1480/1550nm.
B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c
khuch i phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng
truyn phn x ngc v EDFA.
2. L thuyt khuch i trong EDFA
a) Gin phn b nng lung ca Er3+
Gin phn b nng lng ca Er3+ trong si silica c minh ha trong hnh
2.11. Theo , cc ion Er3+ c th tn ti nhiu vng nng lng khc nhau c
k hiu: 4I15/2, 4I13/2, 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2. Trong :

Hnh 2.11 Gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong si silica.
Vung bm (nm)
1500-1600
T phat
o li
Vng 4I15/2 c mc nng lng thp nht, c gi l vng nn (ground-state

band).
Vng 4I13/2 c gi l vng gi bn (mestable band) v cc ion Er3+c thi gian
sng (lifetime) ti vng ny lu (khong 10ms) trc khi chuyn xung vng
nn. Thi gian sng ny thay i ty theo loi tp cht c pha trong li ca
EDF.
Vng 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2 l cc vng nng lng cao, c gi l vng
kch thch hay vng bm (pumping band). Thi gian cc ion Er3+ c trng thi
nng lng trong cc vng ny rt ngn (khong 1 s).
S chuyn i nng lng ca cc ion Er3+ c th xy ra trong cc trng hp
sau:

Khi cc ion Er3+ vng nn nhn mt mc nng lng bng chnh lch
nng lng gia vng nn v vng nng lng cao hn, chng s chuyn ln
vng c mc nng lng cao hn (s hp th nng lng).
Khi cc ion Er3+ chuyn t cc vng nng lng cao xung vng nng lng
thp hn s xy ra hai trng hp sau:
- Phn r khng bc x (nonradiative decay): nng lng c gii phng
di dng photon to ra s dao ng phn t trong si quang.
- Pht x nh sng (radiation): nng lng c gii phng di dng photon.
chnh lch nng lng gia vng gi bn (4I13/2) v vng nn (4I15/2) [1]:
0.775eV (tng ng vi nng lng ca photon c bc sng 1600nm) tnh t
y vng gi bn n nh ca vng nn.
0.814eV (1527 nm) tnh t y vng gi bn n y ca vng nn.
0.841 eV (1477nm) tnh t nh vng gi bn n y ca vng nn.
Mt phn b nng lng ca cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn khng u
nhau: cc ion Er3+ c khuynh hng tp trung nhiu cc mc nng lng thp.
iu ny dn n kh nng hp th v pht x photon ca ion Erbium thay i theo
bc sng. Ph hp th (absortion spectrum) v ph li (gain spectrum) ca
EDFA c li pha Ge c biu din trn hnh 2.12 [2].
Hnh 2.12 Ph hp th (absorption spectrum) v ph li (gain spectrum) ca

EDFA c li pha Ge [2].
Suy giam o li (dB/m)
oan cheo (x10-25m2)
b) Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA

Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch.

Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo

cc bc nh sau (xem hnh 2.13):
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng
lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton = 1.27eV) v chuyn ln trng thi
nng lng cao hn vng bm (pumping band) (1).
Ti vng bm, cc ion Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1s) v
chuyn xung vng gi bn (2).
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng
lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton = 0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi
nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn (3).
Hnh 2.13 Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980

nm v 1480 nm [1].
Nang lng
Vung bm
4I11/2
Phan ra xuong
1 Phan ra vung nang
2
khong bc lng thap
xa nhanh
Vung gia ben
4I13/2
4
3 5 6 7
Photon Photon
980 nm 1480 nm Cac photon
1550 nm 1550 nm
4I15/2 1550 nm
Vung nen
Cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng
lng thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4).
Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc
photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er3+ s chuyn
sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x
t pht) (5).
Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin tng sau:

Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er3+ vng nn (6). Tn hiu nh

sng b suy hao.
Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn (7). Hin tng pht
x kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er3+ b kch thch s chuyn trng thi
nng lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp
vng nn v pht x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc,
cng pha v cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.
rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch
(khuch i) xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565 nm. y cng l vng
bc sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc
sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm.
3. Yu cu i vi ngun bm
a) Bc sng bm
Vi cc vng nng lng c nu trong phn 2.a, nh sng bm c th c
s dng ti cc bc sng khc nhau 650 nm (4F9/2), 800 nm (4I9/2 ), 980 nm (4I11/2),
1480 nm (4I13/2). Tuy nhin, khi bc sng bm cng ngn th cc ion Er3+ phi tri
qua nhiu giai on chuyn i nng lng trc khi tr v vng nn v pht x ra
photon nh sng. Do , hiu sut bm khng cao, nng lng bm s b hao ph
qua vic to ra cc phonon thay v photon. V vy, trn thc t, nh sng bm s
dng cho EDFA ch c s dng ti hai bc sng 980 nm v 1480nm.
Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s nghch o
nng bng cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion Erbium ln trng thi kch
thch. C hai cch thc hin qu trnh ny: bm trc tip ti bc sng 1480 nm
hoc bm gin tip bc sng 980 nm.
Phng php bm gin tip (bm 980 nm): Trong trng hp ny, ion Erbium
lin tc c chuyn tip t vng nng lng 4I15/2 thp ln vng nng lng
cao 4I11/2, sau cc ion s phn r xung vng 4I13/2 nhng khng pht x.
T vng ny, khi c nh sng kch thch th cc ion s pht x bc sng mong
mun (t 1550 n 1600 nm) khi chuyn t vng nng lng 4I13/2 xung
vng 4I15/2. y chnh l h thng ba mc. Thi gian sng ca ion Erbium
mc 4I11/2 khong 1s trong khi 4I13/2 th ti 10ms. Vi thi gian sng di,
vng 4I15/2 c gi l vng n nh. V vy, cc ion c bm ln mc cao,
sau nhanh chng ri xung vng 4I13/2 v tn ti trong mt khong
thi gian tng i di to nn s nghch o v nng .
Vi phng php bm trc tip (1480 nm): cc ion Erbium ch hot ng trong
hai vng nng lng 4I13/2 v 4I15/2. y l h thng 2 mc. Cc ion Erbium
lin tc c chuyn t vng nng lng nn 4I15/2 ln vng nng lng kch
thch 4I13/2 nh nng lng bm. V thi gian tn ti mc ny di nn chng
tch ly ti y to ra s nghch o nng .

Ngun bm c hiu qu cao c hai bc sng 980 v 1480 nm. c h s

khuch i hn 20 dB th ch cn to ra ngun bm c cng sut nh hn 5 mW,
nhng vn cn phi c ngun bm t 10 n 100 mW m bo cho cng sut ra
ln.
Ch s nhiu lng t gii hn l 3 dB t c bc sng 980 nm. i vi
bc sng 1480 nm th ch s nhiu l vo khong 4 dB v tit din ngang pht x
ti 1480 nm cao hn ti 980 nm v bc x kch thch do ngun bm gii hn s
nghch o tch lu ti 1480nm. Do , bc sng bm 980 nm c ng dng cho
cc b khuch i tp m thp. H s li ti bc sng bm 980 nm cao hn ti
1480 nm ti cng cng sut bm. Do , t c cng mt h s li th cng
sut bm ti 1480 nm phi cao hn ti 980 nm. V cng sut bm 1480 nm ln hn
nn cng sut ng ra ln hn, do bm bc sng 1480 nm c ng dng cho
cc b khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra, bc sng bm 1480 nm c truyn trong
si quang vi suy hao thp. Do , ngun bm laser c th t xa b khuch i.
Hin nay, bm bc sng 1480 nm c s dng rng ri hn v chng sn
c hn v tin cy cao hn. tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v
n dng bm cho khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu. Cc thit b
khuch i cng sut i hi cng sut bm cao nht v n nh ca chng l
mu cht trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin chng. Nu tng c n nh ca
laser c bc sng 980 nm th c th chng s c chn lm ngun bm. Mt s
EDFA c bm ti c hai bc sng tn dng u im ca c hai bc sng.
Bng 2.1: So snh hai bc sng bm 980 nm v 1480 nm
Bc sng bm 980 nm 1480 nm

Tnh cht:
li Cao hn Thp hn
li cng sut bm Thp hn Cao hn
Suy hao cng sut bm Cao hn Thp hn
H s nhiu Thp hn Cao hn
ng dng Tin khuch i Khuch i cng sut
b) Cng sut bm
Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion Erbium b kch thch trao i
nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy
nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut bm v s lng cc ion
Erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn. Ngoi ra, khi cng sut bm tng ln th h
s nhiu s gim. iu ny s c trnh by trong phn tnh h s nhiu ca EDFA.
c) Hng bm

B khuch i EDFA c th c bm theo ba cch:

Bm thun (codirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm cng chiu vi
hng truyn tn hiu.
Bm ngc (counterdirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm ngc chiu
vi hng truyn tn hiu.
Bm hai chiu (dual pumping): s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu
ngc nhau.
Hng bm thun c u im nhiu thp v nhiu kh nhy cm vi li m
li tn hiu cao nht khi cng sut tn hiu vo thp nht. Trong khi , hng bm
ngc cung cp cng sut ra bo ho cao nhng c h s nhiu cao hn bm thun.
Do vy, ngi ta ngh s dng c hai laser bm c bc sng bm khc
nhau. Vic bm ti bc sng 1480 nm thng c s dng theo chiu ngc vi
hng truyn tn hiu v bm ti 980 nm theo hng thun s dng tt nht u
im ca mi loi bm. Bm ti 1480 nm c hiu sut lng t cao hn nhng c
h s nhiu cao hn, trong khi bm ti bc sng 980 nm c th cung cp mt h s
nhiu gn mc gii hn lng t. H s nhiu thp ph hp cho cc ng dng tin
khuch i.
Mt EDFA c bm bng mt ngun bm c th cung cp cng sut u ra
cc i khong +16 dBm trong vng bo ho hoc h s nhiu t 5-6 dB trong vng
tn hiu nh. C hai bc sng bm c s dng ng thi c th cung cp cng
sut u ra cao hn; mt EDFA c bm kp c th cung cp cng sut ra ti +26
dBm trong vng cng sut bm cao nht c th t c. Hnh 2.14 th hin mt
EDFA c bm kp.
Gi tr cc c tnh ca b khuch i EDFA c trnh by trong bng 2.2
Hnh 2.14 Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp [1].
4. Ph khuch i
Ph li ca EDFA c trnh by trong hnh 2.12 l tnh cht quan trng
nht ca EDFA khi xc nh cc knh tn hiu c khuch i trong h thng
WDM. Hnh dng ca ph khuch i ph thuc vo bn cht ca si quang, loi tp
cht (Ge, Al) v nng tp cht c pha trong li ca si quang.

Hnh 2.12 cho thy ph li ca EDFA c li pha Ge kh rng. Tuy nhin,

ph li ny khng bng phng. iu ny s dn n vic h s khuch i khc
nhau i vi cc bc sng khc nhau. Nu li ca cc knh tn hiu khng ng
nht, nht l sau khi qua nhiu tng EDFA, sai s li ny s tch lu tuyn tnh
n mc khi ti u thu knh bc sng c li cao lm cho u vo my thu qu
ti. Ngc li, knh tn hiu c li nh th t s SNR khng t yu cu. Vic lm
phng li l cn thit loi b khuch i mo cc tn hiu qua cc EDFA
ng truyn ghp tng.
Mt s bin php c s dng khc phc s khng bng phng ca ph
li:
Chn la cc bc sng c li gn bng nhau. WDM lm vic di sng
bng C (1530 1565 nm). Trong di bc sng ny chn 40 bc sng lm
bc sng cng tc ca WDM. Cc bc sng ny c li gn bng nhau.
Cng ngh cn bng li: dng b cn bng (equalizer) hp th bt cng sut
bc sng c li ln v b khuch i tng cng sut ca bc sng c
li nh.
Thay i thnh phn trn trong si quang: dng si quang trn thm nhm,
photpho nhm hay flo cng vi Erbium s to nn b khuch i c bng tn
c m rng v ph khuch i bng phng hn.
Ngoi ra, ph li ca EDFA cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca si EDF. L
do l v trng thi nghch o nng thay i dc theo chiu di ca si quang khi
cng sut bm thay i.
B khuch i EDFA hot ng bng C (1530-1565 nm). Tuy nhin, li
ca si pha tp c ui tri rng n khong 1605 nm. iu ny kch thch s pht
trin ca cc h thng hot ng bng L t 1565 n 1625 nm. Nguyn l hot
ng ca EDFA bng L ging nh EDFA bng C. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau trong
vic thit k EDFA cho bng C v bng L. Cc phn t bn trong b khuch i
quang nh b cch ly (isolator) v b ghp (coupler) ph thuc vo bc sng nn
chng s khc nhau trong bng C v bng L. So snh cc tnh cht ca EDFA trong
bng C v bng L c th hin trong bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2 Bng so snh EDFA hot ng trong bng C v bng L
Tnh cht Bng C Bng L

li Cao hn Nh hn khong 3 ln
Ph li t bng phng hn Bng phng hn
Nhiu ASE Thp hn Cao hn
Hnh 2.15 trnh by cu trc ca mt b khuch i bng L lm bng phng

li trong khong bc sng 1570 nm 1610 nm vi thit k hai tng [3]. Tng u

tin c bm bc sng 980 nm v hot ng nh mt b EDFA truyn thng

(si quang di 20-30 m) c kh nng cung cp li trong khong bc sng 1530 -
1570 nm. Ngc li, tng th hai c si quang di 200m v c bm hai chiu s
dng laser 1480 nm. Mt b isolator c t gia hai tng ny cho php nhiu ASE
truyn t tng th nht sang tng th hai nhng ngn ASE truyn ngc v tng th
nht. Vi cu trc ni tip nh vy, khuch i hai tng c th cung cp li
phng trn mt vng bng thng rng trong khi vn duy tr mc nhiu thp.
Hnh 2.15 Cu hnh ca mt b khuch i bng L lm bng phng li trong

khong bc sng 1570 nm 1610 nm vi thit k hai tng [3].
5. Cc tnh cht ca EDFA

a) li (Gain)
li ca mt b EDFA c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
L
G = exp ( N 2 ( z ) s( e ) N1 ( z) s( a ) )s dz (2.11)
0
Trong :
- N2(z), N1(z): mt ion Erbium trng thi kch thch v trng thi nn
ti v tr z trong on si quang pha Erbium.
- L: chiu di si pha Erbium.
- s(e ) , s(a ) : tit din ngang hp th v pht x ca ion Erbium ti bc sng
tn hiu.
Phng trnh (2.11) cho thy li lin quan n s nghch o nng trung
bnh. Gi N 1 , N 2 ln lt l nng ion Erbium mc nng lng nn v mc
nng lng kch thch trung bnh. Khi N 1 , N 2 s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
L
1
N1 = N1 ( z )dz (2.12)
L0

L
1
L 0
N2 = N 2 ( z )dz (2.13)
Phng trnh (2.11) c th c vit li mt cch n gin hn nh sau:

G = exp[( N 2 s(e ) N1 s( a ) )s L] (2.14)
T phng trnh trn ta thy li tn hiu sau khi i qua si quang ch ph
thuc vo s nghch o nng cc ion Erbium trung bnh trong si quang m
khng ph thuc vo chi tit v dng nghch o nh mt hm i vi v tr dc theo
chiu di si quang. Trong phng trnh (2.12), (2.13) c hai tham s N1(z) v N2(z)
l hm theo v tr z dc theo si quang c cho bi:
s( a ) s (pa ) p
Ps ( z ) + Pp ( z )
hf s A hf p A
N 2 (z) = N (2.15)
( s( a ) + s( e ) )s ( (pa ) + p( e ) ) p
Ps ( z ) + Pp ( z )
hf s A hf p A
N1 (z) = N N 2 ( z) (2.16)
Trong :
- : thi gian sng ca ion Erbium trng thi kch thch 4I13/2.
- Ps(z): cng sut ca tn hiu ti v tr z trong si quang.
- Pp(z): cng sut bm ti v tr z trong si quang.
- s : h s chng lp ti bc sng tn hiu.
- p : h s chng lp ti bc sng bm.
- A : din tch tit din ngang hiu dng.
- fs : tn s tn hiu.
- fp : tn s bm.
- N : mt ion Erbium tng cng.
- s( a ) , s( e ) : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng tn hiu.
- (pa ) , (pe ) : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng bm.
- h : hng s Planck; h = 6,625.10-34 J.s.
T cng thc (2.15) ta thy h s khuch i ( li) ca EDFA ph thuc vo
cc yu t sau:
Ph thuc vo nng ion Er+3: Khi nng Er+3 trong si quang ca b EDFA
tng th kh nng chng c chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn cng nhiu,
do h s khuch i tng. Nhng nu nng Er+3 tng qu cao s gy tch
t dn n hin tng tiu hao quang lm cho h s khuch i gim.

Ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu n v cng sut bm quang: Khi cng sut
vo tng, bc x b kch tng nhanh, ngha l ion Er+3 mc nng lng cao tr
v mc nng lng c bn cng nhiu lm gim nng s ion Er+3 mc nng
lng cao, lm yu i kh nng bc x ca ion Er+3 khi tn hiu quang c a
ti, do h s khuch i gim. S c mt mc gii hn m cng sut tn hiu
vo tng nhng cng sut ra khng tng na gi l cng sut bo ho.
Ph thuc vo chiu di si: Khi chiu di si ngn th tn hiu khng c
khuch i nhiu do li tn hiu nh. Ngc li, khi chiu di tng ln th
tn hiu c khuch i nhiu hn, do li ln hn. Tuy nhin, khi chiu
di qu di so vi cng sut bm th li tn hiu s b gim do chiu di qu
ln m cng sut bm li khng p ng ht chiu di si th tn hiu s b suy
hao dn v do lm gim li.
Ph thuc vo cng sut bm: Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion Erbium
b kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h
s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng
sut bm v s lng cc ion Erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn.
Do vy, ty theo ng dng ca EDFA, cc yu t trn s c hiu chnh sau
cho li ca EDFA t gi tr yu cu vi hiu sut cao nht. Thng thng, li
ca EDFA vo khong 20-40 dB tu theo ng dng ca EDFA l b khuch i
cng sut, khuch i ng truyn hay tin khuch i.
b) Cng sut ra bo ho (Output saturation power)

S bo ho xy ra khi cng sut tn hiu vo EDFA ln gy ra s gim h s
khuch i. V vy, n gii hn cng sut ra ca b khuch i. S bo ho h s
khuch i ny xut hin khi cng sut tn hiu tng cao v gy ra s pht x kch
thch mt t l cao v do lm gim s nghch o nng . iu c ngha l
s cc ion Erbium trng thi kch thch gim mt cch ng k. H qu l, cng
sut tn hiu ng ra b hn ch bi s bo ho cng sut. Cng sut ra bo ha Pout,
sat c nh ngha l tn hiu ra m h s khuch i b gim i 3 dB so vi khi
khuch i tn hiu nh.
Cng sut ra bo ho khng phi l mt hng s m tng ln tuyn tnh vi
cng sut bm (xem hnh 2.16). Cng sut bo ho c th c xc nh bng cng
sut tn hiu ng ra m ti li bng li tn hiu nh tr 3 dB. Nh vy bng
cch xc nh li tn hiu nh ta c th suy ra im bo ho v t xc nh
cng sut bo ho.
Cng sut ra bo ho cng thay i ty theo bc sng ca tn hiu v mt
cc ion Er3+ phn b ti vng nng lng gi bn khng bng nhau. Hnh 2.16 cho
thy cng sut ra bo ha ti 1.555 m cao hn ti 1.532 m vi cng cng sut bm.

Hnh 2.16 th biu din cng sut ra bo ho tng tuyn tnh theo cng sut bm
vo ti bc sng bm 975 nm i vi bc sng tn hiu l 1555 nm v
1532 nm.
Cong suat ra bao hoa (mW)
6. Nhiu trong b khuch i

Nhiu trong b khuch i l mt yu t gii hn quan trng i vi h thng
truyn dn. i vi EDFA, nh hng ca nhiu ASE c tnh thng qua thng s
h s nhiu NF c cho bi cng thc [2]:
NF = 2nsp (2.17)
Trong , nsp = N2/(N2-N1) c gi l h s pht x t pht, N1, N2 l nng
ion Erbium mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch.
Nh trnh by trong cng thc (2.15) v (2.16), N1, N2 thay i dc theo
chiu di ca si quang v ph thuc vo cng sut ca ngun bm v cng sut ca
tn hiu. Do , h s nhiu NF ca EDFA cng ph thuc vo chiu di ca si
quang L v cng sut bm PP, ging nh li tn hiu ca EDFA.
Hnh 2.17 biu din s thay i ca NF v li tn hiu theo chiu di ca
si quang vi mt s gi tr ca PP/Psat khi cng sut tn hiu ng vo 1mW ti bc
sng 1,53 m. Kt qu cho thy rng FN c th t gn bng 3dB khi cng sut ca
ngun bm PP >> Pp,sat.
Vi mc nhiu tng i thp, EDFA l s la chn l tng cho cc h
thng thng tin quang WDM hin nay. D vy, nhiu do b khuch i cng lm

gii hn cht lng cc h thng thng tin quang ng di s dng nhiu b

khuch i EDFA. Vn nhiu tr nn nghim trng khi h thng hot ng trong
vng tn sc khng ca si quang. Khi cc hiu ng phi tuyn s lm tng nhiu
b khuch i v gim ph tn hiu. Ngoi ra, nhiu ca b khuch i cng gy nn
rung pha nh thi. Vn ny s c trnh by phn sau.
Hnh 2.17 (a) H s nhiu FN v (b) li ca EDFA khi chiu di si quang thay
i ti mt s gi tr ca ca cng sut bm PP/Psat.
He so nhieu (dB)
o li (dB)
Khng ch gii hn t l SNR trong cc h thng s dng cc b khuch i

quang, nhiu ASE m cn t ra nhng gii hn khc ln cc ng dng khc nhau
ca cc b khuch i quang trong cc tuyn thng tin si quang. Chng hn, xem
xt mt vi b khuch i quang c ghp tng dc theo mt khong truyn dn
nh cc b lp tuyn tnh b suy hao si quang. Cng sut nhiu ASE Pnoise s l
mt phn trong cng sut u ra Pout ca mt b khuch i no trong chui
khuch i v tr thnh u vo ca b khuch i tip theo. Do Pnoise c th
c khuch i bng cc b khuch i tip theo. Do s bo ho li ph thuc
vo tng cng sut u vo, nhiu ASE t u ra ca cc tng trc trong chui
khuch i c th ln n mc n s lm bo ho cc b khuch i pha sau. Nu
s phn x ti u ra v u vo ca b khuch i thp, ASE c pht x theo
hng ngc v u vo t cc b khuch i thuc cc tng sau cng c th vo
cc b khuch i pha trc, cng lm tng s bo ho gy ra do ASE.
Vi cc b khuch i quang si, s to thnh nhiu ASE ny c th dn n
s t dao ng dc theo tuyn truyn dn ca si quang nu khng lin tc v do
phn x c mt dc theo ng truyn. Mc d phn x ngc nh vy l nh, trong
mt khong truyn di vi mt s lng ln cc b khuch i nh cc b lp tuyn
tnh, cng sut ASE tch t dc theo chui khuch i kch hot dao ng. ti
thiu ho nh hng ny, cc b cch ly quang c th c ni dc theo lin kt si

quang gim ASE hng ngc, nhng iu ny s ngn cn h thng c s

dng cho truyn dn song hng.
Thm vo s suy gim hot ng v mt cng sut, s ln tp v pha ca tn
hiu do pht x t pht cng gy nh hng nh nhiu tn s v nhiu bin , c
bit l nhiu pha do s phn x ti cc giao din quang. V tn hiu n b khuch
i quang cng c mt lng nhiu pha do s tri rng ph ca ngun laser cng
lm tng cao nhiu trong b khuch i. iu ny s lm suy gim hot ng ca
cc h thng thng tin quang.
7. u khuyt im ca EDFA
a) u im
Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao.
Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng.
Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, d vn
chuyn v thay th.
Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin quang
vt bin.
Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh b khuch
i quang bn dn.
Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu.
b) Khuyt im
Ph li ca EDFA khng bng phng.
Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L.
Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c ly truyn dn.
IV. B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN (RA)

1. Nguyn l hot ng
Khuch i Raman da trn hin tng tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated
Raman Scattering). Tn x Raman kch thch l hin tng mt nguyn t hp th
nng lng ca mt photon, sau to ra mt photon c nng lng khc. V vy,
tn x Raman kch thch c nh ngha l hin tng photon th cp c sinh ra
do kch thch t ngun bn ngoi.
c khuch i Raman th phi to ra s nghch o nng . iu ny t
c bng cch cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang t mt laser
bm c bc sng thp hn bc sng ca tn hiu. Khi , cc nguyn t ca si
quang s hp th nng lng bm c nng lng cao (bc sng ngn) v chuyn

ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi c tn hiu n, n s kch thch cc nguyn t

ang mc nng lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn v gii
phng ra mt nng lng di dng photon nh sng c cng bc sng (di hn
bc sng bm) v cng pha vi tn hiu n. Do , tn hiu c khuch i
(xem hnh 2.18).
Hnh 2.18 S chuyn nng lng trong khuch i Raman.
Mc nang lng chuyen (Transition state)

E3
Tn hieu can Tn hieu c

Laser bm
khuech ai khuech ai
E2
Mc nang lng dao ong (vibration state)
E1 Mc nang lng nn (ground state)
Da trn gin nng lng trn, tn s nh sng bm fbm v tn s nh sng

c khuch i fkhuch i c xc nh nh sau:
fbm = (E3 E1)/h (2.18)
fkhuch i = (E2 E1)/h (2.19)
Trong : h l hng s Plank; E1, E2, E3 l nng lng ca cc trng thi nng
lng cao (transition state), trng thi nng lng trung gian (vibration state) v
trng thi nng lng thp (ground state) ca cc nguyn t trong si quang.
Khng ging nh nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA, khuch i Raman khng
cn mt si quang ring v c bit (pha trn ion Er3+). Trong khuch i Raman,
tn hiu quang c khuch i dc theo ton b chiu di ca si quang silic bnh
thng. Cu trc ca mt b khuch i Raman c minh ha trong hnh 2.19.
Si quang: l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i. Si quang ny cng l si quang
truyn tn hiu nh si SMF, DSF, Trong khuch i quang Raman khng
cn s dng si quang c bit (pha ion Erbium) nh b khuch i EFDA.
B ghp (Coupler): dng ghp bc sng tn hiu vo vi sng bm.
Laser bm (Pump laser): dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca
si quang chuyn ln trng thi kch thch, gip to ra s nghch o nng .

Hnh 2.19 Cu trc ca b khuch i Raman.
B cch ly (Isolator): t hai u ca b khuch i quang ngn chn tn hiu

phn x hai u b khuch i. ng thi n cng gip loi tr nhiu ASE theo
hng ngc v pha u vo c th gy nh hng n tn hiu u vo.
2. rng bng tn v h s khuch i
Hnh 2.20 biu din s thay i ca li khuch i Raman theo chnh
lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm. Qua cho thy, h s khuch i
Raman tng hu nh tuyn tnh vi chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun
bm (wavelength offset), t gi tr nh ti 100 nm v gim nhanh chng sau .
Trong hnh cng cho thy, bng thng li ca khuch i Raman c th t c
t 45-50nm.
Hnh 2.20 H s li Raman thay i theo chnh lch bc sng ca tn hiu

v ngun bm (wavelength offset) [4].
Nu di tn ca cc tn hiu cn khuch i Raman ln hn bng thng li

ca khuch i Raman (gi s 40nm), cn phi s dng nhiu ngun bm khc
nhau. Mi ngun bm c bc sng cch nhau khong 40 nm (bng vi bng thng
li). Khi , di tn ln ca cc tn hiu c th c khuch i mt cch hiu
qu (xem hnh 2.21(a)). Tuy nhin, do c tnh khuch i ca khuch i Raman v

do khong ca cc bc sng bm, bng thng li tng cng c dng gn sng

nh hnh 2.21(b).
Vi u im bng thng li ln, khuch i Raman c quan tm n
trong cc ng dng thng tin quang. Tuy nhin hiu sut li ca khuch i
Raman khng cao. t c h s khuch i ln, cn phi s dng cng sut
bm tng i cao.
Hnh 2.21 (a)Vi khong cch cc ngun bm 40nm, cc knh nm trong di tn

rng c khuch i; (b) Gn li do khuch i Raman v do khong
cch n ngun bm [4].
V d 2.1:
Xc nh cng sut bm cho khuch i Raman t c li G = 30dB?
Bit li t gi tr nh gR = 6.10-14m/W ti bc sng 1550nm; din tch mt ct
ngang (cross-sectional area) ca nh sng bm trong si quang ap = 50m2.
Gi i:
H s li ca khuch i Raman c xc nh bi cng thc sau [2]:
g() = gR().(PP/ap) (2.20)
li trn mt on si quang di L [2]: G() = exp[g()L]
Vi G = 30dB, suy ra gL 6.7. Th vo cng thc (2.20) ta thu c PP = 5W
khi L = 1km.
C th gim cng sut ngun bm bng cch tng chiu di ca si quang.
Tuy nhin khi , cn tnh n suy hao si quang.
3. u khuyt im ca khuch i Raman
So vi cc loi khuch i quang khc, khuch i Raman c nhng u im sau:
Tp m nhiu thp.
Cu trc n gin, khng cn si c bit.
D chn bng tn.

C th t c bng thng rng nh kt hp vi laser bm.

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im b khuch i Raman cng c nhng
nhc im nh sau:
Xuyn m gia cc knh tn hiu do hin tng tn x Raman kch thch SRS.
y l mt trong cc hiu hng phi tuyn ca si quang c th gy nh hng
n cht lng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.
H s khuch i thp.
Hiu sut khuch i thp hn so vi EDFA: khuch i Raman cn mt cng
sut bm ln hn t cng mt gi tr li
V. TCH LY NHIU TRONG H THNG THNG TIN

QUANG C LI DI
Trong cc h thng thng tin quang c li di, cc b khuch i quang thng
c mc ni tip vi nhau b suy hao ca si quang cng nh suy hao do hn
ni dc theo tuyn quang. Nhiu do b khuch i ny to ra l yu t chnh nh
hng n cht lng ca ng truyn. C hai l do. Th nht, trong mt chui
cc b khuch i quang mc ni tip, nhiu ASE tch ly qua nhiu b khuch i
v lm gim h s tn hiu trn nhiu quang (optical SNR) khi s b khuch i tng
ln. Th hai, khi cng sut nhiu tng ln, n lm bo ha khuch i quang v lm
gim li ca khuch i quang trn ng truyn. Kt qu l cng sut tn hiu
gim trong khi mc nhiu ASE tng ln. R rng, nu s b khuch i nhiu, t s
SNR s gim nhiu my thu v t s bit li BER tng vt mc cho php.
Hnh 2.22 minh ha s thay i ca cng sut tn hiu trn mt knh, cng
sut nhiu ASE trn mt knh v t s SNR dc theo mt chui by b khuch i
quang mc ni tip trong mt tuyn quang WDM. Cng sut tn hiu vo bt u ti
mc cng sut 6dBm v b suy gim do suy hao si quang khi truyn dc ng
truyn. Khi cng sut tn hiu gim xung -24dBm, n c khuch i ln 6dBm
bi mt b khuch i quang. Gi s cng sut nhiu ASE trong mi b khuch i
bng nhau PASE = -22 dBm.
Ti ng ra b khuch i quang th 1, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN (1) = PASE = -22 dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps = 6dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = 6 (-22) = 28dB
Ti ng vo b khuch i th 2, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN(1) = -22 dBm 30dB = - 52dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps(2) = -24 dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = -24 (-52) = 28dB

Hnh 2.22 S suy gim t s SNR v tng nhiu ASE khi s b khuch i quang
tng
SNR quang (dB)

(dBm)
Ti b khuch i th 2, tn hiu v nhiu u c khuch i vi li G =

6 (-24) = 30dB. Ti ng ra b khuch i th 2, ta c:
Cng sut nhiu PN (2) = G. PN (1) + PASE = -19 dBm
Cng sut tn hiu: Ps = 6dBm
T s SNR = Ps PN = 6 (-19) = 25 dB
Nh vy, t s SNR gim i 3dB.
Thc hin tnh ton tng t cho cc b khuch i tip theo, ta c t s SNR
= 22dB v PN = -16dBm ti b khuch i th 4.
Qua , ta c nhn xt nh sau:
li cng cao th cng sut nhiu cng tng nhanh
SNR gim nhanh ti cc b khuch i u tin v gim chm dn khi s9 b
khuch i tng.
Trong v d ny, SNR gim 3dB khi s b khuch i tng t 1 ln 2, nhng
SNR ch gim 3dB khi s b khuch i tng t 2 ln 4 v t 4 ln 8.
CU HI N TP
2.1. Trnh by cu trc v nu nhim v ca mt trm lp quang in?
2.2. Phn tch nhng u im ca khuch i quang so vi trm lp quang in?
T hy cho bit ng dng ca khuch i quang v trm lp quang in
trong h thng thng tin quang?

2.3. Trnh by cu to tng qut v nguyn l hot ng ca mt b khuch i

quang?
2.4. Cng sut ra bo ha (saturation output power) l g? Thng s ny c nh
hng nh th no n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang?
2.5. Nhiu ASE l g? Nhiu ASE c nh hng nh th no i vi cht lng
ca h thng truyn dn quang?
2.6. Hy so snh nhim v v cc yu cu k thut ca khuch i cng sut,
khuch i ng dy v tin khuch i?
2.7. Hy trnh by nhim v ca b tin khuch i trong h thng truyn dn
quang? Cc vn cn quan tm khi thit k mt b tin khuch i?
2.8. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i Fabry-Perot (FPA)
v khuch i sng chy (TWA)?
2.9. So snh cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn
(SOA) v laser Fabry-Perot?
2.10. Ti sao khuch i Fabry-Perot (FPA) khng c s dng lm khuch i
quang trong h thng thng tin quang?
2.11. Trnh by cc nguyn nhn gy nn nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk) trong SOA?
Nhiu xuyn m ny c nh hng nh th no n cht lng ca h thng
truyn dn quang WDM khi s dng SOA lm b khuch i?
2.12. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA? EDFA c c im g
khc vi cc loi khuch i quang si (OFA) khc?
2.13. Hy cho bit nhim v ca b cch ly (isolator) trong cu trc ca mt b
khuch i EDFA? iu g s xy ra nu khng s dng cc b isolator ny?
2.14. Da vo gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+, trnh by qu trnh khuch
i tn hiu quang?
2.15. Trnh by nhng u im ca vic s dng ngun bm c bc sng 980 nm
so vi ngun bm c bc sng 1480nm? T hy nu cc ng dng ca
EDFA s dng ngun bm c bc sng 980 nm trong h thng truyn dn
quang.
2.16. Trnh by nhng u im ca vic s dng ngun bm c bc sng 1480
nm so vi ngun bm c bc sng 980nm? T hy nu cc ng dng
ca EDFA s dng ngun bm c bc sng 1480 nm trong h thng truyn
dn quang.
2.17. So snh v nu ng dng ca vic bm thun v bm nghch trong EDFA?
2.18. Hy cho bit u im ca k thut bm kp (dual pumping) so vi bm mt
chiu?
2.19. Trnh by cc phng php lm phng ph li ca EDFA?

2.20. Chiu di ca si quang pha Erbium (EDF) v cng sut ca ngun bm c

nh hng nh th no n ph li ca EDFA?
2.21. Trnh by cc yu t nh hng n li ca EDFA? Yu t no l quan
trng nht? Gii thch.
2.22. Trnh by cc u im ca EDFA so vi SOA khi s dng lm b khuch
i trong h thng WDM?
2.23. Thi gian pht x t pht l g? Thi gian pht x t pht c nh hng nh
th no i cht lng ca khuch i quang?
2.24. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l khuch i ca khuch i Raman?
2.25. Ngun bm s dng trong khuch i Raman c g khc vi ngun bm
c s dng trong EDFA?
2.26. Trnh by u khuyt im ca khuch i quang Raman so vi EDFA?
2.27. Trnh by nh hng ca nhiu ASE i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang
c ly di s dng cc b khuch i EDFA mc ni tip?
2.28. Trnh by phn tnh ton t s SNR ti cc b khuch i trong v d hnh
2.21?
2.29. Xc nh c ly ti a c th lp t ca mt tuyn quang s dng cc b
khuch i ng dy EDFA c li 20 dB ni tip nhau. Bit khong
cch lp t gia cc b khuch i l L. Ti ng ra ca my pht, SNR = 26
dB, cng sut pht ca tn hiu PT = 1mW. Suy hao trung bnh ca si quang
= 0.2dB/km ti bc sng hot ng = 1550nm. T s SNR nh nht
thit b thu c th hot ng c l: SNRmin = 18 dB. B qua suy hao do
hn ni v nhiu do si quang to ra.
2.30. Ngun bm c s dng cho EDFA c bc sng:
a. 1310 nm hoc 1550 nm. b. 980 nm hoc 1480 nm.
c. T 1530 nm n 1560 nm. d. 850 nm hoc 1480 nm.
2.31. Ngun bm c s dng cho khuch i Raman khuch i tn hiu
trong bng C c bc sng:
a. 1310 nm hoc 1550 nm. b. 980 nm hoc 1480 nm.
c. T 1530 nm n 1560 nm. d. T 1430 nm n 1460 nm.
2.32. c im ging nhau gia FPA v laser bn dn l:
a. C lp chng phn x.
b. Hot ng ch t dao ng.
c. C s hi tip xy ra trong vng tch cc.
d. Hot ng da trn hin tng pht x t pht.
2.33. u im ca khuch i EDFA so vi khuch i Raman l:

a. Hiu sut li ln.

b. C th bm nhiu bc sng khc nhau.
c. C th khuch i tn hiu bng L.
d. Nhiu ASE thp.
2.34. u im ca khuch i quang so vi trm lp quang in:
a. li ln v nhiu thp.
b. D ch to v gi thnh r.
c. C th khuch i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng lc.
d. C kh nng phc hi li dng xung v nh thi.
2.35. Nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang Raman da trn:
a. Hin tng phi tuyn SRS xy ra trong si quang.
b. Hp th, pht x t pht v pht x kch thch.
c. Pht x kch thch v khng c s hi tip v cng hng.
d. S hi tip v cng hng xy ra trong vng tch cc
2.36. Si quang c s dng trong khuch i Raman c khc vi si quang
trong EDFA:
a. Nng tp cht thp hn. b. Khng pha tp cht t him.
c. C chiu di ngn hn. d. L si quang silica.
2.37. Ngun nhiu chnh trong khuch i quang c to ra do:
a. Hin tng bo ha cng sut.
b. Hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang.
c. Hin tng pht x t pht.
d. Hin tng pht x kch thch.
2.38. SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h thng truyn
dn quang v:
a. Nhiu xuyn m ln. b. Kh ch to, gi thnh cao.
c. Cng sut ra bo ha cao. d. Ch khuch i c trong bng C.
2.39. Trng thi nghch o nng trong EDFA t c bng cch:
a. Dng in phn cc.
b. Tn hiu quang c cng sut ln.
c. Si quang c pha ion Er3+.
d. Bm nh sng c bc sng 980 nm.

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2001.

2. Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, 2002.
3. Stamatios V.Kartalopoulos, DWDM - Networks, Devices, And
Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.
4. D. K. Mynbaev and L. L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications
Technology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001.
5. Denis J.G. Mestdagh, Fundamentals of Multiaccess Optical Fiber
Networks, Artech House, Inc., Boston, 1995.
6. Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N.Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A practical
Perspective, Academic Press, 2002.

CHNG 3
TRUYEN TAI IP/WDM
I. GII THIU CHUNG

1. Xu hng tch hp IP qua WMD
Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch v
mng mi, do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc loi giao
thc khc. Hng nm, lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4 ln. n nm
2002, lu lng s t n gp 8 ln lu lng thoi [1].
Trong khi IP c xem nh cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh
WDM cung cp kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu hnh
mm do ca cc b OXC cho php xy dng mng quang linh hot hn, nh
cc ng quang (lightpath) c th c thit lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng
thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc
c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v cung cp kh nng
khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh
cung cp thit b.
c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM c
ngh: IP/ATM/SDH qua WDM, IP/SDH qua WDM,... Tuy nhin vic qun l
mng theo cc phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy
nn s phc tp trong qun l chnh l s phn lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao
thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt nhiu lp c lp, do c nhiu chc
nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s mu thun ln nhau. V vy,
mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l mng mt cch trit
l gim s lp giao thc.
Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v
WDM tng ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp
trung gian to nn mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin,
cc lp trung gian cng cung cp mt s chc nng c gi tr nh k thut lu lng
(Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng chc nng ny cn phi c gi li
trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc xung lp quang.

T ngi ta mi ngh n cng ngh IP qua WDM. y l mt cng ngh

mi tuy rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch ca n, th trng
rng ln v tng lai sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t ang trin khai cng
tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP qua WDM cung cp kh nng truyn dn trc tip
gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s trng lp chc nng gia cc lp mng, gim
b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp SDH/SONET, ATM, gim thao tc thit b,
dn n gim chi ph bo dng v qun l. Do khng phi qua lp SDH v ATM
nn gi s liu c hiu sut truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht.
Ngoi ra cn c th phi hp vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn
dng bng tn nhm gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu
bao. R rng y l mt kt cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt
thch hp s dng cho cc mng ng trc.
Hnh 3.1 Xu hng tch hp mng Internet v quang [2].
Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut

chuyn mch quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin ng v
hot ng lin mng ca lp quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ha cp
bch nht hin nay. Cc t chc v din n quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking
Forum), IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp nn cc phng php xc
nh vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP.
2. Cu trc mng IP/WDM
Kin trc tng qut ca cc mng quang IP qua WDM (Internet quang) c
m t nh hnh 3.2. Hnh 3.2 th hin nhiu mng quang tn ti trong min quang,
trong giao din ENNI (External Network-to-Network Interface) c s dng
bo hiu gia cc mng quang vi nhau. Mt mng quang ring l bao gm cc
mng quang nh hn v bo hiu gia chng s dng giao din INNI (Internal
Network-to-Network Interface). V mt mng quang nh hn gm nhiu nt
mng quang (cc b OXC) c ni vi nhau bi si quang. Cc mng khch hng
nh IP, ATM, SONET giao tip vi mng quang thng qua giao din UNI (User-to-
Network Interface). Cc k thut chuyn mch quang quyt nh loi dch v m
mng quang c th cung cp cho cc mng khch hng

Chng 3: Truyn ti IP/WDM 157
Hnh 3.2 Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP qua WDM [3].
3. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM

Hin nay c hai xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng IP/WDM.
l m hnh xp chng (Overlay) hay cn gi l m hnh khch-ch (Client-Sever),
tc l t ton b s iu khin cho lp quang chnh lp quang. Xu hng th hai
l m hnh ngang hng (Peer), tc l dch chuyn mt phn iu khin ln b nh
tuyn IP
Hnh 3.3 minh ha hai m hnh tch hp IP vo mng WDM ang c cc t
chc chun ha theo ui. M hnh ngang hng da trn gi thit l vic iu khin
lp quang c chuyn sang thc hin lp IP. M hnh ny xem xt kin trc
mng di quan im nh tuyn gi. Trong khi m hnh xp chng da trn
gi thit iu khin lp quang l c lp v lp quang to nn mt nn m cho ni
kt ng ca nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau bao gm c IP. M hnh ny xem xt kin
trc mng trn quan im chuyn mch knh.
C hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c tp dng
mt li vi nn iu khin IP da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. ng
dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l chuyn mch nhn a giao
thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao
thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p ng cho mng th h sau.
Qu trnh iu khin thng nht xuyn sut cc lp s liu v quang s n gin qu
trnh qun l mng c nhiu lp v ci thin hiu qu s dng ti nguyn thng qua
k thut lu lng gia cc lp. Trong bi cnh ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn IP
lm n by cho vic nhn bit tp mng v cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s
dng cho thit lp t ng. Ngoi ra s dng cc giao thc ny cho iu khin lp
quang s gip cc nh sn xut thit b m bo tnh tng thch nh c cc tiu

chun rt ph bin. Do vy xu hng chung l s dng IP cho c ba mt phng chc

nng ca mng: d liu, iu khin v qun l.
Hnh 3.3 Hai cu trc tch hp mng quang [4].
UNI
UNI
NNI
UNI UNI
Mo hnh xep chong
Thong tin topo,

bao hieu, ieu
khien
NNI
Mo hnh ngang hang
Mc d cc m hnh tch hp u s dng kin trc iu khin theo IP, nhng

chng qun l cc ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn mt phng iu khin quang s
iu khin qu trnh thit lp bc sng quang ng nh cc router bin c ni
vi mng quang. Khi ti router xy ra tc nghn th h thng qun l mng hay
chnh router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng. Sau cc chuyn mch quang
s to knh quang mi p ng nhu cu ca router. V vy, thit lp bc sng
ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng.
Vi m hnh xp chng th cho php mi router giao tip trc tip vi mng
quang thng qua giao din UNI. Giao din gia cc mng con c thc hin
thng qua giao din NNI. M hnh giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong
mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh mng ISDN. Trong m hnh ny, mi
mng con s tin trin c lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc mng a cc
cng ngh mi m khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc

cn c th p ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l cc

nh khai thc c th tm thy c trong mi trng mng quang nhiu nh cung
cp, n cho php thc hin c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh cc giao
din UNI v NNI.
Vi m hnh ngang hng cng h tr cho thit lp lung ng bng cch s
dng cc lung u cui bin mng quang v cho php qun l chng t xa. M
hnh ngang hng gi nh rng cc router iu khin lp mng quang. Mi quan h
gia router IP v OXC l bnh ng v mt iu khin. V vy v mt bo hiu v
nh tuyn s khng c s phn bit no gia UNI, NNI v giao din gia cc
router. Trong m hnh ny cn mt khi lng ln thng tin trng thi v iu khin
chuyn qua li gia lp IP v quang. Do s kh hn cho vic kt ni trong mi
trng nhiu nh khai thc khi so vi m hnh xp chng.
Mi m hnh c u im ring, c bit m hnh xp chng c u im ni
tri l kh nng tng thch d dng. V kin trc th m hnh xp chng trc tip v
n gin hn. Vi kin trc ngang hng cn c thm cc thng tin gia lp IP v
quang qun l cc lung u cui chuyn ln lung quang. Khi lng ln thng
tin trng thi v iu khin ny bao gm s truyn thng trc tip gia cc router
bin ca mng quang v s truyn thng tin trong bn thn mng quang.
M hnh xp chng cho php i mi ti lp quang c lp vi lp IP trong
khi vn cung cp kh nng kt ni tng thch cn thit cho cc dch v nhanh m
vn duy tr tnh ton vn thng tin ca nh khai thc mng quang. Tuy nhin, m
hnh ngang hng cho php tch hp hon ton IP/quang to nn mng Internet quang
thng nht. Do vic s dng v qun l mng tr nn hiu qu hn, ph hp vi
cc ISP hn. Ngoi ra m hnh ngang hng gn hn vi xu hng chuyn mch gi
quang trong tng lai.
II. IP V GIAO THC NH TUYN

1. IPv4 v IPv6
a ch IP (IP address) l a ch giao thc mng. a ch IPv4 gm c 32 bit,
chia thnh bn octet, mi octet l mt byte. a ch IP c chia thnh nm lp A,
B, C, D v E. Gi s Net_ID v Host_ID ln lt l phn nh danh mng v trm.
a ch IP c biu din di dng < Net_ID> < Host_ID>. C th biu din a
ch IP di dng nh phn v thp phn. Gi s n v h ln lt l bit ch mng v
trm. a ch IP c phn lp, vi bit lp ca lp A, B, C, D, E ln lt l 0, 10,
110, 1110, 11110.
Vi IPv4 chng ta c 232 (4,3 t) a ch. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh hin
nay, hu nh tt c cc thit b in t trong tng lai s tch hp dch v IP, v th
khng gian a ch ca IPv4 tr nn cht hp.

IPv6 l s m rng ca IPv4, trong n dng 64 bit cho phn phn nh

danh mng v 64 bit cho phn nh danh trm. Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta s c 2128
a ch. iu ny c ngha l trung bnh mt c nhn trn th gii s c vo khong
51028 a ch IP (xem nh trn th gii c vo khong 6,5 t ngi). Nh vy vi
IPv6 chng ta c th m bo khng gian a ch cho tt c cc thit b in t
tch hp dch v IP trong tng lai. iu ny lm tin cho s pht trin lu lng
s ngy cng mnh m v bn vng. Chi tit v IPv6 c gi c th tham kho ti
RFC 2460.
2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP
a) Khi nim
nh tuyn IP l qu trnh chuyn lu lng ngi dng t ngun n ch.
Rt nhiu loi thng tin c th c nh tuyn nh th in t, cuc gi thoi
Trong mng, b nh tuyn (router) l thit b c dng nh tuyn cho lu
lng. Router cn da vo bng nh tuyn tm ra tuyn ng chuyn gi tin i.
Bng nh tuyn thng gm ba thnh phn chnh l kiu giao thc mng, a ch
mng ch v giao din gi ra.
nh tuyn c ba chc nng chnh:
Chc nng u tin l ng gi v phn tn cc thng tin trng thi lu lng
ngi dng v mng. Thng tin trng thi ny bao gm v tr hin ti v cc yu
cu dch v ngi dng; cc dch v c cung cp v cc ti nguyn sn c
trong mng; cc quyn v vic s dng cc dch v v ti nguyn ny. Cc
thng tin trng thi c th bao gm gi tr o t mng hay t cc ngun bn
ngoi. Cc thng tin ny s c dng to ra cc quyt nh chn ng.
Chc nng th hai l to ra v la chn cc ng thch hp (v c th l ti u)
da trn cc thng tin trng thi ca ngi dng v mng. Con ng thch hp
l con ng tho mn c tt c cc yu cu rng buc gia ngi dng v
mng. ng ti u l con ng thch hp tt nht ng vi tng giao thc
nh tuyn c th.
Chc nng cui cng l chuyn tip lu lng ngi dng trn cc con ng
chn. Lu lng c th c chuyn tip theo hng kt ni hay khng kt
ni. Chuyn tip hng kt ni yu cu hng chuyn tip phi c thit lp
trc v sau d liu s c c truyn i trn cc hng thit lp ny.
Chuyn tip khng kt ni cho lu lng ngi dng c chuyn i da
vo cc thng tin chuyn tip ca chnh n, cc gi d liu c th i theo cc
hng khc nhau n ch.
b) nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
Da vo cch thc cng nh tc phn hi li cc thay i v trng thi ca
mng hay trng thi ca lu lng ngi dng, nh tuyn c chia ra lm hai loi
l nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng.

nh tuyn tnh: H thng nh tuyn tnh l h thng m s nh tuyn lun gi

c nh, c lp vi trng thi hin thi ca mng cng nh cc lu lng ngi
dng. nh tuyn tnh c da trn s d on hn l da vo cc hot ng
thc t ca ngi dng v mng. Trong hu ht cc h thng nh tuyn tnh,
nh tuyn l mt phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh thit k mng. Tuy
nhin, qu trnh nh tuyn li xy ra khng thng xuyn.
nh tuyn ng: nh tuyn ng t ng cp nht nh tuyn bng cch p
dng ngay nhn thc v s thay i trng thi ca ngi dng v ca mng. S
thay i khng ch l trng thi ca cc lin kt m cn l s dao ng gia lu
lng ngi dng v mng. Tuy nhin nh tuyn ng li i hi b nh v ti
nguyn tnh ton trong mng cho vic thu thp cc thng tin thi gian thc v
a ra cc quyt nh iu khin.
c) nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
Bng 3.1 Tm tt nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh

tuyn trng thi lin kt.
nh tuyn vc t khong cch nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
n gin, d ci t. Phc tp.
Ly d liu cu hnh mng t thng tin Hiu cu hnh ca lin mng hin ti bng
trong bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging. cch tch lu tt c cc LSA.
Mi router xc nh con ng tt nht Mi router lm vic mt cch c lp

bng cch cng nhng gi tr o tnh con ng ngn nht ca n ti mng
(metric), thng l s hop m n nhn ch.
c khi thng tin nh tuyn c
chuyn t router ti router.
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mt cch Ch cp nht khi c s thay i v cu hnh

nh k. mng.
Thng ip cp nht thng tin nh tuyn Ch gi nhng thng tin cp nht cn thit,
ln, do sao chp ton b bng nh tuyn. tc ch gi nhng thay i m thi.
Thng tin nh tuyn ch c trao i vi Thng tin nh tuyn c gi cho tt c

lng ging bng cch broastcast. cc router bng cch flooding.
Giao thc nh tuyn cung cp cu hnh nh tuyn ng. Hu ht cc giao

thc nh tuyn c th c phn thnh mt trong hai loi c bn: nh tuyn vc t
khong cch (distance-vector) v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (link-state). Giao
thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch xc nh mt ng i tt nht ti mt ch da
trn hng (vector) v khong cch (distance) ti ch . Giao thc nh tuyn

trng thi lin kt tnh li cu hnh chnh xc ca lin mng hin ti hay t nht l v
tr ca cc router.
nh tuyn vc t khong cch hot ng bng cch mi router duy tr mt
bng cho bit khong cch tt nht c bit ti mi ch n v lin kt no c
dng i n . Nhng bng ny c cp nht bng cch trao i thng tin vi
router lng ging. Bng nh tuyn ca mt router c bn bao gm cc bn ghi nh
tuyn. Mi bn ghi thng gm cc thng tin c trong ba trng (ch n, khong
cch, hop k tip).
Trong khi thut ton vc t khong cch khng c thng tin c bit g v
nhng mng xa v cc router xa th thut ton trng thi lin kt duy tr y
thng tin v nhng router xa v cch chng lin kt vi nhau. nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt dng thng ip qung co trng thi lin kt LSA (Link State
Advertisements), mt c s d liu cu hnh mng, thut ton SPF v mt bng nh
tuyn gm cc con ng cng ng ra tng ng n cc mng. Giao thc nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt trao i thng tin nh tuyn.
d) Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt
trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng AS. RIP dng nh tuyn vc t
khong cch nn chn hop count lm metric v dng thut ton Bellman Ford xy
dng bng nh tuyn. RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch, ch dng
hop count khi thit lp quyt nh nh tuyn. Khi mt gi d liu i qua mt router
th RIP xem nh l mt hop. Nu tn ti hai tuyn c tc hoc bng thng khng
bng nhau n cng mt ch nhng cng hop count, th RIP xem c hai tuyn l
cng khong cch, y r rng l mt hn ch ca giao thc nh tuyn ny.
Router s broadcast thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh sau mt chu k, chng hn
l 30s. Mi thng tin cp nht tuyn thng gm hai phn l a ch mng v khong
cch n c mng ny. ng thi, cc router s lng nghe cc thng tin nh
tuyn trn mng cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh da vo khong cch ngn
nht tc l s hop nh nht.
e) Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF

Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First) l mt trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng h t tr AS. OSPF
dng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt nn dng metric da trn bng thng v thut
ton Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. OSPF c dng nh tuyn trong
mt vng hay gia nhiu vng. OSPF c hi t nhanh v c c t chi tit
trong RFC 2328.
f) Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP

Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP (Distance Vector
Mutlicast Routing Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn multicast u tin c pht

trin cho Internet. DVMRP c th thc thi trong mt mi trng khng phi tt
c cc router trong mng c kh nng chuyn tip v nh tuyn multicast. iu ny
t c bi DVMRP chy mt thut ton nh tuyn unicast ring, tng t nh
RIP, quyt nh cc con ng ngn nht gia tt c cc router c kh nng
multicast. DVMRP s dng k thut flood-and-prune thit lp cc cy da trn
ngun. V chi tit, DVMRP c c t trong RFC 1075.
g) Multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha tht PIM-SM
Multicast c lp giao thc PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) bao gm
hai ch l multicast c lp giao thc - ch dy c PIM-DM (Protocol
Independent Multicast Dense Mode) v multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha
tht PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode). PIM c th hot
ng trn nh ca bt c cc giao thc nh tuyn no, v l do m c ci tn
giao thc multicast c lp. Nhng PIM yu cu tt c cc router trong mng c kh
nng multicast. PIM-DM v PIM-SM, theo th t, th c nhiu mt tng t nh
DVMRP v CBT. V th, phn ny ch trnh by PIM-SM.
PIM-SM s dng cy phn phi chia s phn phi cc lung d liu
multicast. Trong cy chia s c mt im t l RP chu trch nhim lin lc vi cc
ngun multicast v lin lc vi cc trm con nhm xy dng ng i ngn nht t
ngun n ch phn phi d liu multicast. C th c nhiu RP trn mng nhng
ch c mt RP duy nht cho mi nhm multicast. V chi tit, PIM-SM c c t
trong RFC 2362.
III. MPLS, GMPLS v MPS

1. MPLS
Mt khuyt im ca nh tuyn IP l kh nng km linh hot trong vic thay
i ng truyn d liu dn n tnh trng nghn nt c chai. Nguyn nhn l
do cc gi IP ch truyn theo mt ng c nh da theo qu trnh nh tuyn ban
u. Chnh v vy, vn cn bng lu lng kh thc hin khi lu lng tp
trung vo mt tuyn no . Thm vo vic nh tuyn gia cc gi IP c lp
vi nhau mc d trong thc t nhiu gi IP c mi quan h vi nhau, v d c cng
ch n, cng mt loi lu lng, cng mt cp u tin... Ngoi ra, s tch bit
gia k thut nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc l nhiu im yu trong xu hng
m rng v hi t ca mng my tnh ngy nay. Cc nhc im bao gm: kh
nng m rng, xy dng mng ring o, qun l cht lng dch v, iu khin lu
lng mng...
Chnh v l k thut MPLS chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ra i vn
chuyn cc gi IP qua cc mng bng phng php chuyn mch gi o. MPLS l
cng ngh kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn linh hot lp ba v
chuyn mch lp hai cho php truyn gi nhanh trong mng li. Trc khi thm

nhp vo mng MPLS th cc gi IP s c cc thit b nh tuyn bin ca mng

MPLS gn thm cc nhn vn dng k thut ni-chuyn mch o. V trc khi
ri khi mng MPLS cc nhn ny s b ct b tr li dng nguyn thu ca cc
gi IP bi cc thit b nh tuyn vng bin. Phng php ny dng vn chuyn
d liu nhanh vi bng thng ln (nh l m thanh, phim nh...) v n c th hot
ng trong trng hp c nhiu chuyn vn nhiu loi d liu trong cng mt mng.
Chuyn mch knh o da vo nhn gip cho vic nh tuyn d liu din ra
nhanh chng so vi trng hp nh tuyn IP truyn thng, v n khng phi x l
cc mo u qu phc tp nh trong mng IP v ngoi ra n c th thc thi qu trnh
chuyn mch mm mt cch linh ng. Nh vo s phn loi cc gi d liu bng
cc thm vo cc mt s trng u tin trong gi MPLS, ta c th m bo vn
QoS cho mng IP.
2. GMPLS v MPS
Nh trnh by phn trn, ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng
cn gi l chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu khin
GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng
IP p ng cho mng th h sau. Mng GMPL vi nhng ci tin v nh tuyn v
bo hiu m rng vng iu khin trn c min quang. Mng GMPLS khng ch
c kh nng chuyn cc gi tin m cn c th chuyn mch cc d liu TDM, lamda
quang (nn cn c gi l MPS). Trong GMPLS, mt phng iu khin v mt
phng d liu c tch ring, ng thi cc lp s dng chung mt mt phng iu
khin gip cho GMPLS c kh nng thit lp cc ng quang (light path) mt cch
nhanh chng v chun xc theo yu cu ca lp IP.
IV. NH TUYN MNG IP/WDM

1. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM
a) Gii thiu bi ton
Hin c ba k thut chuyn mch quang trong mng IP: chuyn mch knh
quang OCS, chuyn mch gi quang OPS v chuyn mch khi quang OBS. ng
vi mi loi chuyn mch s c mt s k thut nh tuyn v chn bc sng.
Trong cun sch ny, cc vn ch cp n chuyn mch OCS, bi ton nh
tuyn v chn bc sng ch gii hn cho mng OCS. Trong mng OCS c s dng
khi nim lightpath dng ch knh bc sng ni nt ngun vi nt ch thng
qua cc nt trung gian. Cc d liu mun truyn t nt ny n nt khc trong mng
chuyn mch knh quang th cn thit lp lightpath trc. Qu trnh thit lp
lightpath cn tha mn hai rng buc:
Rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng (Wavelength-Continuity Constraint):
nhng kt ni chia s chung mt si phi s dng nhng bc sng khc nhau.

Rng buc v s gn knh tch bit nhau (Distinct Channel Assignment

Constraint): mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng dc theo tuyn ca n.
Cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang, trc ht
chng ta cn tm mt ng i tt nht gia hai nt u cui (bi ton nh tuyn).
Sau , ta cn xc nh chn bc sng no thit lp lightpath (bi ton gn bc
sng). C hai loi yu cu kt ni tiu biu l yu cu tnh v yu cu ng. thit
lp cc lightpath vi mi loi yu cu ny, ta cng c hai loi bi ton nh tuyn v
gn bc sng tnh S-RWA v ng D-RWA. Trong mc ny, chng ti trnh bi
v bi ton S-RWA trc. Bi ton D-RWA s c trnh by trong phn 2. nh
tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA).
Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA hay cn c gi l bi
ton thit lp lightpath tnh SLE c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
Cho trc tp vt l, tc l cc nt mng v cc lin kt vt l c cho trc.
Cho trc tp cc yu cu kt ni hoc ma trn lu lng tnh t xc nh
cc yu cu kt ni.
Thch hp cho dng trng thi lu lng c bit trc v c tnh n nh, s
thay i ch din ra trong khong thi gian di (nh trong cc mng ng trc)
Trong bi ton S-RWA, ng dn v bc sng c xc nh trc cho tng
kt ni, khng ph thuc vo s thay i thng tin trng thi ang din ra trn
mng. Khi ng dn v bc sng c xc nh, cc b OXC ti cc nt
mng c lp trnh thit lp cc lightpath c ch nh trc.
Mc tiu:
Ti thiu ha s bc sng cn s dng.
Hoc ti a s kt ni c th thit lp ng vi mt s lng bc sng v mt
tp kt ni cho trc.
Vi cng ngh hin ti, ta lun c mt gii hn trn v s lng bc sng c
th c trong mt si quang (hay lin kt). V nu gii php tm c s dng nhiu
bc sng hn gii hn ny th xem nh khng kh thi trong thc t. V vy vic
gii bi ton S-RWA cng s tr li cu hi liu tp vt l hin ti c th p ng
c yu cu lu lng hay khng. Nu khng th ta phi thm vo mng cc
lin kt mi.
Sau y ta s xt n m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA. ng vi mi mc
tiu trong hai mc tiu trn, ta c mt m hnh ton ring.
Trc ht ta xt cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh nhm tha mc tiu ti
thiu s lng bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt.

t sdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt

ch d s dng bc sng w. Ta gi s rng c th c hai hay nhiu hn cc
lightpath cn thit lp gia mi cp nt, nhng mi lightpath phi s dng mt
bc sng ring. Do sdw 1 .
t Fijsdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt

ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w. Tng t, ta cng c Fijsdw 1 v
mt bc sng trn mt lin kt ch c php gn cho mt lightpath.
Cho trc mt tp mng vt l, mt tp cc bc sng v mt ma trn lu
lng trong mi phn t sd ch s kt ni cn thit lp gia ngun s v
ch d.
Bi ton S-RWA c th c cng thc ha nh sau:
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha Fmax

Sao cho:
Fmax F
s ,d ,w
sdw
ij i, j
sdw ( s = j )

F sdw
ij Fjksdw = sdw (d = j )
i k 0 ( s j d j )

w
sdw = sd
Fijsdw = 0,1
F
s ,d
sdw
ij 1
Cch tip cn ny c s dng t c s lng bc sng cn dng nh

nht. Hoc vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta c th gii m hnh ny xem th c
tm c li gii khng. Nu khng tm c li gii th th li vi mt tp bc
sng ln hn v lp li n khi s bc sng nh nht c tm thy.
Vi mc tiu th hai (ti a ho s lng kt ni c thit lp cho mt tp
bc sng c nh v mt tp cc yu cu kt ni cho trc), ta cng c th c m
hnh ton nh sau:
Trng hp khng c b chuyn i bc sng:
- Nsd : s lng cp nt ngun-ch.
- L: s lin kt c trong mng.
- W: s bc sng c th c trn mt lin kt.

- m = {mi}, i = 1, 2, , Nsd : s kt ni c thit lp cho mi cp ngun-ch i.

- : ti yu cu (s yu cu kt ni).
- q = {qi}, i = 1, 2, , Nsd : t l ti c p ng. Nh vy qi = s kt ni
c thit lp cho mi cp nt ngun ch i.
- P: tp cc ng m mt kt ni c th c nh tuyn trn .
- a = (aij): l mt ma trn P x Nsd trong aij = 1 nu ng I nm gia cp
ngun-ch i v aij = 0 nu tri li.
- b = (bij): l mt ma trn P x L trong bij = 1 nu lin kt j nm trn ng I
v bij = 0 nu tri li.
- c = (cij): ma trn nh tuyn v gn bc sng P x W, trong cij = 1 nu bc
sng j c gn vo ng i, ngc li th cij = 0.
Nsd
Mc tiu: cc i ha C 0 ( , q) = mi
i =1
Sao cho:
mi 0 (s nguyn, i = 1, 2, , Nsd)
cij {0,1} i = 1, 2, , P; j = 1, 2, , W
CTB 1WxL
m 1WCT A
mi qi i = 1,2,,Nsd
C0(,q) l s kt ni c thit lp trong mng. Bt phng trnh CTB 1WxL

c ngha l mt bc sng ch c dng ti a mt ln trong mt lin kt. 1WxL l
ma trn W x L trong cc phn t u bng 1. Bt phng trnh m 1WCTA v mi
qi m bo rng s kt ni c thit lp phi nh hn yu cu kt ni. 1W l ma
trn 1 x W trong cc phn t u bng 1.
Trng hp c chuyn i bc sng
Trong mng WDM nh tuyn theo bc sng, rng buc v tnh lin tc
bc sng c th c loi b nu nh ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng
chuyn d liu n trn mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh mt bc sng
khc ti mt nt trung gian trc khi chuyn tip n cc lin kt k tip. Cc
mng nh tuyn theo bc sng nh vy c gi l wavelength-convertible
networks. Mt lightpath trong mng ny c th s dng cc bc sng khc nhau
dc theo ng i. Nh cp trn, s chuyn i bc sng lm ci thin
hiu sut ca mng bng vic gii quyt vn xung t bc sng gia cc

lightpath. Thng thng, vi mt gii thut nh tuyn cho sn, s chuyn i

bc sng cung cp mt gii hn di v xc sut tc nghn c th t c ng
vi mt gii thut gn bc sng.
Sau y l m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc rng buc v tnh
lin tc bc sng:
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha Fmax

Sao cho:
Fmax F
s ,d ,w
sdw
ij i, j
sdw (s = j )

F sdw
ij F jksdw = sdw (d = j )
i k 0 ( s j d j )

Trong :
- sdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch
d s dng bc sng w.
- Fijsdw l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt
ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w.
Thng thng bi ton S-RWA c chia thnh hai bi ton ring r: bi ton
nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
b) Vn nh tuyn
Phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi ton S-
RWA l u tin phi xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni v sau l gn bc
sng cho chng. Ngay c khi nhng cng on ny khng c lp, ta cng thu c
mt cu hnh ngn nht tng i tt bng cch ny. Nhng kt ni thng c
gn mt ng ngn nht ni hai im u cui (bng cc thut ton thng dng
nh Dijkstra hay Floyd) v nhng ng di hn th s dng nhiu ti nguyn mng
v thng mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp hn. Nu c nhiu ng
ngn nht gia hai im th vic chn ng s mang tnh ngu nhin. Thng
thng, cu hnh ti u thu c bng cch chn cc ng ngn nht, tuy nhin
khng nht thit kt ni no cng l ng ngn nht (i khi dng ng di hn
ta c th trnh nhng tc nghn khng ng c trn mt lin kt no ).
c) Vn gn bc sng
Xt mng nh tuyn theo bc sng khng c kh nng chuyn i bc
sng. Nt c trng ca mng WDM l khng cho php hai kt ni s dng bc
sng ging nhau dng chung mt ng ni (s xung t bc sng). Khi cc tuyn
c c nh th vic cn li l gn bc sng kh thi cho chng sao cho s

lng bc sng c s dng trn mng l nh nht c th tha mn cc yu

cu cng ngh v s lng bc sng ti a trn mt si quang.
Bi ton gn bc sng tnh trong mt mng lin tc bc sng tng ng
vi bi ton t mu cho cc nt ca mt th v c thc hin bng cch xy
dng mt th G(V,E), trong V l tp cc nh, E l tp cc cnh. Theo , bi
ton gn bc sng tnh c thc hin nh sau:
Xy dng mt th G(V,E), trong mi lightpath trong h thng th hin
bng mt nh trong th G v tn ti mt cnh v hng gia hai nh trong
th G nu cc lightpath tng ng cng i qua mt lin kt si quang vt l.
T mu cho cc nh ca th G sao cho khng c hai nh k cn no c mu
ging nhau v s mu s dng l t nht.
Hnh 3.4 Yu cu thit lp kt ni v th chuyn i tng ng.
Hnh 3.4 minh ha cc chuyn t mt bi ton gn bc sng thnh mt bi

ton t mu th. Gi s c 5 lightpath cn thit lp l (0,5), (0,2), (1,3), (4,3) v

(4,5). Lightpath (0,5) v (0, 2) cng i qua lin kt vt l (0,1) v th c mt cnh ni

2 nh (0,5) v (0,2). Tng t, chng ta xy dng c th nh trong hnh 3.4.
Cc thut ton t mu th s thc hin vic t mu cho cc nh V(G) = {v1,
v2, , vn} ca th G theo mt th t no . Cc thut ton ny gm ba bc c
bn sau:
1. Sp xp cc nh.
2. Chn nh k tip t mu.
3. Chn mu.
C nhiu thut ton t mu th khc nhau, vic chn la gii thut no ty
thuc vo quyt nh ca nh qun l da trn c im ca mng. Sau y l mt
s phng php t mu thng dng (mi mu tng ng vi mt bc sng).
Thut ton Longest-First
Phng php Longest-First (tuyn di nht trc) ny kh n gin. Cc
lightpath s c sp xp theo th t t tuyn di nht n tuyn ngn nht. Mt
bc sng s c gn cho cc tuyn theo th t ny sao cho tha mn iu kin v
xung t bc sng. Sau ta chuyn sang gn bc sng k tip. Qu trnh ny
tip tc cho n khi ht s lightpath.
Thut ton Largest-First
Trong phng php ny, cc nh ca th c gn nhn li l v1, v2, , vn
sao cho deg(vi) deg(vi+1) vi i = 1, 2, , n-1 (n l s nt ca th G). Ti mi
bc, nt c bc ln nht c gn mt mu v xa i nhng ng ni ti n v do
lm gim bc cc nt k vi n. V vy sau mi bc s c mt s nt b gim
bc. iu ny m bo rng s mu dng t th l t nht.
Hnh 3.5 Yu cu kt ni cho v d minh ha.

Hnh 3.6 th chuyn i t tp yu cu kt ni.
Hnh 3.7 Minh ha thut ton Largest-First.
Bc 1 Bc 4
0 1 0
1 2 1 2
1 1
5 3 5 3
4 4
<1,3,4,5> <4>
Bc 2 Bc 5
1 0
1 0
1 2 1 2
1 1
5 3 5 3
2
4 4
<3,5,4>
Bc 3
1 0
1 2
1
5 3
<5,4>

Ta c th tnh c s mu cn thit t th bng cng thc sau:

X (G ) max{min (i,1 + deg(vi ))}
1 i n
r rng hn, ta hy xt mt v d sau: gn bc sng cho mng vi yu cu

kt ni nh trong hnh 3.5.
u tin, ta chuyn i tp yu cu kt ni thnh mt th (hnh 3.6).
Da vo bc ca cc nh, ta sp xp li theo th t < 2,1,3,4,5>. Ta thc hin
gn bc sng (t mu) cho nh c bc cao nht, sau loi n ra khi th. Sp
xp li cc nt cn li trong th v tip tc qu trnh cho n khi tt c cc nt u
c gn bc sng (hnh 3.7). Cui cng ta c c kt qu gn bc sng nh
bc 5.
2. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA)
a) Gii thiu
Trong bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-RWA hay cn c gi
l bi ton thit lp lightpath ng (DLE Dynamic Lightpath Establishment), ta
xem xt lu lng mng l ng. Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin mt cch ngu nhin
ty theo nhu cu lin lc gia cc nt mng. Cc kt ni ny c yu cu tn ti
trong mt khong thi gian cng ngu nhin. V th, cc lightpath khng ch c
thit lp ng m cn phi c gii phng ng.
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng thi
im yu cu kt ni xy ra. Mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin, cc thut ton D-
RWA phi thc hin xem xt liu ti nguyn mng c p ng yu cu kt
ni hay khng. Nu c th th thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn v gn bc sng ti
cc nt trung gian cn thit thit lp lightpath. Cn nu mt yu cu kt ni
khng c p ng do thiu ti nguyn th xem nh b nghn.
Khi qu trnh lin lc kt thc, kt ni c gii phng v v vy, bc sng
s dng c th c s dng li cho mt kt ni khc. Nh vy ta thy nh tuyn
ng tn dng bc sng tt hn. V mt kinh t, iu ny s em li li nhun nhiu
hn cho cc nh kinh doanh mng, gin tip gim chi ph cho cc thu bao.
Bi ton D-RWA c th c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin ngu nhin v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian
no .
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi mng hin ti v
phi c thc hin mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin.
Mc tiu:
Tn dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng cc i ha xc sut thit lp thnh cng
lightpath hay ti thiu ha s yu cu b nghn.

V nhu cu phi p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca mng, cc gii thut D-RWA

i hi phi n gin, phc tp tnh ton cng nh cng tt. Vic kt hp
gia nh tuyn v gn bc sng l rt kh gii quyt cng mt lc. Do ,
thng thng bi ton D-RWA cng c chia thnh 2 bi ton ring r: bi
ton nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
b) nh tuyn c nh (Fixed Routing)
Phng php n gin nht nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun chn cng mt
tuyn c nh cho mt cp nt ngun ch cho trc. Mt trong nhng v d nh
th l nh tuyn tm ng i ngn nht c nh (Fixed Shortest-Path Routing).
ng i ngn nht cho mt cp nt c tnh off-line, s dng cc thut ton tm
ng ngn nht thng dng nh Dijkstra hay Bellman-Ford. Bt k kt ni no gia
mt cp nt c th u c thit lp bng cch s dng ng i c xc nh
trc. Hnh 3.8 minh ha ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.
Phng php nh tuyn ny rt n gin nhng c nhc im l nu ngun
ti nguyn (bc sng) dc theo ng i c s dng ht s dn n xc sut
tc nghn cao trong trng hp lu lng ng, hoc c th dn n s lng bc
sng c s dng rt ln trong trng hp lu lng tnh. Ngoi ra, nh tuyn c
nh cng khng th x l cc tnh hung li khi mt hay nhiu lin kt trong mng
b hng. x l trng hp lin kt trong mng b hng, vic nh tuyn cn phi
xt n cc ng i thay th hoc phi c kh nng tm ra mt tuyn mi mt cch
linh ng. Vi d trong hnh 3.8, tt c cc yu cu t nt 0 n nt 2 s b tc nghn
nu c mt trong hai lin kt (0,1), (1,2) b hng.
Hnh 3.8 ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.
Trong cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht, ngi ta quan tm nhiu n chi

ph (cost) hay cn gi l trng s (weight) ca lin kt gia cc nt. Ty theo cch
cc trng s ny c tnh ton nh th no m ngi ta c cc quan im khc
nhau v ng ngn nht. Sau y, xin trnh by mt s cch tnh trng s da trn
c im v trng thi ca mng.
Gi wij l trng s (chi ph) ca lin kt trc tip gia hai nt i v j, nu gia i
v j khng c lin kt trc tip th xem nh wij v cng ln, ija l s lng bc

sng ri trn lin kt ti thi im tp hp cc thng tin v trng thi lin kt, Tij l
tng s bc sng c trn lin kt.
Hm trng s da trn chng (HW Hop-based Weight)
Trong hm ny, wij = 1. C ngha l cc ng c chn hon ton da trn
s lng chng (hop) nh nht. ng ngn nht s l ng c s chng nh nht.
Bng trc quan, ta c th nhn xt l khi c t chng hn th kh nng tm c mt
bc sng chung cho tt c cc lin kt trung gian l ln hn.
Hm trng s da trn khong cch (DW Distance-based Weight)
wij = dij vi dij l khong cch vt l gia hai nt i v j. dij c nh gi bi
tr truyn dn. Nh vy, vi hm trng s ny, ng ngn nht chnh l ng
c tr truyn dn nh nht.
Hm trng s da trn bc sng sn c (AW Available wavelengths-based
Weight)
1
log(1 a ) ij > 1
a
wij = ij
1 ija < 1

1
c ngha nh cn tr ca mt lin kt khi thit lp mt yu cu kt
aij
ni, cng c nhiu bc sng ri trn lin kt th cn tr cng thp, tc l kh
1
nng thit lp kt ni trn lin kt cng cao. Do 1 a l kh nng chp nhn
ij

yu cu kt ni ca mt lin kt. V ta mong mun cc i ha tnh sn c hoc
tin cy ca ton b ng dn nn cn phi cc i ha cc gi tr ny ca cc lin
kt trung gian. Do bn cht ca thut ton Dijkstra l u tin cho ng i no c
trng s nh hn nn hm trng s phi l ph nh m ca hm log. Hm trng s
ny ph thuc vo bc sng ri trn lin kt nn c ph thuc vo trng thi mng.
Hm trng s da trn s bc sng sn c v s chng (HAW Hop count and
Available wavelengths-based Weight)

log 1 1 aij > 1
a
wij = ij ( , > 0 )

+ aij < 1
v ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng sn c.

Ty theo ta quan nim rng s chng hay s bc sng sn c l quan trng hn m
c cc gi tr , ph hp.

Hm da trn tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (TAW Total

wavelengths and Available wavelength-based Weight)
aij
a
ij
log 1 1 T aij < ijT
wij = ij

1 aij = T
ij
a
Nu gi p l xc sut s dng mt bc sng, th p ij l xc sut m tt c cc
bc sng s s dng cng mt thi im trong tng lai. T trng thi hin ti ca
ija
mng, c th c lng xc sut ny bng 1 T . Xc sut c t nht mt bc
ij

sng sn c trn lin kt trong tng lai l 1 p ). Do khi mt ng dn c
( aij
nhiu lin kt, ta mong mun cc i ha cc gi tr (1 p ) ca tt c cc lin kt

aij
thuc ng dn . Do thut ton Dijkstra chn la ng i ti u theo trng s

tng dn, nn hm trng s phi l ph nh m ca lm log, ngha l ti thiu ha
gi tr ny.
Hm trng s da trn s chng, tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c
(HTAW Hop count and Total wavelengths and Available wavelengths-based
Weight)
aij
aij

log 1 1 T aij < ijT
wij = ij
( , > 0 )

+ aij = Tij
vi v ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng

sn c.
V d 3.1:
Sau y, ta s xt mt v d thy s la chn hm trng s s dn n cc
kt qu nh tuyn theo ng dn ngn nht khc nhau. Xt mt tp c cho trn
hnh 3.9. Gi s mi cnh ca tp c gn mt nhn gm ba tham s (dij, ija , Tij )
tng ng vi tr trn lin kt (i,j), s bc sng sn c (ri) trn lin kt v tng
s bc sng trn lin kt.
Ta cn xc nh ng i t nt A n nt D. Bng 3.2 cho thy cc ng i
c th t nt A n nt D v gi tr chi ph trn mi ng i c tnh bi cc hm
trng s khc nhau. Gi tr v c gi s bng 1.

Hnh 3.9 Tp mng c s dng trong v d nh tuyn vi cc hm trng s

khc nhau.
Bng 3.2 Chi ph ca cc ng i khc nhau tnh theo cc hm trng s khc

nhau.
ng i Chi ph ng vi cc hm trng s
HW DW AW HAW TAW HTAW
A-B-C-D 3 30 0.375 3.375 0.181 3.181
A-E-D 2 40 0.602 2.602 0.250 2.250
A-F-D 2 40 0.250 2.250 0.458 2.458
A-G-H-D 3 30 0.238 3.396 0.396 3.396
T bng 3.2, ta thy rng s dng hm trng s HW c th chn mt trong 2

ng A-E-D hoc A-F-D. Trong khi s dng hm trng DW c th chn ng i
A-B-C-D hoc A-G-H-D. Nu s dng hm trng s l AW, ta s chn ng i l
A-G-H-D v ng ny c s lng bc sng sn c ln nht (6 trn tt c cc lin
kt). Nu chn hm trng s l TAW th ng i c chn l A-B-C-D, mc d
ng i A-E-D c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht. Tng t, ng i
c chn khi s dng hm trng s l HAW s l A-F-D v ng ny c s bc
sng ri nhiu hn ng A-E-D. Cui cng, nu hm trng s l HTAW th ng
i c chn l A-F-D (vi s chng thp nht) bi v n c cc lin kt vi h s s
dng thp nht (50%).

c) nh tuyn thay th c nh (Fixed Alternate Routing)

Phng php nh tuyn ny ci tin hn nh tuyn c nh bng cch tm
nhiu ng i gia mt cp nt ngun-ch. Trong phng php ny, mi nt trong
mng phi duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cha danh sch c th t K ng i c nh
n mi nt ch. V d th t trong danh sch c th c sp xp theo ng i
ngn nht th nht, ng i ngn nht th hai, th ba, ng i ngn nht th
nht s c chn lm ng i chnh thc gia mt cp nt ngun-ch, trong khi
cc ng cn li c xem l cc ng i ph hay cc ng thay th. Mt ng
i thay th gia nt ngun v ch l ng i m khng chia s bt k mt lin kt
vt l no vi ng i ngn nht chnh thc. Hnh 3.10 minh ha mt ng i
thay th gia nt 0 v nt 2.
Hnh 3.10 ng i chnh thc (lin nt) v ng thay th (nt gch) t nt 0 n

nt 2.
Khi mt yu cu kt ni n, nt ngun c gng thit lp lightpath trn mi

ng i theo tun t trong bng nh tuyn, cho n khi mt ng i vi mt
bc sng xc nh c tm thy. Nu khng tm c ng no tha mn t
danh sch trong bng nh tuyn th yu cu kt ni xem nh b nghn v mt i.
Thng thng, bng nh tuyn c sp xp theo s chng (hop) m mi ng
phi i qua n c nt ch. Do , ng i ngn nht ti nt ch l ng i
qua t s chng nht. Trong gii thut tm ng ngn nht theo s chng, chi ph
cho mi lin kt u bng mt n v. Trng hp cc ng i khc nhau c cng
s chng th ng i ngn nht s c chn mt cch ngu nhin.
nh tuyn thay th c nh n gin trong vic iu khin thit lp v xa b
cc ng quang v c th c s dng cung cp mt kh nng chu ng s
t lin kt trong mng mt mc no . Mt u im khc trong nh tuyn
thay th c nh l lm gim ng k xc sut tc nghn so vi nh tuyn c nh.
Ramamurthy [4] chng minh rng vi mt mng ch cn hai ng i thay th cho
mi cp nt th xc sut tc nghn s thp hn ng k so vi trng hp ti mi nt
c b chuyn i bc sng y nhng s dng nh tuyn c nh.

d) nh tuyn thch nghi (Adaptive Routing)

nh tuyn thch nghi s dng thng tin trng thi mng ti thi im yu cu
kt ni n. Nh c ch n s thay i ca trng thi mng, nh tuyn thch nghi
lm tng kh nng thc hin thnh cng vic thit lp mt kt ni. Da vo tnh cht
thng tin v trng thi mng c s dng, nh tuyn thch nghi c chia lm hai
loi: nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th (Adaptive routing based on
global information) v nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b (Adaptive
routing based on local information).
Cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn thng tin tng th thng cho li gii ti
u nht. Tuy nhin, thng tin cn c cp nht thng xuyn v lng thng tin
cp nht thng rt ln. Khi lu lng trong mng quang ngy cng tng v n mt
lc no s b t bin th ti lp quang, yu cu v vic ghp knh v tnh linh
hot cng phi mc cao hn. V th bn cht vic thit lp ng quang cng
tr nn ng hn, s lng yu cu kt ni nhiu hn v cc ng quang c duy
tr trong khong thi gian ngn hn. Trong trng hp ny, vic duy tr, cp nht
thng tin tng th l rt kh khn. Cc gii quyt nghing v thc hin nh tuyn
thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b. u im ca vic dng thng tin cc b l cc
nt khng cn phi duy tr mt lng ln thng tin v trng thi mng. Sau y ta s
xem xt ln lt hai loi nh tuyn v cc gii thut nh tuyn thuc hai loi .
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th
nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt (Link-state routing): Trong phng php nh
tuyn ny, mi nt mng phi duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi mng. Mi nt
c th tm mt ng i cho mi yu cu kt ni. Bt c khi no trng thi mng
thay i th phi thc hin vic thng bo cho tt c cc nt. V th vic thit lp
hay loi b cc lightpath u c th dn n vic qung b cc thng tin cp
nht cho tt c cc nt trong mng. Nhu cu qung b cc cc thng tin ny c
th dn n tng chi ph cho iu khin tng ln. Hn na, nu c mt nt no
c thng tin cha c cp nht cng s lm cho mt nt khc c quyt nh
nh tuyn sai.
nh tuyn ng dn lun phin (alternate-path routing): Loi nh tuyn ny
cng ging nh nh tuyn lun phin c nh ni trn. Tuy nhin, y,
trng thi mng c cp nht thng xuyn v danh sch cc ng ngn nht
cng vy. Tiu chun chn ng i thng da trn chiu di ng dn
hoc tc nghn ca ng dn. Nguyn tc chn ng dn theo tc nghn
ca ng dn l xc nh cc ti nguyn (thng l bc sng) sn c trn mi
ng dn lun phin v chn ng dn no c s lng ti nguyn sn c nhiu
nht. Vic la chn ng i vi ng dn ngn nht thng dng t ti nguyn
nht nhng c th dn n lng ti cao trn mt vi lin kt trong mng. Cn
vic la chn ng i vi tc nghn thp nht s dn n vic s dng ng
dn c th di hn nhng ti c phn phi u trn mng hn.

nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b

nh tuyn theo khong cch vector (distance-vector routing): Phng php ny
khng yu cu mi nt duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi lin kt ca mi nt
trong mng. Thay vo , mi nt c mt bng khong cch (distance table).
Mi bng khong cch ca mt nt c mt hng cho mi ch n trong mng
v mt ct cho cc nt c lin kt trc tip vi nt . Gi DX(Y,Z) l mt phn
t trong bng khong cch ca nt X. DX(Y,Z) chnh l chi ph i t nt X
n nt ch Y qua nt Z. Gi c(X,Z) l chi ph i t nt X n nt lng ging
Z. DX(Y,Z) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
DX(Y,Z) = c(X,Z) + minW{ DZ(Y,W)}
Hnh 3.11 minh ha mt bng khong cch ca nt E trong mng nm k bn.
Cc phn t c khoanh trn chnh l chi ph nh nht i n nt ch. Nh
vy t bng khong cch, ta c th d dng suy ra bng chuyn tip (fowarding
table), trong ch r cn s dng lin kt ng ra no n c mt nt ch
tng ng.
Hnh 3.11 Bng khong cch ca nt ngun E.
DE()
Nut ch
nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin cc b: Xt tiu chun chn

la ng i l xc sut nghn thp nht. tng cng ging vi phng php
nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin tng th. im khc bit l
ch ch phi tp trung thng tin v ti nguyn mng (bc sng sn c) ch trn
k chng u tin ca n.
V d, trong hnh 3.12, nu ta xt hai ng i lun phin t nt ngun A n
nt ch D, vi phng php da trn thng tin tng th th hai bc sng 1 v
3 sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng 1, trong khi ch c bc sng 2
sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng 2. Do ng 1 s c chn.

Vi phng php da trn thng tin cc b, nu k = 2 th ng 2 s c chn

v trn hai chng u tin ca ng ny c ba bc sng 1, 2 v 4 sn c,
trong khi trn hai chng u tin ca ng 1 th ch c hai bc sng 1 v 3
sn c.
Mc d thng tin cc b c th cung cp s c lng kh chnh xc v tc
nghn dc ng dn nhng khng m bo rng bt k bc sng no sn c
trn k chng u tin u sn c trn ton b ng dn.
Hnh 3.12 Minh ha nh tuyn lun phin.
nh tuyn chuyn hng (Deflection routing): Mt phng php khc nh

tuyn thch nghi vi thng tin b hn ch l nh tuyn chuyn hng. Phng
php nh tuyn ny chn ng i t cc lin kt lun phin theo tng chng
(hop-by-hop) hn l t cc ng i lun phin gia hai im u cui (end-to-
end). Vic nh tuyn c thc hin bng cch mi nt phi duy tr bng nh
tuyn c ch r mt hoc nhiu lin kt ng ra lun phin i n tng nt
ch. Cc lin kt lun phin ny c sp th t sao cho u tin cc lin kt c
ti nguyn (bc sng sn c) nhiu nht. Nh vy mi nt s ch duy tr thng
tin v trng thi ca vic s dng bc sng trn cc lin kt ng ra ring ca
n. Khi chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin nh tuyn, vic quyt nh c
th c xc nh da trn chn la s chng t nht hoc xc sut nghn thp
nht. Nu da trn tiu chun s chng t nht, trc ht, gii thut nh tuyn
ny s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra no i n nt ch vi s chng t nht.
Nu lin kt va chn khng c sn bc sng kh thi th gii thut nh tuyn
s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin khc c ng dn c s chng t
nht k tip. Gii thut tin hnh nh vy cho n khi ti nt ch hoc kt ni
b nghn. Hnh 3.13 (a) minh ha phng php nh tuyn chuyn hng theo
tiu chun s chng t nht. ng dn u tin c chn l A B C D.
Tuy nhin khi yu cu n nt C, n khng th tip tc qua lin kt CD v khng
c mt bc sng chung no sn c trn ton tuyn. V th yu cu c chuyn
sang nt F. y n c th tip tc i n nt ch dc theo lin kt FD.

Nu da trn tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht, gii thut nh tuyn s
chn lin kt no c s bc sng kh thi ln nht trong s cc lin kt ng ra
lun phin. Tp bc sng kh thi bao gm cc bc sng sn c trn tt c cc
chng i qua v trn lin kt ng ra tip theo. Hnh 3.13 (b) minh ha cho
phng php ny. Ta cng c yu cu kt ni t A n D. Trn chng u tin,
lin kt AB c chn v c ba bc sng sn c, trong khi lin kt AE ch c
hai bc sng sn c. Khi yu cu kt ni n nt B, n s c nh tuyn n
nt E v c n ba bc sng kh thi (1, 2 v 4) sn c trn lin kt BE v ch
c mt bc sng kh thi 1 sn c trn lin kt BC. Phng php nh tuyn
chuyn hng theo tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht thng to ra ng
dn di hn so vi phng php trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny gip cn
bng ti u trn cc lin kt ca mng, trnh tnh trng ti tp trung vo mt s
t lin kt gy tc nghn.
Hnh 3.13 Minh ha nh tuyn chuyn hng.
1 3
124 2 3
12 4 1 2
1 4 1 3
2 3
1 3
12 4 2 3
12 4 1 2
1 4 1 3
2 3
C nhiu vn ny sinh khi thc hin nh tuyn chuyn hng Mt trong

nhng vn l s lp vng (looping), tc l mt bn tin yu cu kt ni tr
v li mt nt no m n i qua ri. Vic chuyn hng lp vng c khc
phc bng cch mi bn tin yu cu kt ni phi duy tr mt vector ng dn
cha danh sch cc nt m n i qua. Nu mt nt no nhn bn tin
yu cu kt ni m ch nh r rng bn tin i qua nt ny ri th kt ni xem
nh b tc nghn. Mt gii php khc l tn dng trng time-to-live, tc thi

gian sng ca cc bn tin yu cu kt ni. Trng ny s gip cho bn tin yu

cu kt ni khng b lp vng v tn trong mng.
Mt vn khc na l yu cu kt ni c th c chuyn hng nhiu ln dn
n mt ng dn qu di cho lightpath. Cc gii php khc phc vn ny l
gii hn v chiu di hoc s chng ln nht trong mt lightpath, hoc gii hn
v s ln chuyn hng c th c ca mt ng i.
e) Vn gn bc sng
Trc ht, ta cn nh ngha mt s k hiu sau:
- L: tng s lin kt trong mng.
- Ml: s si quang c ti lin kt l (dnh cho cc mng a si (multi-fiber
networks)).
- M: s si quang trn mt lin kt nu tt c cc lin kt u c cng s si.
- W: s bc sng c th c trn mt si quang.
- (p): tp cc lin kt ca ng p.
- Sp: tp cc bc sng sn c dc theo ng p.
- D: ma trn L x W, trong Dlj ch s si quang c bc sng j c gn
ti lin kt l. Ch l 0 Dlj Ml.
Gii thut Random
y l gii thut gn bc sng n gin nht, theo , nt ngun s tm kim
tt c cc bc sng xc nh tp bc sng ri trn ng i c xc nh.
Sau , mt bc sng s c chn ngu nhin (vi xc sut nh nhau) gn
bc sng cho lightpath . Trong trng hp thiu thng tin v tnh trng bc
sng trong mng th phng php ny s dn n kt qu cn bng c s lng
cc bc sng c s dng.
Gii thut First-Fit
Trong gii thut ny, tt c cc bc sng u c nh s th t. Trong tt
c cc bc sng ri, bc sng c ch s thp hn s c xem xt trc cc bc
sng c ch s cao hn. Nh vy, bc sng ri u tin s c chn. Thut ton
ny khng cn thng tin tng th.
So snh vi gii thut Random th First-Fit c chi ph tnh ton t hn do khng
cn phi duyt qua tt c cc bc sng cho mi tuyn. tng ca gii thut ny l
p tt c cc bc sng ang s dng v u cui ca danh sch cc bc sng cc
ng di hn c xu hng s dng cc bc sng pha trn ca danh sch, do
xc sut thit lp thnh cng cao hn. Gii thut ny cho kt qu kh tt v kha cnh
xc sut nghn v thng c s dng trong thc t do n gin.
Nhn chung, phng php First-Fit s tt hn so vi phng php Random khi
c y thng tin v trng thi mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp thng tin b hn

ch hoc c cp nht khng kp thi th vic cp pht bc sng theo phng

php Random c th tt hn. L do l trong phng php First-Fit, nu cng mt lc
c nhiu yu cu kt ni mun thit lp lightpath, th hu nh chng s chn mt
bc sng ging nhau dn n mt hoc nhiu kt ni b nghn.
V d 3.2
Gi s ta c 5 nt vi 4 lin kt. Mi lin kt c th c 3 bc sng.
1 ---------- 2 ---------- 3 ---------- 4 ---------- 5
Gi s cc yu cu lightpath nh sau:
{1,3} {1,2} {4,5} {3,5} {2,4} {3,4}
K hiu: a b c d e f
Cc bc sng c gn theo gii thut First-Fit nh hnh 3.14.
Hnh 3.14 Cc bc sng c gn bi gii thut First-Fit.
Gii thut Least-Used (LU)

Gii thut ny chn ra bc sng t c s dng nht trong mng nhm c
gng cn bng ti gia cc bc sng. So vi gii thut Random th LU km hiu
qu hn trong khi yu cu thng tin tng th v phc tp tnh ton cao hn, do
t c a chung trong thc t.
V d 3.3:
Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15
Hnh 3.15 Trng thi s dng bc sng hin thi ca ng i.

Gi s ta cn cp pht bc sng cho yu cu kt ni {4,5}. Ta thy 0 c

s dng ba lin kt, 1 dng mt lin kt, 2 dng hai lin kt. Do gii thut
LU s gn bc sng 1 cho yu cu ny.
Gii thut Most-Used (MU)

Gii thut ny ngc li vi LU. N c gng chn ra bc sng c s dng
nhiu nht trong mng ti thi im nhm to nhiu bc sng rnh cho cc yu
cu v sau. phc tp tnh ton v hiu qu ca gii thut ny cng tng t nh
LU.
V d 3.4:
Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15 v yu cu
kt ni l {4,5}. Gii thut MU s gn bc sng 0 cho yu cu ny do 0 c s
dng nhiu lin kt nht.
Gii thut Min-Product (MP)

Gii thut ny c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. Trong mng n si,
gii thut ny tng ng vi gii thut First-Fit. Mc ch ca gii thut ny l c
gng gn cc bc sng vo cng cc si quang nhm hn ch s lng si s dng
trong mng. thc hin vic ny, gii thut MP tnh tch Dlj cho mi bc
l( p )
sng j (1jW). MP s chn bc sng c tch nh nht. Tuy nhin, c nghin

cu chng t c rng gii thut MP khng hiu qu bng gii thut First-Fit phin
bn cho mng a si (trong c si v bc sng u c nh s). V li, MP
li c chi ph tnh ton cao hn.
V d 3.5:
Xt mt ng gm nm lin kt. Mi lin kt c ba bc sng v c gi s
c nhiu si quang. Bng ma trn D c cho nh trong bng 3.3
Bng 3.3: Ma trn D trong v d cho gii thut Min-Product
Lin kt Bc sng 1 Bc sng 2 Bc sng 3

1 2 3 1
2 3 2 2
3 1 4 1
4 3 1 2
5 5 2 1

Cc tch c tnh cho mi bc sng:

Vi bc sng 1: 2*3*1*3*5 = 90.
Vi bc sng 2: 3*2*4*1*2 = 48.
Vi bc sng 3: 1*2*1*2*1 = 4.
Nh vy bc sng 3 s c gn. R rng khi bc sng 3 c gn th ta
ch s dng 3 si, trong khi nu bc sng 1 hoc 2 c gn th phi cn n 6
hoc 5 si quang.
Gii thut Least-Loaded (LL)

Gii thut ny cng c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. LL s chn
bc sng c dung lng d ln nht (residual capacity), tc l t c s dng trn
cc si nht, ca lin kt c ti nhiu nht trn ng p. Vi mng n si, gi tr
ca residual capacity l 0 hoc 1, do gii thut chn bc sng c ch s thp
nht vi residual capacity bng 1. Nh vy gii thut LL cng tr thnh FF trong

(
mng n si. Tm li, LL s chn bc sng j no tha m ax min M l D lj .
l( p )
jSp
)

Gii thut LL c chng minh l hiu qu hn MU v FF trong vic gim xc
sut tc nghn trong mng a si.
V d 3.6:
Ta cng xt bng ma trn D c cho trong phn gii thut Min-Product. Gi
s mi lin kt c ti a 7 si quang (Ml = 7 l = 1,,5). Gi s ta cn thit lp mt
lightpath qua hai lin kt 1 v 2.
Vi bc sng 1: min{(M1 - D11), (M1 D21) = min {(7-2), (7-3)} = 4.
Vy ta chn bc sng 3.
Gii thut Max-Sum (M)

Gii thut M c xut cho cc mng a si nhng cng c th p dng
cho mng n si. Gii thut ny xem xt tt c cc ng c th v c gng gn
bc sng sao cho cc i ha dung lng ng cn li sau khi lightpath c
thit lp. Gii thut ny gi s rng ma trn lu lng c bit trc v ng i
cho mi kt ni c la chn trc. Yu cu ny c th t c nu gi s ma
trn lu lng l n nh trong mt khong thi gian no .
Gi l trng thi mng vi cc lightpath ang tn ti. Trong M, dung
lng lin kt (link capacity) ca bc sng j ti lin kt l c nh ngha l s
lng si ti lin kt l m bc sng j cn ri trn .

r(,l,j) = Ml D()lj
trong D() l ma trn D trng thi .
Dung lng ng i (path capacity) r(,p,j) ca bc sng j l s si m
bc sng j khng c s dng ti lin kt b nghn nhiu nht trn ng p.
r ( ,p,j) = min {r ( ,l, j)}
l( p )
Dung lng ng dn ca ng p ti trng thi l tng ca dung lng

ng dn ca tt c cc bc sng.
max
R ( ,p ) = r ( ,p,j)
j=1
Gi (j) l trng thi k tip ca mng nu bc sng j c gn cho kt ni.

Gii thut M s chn bc sng no lm cc i gi tr R ( '(j), p ) . Trong P
pP
l tp cc ng ca cc yu cu kt ni trng thi hin ti.
Mt khi lightpath c thit lp th trng thi mng s c cp nht v n
lt yu cu kt ni tip theo c xem xt.
V d 3.7:
Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s bc
sng c gn nh trn hnh 3.16.
Hnh 3.16 V d minh ha cho gii thut Max-Sum
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n gin, ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng. Gi

s ta cn thit lp lightpath P1: (2,4). Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau l P2:
(1,5), P3: (3,6) v P4: (0,3). Bng 3.4 cho ta tn tht dung lng tng cng khi chn
ln lt cc bc sng thit lp lightpath P1.
Ta thy rng nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng 0 th s lm tc nghn
P4 trn 0. Nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng 1 s lm tc nghn P3. Thit

lp P1 trn 2 s lm tc nghn c P2 v P3. Thit lp P1 trn 3 s lm tc nghn

P2. Nh vy chn bc sng 2 s khin cho tn tht dung lng tng cng ln
nht, tc l kh nng nghn mch ca cc kt ni tng lai cao hn. Do , bt k
trong ba bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng nh nhau u c th
c chn bi M.
Bng 3.4: Tn tht dung lng tng cng trong gii thut M
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng tng

Bc sng cng cho mi bc sng
P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3)
3 1 0 0 1
2 1 1 0 2
1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
Gii thut Relative Capacity Loss (RCL)

Gii thut ny da trn gii thut M. Gii thut M c th c nhn theo
quan im chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng trn tt c cc
bc sng.
( R ( (j), p ) R ( '(j), p )) .
pP
Do ch c dung lng ca bc sng j l thay i sau khi lightpath c thit

lp trn bc sng j nn c ngha l M s chn bc sng j no lm ti thiu ha
tn tht dung lng tng cng trn bc sng ny.
( r ( ,p, j) r ( ',p, j))

pP
Gii thut RCL chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng
tng i (Relative Capacity Loss), c tnh bi cng thc:
( r ( ,p, j) r ( ',p, j) )
r ( ,p, j)
pP
Gii thut RCL da trn l lun l vic ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng
cng i khi cha a n mt s chn la bc sng tt nht. Chng hn nh vic
chn mt bc sng i no c th lm tc nghn lightpath p1, trong khi nu chn
bc sng j khc c th lm gim dung lng ca P2 v P3 nhng khng lm tc
nghn chng. Do bc sng j nn c chn la mc d tn tht dung lng
tng cng ca bc sng j cao hn ca bc sng i. Trong a s cc trng hp th
gii thut RCL hiu qu hn M.

V d 3.8:
Ta hy tip tc xem xt tip v d trong phn gii thut M lm r hn.
Theo kt qu trn, bt k trong 3 bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng
cng nh nhau u c th c chn bi M. Tuy nhin, ch rng, nu chn 0
th ng P4 s b tc nghn trn mi bc sng. Trong khi , nu ta chn 1 hay
3, mi ng cn li u cn t nht mt bc sng m chng khng b tc nghn
trn . Do r rng khng nn chn bc sng 2.
By gi ta s dng gii thut RCL. Ta quan st thy rng ng P2 c th
chn mt trong hai bc sng 2 v 3. Do nu P1 c thit lp trn mt trong
hai bc sng ny th tn tht dung lng tng i cho P2 s l . Tng t, P3 c
hai bc sng c th thit lp c v tn tht dung lng tng i trn cc bc
sng ny cng bng . P4 th ch c th thit lp c trn 0, do tn tht dung
lng tng i l bng 1 cho bc sng 0. Cc kt qu tnh ton c trnh by
trong bng 3.5. Gii thut RCL chn bc sng vi tn tht dung lng tng i
nh nht, tc l chn bc sng 1 hoc 3.
Bng 3.5: Tn tht dung lng tng i trong gii thut RCL.
Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng

Bc sng
P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3) tng i cho mi bc
sng
3 0.5 0 0 0.5
2 0.5 0.5 0 1
1 0 0.5 0 0.5
0 0 0 1 1
3. Dnh bc sng (WR) trong IP/WDM

Trong khun kh cun sch ny chng ti ch trnh by v phn tch u nhc
im ca hai phng php dnh bc sng WR (Wavelength reservation) quen
thuc l Forward Reservation hay cn gi l Source-Initiated Reservation (SIR) v
Backward Reservation hay Destination-Initiated Reservation (DIR). Hai phng
php ci tin l FBR (Forward and Backward Reservation) v IIR (Intermediate-
Node Initiated Reservation) c gi c th tm hiu trong cc ti liu tham kho [13]
v [14].
a) Phng php SIR
Trong phng php SIR, nt ngun gi gi RESV (Reserve packet) khi xut
hin yu cu thit lp lightpath. Gi RESV s dnh trc mt bc sng t nt
ngun n nt ch. Qu trnh dnh trc c thc hin ti cc nt trung gian. u

tin, nt ngun chn mt bc sng dnh trc t cc tp bc sng ri bng

gii thut gn bc sng v gi gi RESV v pha nt ch. Khi cc nt trung gian
nhn c gi RESV, n s xem bc sng cn c dnh trc c ri hay khng
cho lin kt k tip hay khng. Nu c th nt trung gian ny dnh trc (kha) bc
sng ny li v chuyn tip gi RESV n nt k tip. Qu trnh thit lp lightpath
hon tt khi gi RESV n c nt ch. Khi mt gi ACK (Acknowledgment
packet) c gi tr v nt ngun thng bo cho nt ngun bit lightpath c
thit lp. Mt khi nhn c gi ACK, nt ngun s cho d liu truyn i trn
lightpath c thit lp. Khi khng cn d liu truyn trn lightpath, nt ngun
ch trong mt khong thi gian timeout ri sau gi gi REL v pha nt ch
gii phng lightpath.
Do nt ngun ch bit c bc sng no rnh cc lin kt ln cn nn
khng th m bo c bc sng c chn c rnh trn cc lin kt khc hay
khng. Nu khng, qu trnh dnh trc s tht bi v nt trung gian loi b gi
RESV, gi tr v nt ngun mt gi NACK (Negative ACK packet) v mt gi
FAIL. Gi NACK thng bo cho nt ngun bit l qu trnh dnh trc tht bi
ti mt nt trung gian no . Gi FAIL l gii phng bc sng c kha
cc nt trung gian trc . Trong trng hp ny, khi nhn c gi NACK, nt
ngun s truyn li gi RESV th dnh trc mt bc sng khc.
Tnh hung tht bi va nu cho ta thy im yu ca phng php SIR. im
yu ny c th c ci tin i cht nu ta dnh trc nhiu bc sng (over-
reservation) thay v ch mt. Tuy nhin, nh vy th rt lng ph ti nguyn mng v
c th gy tc nghn cho cc yu cu khc.
Hnh 3.17 Phng php SIR [12].

b) Phng php DIR

Trong phng php ny, u tin nt ngun gi gi PROBE v pha nt
ch. Gi PROBE s thu thp cc thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti cc nt
trung gian m n i qua. Khi nt ch nhn c gi PROBE, n s c c tt c
thng tin v vic s dng bc sng ti cc lin kt trung gian. Da trn cc thng
tin ny, nt ch thc hin gii thut gn bc sng v quyt nh chn mt bc
sng dnh trc. Sau n gi gi RESV tr ngc v pha nt ngun. Khi nt
ngun nhn c gi RESV th ng ngha vi vic lightpath c thit lp
xong, nt ngun bt u qu trnh truyn d liu. Khi kt thc vic truyn d liu,
nt ngun cng i mt khong thi gian timeout trc khi quyt nh gi gi
REL gii phng lightpath.
Tuy nhin qu trnh dnh trc bc sng khng phi lc no cng thnh
cng. Vi phng php ny, c th c ba tnh hung tht bi.
Tnh hung tht bi th nht, khi gi PROBE i qua mt nt trung gian, nu
ti nt khng cn bc sng no rnh th nt s loi b gi PROBE v gi gi
NACK v bo cho nt ngun bit qu trnh thit lp b tht bi. Khi ny nt
ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th v truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi
hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
Tnh hung tht bi th hai, gi PROBE n c nt ch, tuy nhin gii
thut gn bc sng khng th tm c lightpath no cn rnh trong ton b cc
lin kt trn ng. Khi ny, nt ch s gi gi NACK v nt ngun. Nt ngun c
th s dng mt ng thay th v truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi hoc kt
ni s b tc nghn.
Tnh hung tht bi th ba, gii thut gn bc sng tm c bc sng
thch hp v nt ch gi gi RESV tr v. Tuy nhin ta hy ch l gia thi im
gi PROBE thu thp thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti mt nt trung gian n
thi im gi RESV n c nt trung gian ny l mt khong thi gian c gi
l vulnerable time. Trong khong thi gian ny, trng thi ca nt c kh nng b
thay i v bc sng sp c dnh trc th c th b mt gi RESV khc n
chim mt. Khi vic thit lp lightpath cng xem nh b tht bi, nt trung gian
s gi gi NACK v pha ngun v gi FAIL v pha nt ch gii phng cc
bc sng c dnh trc. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi NACK trong trng
hp ny, n s truyn li gi PROBE.
Nh vy ta tnh hung tht bi th ba cho ta thy c im yu ca phng
php DIR. l do khong thi gian vulnerable time m vic dnh trc bc sng
c th s dng cc thng tin c (outdated information). Gia hai phng php DIR
v SIR th DIR c nh gi cao hn do gii thut gn bc sng c cung cp
nhiu thng tin v trng thi ng truyn hn.

Hnh 3.18 Phng php DIR [12].
Yeu cau Yeu cau

ket noi PROBE ket noi PROBE
Chay
giai
RESV thuat NACK
WA PROBE
Truyen
d lieu
Time out REL
(a) Tnh huong thiet (b) Tnh huong that bai

lap thanh cong th nhat
Yeu cau Yeu cau
ket noi PROBE ket noi PROBE
Chay giai Chay
thuat WA giai
NACK RESV thuat
=> khong
NACK WA
tm c
lightpath FAIL
PROBE
PROBE
(c) Tnh huong that bai (d) Tnh huong that bai
th hai th ba
V. IU KHIN TRONG MNG IP/WDM

1. C ch iu khin tp trung
C ch iu khin ca mng WDM ng c th chia lm hai loi: tp trung v
phn b. Trong c ch iu khin tp trung, nt iu khin trung tm cha tt c
thng tin v trng thi mng hin ti v cung cp cc yu cu thit lp lightpath. C
ch ny c th cp pht cc ti nguyn mng hiu qu hn bi v nt iu khin
trung tm bit c tt c thng tin v s h hng lin kt, s bc sng sn c trn
mi lin kt,... Tuy nhin c ch ny c hai nhc im. Th nht l kh nng m
rng km do nt trung tm phi x l qu nhiu thng tin v tr thnh mt im tht
nt c chai trong mng. Nhc im th hai l kh nng sng cn (survivability)
thp. Nu nt trung tm c s c th ton b mng s b mt iu khin. Do c
ch iu khin tp trung ch thch hp cho cc mng loi nh.

2. C ch iu khin phn b
Trong c ch iu khin phn b, khng c nt iu khin trung tm. Thay
vo , mi nt iu khin vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng thng qua vic kt hp
vi cc nt ln cn. C ch ny c hai u im l kh nng m rng cao v tnh
sng cn cao. Do , c ch ny thch hp hn vi cc mng loi ln.
VI. THIT K TI U TP LOGIC QUANG

1. Khi nim tp mng
Tp (Topology) c ngha l hnh th mng. Bt k mng thng tin no cng
c 2 loi kt cu tp, l tp vt l v tp logic (cn gi l tp o). Trong ,
tp vt l m t kt cu vt l ca nt mng; tp lgic m t s phn b dch v
ca hai nt mng.
a) Tp vt l
Tp vt l ca mng tc l quan h kt ni vt l gia cc nt mng. N l
tp hp ca cc nt mng v cc si quang. Trong thi k u, khi k thut ghp
knh phn chia bc sng mi pht trin, lin kt im-im l phng thc ng
dng duy nht. Cng vi s pht trin ca k thut im nt, cc b ghp/tch knh
OADM v cc b kt ni cho quang OXC to iu kin thc hin cc loi
tp vt l khc nhau. Ngoi phng thc kt ni n gin im-im, tp vt l
cn c cc loi kt ni khc nh: kt ni hnh tuyn, hnh sao, hnh cy, hnh vng
v hnh li.
b) Tp logic
Tp logic l s phn b dch v gia cc im nt ca mng. N quan h mt
thit vi tp vt l, thng c cc loi tp logic nh sau: hnh sao, tp kiu cn
bng v hnh li. Vi s xut hin ca cc b kt ni cho quang, tp logic c
xy dng linh ng hn.
Bng 3.6 So snh gia tp vt l v tp logic.
Tp vt l Tp logic
C lin quan trc tip vi vic nh C lin quan n khi nim knh quang vi s
tuyn khi t ng cp quang, tuy phn b dch v gia cc im nt, c th thay
nhin tp vt l khng th theo kp s i tp logic bng chng trnh phn mm
pht trin ca dch v cho nn tp vt nn c th xem tp logic l tp mm.
l c th c xem l tp cng.
C s ca tp vt l l kt ni vt l C s thit k ca tp logic l quan h kt ni
gia cc im nt. logic gia cc im nt.

Tp vt l Tp logic
Phn nh quan h kt ni trong lp vt Phn nh cc kt ni trong lp knh quang ca

l, mc phc tp ca tp vt l ph mng. Cht lng truyn dn v x l, phc
thuc vo s lng u dy ca im tp ca kt ni logic ph thuc vo s lng
nt mng. u dy ca im nt mng, s lng bc
sng ghp knh, chc nng v kt cu ca
mng.
Mc ch thit k tp vt l l nhm Mc ch thit k tp logic l da vo tp vt
p ng nhu cu dch v mng, do l c nng cao ch tiu vn hnh v kinh
qu trnh thit k c thc hin sao doanh mng ti u ha chc nng mng ca
cho phn b a l ca im nt mng lp knh quang.
v quan h kt ni vt l gia cc im
nt l ti u.
2. Tm tt bi ton thit k tp logic

Bi ton thit k tp logic c m t dng cng thc l mt bi ton ti
u loi MILP [8].
a) Cc gi nh chung:
Cc ng ni vt l l song hng, tc l nu c ng ni t node i n node
j th cng c ng ni t node j n node i.
Cc ng ni logic, chnh l cc ng quang, l n hng. iu ny c
ngha l nu c ng ni logic t node i sang node j th cha chc c ng
ni t node j sang node i.
Lu lng yu cu l khng i xng, tc l lu lng t node j sang node i c
th khc lu lng t node i sang node j. Lu lng yu cu c th hin di
dng ma trn, l mt ma trn khng i xng.
Cc thit b chuyn mch quang t cc node c chc nng chuyn i bc
sng, tc l ni lng iu kin rng buc v bc sng lin tc trong cc ng
quang.
b) Thng s u vo
Tp vt l: tp ca mng cp quang c th.
Lu lng yu cu: nhu cu kt ni gia cc node trong mng th hin bng ma
trn lu lng.
c) Thng s u ra
Tp logic: tp ca cc ng quang.
Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng lung lu lng trn tp logic.
Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng ng quang trn tp vt l.
Kt qu phn nh bc sng cho tng ng quang.

d) Cc iu kin rng buc

S lng thit b thu pht quang c lp t ti mi node.
Dung lng ca mi ng quang.
S hop logic ln nht m mt lung lu lng phi vt qua khi truyn t
ngun n ch.
S bc sng ti a c th truyn trn mi si quang.
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi truyn qua.
e) Mc tiu bi ton thit k
Bi ton thit k mng ti u thng c xy dng theo mt trong cc mc
tiu sau:
Ti thiu nghn;
Ti thiu tr;
Ti thiu s hop trung bnh.
Hnh 3.19 Thit k tp logic
Trong cc bo co cng b [4], [8] ngi ta khng nh thit k mng l

mt bi ton rt phc tp, c bit l vi cc mng c s node cng nhiu. gim
phc tp ca bi ton ngi ta chn la phng n thc hin tng phn tch
bi ton thit k ln, phc tp thnh nhiu bi ton con [8]. Lc thay v gii bi

ton ln ngi ta ln lt gii cc bi ton con. Li gii ca cc bi ton trc l d

liu u vo cho cc bi ton con k tip. Mt cch cht ch m ni th cc bi ton
con khng hon ton c lp nhau nn phng php tm li gii ln lt qua cc bi
ton con ny c th ch a ra kt qu gn ng. Tuy nhin phng php phn tch
ny gip ngi ta c ci nhn trc tip vo tng vn c th v l c s cho vic p
dng cc thut ton heuristic, l thut ton c la chn khi gii quyt nhng bi
ton phc tp.
Bi ton thit k tp logic c phn tch thnh ba bi ton con:
Thit k tp logic n thun.
nh tuyn cho lu lng.
nh tuyn cho ng quang.
3. nh tuyn cho lu lng trn tp logic
Khi gii bi ton thit k tp logic cng thc hin vic nh tuyn lu
lng s b tnh ra s hop m mi lung lu lng phi vt qua t tnh s
hop trung bnh ca ton mng (l i lng cn ti thiu ha theo mc tiu ca bi
ton). Nhng vic nh tuyn s b ni trn ch tnh theo ng ngn nht (shortest
path) m cha cn nhc n dung lng thc s ca cc ng quang. Bi ton con
thc hin nh tuyn lu lng c t ra gii quyt trit vn nh tuyn
cho lu lng, n bo m cho dung lng lu lng tng cng trn mi ng
quang khng vt qu dung lng thit k cho mi ng quang. Bi ton con dnh
cho vic nh tuyn lu lng c tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo
Tp logic: l kt qu c thit k trong bi ton trc.
Lu lng yu cu: ma trn lu lng th hin s lng lung STM-1 cn kt
ni gia cc cp ngun-ch trong mng.
b) D liu ra
Bng nh tuyn lu lng th hin ng i c th ca cc lung lu lng
trn tp logic, vi mc tiu t s hop logic trung bnh ti thiu.
c) iu kin rng buc
Tng lu lng trn mi ng quang khng vt qu dung lng ca ng
quang.
4. nh tuyn cho cc ng quang trn tp vt l
C s tng ng gia hai bi ton nh tuyn cho lu lng v nh tuyn
cho ng quang. l s sp xp ng i cho cc kt ni ca mt lp trn tp
c th ca lp di k . Nu nh lu lng cn nh tuyn trn lp logic l s
lng lung SDH cn bn (STM-1) cn kt ni gia cc thit b SDH t ti cc

node th lu lng i vi lp vt l l s ng quang cn thit lp gia cc thit b

quang t ti cc node. Bi ton nh tuyn ng quang c tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo
Tp logic: l kt qu ca bi ton thit k tp logic, th hin s lng v v tr
cc ng quang cn kt ni gia cc cp ngun ch.
Mng vt l: cung cp tp vt l v c ly gia cc cp node c ng ni vt
l trong mng.
b) D liu ra
Bng nh tuyn ng quang th hin ng i c th ca cc ng quang,
vi mc tiu c s hop vt l trung bnh ti thiu.
c) Cc rng buc
S lng ng quang (mi ng quang ng vi mt bc sng) chy qua mi
si quang khng vt qu mt con s gii hn. K thut ngy nay nng con
s gii hn ny ln n t vi chc n hn mt trm [4].
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi vt qua.
CU HI N TP
3.1. Phn tch nguyn nhn ra i cng ngh IP qua WDM.
3.2. Nhng chc nng lin quan n k thut lu lng (nh tuyn, cn bng lu
lng...) s c thc hin ti lp no trong m hnh mng IP qua WDM?
3.3. Trnh by cc xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng IP/WDM.
Phn tch u khuyt im ca tng m hnh.
3.4. Nu mi quan h gia router IP v OXC trong cc m hnh lin mng.
3.5. Nguyn nhn ra i IPv6, cho v d minh ha.
3.6. Trnh by cc chc nng chnh ca qu trnh nh tuyn IP. Qu trnh ny do
thit b no thc hin? Chc nng nh tuyn thuc chc nng ca lp no
trong m hnh OSI?
3.7. Trnh by nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt. Phn tch u khuyt im ca hai loi nh tuyn ny.
3.8. Giao thc nh tuyn RIP l g?
3.9. Nguyn nhn ra i ca k thut MPLS?
3.10. Trnh by khi nim lightpath? Qu trnh thit lp lightpath cn phi tun
theo cc rng buc no?
3.11. Mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng? Ngi ta phn loi bi
ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng da theo nhng tiu ch no?

3.12. c im v mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-

RWA.
3.13. Trnh by cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh ca ton ti thiu s lng
bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt trong mng OCS.
3.14. Khi no chng ta c th b i iu rng buc lin tc cc bc sng trong
bi ton RWA Trnh bi m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc
rng buc v tnh lin tc ny.
3.15. So snh u khuyt im ca thut ton Largest-First so vi thut ton First-
Fit trong bi ton gn bc sng.
3.16. c im v mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-
RWA.
3.17. Phn tch u im ca bi ton D-RWA so vi bi ton S-RWA.
3.18. So snh u khuyt im ca thut ton nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay
th c nh.
3.19. So snh hai thut ton nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th v
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b.
3.20. Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s bc
sng c gn nh hnh sau:
3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng. Gi s ta cn

thit lp lightpath P1: (1,5). Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau l P2:
(2.4), P3: (3,6) v P4: (0,3). Tnh tn tht dung lng tng cng da theo
gii thut M cho qu trnh thit lp cc lightpath trn.
3.21. Cng d liu nh cu 20, hy tnh tnh tn tht dung lng tng cng da
theo gii thut RCL cho qu trnh thit lp cc lightpath trn. So snh vi kt
qu ca cu 20 v nhn xt.
3.22. Phn tch u khuyt im gia hai gii thut dnh trc bc sng
(Wavelength reservation) DIR v SIR.
3.23. Phn tch u khuyt im ca hai c ch iu khin tp trung v iu khin
phn tn trong mng chuyn mch knh quang.

3.24. So snh gia tp vt l v tp logic trong mng thng tin quang.

3.25. Tm pht biu ng cho bi ton ti thiu s bc sng s dng trn mt lin
kt trong S-RWA.
a) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay
khng. Nu khng, th th li vi mt tp bc sng ln hn v lp
li n khi s bc sng nh nht c tm thy.
b) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay
khng. Nu khng, th th li vi mt tp lin kt nh hn v lp li
n khi c li gii.
c) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay
khng. Nu c, th tng s lin kt v lp li n khi s lin kt l ln
nht.
d) Vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta th c tm c li gii hay
khng, Nu c th tng s lin kt v lp li lp li n khi s bc
sng nh nht c tm thy.
3.26. Bt phng trnh CTB 1WxL trong bi ton ti a ho s lng kt ni
c thit lp cho mt tp bc sng c nh c ngha l:
a) Hai lin kt chia s chung mt si quang phi s dng hai bc sng
khc nhau.
b) Mt bc sng ch c dng ti a 1 ln trong mt lin kt.
c) Mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng dc theo tuyn ca n.
d) 1WxL l ma trn W x L trong cc phn t u bng 1.
3.27. Trong mng OCS, rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng c th c loi b
nu:
a) Cc OXC c chc nng chuyn mch knh quang.
b) Cc OXC c chc nng ca b ADM.
c) Ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng ti cc OXC.
d) OXC c chc nng nh tuyn li cc lightpath.
3.28. Theo phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi
ton S-RWA l:
a) Xc nh ng cho mt phn b kt ni, sau gii quyt bi ton
gn buc sng v lp li cho n khi hon thnh.
b) Gn bc sng cho cho mt phn b kt ni sau gii quyt bi
ton xc nh ng v lp li cho n khi hon thnh.
c) Gn bc sng cho ton b kt ni v sau l bi ton xc nh ng.

d) Xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni v sau l gn bc sng cho

chng.
3.29. Trong bi ton gn bc sng, cc lightpath s c sp xp theo th t t
tuyn di nht n tuyn ngn nht. y l tng ca thut gii:
a) Longest-First.
b) Largest-First.
c) Most-Used.
d) First-Fit.
3.30. Trong bi ton S-RWA, nhng kt ni thng c gn mt ng ngn
nht ni 2 im u cui v:
a) Nhng ng di hn th s dng nhiu ti nguyn mng v thng
mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp hn.
b) Nhng ng ngn th qu trnh thit lp mng nhanh v thng
mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut cao.
c) Nhng ng di hn dn n xc sut t ng cao.
d) Nhng ng ngn s n gin trong qu trnh qun l mng.
3.31. t c cu hnh ti u thu trong bi ton S-RWA ta nn:
a) Kt hp nhng con ng ngn nht v nhng ng di hn
trnh nghn.
b) Bng cch chn cc ng ngn nht.
c) Bng cch chn cc ng di nht.
d) Bng cch chn con ng ngu nhin.
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Tun Lm, Xu hng tch hp IP/quang trong mng th h sau, Tp ch
Bu chnh Vin thng k 1, 5/2003.
2. Surhir Dixit, IP over WDM Building the Next-Generation Optical Internet,
John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2003.
3. Chunming Qiao and Myungsik Yoo, Optical Switching Techniques in WDM
Optical Networks, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
4. Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical
Perspective (3nd Edition), Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
5. Nguyn Hng Sn, Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA Semester, Nh
xut bn Gio dc, 9/2001.
6. Trn Cng Hng, Bi ging Internet/Intranet, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng, C s II, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2003.

7. Biswanath Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill,

1997.
8. George N. Rouskas, Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical WDM
networks, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2003.
9. Hui Zang, J.P.Jue v B. Mukherjee, A Review of Routing and Wavelength
Assignment Approaches for Wavlength Routed Optical WDM Networks,
Optical Networks Magazine, Jan 2000.
10. Gangxiang Shen, Chao Lu, Online Wavelength Assignment for Optical
Network, Optical Networks Magazine, Sep 2003.
11. Xiaowen Chu, Bo Li v Zhensheng Zhang, Sparse-Partial Wavelength
Conversion in Wavelength-Routed All-Optical Networks, 2003.
12. Nguyn Hunh Minh Tm v Nguyn Hu Quang, Phn tch cc thut ton
dnh trc bc sng, Hi ngh Khoa hc Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh
Vin thng, 11/2005.
13. Kejie Lu, I.Chlamtac v G. Xiao, Intermediate-Node Initiated Reservation
(IIR): A New Signaling Scheme for Wavelength-Routed Networks, IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 21, No. 8, Oct 2003
14. Yoshure Kanitnai, S.Arakawa, M.Murata, Distributed Wavelength
Reservation Method for Fast Lightpath Setup in WDM Networks, 2004.
Cm n
Tc gi chn thnh cm n s ng gp v t liu cng nh v mt phn ni dung
ca anh Nguyn Hu Quang (NCS ti Illinois Unviversity, USA) cho chng ny.

CHNG 4
HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG COHERENT
I. GII THIU CHUNG

1. Khi nim v thng tin quang Coherent
Tch sng trc tip tn hiu quang iu ch cng c bn l qu trnh
m s lng ht photon n b thu. Qu trnh ny b qua pha v s phn cc ca
sng mang c to ra t linh kin quang. Tt c cc qu trnh ny c kho st
cun H thng thng tin quang tp 1 c bit vi tn h thng thng tin
quang IM/DD.
H thng IM/DD s dng b thu tch sng trc tip c nhc im l nhiu
to ra t b tch sng quang v b tin khuch i cao. Do nhy ca h thng
tch sng theo qui lut bnh phng nh hn nhy ca h thng s dng tch
sng theo gii hn nhiu lng t t 10dB n 20dB [1].
Do , tng nhy ca b thu quang chng ta c th s dng k thut tch
quang Coherent (nh tch sng heterodyne v homodyne). i vi tch sng trc
tip, tn hiu quang c chuyn i trc tip thnh tn hiu in c gii iu
ch. Cn tch sng Coherent, trc tin b thu quang s cng tn hiu quang ti vi
tn hiu quang c to ra ti ch, sau tch tn hiu quang tng ny thnh tn hiu
in. Nh vy, dng in kt qu ny l s dch tn t min quang sang min v
tuyn v chng ta c th p dng cc k thut x l tn hiu v gii iu ch tn hiu
in ln tn hiu ny. B thu Coherent l tng hot ng trong vng bc sng
1,3m n 1,6m cn nng lng ca tn hiu ch t 10 n 20 photon/bit cng c
th t BER = 10-9. Nh vy tch sng Coherent cho u im ln nht trong h
thng tc cao hot ng trong vng bc sng di.
Do nhy ca b thu quang Coherent hn b thu tch sng trc tip t 10dB
n 20dB nn b thu Coherent cho php chng ta:
Tng khong cch trm lp cho h thng trn t lin v di bin;
Tng tc truyn dn m khng cn gim khong cch trm lp;
Tng qu cng sut b cc suy hao ti coupler v cc thit b ghp tch
bc sng;

Ci thin nhy cho thit b o quang nh my OTDR.

Cc dng iu ch trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent cng ging nh
trong h thng v tuyn. Chng hn trong truyn dn s c th p dng k thut iu
ch ASK, FSK hay PSK.
2. Cu trc c bn ca h thng thng tin quang Coherent.
S khi ca h thng thng tin quang Coherent c minh ho hnh
4.1.[1].
Trong s khi ny, khi c t trong hnh ch nht c ng t nt l
nhng phn t chnh phn bit s khc bit gia h thng Coherent v h thng
IM/DD.
Hnh 4.1 S khi h thng thng tin quang Coherent tng qut.
1 = 2
1 1
1 2
2
Ch thch cc khi trong s hnh 4.1:

DE (Drive Electronic): khi ny thc hin khuch i tn hiu ng vo nhm to
tn hiu c mc ph hp vi cc khi pha sau.
CWL (Continuous Wave Laser): y l b dao ng quang s dng laser bn
dn c rng ph hp pht ra nh sng lin tc c bc sng 1.
LC (laser control): khi ny nhm n nh bc sng pht ra ca b dao ng
quang.
MOD (Modulator): y l khi iu ch quang, s dng k thut iu ch ngoi
to ra tn hiu iu ch dng ASK (Amplitude Shitf Keying), FSK
(Frequency Shitf Keying), PSK (Phase Shitf Keying) hay PolSK (Polarization
Shitf Keying ).
Dng sng ca tn hiu ASK, FSK v PSK c minh ha hnh 4.2.
LLO (Laser Local Oscillator): y l b dao ng ni ti b thu s dng laser
bn dn to ra tn hiu quang c bc sng 2.
DEC (Detector): khi ny thc hin hai tnh nng, u tin s dng coupler
FBT cng tn hiu thu c (1) v tn hiu ti ch (2). Sau a tn hiu

Chng 4: H thng thng tin quang Coherent 203
tng ti photodiode thc hin tch sng trc trip theo qui lut bnh phng.
thc hin ng vi ngha tch sng Coherent th coupler quang phi t hp
cc tn hiu quang c phn cc ging nhau.
Hnh 4.2 Dng sng ca cc dng iu ch vi chui bit nh phn l 10110.
Khi tn s ca tn hiu ti v tn hiu t b dao ng ni ging nhau th b thu

hot ng ch Homodyne v tn hiu in ti to c l tn hiu di nn. Cn
khi tn s ca tn hiu ti v tn hiu t b dao ng ni lch nhau th b thu hot
ng ch Heterodyne v ph ca tn hiu in ng ra ca khi DEC l dng
trung tn IF (intermediate frequency). IF ny l dng tn hiu khc c cha tn hiu
thng tin m chng ta mun truyn i (tc tn hiu di nn) v tn hiu thng tin ny
chng ta c th thu c bng cch s dng k thut gii iu ch in.
LOC (Local Oscillator control): khi ny nhm iu khin pha v tn s ca tn
hiu dao ng ni n nh.
AMP (Amplifier): khi ny khuch i tn hiu in sau khi tch sng quang.
DEMOD (Demodulator): khi ny ch cn thit khi b thu hot ng ch
heterodyne.
3. Cc dng iu ch quang Coherent
a) ASK
C nhiu k thut c s dng iu ch bin tn hiu quang. iu ch
cng s dng trong h thng IM/DD l dng iu ch ASK v tn hiu thu
c tch sng theo qui lut bnh phng. Do tn hiu ASK c th to ra bng
cch iu ch trc tip dng kch cho laser. Tuy nhin k thut ny c vn l
khng duy tr c s n nh tn s ng ra khi thay i dng kch, s thay i ny
khong 200MHz/mA.
Ngoi k thut iu ch trc tip, chng ta c th s dng k thut iu ch
ngoi to tn hiu ASK bng cch s dng coupler nh hng DC hoc b giao

thoa Mach-Zehnder MZI. Nhc im ca iu ch ngoi l chng ta ch s dng

hiu qu 50% cng sut ca b pht. [1]
Di y xin trnh by chi tit v iu ch ASK.
Nu gi tn hiu s c iu ch l b(t) v tn hiu trng pht ra t laser bn
dn l eS(t) c tn s gc S, ta c:
eS(t) = b(t)Emcos(St) (4.1)
vi:
1 (bit 1)
b (t ) = (4.2)
0 (bit 0)
Dng sng ca biu thc (4.1) nh hnh 4.2.
Dng ph cng sut tn hiu ASK nh hnh 4.3.
S
Vi: - fS = l tn s sng mang.
2
- B l bng thng ca tn hiu c iu ch b(t).
Hnh 4.3 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu ASK.
Tn hiu eS(t) sau khi lan truyn trn si quang v ti u thu s lch pha vi
tn hiu pht l S (gi s b qua suy hao v bin ca tn hiu eS(t)), biu thc
(4.1) c th vit li di dng sau:
eS(t) = b(t)Emcos(St + S) (4.3)
khi phc tn hiu di nn, chng ta c hai cch sau. Cch th nht l ta
nhn tn hiu eS(t) vi cos(St + S) l tn hiu c to ra t b dao ng ni, ta
c:
b(t)Em[cos(St + S)]2 = b(t)Em[1+cos(2St + 2S)] =
= b(t)Em + b(t)Emcos(2St + 2S) (4.4)
Nh vy tn hiu di nn b(t) xut hin. Vi cch ny i hi chng ta phi
to c tn hiu dao ng ni b thu c cng tn s v cng pha vi tn hiu ti.

Cn cch th hai l ta bnh phng tn hiu eS(t), biu thc (4.3) tr thnh:
[b(t)Emcos(St + S)]2 = [b(t)Em]2[1+cos(2St + 2S)] =
= [b(t)Em]2 + [b(t)Em]2 cos(2St + 2S)] (4.5)
Sau cho tn hiu ny qua b lc loi b thnh phn tn s 2S ta s thu
c tn hiu di nn b(t).
b) FSK
Cc kiu iu ch FSK c minh ho hnh 4.4.
c tnh thay i tn s ca iu ch trc tip trn laser c th p dng cho h
thng thng tin quang Coherent FSK bng rng. C th l i vi tn s iu ch
trn 1MHz th s thay i tn s l t 100 n 500MHz/mA.
K thut iu ch ngoi cng c th p dng cho FSK bng cch s dng cch
t Bragg hoc b giao thoa Mach-Zehnder MZI.
Hnh 4.4 Cu hnh b pht s dng iu ch FSK.
Trong dng iu ch FSK, thng tin c truyn trn sng mang c tn s S

theo biu thc (4.1). Vi dng iu ch ny, ng bao sng mang khng thay i,
cn tn s S c hai gi tr l (S - ) v (S + ) ty thuc tn hiu pht i l bit
0 hay bit 1. Do biu thc ton hc biu din dng iu ch FSK c dng:
eS(t) = Emcos[St + b(t)2f] (4.6)
vi
1 (bit 1)
b (t ) = (4.7)
1 (bit 0)
f = /2 gi l lch tn.
2f
Nu gi 2f l lch tn nh - nh th i lng = c gi l h s
B
iu ch tn s.

Khi = 0,5 th khi ny iu ch FSK c gi l MSK (Minimum Shift-

Keying). Dng ph cng sut c dng nh hnh 4.5, ph b nn cht nn dng iu
ch ny rt hp dn cho cc h thng tc cao.
Hnh 4.5 Ph cng sut tn hiu iu ch MSK
Khi = (0,5 0,7) th dng iu ch ny c gi l CPFSK (Continuous

Phase Frequency Shift-Keying) hay cn gi l iu ch lch tn hp. Dng ph cng
sut ca n b nn rt cht.
Khi >> 1 th c coi l iu ch FSK lch tn rng. Dng ph cng sut c
dng nh hnh 4.6, ph ca n c chia lm hai thnh phn tp trung xung quanh
(fS - f) v (fS + f).
Hnh 4.6 Ph ca tn hiu iu ch FSK lch tn rng.
Nh vy rng bng tn tng rt rng, do kiu ny khng ph hp vi h

thng tc cao. Thc t ch p dng cho h thng n gin, r tin.
Cn trng hp 1 thc t khng quan tm v tn s ca tn hiu khng l
hng s trong khi iu ch.
c) PSK
iu ch dch pha tn hiu quang cng c p dng cho h thng thng tin
quang Coherent. Khi tn s ca laser c iu chnh chnh xc vi tn s tn hiu

iu ch, lc ny quan h pha gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu iu ch l 0. c

c s thay i quan h pha l /2 th ta phi iu chnh li tn s ca laser.
Trong dng iu ch PSK, cc bit tin 0 v 1 c truyn ti i thng qua s
thay i pha ca tn hiu quang trong khi bin v tn s khng thay i. Biu
thc ton hc biu din dng iu ch PSK nh sau:
eS(t) = Emcos[St + b(t)] (4.8)
vi
1 (bit 0)
b( t ) = (4.9)
0 (bit 1)
Vi gi tr ca b(t) ta nhn thy pha ca tn hiu iu ch nhn hai gi tr l
0 v . Dng ph ca tn hiu PSK cng ging nh ASK nhng c vch ph sng
mang. C th s dng phng php tch sng homodyne v heterodyne. Tuy vy
gii iu ch ca n rt phc tp nn thc t t dng.
Hnh 4.7 Ph ca tn hiu PSK.
i vi dng iu ch PSK, tch sng Coherent cn duy tr cng quang

khng i v ton b thng tin c th b mt nu nh tn hiu quang c tch sng
trc tip m khng trn n vi tn hiu dao ng ni.
iu ch DPSK (Differential PSK) l dng iu ch m thng tin c m ho
theo s chnh lch v pha gia hai bit k cn. Chng hn, nu k biu din cho pha
ca bit th k th lch pha = k - k-1 s thay i l hoc 0 ph thuc vo bit
th k l bit 1 hay bit 0. u im ca iu ch DPSK l tn hiu pht c th c gii
iu ch thnh cng cho cho n khi pha ca sng mang duy tr n nh trong
khong thi gian hai bit.
d) PolSK
y l dng iu ch phn cc. Trong thng tin quang Coherent PolSK, b
pht s dng b iu ch ngoi, cn b thu p dng k thut tch sng Heterodyne.
B iu ch ngoi LiNi to ra s dch pha rad gia cc mod sng TE v TM, tc l

quay phn cc tn hiu mt gc 90. Trng thi phn cc trc giao ny c duy tr
trong sut qu trnh lan truyn trong si n mode.
II. MY THU QUANG COHERENT

1. Cc nguyn l tch sng:
M hnh b thu Coherent ASK n gin c minh ha hnh 4.8.
Hnh 4.8 M hnh b thu Coherent c bn.
Is
es
Coupler
2x2 RL
eL
Bo dao
ong noi
Trong :
eS = ES.cos(St + S) (4.10)
c trng cho trng tn hiu vo c bin nh ES, pha S v tn s gc S.
V:
eL = EL.cos(Lt + L) (4.11)
c trng cho trng tn hiu ca b dao ng ni c bin ln EL, pha L v
tn s gc L.
Gi s c hai trng in t ny c to ra t laser bn dn c lch pha l
= S - L. Tng qut = (t) th hin mi quan h pha gia hai trng cha thng
tin truyn trong trng hp FSK hay PSK. Nu (t) l mt hng s th lc ny thng
tin truyn cha trong ES i vi ASK.
i vi tch sng Heterodyne, tn s ca tn hiu dao ng ni L chnh lch
vi tn s ca tn hiu vo S mt khong IF, tc l:
S = L + IF (4.12)
IF c gi l tn s gc ca tn hiu trung tn. Tn hiu IF c tn s thng
nm trong vng v tuyn v c gi tr t vi chc MHz n hng trm MHz. Ngc
li, vi tch sng Homodyne khng c s chnh lch gia S v L nn IF = 0.
Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu khi phc c l tn hiu di nn.

Trong c hai trng hp tch sng Heterodyne v Homodyne, b tch sng

quang (photodiode) to ra tn hiu c gi tr dng l Ip, gi l dng photon Ip. Dng
Ip ny t l vi cng nh sng theo qui lut bnh phng cng trng ti
photodiode:
Ip (eS + eL)2 (4.13)
Th biu thc (4.10) v (4.11) vo biu thc (4.13) c th c vit li nh
sau:
Ip [ES.cos(St + S) + EL.cos(Lt + L)]2 (4.14)
Trin khai v phi ca biu thc (4.15), loi b cc thnh phn tn s cao nh
2S v 2L cui cng chng ta c:
1 2 1 2
Ip E S + E L + 2 E S E L cos( S t L t + ) (4.15)
2 2
Nu biu din theo cng sut quang, cng sut quang t l vi bnh phng
cng trng, ta c biu thc (4.16):
Ip PS + PL + 2 PS PL cos( S t L t + ) (4.16)
vi PS l cng sut nh sng ca tn hiu vo v PL l cng sut nh sng ca
tn hiu dao ng ni.
Theo cun H thng thng tin quang" tp 1, nu tn hiu quang ti
photodiode c cng sut P0 th dng photon Ip c ra s bng:
e
Ip = P0 (4.17)
hf
Trong l hiu sut lng t ca photodiode, e l in tch ca in t, h
l hng s Planck v f l tn s nh sng; P0 l cng sut ti photodiode.
Do , biu thc (4.16) tr thnh:
e
Ip = [PS + PL + 2 PS PL cos(S t L t + )] (4.18)
hf
Khi tn hiu dao ng ni ln hn tn hiu vo th thnh phn AC (1 chiu)
trong biu thc (4.18) l quan trng hn c, v tn hiu cn khi phc tp trung nng
lng y. Nh vy chng ta khng quang tm thnh phn DC (xoay chiu). V ta
thay Ip thnh IS vi:
2e
IS = PSPL cos(S t L t + ) (4.19)
hf
Vi tch sng Heterodyne S L v th IF = S - L vo phng trnh
(4.19), ta c:
2e
IS = PSPL cos(IF t + ) (4.20)
hf

Nh vy ng ra ca b tch sng quang tn hiu IS l tn hiu trung tn c tn

s IF. Tn s IF ny c n nh nh vng iu khin tn s cho laser dao ng
ni. Thnh phn DC ca dng IS c lc trc khi a qua b gii iu ch tn hiu
trung tn ny.
i vi tch sng Homodyne, S = L nn phng trnh (4.19) tr thnh:
2e
IS = PSPL cos() (4.21)
hf
Hay:
IS = 2R PSPL cos() (4.22)
e
vi R = l p ng ca photodiode.
hf
T phng trnh (4.20) v (4.21) chng ta thy rng dng in tn hiu IS t l
vi PS ch khng t l vi PS nh trong tch sng trc tip. Hn na dng photon
ny cn c khuch i vi h s PL , h s li ny ph thuc vo cng
trng ca b dao dng ni. Vi h s khuch i to ra t b dao ng ni lm
tng mc tn hiu thu c m khng cn b tin khuch i, do khng b nh
hng bi nhiu nhit hay nhiu dng ti ca photodiode. l l do ti sao tch
sng Coherent cho nhy ca b thu cao hn so vi tch sng trc tip.
2. S khi tng qut ca b thu quang Coherent
S khi tng qut ca b thu quang s dng tch sng Heterodyne v
Homodyne c minh ha hnh 4.9. i vi tch sng Hetorodyne, tn hiu tng
gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu dao ng ni i qua b tch sng quang (PIN hoc
APD) s to ra tn hiu trung tn IF. Tn hiu IF sau c gii iu ch thnh tn
hiu di nn bng cch s dng k thut tch sng ng b (synchronous) hoc
khng ng b (nonsynchronous). Bng thng cn thit ca b thu quang
Heterodyne ln hn nhiu ln so vi tch sng trc tip tc truyn xc nh
trc. Ngoi ra cht lng ca b thu quang Heterodyne s gim khi tn s ca tn
hiu trung tn dao ng, cho nn cn b iu khin tn s t ng AFC n nh
tn s ny thng qua ly tn hiu hi tip t ng ra ca b gii iu ch iu
khin dng kch ca laser dao ng ni.
Trong trng hp tch sng Homodyne, pha ca tn hiu dao ng ni c
kho vi tn hiu vo nn phi s dng tch sng ng b. Hn na, kt qu ca qu
trnh cng hai tn hiu v a n b tch sng quang to ra tn hiu thng tin l tn
hiu di nn nn khng cn b gii iu ch. Vng hi tip AFC c chc nng n
nh tn s gia hai tn hiu.

Hnh 4.9 Cu hnh b thu quang Coherent c bn.
Tn hieu
vao Bo loc Bo loc
Coupler Bo tach Bo giai
khuech ai khuech ai
2x2 song quang ieu che
trung tan dai nen
Bo dao Mach quyet

AFC
ong noi nh bit
Tn hieu ra
(a) Bo thu quang Heterodyne
Tn hieu
vao Bo loc
Coupler Coupler Bo tach
khuech ai
2x2 2x2 song quang
dai nen
Bo dao
ong noi
AFC
Mach quyet
nh bit
Tn hieu ra
(b) Bo thu quang Hemodyne co khoa pha gia tn hieu dao ong noi va tn hieu vao
3. Tch sng Heterodyne ng b

Tch sng Heterodyne ng b c s dng cho gii iu ch PSK. Do
vi tch sng ny cn phi nh gi c pha ca tn hiu IF chuyn tn hiu ny
thnh tn hiu di nn. Do k thut kho pha c s dng b thu d dao
ng pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ca b dao ng ni. V tn hiu thng tin s
c x l trn sng mang IF nn chng ta ch cn xc nh pha ca tn hiu trong
min in. Do c th s dng cc k thut v cc cu hnh vng kho pha PLL
m p dng trong thng tin cao tn v viba. Cc k thut nghin cu cho gii
iu ch PSK ch yu l xc nh pha ca tn hiu vo. Hn na gii iu ch PSK
ng b rt nhy cm vi k thut tch sng Heterodyne. o c pha ca tn
hiu PSK th cn phi c pha tham kho da trn pha trung bnh ca tn hiu quang
ng vo trong khong thi gian xc nh. Do mc ch ca vic s dng vng
kha pha PLL l cung cp gi tr tham kho ny vi thi gian trung bnh c xc
nh trong bng thng ca vng ny.

K thut vng kho pha theo qui lut bnh phng (gi l vng bnh phng)
c minh ha hnh 4.10(a).
Hnh 4.10 Cc k thut khi phc sng mang c s dng trong b thu quang
Coherent PSK: (a) Vng bnh phng; (b) Vng Costas.
Bo loc
BPF (*)2
vong
VCO
Ngo vao
f/2
Dch pha
900
Bo loc Ngo ra
ngo ra
(a)
LPF
Bo loc
VCO
Ngo vao vong
BPF
Dch pha
900
LPF
Bo loc Ngo ra
ngo ra
(b)

4. Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b

K thut tch sng khng ng b c th p dng cho ASK v FSK vi yu
cu ti thiu v s n nh rng ph v pha ca laser. Tch sng ng bao
Heterodyne ca tn hiu ASK c th thc hin bng cch s dng b lc thng di
nhn c tn hiu trung tn, sau cho tn hiu ny qua b tch sng nh
khi phc tn hiu di nn. S khi c minh ho hnh 4.11(a).
Bng cch s dng hai b lc c tn s trung tm ca cc knh nh tn s
pht mc song song nhau c th s dng tch ng bao mi knh cho tn hiu
FSK nh phn. Cu hnh ny c minh ho hnh 4.11(b).
Hnh 4.11 Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b: (a) B thu s dng b tch sng
ng bao n ASK; (b) B thu s dng b lc i FSK. [1].
Tn hieu Tn hieu
vao Mach ra
Coupler
quyet
2x2
nh bit
Tach Khuech Loc Bo giai Loc

song ai thong ieu che thong
Bo dao quang dai thap
ong noi
(a)
Loc thong Loc thong

dai f1 thap
Bo tach song
ng bao
Tn hieu
vao
Coupler
2x2
Tn hieu
ra
Tach
song
Bo dao quang Bo tach song
ong noi ng bao
Loc thong Loc thong

dai f2 thap
(b)
5. Tch sng Homodyne

Tch sng Homodyne khng ch tng c nhy ca b thu 3dB m cn d
dng t c yu cu v bng thng ca b thu. Hnh 4.12 so snh ph ng ra ca
b tch sng Homodyne PSK v Heterodyne PSK. C th thy rng tch sng
Homodyne ch yu cu bng thng ca b thu tch sng trc tip trong khi tch
sng Heterodyne yu cu t nht hai ln bng thng ny v thng l ba hoc bn

ln. Nhng tch sng quang Homodyne s dng ngun pht v laser dao ng ni
c lp nhau nn gp phi mt iu cc k kh khn iu khin s kho pha ca
hai tn hiu ny. Tc l lch pha trong cng thc (4.22) phi lun gi gn bng
0 cho cc b thu nhy cao. Hn na, nu tri n gi tr /2 th dng tn hiu IS
ng ra s bng 0 v qu trnh tch sng s kt thc.
Hnh 4.12 So snh ph ca tn hiu PSK ng ra ca b tch sng quang

Homodyne v Heterodyne.
6. Vng kho pha trong my thu quang Coherent
Hnh 4.13 B thu vng kho pha quang sng mang dn ng (Pilot carrier).
Cu trc vng kho pha quang minh ha hnh 4.13 p dng k thut sng
mang dn ng (pilot carrier) s dng cho tch sng quang homodyne PSK. Sng
mang dn ng ny c to ra t iu ch pha khng hon ton (pha nh hn
1800). Sng mang dn ng cng vi tn hiu vo c t hp coupler nh
hng DC (directional coupler) 3dB v sau c tch sng bng b thu cn bng.
Tn hiu ng ra ca b khuch i vi sai s l hm chnh lch pha c s dng

kho pha b dao ng ni di s iu khin ca b VCO sau khi i qua b lc

vng. Lu rng cng sut ca bt k sng mang no c s dng cho qu trnh
kho pha u trc tip lm gim nhy ca b thu mt lng tng ng. Hn
na cng sut ca tn hiu cn thit d pha ca sng mang vo c xc nh
chnh xc ph thuc vo nhiu pha ca laser ngun v laser ca b dao ng ni
c t hp cng nh bng thng ca PLL. Do , bng thng ca vng ti u s
cho li pha nh nht v c th lm tng cht lng ca b thu quang homodyne.
B thu Homodyne s dng vng kha pha Costas p dng cho tn hiu iu
ch PSK c minh ha hnh 4.14. Tn hiu ti b thu v tn hiu dao ng ni
c t hp b lai ghp quang (Optical Hybrid) sao cho hai tn hiu ny s lch
pha 900 hai ng ra ca b tch sng quang.
Hnh 4.14 B thu vng kho pha quang Costas.
Hai tn hiu ng ra ca hai b tch sng quang s c khuch i, ri nhn

vi nhau b Mixer. Pha ca sng mang sau s c xc nh b lc thng
thp. Hn na, tn hiu iu khin cng c lc v c s dng iu chnh tn
s ca b dao ng ni theo cch ging nh p dng cho vng kha pha quang
sng mang dn ng. Tuy nhin, s dng PLL quang Costas c u im l tt c
cc mch tn hiu b trc khi trn (mixer) c th c ghp AC (1 chiu) v do
khng b tiu tn cng sut truyn nh trong linh kin sng mang dn ng.
III. T S LI BIT (BER) TRONG H THNG THNG TIN

QUANG COHERENT
1. Nhiu trong my thu quang Coherent
Theo biu thc (4.20) v (4.21), dng photon IS t l vi PS v c khuch

i vi h s PL . Vi h s khuch i ny l c quyt nh bi b dao ng

ni nn b thu ny khng b nh hng nhiu nhit ca b tin khuch i v nhiu

dng ti ca photodiode. Chnh iu ny lm cho b thu tch sng Coherent c
nhy cao hn b thu tch sng trc tip.
Khi cng sut tn hiu dao ng ni ln hn cng sut tn hiu ti b thu th
ngun nhiu ch yu trong tch sng Coherent l nhiu lng t ca b dao ng
ni. Trong gii hn ny, nhiu lng t c th c biu din di dng nhiu bn
v dng nhiu bn bnh phng trung bnh ca b dao ng ni c dng nh sau:
2
iSL = 2eBI PL (4.23)
trong e l in tch ca electron; B bng thng ca b thu; IPL l dng
photon ng ra ca photodiode ng vi cng sut quang ti photodiode l PL v c
gi tr nh sau (theo cng thc 4.17):
e
I PL = PL (4.24-a)
hf
Th (4.24-a) vo (4.23) ta c:
2e 2 BPL
2
iSL = (4.24-b)
hf
Cng sut S ca tn hiu tch sng c l bnh phng ca dng tn hiu
trung bnh < IS>, t (4.19) ta c:
e
2
S = PSPL (4.25)
hf
T (4.24) v (4.25) ta c t s SNR ca b thu tch sng heterodyen l tng
c cng sut ng ra ca b dao ng ni ln (b qua nhiu nhit ca b tin khuch
i v nhiu dng ti ca photodiode):
S e 2e 2BPL
= PSPL =
N heterodyne hf hf
PS PS
= = (4.26)
hf 2B hfB IF
Phng trnh (4.26) cho chng ta bit gii hn ca nhiu bn ca tch sng
heterodyne c b khuch i IF c bng thng l BIF v gi s l bng 2B [1].
Da vo (4.26) chng ta suy ra SNR gii hn bi nhiu bn ca tch sng
homodyne nh sau:
S P
= S (4.27)
N hom odyne hfB
V d 4.1:

Cng sut tn hiu quang vo b thu tch sng homodyne hot ng bc

sng 1,54m l -55,45dBm. Khi photodiode ca b thu c hiu sut lng t l 86%
bc sng hot ng ny v SNR thu c l 12dB, hy xc nh bng thng hot
ng ca b thu.
Gii:
Theo bi ta c:
PS = -55,45dBm hay Ps = 2,851nW
SNR = 12dB hay SNR = 101,2 = 15,85
Theo cng thc (4.27) ta suy ra bng thng hot ng ca b thu homodyne:
1 1
P S P S
B= S = S
hf N hom odyne hC N hom odyne
9 6 1, 2
= 0,86.2,851.10341,54.10 .10 = 1,2GHz
6,626.10 .2,998.10 8
2. Tch sng heterodyne ASK.

Dng iu ch ASK hay OOK tng t nh truyn dn s trong h thng
thng tin quang IM/DD. Tuy nhin, vic phn tch tn hiu v nhiu trong b thu
Heterodyne phc tp hn trong b thu IM/DD bi v ng ra ca b tch sng
quang Heterodyne xut hin tn hiu IF khng phi l tn hiu di nn. Dng in IF
ng ra b tch sng quang IS(t) phng trnh (4.20) c th c vit li di dng:
I cos(IF t + ) bit 1
IS ( t ) = SH (4.28)
0 bit 0
vi:
2e
ISH = PS PL (4.29)
hf
xc nh nhiu ca tn hiu IF ta gi s rng cng sut tn hiu ca b dao
ng ni phi ln hn cng sut ca tn hiu vo sao cho dng nhiu tng xp x
bng:
2e 2 PL B
2
iSL = (4.30)
hf
Biu thc (4.30) p dng cho c bit 1 v bit 0. Gi s th hai l dng nhiu
N(t) ca IF c xem nh l nhiu bng hp:
N (t ) = x (t ) cos(IF t ) + y( t ) sin( IF t ) (4.31)
vi x(t) v y(t) l hm ca thi gian c tc thay i chm hn tn hiu IF.
Gi tr bnh phng trung bnh ca x(t) v y(t) c th c vit:

x 2 ( t ) = y 2 ( t ) = iSL
2
(4.32)
i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b, b khuch i IF nm ngay sau mch
gii iu ch c pha c ng b vi tn hiu tham kho cos(IF t ) . Do , in p
Vd(t) ng ra b tch sng l:
Vd (t ) = k[IS ( t ) + x (t )] (4.33)
Hnh 4.15 Hm mt xc sut ca tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b.
Hm mt xc sut ca Vd(t) ca tn hiu ASK c IS(t) c biu din

phng trnh (4.28) c minh ho hnh 4.15. C th thy hm mt xc sut
ny ging nh trong h thng s IM/DD. Gi s trng hp ny, mc ngng quyt
nh ti u D nm gia dng zero (trng thi 0) v dng tn hiu nh (trng thi 1)
nh sau:
ISH e
ID = PSPL (4.34)
2 hf
Biu thc (4.33), l ng ra ca b tch sng quang, by gi c th xem nh l
tn hiu di nn v phn b nhiu. Do vic phn tch BER c th theo phng
php nh trnh by trong h thng IM/DD trong cun "H thng thng tin
quang" - tp 1. V vy xc sut li P(e) ca tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b c
vit nh sau:

I I
P(e) =
1 1
erfc SH D + 1 erfc 0 I D (4.35)
2 2 2(i 2 ) 2 2
SL 2(iSL )
Th gi tr ID t phng trnh (4.34) vo (4.35) ta c:
I /2 I / 2
+ erfc SH =
1 1 1
P(e) = erfc SH

2 2 2(i 2 ) 2 2(i 2 )
SL SL
I
erfc
1 SH
= (4.36)
2 2 2(i )
2
SL
Cui cng th gi tr ca ISH v i SL2 vo (4.36) v thay B bng BIF v tn hiu

chng ta ang kho st l tn hiu IF c bng thng BIF ta c:
1 2e PS PL 2e 2 PL BIF
P(e) = erfc 2 2 =
2 hf fh
1 PS
= erfc
(4.37)
2 4hfB IF
Gi RT l tc truyn dn ca h thng c xc sut li P(e), ta c quan h
gia RT v BIF l [1]:
RT = 2B BIF (4.38)
Do biu thc (4.37) tr thnh:
1 PS
P(e) = erfc
(4.39)
2 4hfR T
Biu thc ny c s dng nh gi cht lng ca h thng tch sng
ASK heterodyne ng b b gii hn bi nhiu bn (shot noise).
i vi tch sng ASK heterodyne khng ng b, xc sut li b gii hn bi
nhiu bn c xc nh di iu kin tng t nh trn v c xc nh bi [1]:
1 I2
P(e) exp SH2 (4.40)
2 8(iSL )
Th gi tr ca ISH v i SL2 vo (4.40), sau rt gn ta c:
1 PS
P(e) exp (4.41)
2 4hfR T

Lu , ta c biu thc xp x erfc(u ) exp( u 2 ) vi iu kin u ln, nn biu

thc (4.41) c vit gn ng nh biu thc (4.39).
3. Tch sng heterodyne FSK
Xc sut li trong tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b b gii hn do nhiu
bn v nhiu lng t [1]. Hai thnh phn tn s truyn bit 1 v bit 0 gi s l
1 v 2 :
I cos(1 + ) bit 1
IS ( t ) = SH (4.42)
ISH cos(2 + ) bit 0
vi ISH c nh ngha nh biu thc (4.29) v l mt hm theo thi gian,
c trng cho nhiu pha ca laser bn dn. Gi s b qua nh hng ca nhiu pha,
tc l ch kho st tch sng ch b gii hn bi nhiu bn.
Gi s tn hiu IS(t) thu c t hai b thu c tn s cng hng vi 1 v 2
v in p ng ra tng ng ca b thu 1 v 2 l V1 v V2. Ngoi ra cn gi s hai
b thu s dng b chn lc tn s l tng, tc l khng c nhiu xuyn knh gia
1 v 2 , hay ni cch khc in p c to ra ch b nh hng bi nhiu bn. Do
, hm mt xc sut ng ra ca b thu 1 l:
1 (I V )2
p1 (V) = exp SH 2 1 (4.43)
2(i SL
2
) 2(iSL )
Gi s cng sut ng ra ca b dao ng ni ln hn cng sut ca tn hiu

vo sao cho dng nhiu tng cng xp x bng i SL2 . Nhiu ng ra b thu 2 c th
c vit:
1 V2
p 2 ( V) = exp 22 (4.44)
2(iSL
2
) 2(iSL )
Li xy ra khi V2 > V1, khi xc sut li P(e) tng ng vi xc sut trong

trng hp V1 V2 < 0. T ta c kt qu [1]:

P(e) = erfc SH
1 I (4.45)
2 2 i2
SL
2
Th cc gi tr ISH v iSL vo (4.45) v bng thng B trong trng hp tch
sng heterodyne l BIF bng vi tc bit RT, ta c biu thc xc sut li nh sau:
1 PS
P(e) = erfc
(4.46)
2 2hfR T

So snh phng trnh (4.46) vi (4.39) ta thy rng tch sng FSK heterodyne
ng b c nhy cao hn so vi tch sng ASK heterodyne ng b 3dB. S ci
thin nhy ny ca dng iu ch FSK l do s dng hai tn s [1].
i vi tch sng FSK heterodyne khng ng b hay tch sng ng bao
th xc sut li b gii hn bi nhiu bn c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
1 I2
P(e) exp SH2 (4.47)
2 4(iSL )
V sau khi th cc gi tr cn thit vo ta c:
1 PS
P(e) exp (4.48)
2 2hfR T
Kt qu ny xp x bng vi tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b.
4. Tch sng heterodyne PSK
dng iu ch ny thng tin c truyn i bng mt sng mang c hai pha
khc nhau, mt pha ng vi bit 1 v mt pha khc ng vi bit 0. S khc pha ny
thng c gi tr l v biu thc minh ho dng iu ch ny nh sau:
I cos(IF + ), bit 1
IS ( t ) = SH (4.49-a)
ISH cos(IF + + ), bit 0
Hay:
I cos(IF + ), bit 1
IS ( t ) = SH (4.49-b)
ISH cos(IF + ), bit 0
Do tn hiu IS(t) c tch sng ng b c gi tr dng i vi bit 1 v c
gi tr m i vi bit 0. Trong trng hp ny, ngng quyt nh ti u l ID = 0
I
thay v ID SH trong tch sng ASK ng b. Lp lun tng t ta c biu thc
2
tnh xc sut li nh sau [1]:

erfc SH
1 I
P(e) = (4.50)
2 2i 2
SL
Hay:
1 PS
P(e) = erfc
(4.51)
2 hfR T
Nh vy c th thy rng tch sng PSK heterodyne ng b c nhy cao
hn 3dB so vi tch sng FSK heterodyne ng b v 6dB so vi tch sng ASK

heterodyne ng b. Tuy nhin, i vi h thng PSK, thc t ch cn s dao ng

pha rt nh b pht cng c th lm gim ng k nhy u thu. [1]
Xc sut li trong h thng tch sng DPSK heterodyne khng ng b c
xc nh nh sau:
1 I2
P(e) exp SH2 (4.52)
2 2(iSL )
Hay:
1 PS
P(e) exp (4.53)
2 hfR T
5. Tch sng Homodyne ASK v PSK
Trong ba dng iu ch c bn, cc tn hiu ASK v PSK c th s dng gii
iu ch theo kiu tch sng homodyne. C tn s v pha ca tn hiu ng ra ca b
dao ng ni c th c ng b vi tn hiu sng mang ti b thu.
Tch sng homodyne c th gim bng thng yu cu nhng ci thin c
nhy 3dB so vi tch sng heterodyne ASK. Xc sut li ca tch sng homodyne
2
ASK c th da trn biu thc (4.36). Trong biu thc ny, thnh phn iSL gim mt
na v bng thng trong tch sng homodyne l bng thng ca tn hiu di nn bng
mt na bng thng IF. Do xc sut li ca tch sng homodyne ASK nh sau:

erfc
1 ISH = 1 erfc ISH
P(e) = (4.54)
2 2 2(i 2 / 2) 2 2
SL 2 (iSL )
Cn thnh phn cng sut tn hiu trong tch sng homodyne gi ging nh
trong tch sng heterodyne. Do , th cc gi tr ca ISH v i SL2 vo (4.54), ta c:
1 PS
P(e) = erfc
(4.55)
2 2hfR T
Trong trng hp ny, tc bit bng bng thng ca tn hiu di nn.
i vi tch sng homodyne PSK, xc sut li c th da trn biu thc (4.50)
v sa i ging nh trng hp ca tch sng homodyne ASK, ta c:

erfc SH
1 I
P(e) = (4.56)
2 i2
SL
2
V sau khi th cc gi tr ca ISH v iSL vo (4.56), ta c kt qu:

1 2PS
P(e) = erfc
(4.57)
2 hfR T
Kt qu theo phng trnh (4.57) cho thy xc sut li l thp nht v nhy
b thu l cao nht trong tt c cc c ch tch sng Coherent.
6. Hm xc sut li
Hm li erf (error function) c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
x
2
erf ( x ) =
0
exp u 2 du (4.58)
Hm li b erfc (complementary error function) c nh ngha nh sau:

erfc( x ) = 1 erf ( x ) =
2
(
exp u 2 du ) (4.59)
x
Hm xc sut li c nh ngha nh sau:

1 u2
2 x
Q( x ) = exp du (4.60)
2
T (4.59) v (4.60) suy ra quan h gia Q(x) v erfc(x) nh sau:
1 x
Q( x ) = erfc (4.61)
2 2
hay
erfc(x ) = 2Q x 2( ) (4.62)
Gi tr ca hm xc sut li c th xc nh di dng bng hoc th.
Trong cun sch ny xin trnh by bng ca hm Q(x).
Bng 4.1 Bng xc sut li ca hm Q(x)
Q(x) H s
x 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 nhn
0,0 0,5000 0,4960 0,4920 0,4880 0,4840 0,4801 0,4761 0,4721 0,4681 0,4641
0,1 0,4602 0,4562 0,4522 0,4483 0,4443 0,4404 0,4364 0,4325 0,4286 0,4247
0,2 0,4207 0,4168 0,4129 0,4090 0,4052 0,4013 0,3974 0,3936 0,3897 0,3859
0,3 0,3821 0,3783 0,3745 0,3707 0,3669 0,3632 0,3594 0,3557 0,3520 0,3483
0,4 0,3446 0,3409 0,3372 0,3336 0,3300 0,3264 0,3228 0,3192 0,3156 0,3121
0,5 0,3085 0,3050 0,3015 0,2981 0,2946 0,2912 0,2877 0,2843 0,2810 0,2776
0,6 0,2743 0,2709 0,2676 0,2643 0,2611 0,2578 0,2546 0,2514 0,2483 0,2451
0,7 0,2420 0,2389 0,2358 0,2327 0,2296 0,2266 0,2236 0,2206 0,2177 0,2148

Q(x) H s
x 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 nhn
0,8 0,2119 0,2090 0,2061 0,2033 0,2005 0,1977 0,1949 0,1922 0,1894 0,1867
0,9 0,1841 0,1814 0,1788 0,1762 0,1736 0,1711 0,1685 0,1660 0,1635 0,1611
1,0 0,1587 0,1562 0,1539 0,1515 0,1492 0,1469 0,1446 0,1423 0,1401 0,1379
1,1 0,1357 0,1335 0,1314 0,1292 0,1271 0,1251 0,1230 0,1210 0,1190 0,1170
1,2 0,1151 0,1131 0,1112 0,1093 0,1075 0,1056 0,1038 0,1020 0,1003 0,0985
1,3 0,0968 0,0951 0,0934 0,0918 0,0901 0,0885 0,0869 0,0853 0,0838 0,0823
1,4 0,0808 0,0793 0,0778 0,0764 0,0749 0,0735 0,0721 0,0708 0,0694 0,0681
1,5 0,0668 0,0655 0,0643 0,0630 0,0618 0,0606 0,0594 0,0582 0,0571 0,0559
1,6 0,0548 0,0537 0,0526 0,0516 0,0505 0,0495 0,0485 0,0475 0,0465 0,0455
1,7 0,0446 0,0436 0,0427 0,0418 0,0409 0,0401 0,0392 0,0384 0,0375 0,0367
1,8 0,0359 0,0351 0,0344 0,0336 0,0329 0,0322 0,0314 0,0307 0,0301 0,0294
1,9 0,0287 0,0281 0,0274 0,0268 0,0262 0,0256 0,0250 0,0244 0,0239 0,0233
2,0 0,0228 0,0222 0,0217 0,0212 0,0207 0,0202 0,0197 0,0192 0,0188 0,0183
2,1 0,0179 0,0174 0,0170 0,0166 0,0162 0,0158 0,0154 0,0150 0,0146 0,0143
2,2 0,0139 0,0136 0,0132 0,0129 0,0125 0,0122 0,0119 0,0116 0,0113 0,0110
2,3 0,0107 0,0104 0,0102 0,0099 0,0096 0,0094 0,0091 0,0089 0,0087 0,0084
2,4 0,0082 0,0080 0,0078 0,0075 0,0073 0,0071 0,0069 0,0068 0,0066 0,0064
2,5 0,0062 0,0060 0,0059 0,0057 0,0055 0,0054 0,0052 0,0051 0,0049 0,0048
2,6 0,0047 0,0045 0,0044 0,0043 0,0041 0,0040 0,0039 0,0038 0,0037 0,0036
2,7 0,0035 0,0034 0,0033 0,0032 0,0031 0,0030 0,0029 0,0028 0,0027 0,0026
2,8 0,0026 0,0025 0,0024 0,0023 0,0023 0,0022 0,0021 0,0021 0,0020 0,0019
2,9 0,0019 0,0018 0,0018 0,0017 0,0016 0,0016 0,0015 0,0015 0,0014 0,0014
3,0 0,0013 0,0013 0,0013 0,0012 0,0012 0,0011 0,0011 0,0011 0,0010 0,0010
3,1 0,9676 0,9354 0,9043 0,8740 0,8447 0,8164 0,7888 0,7622 0,7364 0,7114 *1,0e-03
3,2 0,6871 0,6637 0,6410 0,6190 0,5976 0,5770 0,5571 0,5377 0,5190 0,5009 *1,0e-03
3,3 0,4834 0,4665 0,4501 0,4342 0,4189 0,4041 0,3897 0,3758 0,3624 0,3495 *1,0e-03
3,4 0,3369 0,3248 0,3131 0,3018 0,2909 0,2803 0,2701 0,2602 0,2507 0,2415 *1,0e-03
3,5 0,2326 0,2241 0,2158 0,2078 0,2001 0,1926 0,1854 0,1785 0,1718 0,1653 *1,0e-03
3,6 0,1591 0,1531 0,1473 0,1417 0,1363 0,1311 0,1261 0,1213 0,1166 0,1121 *1,0e-03
3,7 0,1078 0,1036 0,0996 0,0957 0,0920 0,0884 0,0850 0,0816 0,0784 0,0753 *1,0e-03
3,8 0,7235 0,6948 0,6673 0,6407 0,6152 0,5906 0,5669 0,5442 0,5223 0,5012 *1,0e-04
3,9 0,4810 0,4615 0,4427 0,4247 0,4074 0,3908 0,3747 0,3594 0,3446 0,3304 *1,0e-04
4,0 0,3167 0,3036 0,2910 0,2789 0,2673 0,2561 0,2454 0,2351 0,2252 0,2157 *1,0e-04
4,1 0,2066 0,1978 0,1894 0,1814 0,1737 0,1662 0,1591 0,1523 0,1458 0,1395 *1,0e-04
4,2 0,1335 0,1277 0,1222 0,1168 0,1118 0,1069 0,1022 0,0977 0,0934 0,0893 *1,0e-04
4,3 0,8540 0,8163 0,7801 0,7455 0,7124 0,6807 0,6503 0,6212 0,5934 0,5668 *1,0e-05

Q(x) H s
x 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 nhn
4,4 0,5413 0,5169 0,4935 0,4712 0,4498 0,4294 0,4098 0,3911 0,3732 0,3561 *1,0e-05
4,5 0,3398 0,3241 0,3092 0,2949 0,2813 0,2682 0,2558 0,2439 0,2325 0,2216 *1,0e-05
4,6 0,2112 0,2013 0,1919 0,1828 0,1742 0,1660 0,1581 0,1506 0,1434 0,1366 *1,0e-05
4,7 0,1301 0,1239 0,1179 0,1123 0,1069 0,1017 0,0968 0,0921 0,0876 0,0834 *1,0e-05
4,8 0,7933 0,7547 0,7178 0,6827 0,6492 0,6173 0,5869 0,5580 0,5304 0,5042 *1,0e-06
4,9 0,4792 0,4554 0,4327 0,4111 0,3906 0,3711 0,3525 0,3348 0,3179 0,3019 *1,0e-06
5,0 0,2867 0,2722 0,2584 0,2452 0,2328 0,2209 0,2096 0,1989 0,1887 0,1790 *1,0e-06
5,1 0,1698 0,1611 0,1528 0,1449 0,1374 0,1302 0,1235 0,1170 0,1109 0,1051 *1,0e-06
5,2 0,9964 0,9442 0,8946 0,8476 0,8029 0,7605 0,7203 0,6821 0,6459 0,6116 *1,0e-07
5,3 0,5790 0,5481 0,5188 0,4911 0,4647 0,4398 0,4161 0,3937 0,3724 0,3523 *1,0e-07
5,4 0,3332 0,3151 0,2980 0,2818 0,2664 0,2518 0,2381 0,2250 0,2127 0,2010 *1,0e-07
5,5 0,1899 0,1794 0,1695 0,1601 0,1512 0,1428 0,1349 0,1274 0,1203 0,1135 *1,0e-07
5,6 0,1072 0,1012 0,0955 0,0901 0,0850 0,0802 0,0757 0,0714 0,0673 0,0635 *1,0e-07
5,7 0,5990 0,5649 0,5326 0,5022 0,4734 0,4462 0,4206 0,3964 0,3735 0,3519 *1,0e-08
5,8 0,3316 0,3124 0,2942 0,2771 0,2610 0,2458 0,2314 0,2179 0,2051 0,1931 *1,0e-08
5,9 0,1818 0,1711 0,1610 0,1515 0,1425 0,1341 0,1261 0,1186 0,1116 0,1049 *1,0e-08
6,0 0,9866 0,9276 0,8721 0,8198 0,7706 0,7242 0,6806 0,6396 0,6009 0,5646 *1,0e-09
6,1 0,5303 0,4982 0,4679 0,4394 0,4126 0,3874 0,3637 0,3414 0,3205 0,3008 *1,0e-09
6,2 0,2823 0,2649 0,2486 0,2332 0,2188 0,2052 0,1925 0,1805 0,1693 0,1587 *1,0e-09
6,3 0,1488 0,1395 0,1308 0,1226 0,1149 0,1077 0,1009 0,0945 0,0885 0,0829 *1,0e-09
6,4 0,7769 0,7276 0,6814 0,6380 0,5974 0,5593 0,5235 0,4900 0,4586 0,4292 *1,0e-10
6,5 0,4016 0,3758 0,3515 0,3288 0,3076 0,2877 0,2690 0,2516 0,2352 0,2199 *1,0e-10
6,6 0,2056 0,1922 0,1796 0,1678 0,1568 0,1465 0,1369 0,1279 0,1195 0,1116 *1,0e-10
6,7 0,1042 0,0973 0,0909 0,0848 0,0792 0,0739 0,0690 0,0644 0,0601 0,0561 *1,0e-10
6,8 0,5231 0,4880 0,4552 0,4246 0,3960 0,3692 0,3443 0,3210 0,2993 0,2790 *1,0e-11
6,9 0,2600 0,2423 0,2258 0,2104 0,1960 0,1826 0,1701 0,1585 0,1476 0,1374 *1,0e-11
7,0 0,1280 0,1192 0,1109 0,1033 0,0961 0,0895 0,0833 0,0775 0,0721 0,0671 *1,0e-11
7,1 0,6238 0,5802 0,5396 0,5018 0,4667 0,4339 0,4034 0,3750 0,3486 0,3240 *1,0e-12
7,2 0,3011 0,2798 0,2599 0,2415 0,2243 0,2084 0,1935 0,1797 0,1669 0,1550 *1,0e-12
7,3 0,1439 0,1336 0,1240 0,1151 0,1068 0,0991 0,0920 0,0853 0,0791 0,0734 *1,0e-12
7,4 0,6809 0,6315 0,5856 0,5430 0,5034 0,4667 0,4326 0,4010 0,3716 0,3444 *1,0e-13
7,5 0,3191 0,2956 0,2739 0,2537 0,2350 0,2176 0,2015 0,1866 0,1728 0,1600 *1,0e-13
Di y a ra mt s v d gip hiu c cch s dng bng 4.1.

V d 4.2:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-9.
Gii:
BER = 10-9 tc l Q(x) = 10-9. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr
gn bng 1 ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1,0e-9 hoc no c gi tr
gn bng 0,1 ng vi dng c h s bng 1,0e-8 v Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-8.
Tra bng ta thy tng ng vi x = 6,0 + 0,00.
Vy x = 6.
Ta xt mt v d na.
V d 4.3:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-12.
Gii:
BER = 10-12 tc l Q(x) = 10-12. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn
bng 1 ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1,0e-12 hoc no c gi tr gn
bng 0,1 ng vi dng c h s bng 1,0e-11 v Q(x) = 10-12 = 110-12 = 0,110-11.
Tra bng ta thy tng ng vi x = 7,0 + 0,03.
Vy x = 7,03.
Lu l chn no c sai s l nh nht, tc l sai lch gia Q(x) bit

vi gi tr mnh chn l nh nht.
Ngc li, khi c x chng ta c th xc nh BER.
V d 4.4:
Hy xc nh Q(x) nu x = 5.
Gii:
Theo bi:
x = 5 tc l x = 5,0 + 0,00
T bng 4.1, ta xc nh giao gia hng x = 5,0 v ct x = 0,00 v kt qu c
c l:
Q(5) = 0,286710-6 (v dng ny c h s (Multi-factor) l 1,0e-6)

7. So snh nhy ca cc h thng Coherent

Bng 4.2 s tng kt xc sut li cc c ch tch sng ca cc dng iu ch
tn hiu. Ngoi ra cng so snh cc phong php tch sng Coherent vi b thu tch
sng trc tip chng ta c ci nhn tng quan v cc phng php iu ch v
tch sng. Trong bng 4.2, c a kt qu v d v s photon trung bnh/bit cn thit
duy tr BER = 10-9 v gi s photodiode l l tng, tc l kt qu c c vi
= 1. Ring vi iu ch ASK, s photon trung bnh phi tnh trn chu k ca hai bit
v bit 0 khng c nh sng truyn. Do s photon trn bit 1 phi tng gp i c
c BER = 10-9. Tuy nhin iu ny khng xy ra i vi dng iu ch FSK v
PSK.
S photon trung bnh/bit trong bng 4.2 c xc nh t cng thc xc sut
li tng ng mt gi tr BER cho trc. Tuy nhin, chng ta cng phi nh
ngha s photon trn mt bit n b thu. Nu gi NP l s photon n b thu trong
khong thi gian mt bit th chng ta c biu thc sau:
PS
NP = (4.63)
hfR T
Trong PS l cng sut quang n photodiode; RT l tc bit hot ng ca
h thng.
Hn na tin li ta c th biu din cc biu thc (4.26) v (4.27) theo i
lng NP, trong RT = 2B = BIF:
S PS
= = N P (4.64)
N Heterodyne hfR T
V:
S PS
= = 2N P (4.65)
N hom odyne hf (R T / 2)
Bng 4.2 Bng so snh nhy ca cc b thu quang [1]
B thu Heterodyne
Tch sng Tch sng
Homodyne Tch sng Tch sng trc tip
iu ch ng b khng ng b
ASK
1 N P 1 N P 1 N P 1
exp( N P )
erfc erfc exp
S photon 2 2 4 2
trung
2 2 4
18 36 40 10.4
bnh/bit
FSK
1 N P 1 N P
erfc exp
2 2
S photon 2
trung
2
bnh/bit 36 40

B thu Heterodyne
Tch sng Tch sng
Homodyne Tch sng Tch sng trc tip
iu ch ng b khng ng b
PSK
S photon
1
2
(
erfc 2N P ) 1
2
(
erfc N P ) 1
2
exp( N P )
trung 9
18 20
bnh/bit
V d di y minh ho cch tnh s photon trung bnh/bit ca cc phng

php tch sng khc nhau.
V d 4.5:
Hy tnh s photon thu c trn mt bit duy tr BER = 10-9 trong cc
trng hp sau:
a) Tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK.
b) Tch sng heterodyne khng ng b ASK.
c) Tch sng homodyne PSK.
Gi s cc b thu nh phn u l tng.
Gii:
a) i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK, ta c xc sut li c tnh
nh sau:
1 N P
P(e) = erfc

2 4
Hay:
N P
P(e) = Q

2
N P
Theo bi P(e) = 10-9, tra bng 4.1 ta c = 6.
2
NP
Gi s b thu l tng, nn = 1 v suy ra = 36 hay NP = 72.
2
Tuy nhin, vi iu ch ASK 72 ht photon ny l tnh trn chu k hai bit. Gi
s s photon bng nhau trn hai bit (bit 1 v bit 0), t suy ra s photon trung bnh
trn mt bit l 36.
b) i vi tch sng heterodyne khng ng b ASK, ta c xc sut li c
tnh nh sau:

1 N P
P(e) = exp
2 4
N
Theo bi P(e) = 10-9, suy ra exp P = 2.109 ( = 1).
4
NP
Do : 20 v NP = 80.
4
T suy ra s photon trung bnh trn mt bit trong trng hp ny l 40.
c) i vi tch sng homodyne PSK xc sut li c tnh nh sau:
Theo yu cu P(e) = 10-9 v = 1 suy ra:

1
2
( )
erfc 2 N P = Q( 4 N P ) = 10 9
Tra bng ta c: 4NP = 6 .

Suy ra: NP = 36/4 = 9.
T bng 4.2 trn, chng ta rt ra cng thc tng qut xc nh xc sut li ca
tch sng heterodyne ng b v homodyne nh sau:
1 KZN P
P(e) = erfc
(4.66)
2 4
vi K l hng s, K = 1 i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b v K = 2 i vi
tch sng homodyne. Hng s Z xc nh kiu iu ch: vi ASK th Z = 1, vi FSK
th Z = 2, vi PSK th Z = 4.
V d 4.6:
Hy xc nh mc cng sut quang ng vo ti thiu tch tn hiu FSK
400Mbit/s BER = 10-9 s dng b thu heterodyne ng b l tng hot ng
bc sng 1,55m.
Gii:
i vi tch sng heterodyne ng b FSK, p dng biu thc (4.66) vi K =
1, Z = 2. Do :
1 NP
10 9 = erfc = Q( N P )

2 2
Tra bng 4.1, suy ra: N P = 6 . T ta tnh c: Np = 36.
T cng thc (4.63), ta c:
N P hCR T
PS = N P .hfR T = (4.67)


Th s vo (4.69) ta c kt qu:
36.6,626.10 34.3.108.400.106
PS = = 1,8nW
1,55.106
Hay:
PS = -57,4dBm.
Nh vy mc cng sut nh ti thiu cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 l
-57,4dBm.
Hnh 4.16 trnh by biu quan h nhy ca cc dng iu ch v tch
sng khc nhau. Theo hnh 4.16, ta thy tch sng Coherent heterodyne ng b
ASK ci thin nhy t 10 25 dB so vi tch sng trc tip, trong khi bng
4.2 s ci thin ny khong 6dB. Thc t, tch sng trc tip cn s photon trung
bnh/bit n b thu khong 400 n 4000 duy tr BER = 10-9 [1].
Hnh 4.16 S so snh nhy ca cc kiu tch sng [1].
IM/DD
10 25 dB
3 dB
ASK heterodyne ASK homodyne
3 dB
FSK heterodyne
3 dB
3 dB
PSK heterodyne PSK homodyne
V d 4.7:
Hy tnh khong cch trm lp ln nht duy tr BER = 10-9 trong h thng
thng tin quang Coherent hot ng bc sng 1,55m khi suy hao trung bnh ca
tuyn cp l 0,2dB/km (bao gm c suy hao ca si, suy hao mi hn v khp ni),
cng sut quang phng vo si l 2,5mW v tc truyn dn ln lt l 50Mbit/s
v 1Gbit/s trong hai trng hp sau:
a) B thu s dng tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK.
b) B thu s dng tch sng homodyne PSK.
Gi s b thu l l tng.
Gii:

a) B thu s dng tch sng heterodyne ng b ASK:

Theo v d 4.5, ta c NP = 36 (s photon trung bnh/bit).
Nu h thng hot ng tc 50Mbit/s, th s vo biu thc (4.69) ta c:
36.6,626.10 34.3.108.50.106
PS = = 0,23nW hay PS = -66,4dBm.
1,55.10 6
Qu cng sut cc i ca h thng:
AM = 4 dBm (-66,4) dBm = 70,4 dB
Suy ra chiu di cc i ca trm lp:
Lmax = 70,4/0,2 = 352 Km
Nu h thng hot ng tc 1Gbit/s, th s vo biu thc (4.69) ta c:
36.6,626.10 34.3.108.1.109
PS = = 4,6nW hay PS = -53,4dBm.
1,55.10 6
AM = 4 dBm (-53.4) dBm = 57,4 dB
Lmax = 57,4/0,2 = 287 Km
b) B thu s dng tch sng homodyne PSK:
Theo v d 4.5 ta c NP = 9.
Nu h thng hot ng tc 50Mbit/s th ta suy ra c:
9.6,626.1034.3.108.50.106
PS = = 58pW hay PS = -72,4dBm
1,55.10 6
AM = 4 dBm (-72.4) dBm = 76,4 dB
Lmax = 76,4/0,2 = 382 Km
Nu h thng hot ng tc 1Gbit/s:
9.6,626.10 34.3.108.1.109
PS = = 1,15nW hay PS = -59,4dBm
1,55.106
AM = 4 dBm (-59.4) dBm = 63,4 dB
Lmax = 63,4/0,2 = 317 Km

IV. CC YU T NH HNG N NHY MY THU

Phn trc chng ta phn tch nhy v BER ca my thu trong iu kin
gi s my thu l l tng v nhy xem nh ch b gii hn bi nhiu bn. Tuy
nhin, thc t c rt nhiu yu t vt l ko nhy my thu Coherent gim xung
nh nhiu pha gia chng, nhiu cng , s khng ph hp v phn cc ca
mode sng v tn sc trong si quang.
1. Nhiu pha
Yu t quan trng lm gim nhy thu trong h thng thng tin quang
Coherent l nhiu pha. Nhiu pha c lin quan n b pht quang v b dao ng
ni. T biu thc (4.11) v (4.12) ta thy, s thng ging v pha gia tn hiu ti
v tn hiu dao ng ni s dn n s thay i v dng ng ra ca b tch sng,
iu ny th hin bn cht kt hp ca qu trnh tch sng quang, t lm gim t
s SNR ca tn hiu. C pha ca tn hiu ti S v pha ca b dao ng ni L nn
c gi n nh trnh suy gim nhy. Khong thi gian m trong pha ca
laser c gi tng i n nh c gi l thi gian kt hp.
Gi S l rng ph laser ca b pht, L l rng ph laser ca b dao
ng ni v RT l tc bit ca h thng th t s rng ph/tc bit c nh
ngha nh sau:

T s rng ph/tc bit = (4.68)
RT
vi:
= S + L (4.69)
c gi l rng ph IF.
i lng t s rng ph/tc bit c s dng c trng cho s nh
hng ca nhiu pha n c tnh ca h thng thng tin quang Coherent. Gi tr
cho php ca /RT thng c xc nh sao cho s mt mt cng sut khng
c vt qu 1dB, iu ny ph thc vo dng iu ch v k thut tch sng
c s dng. Gi tr in hnh ca /RT l nh hn 5.10-4. [2]
Cc yu cu v rng ph s c ni lng ng k i vi cc b thu s
dng tch sng heterodyne, c bit l i vi dng tch sng heterodyne khng
ng b ASK v FSK. i vi b thu heterodyne ng b th cn c /RT < 5.10-3.
i vi cc b thu s dng tch sng ng bao th /RT c th ln hn 0,1 v n
b qua thng tin v pha. Dng iu ch DPSK yu cu rng ph hp hn,
l do thng tin c cha trong s sai pha gia hai bit k cn v pha c gi khng
i trong sut khong thi gian hai bit. Mt s kt qu tnh ton cho rng /RT nn
nh hn 1% cng sut mt mt nh hn 1dB [2].

Vic thit k cc h thng thng tin quang Coherent i hi cn phi c cc

laser bn dn n mode dc c rng ph hp v bc sng c th iu chnh
c phi hp tn s sng mang S vi tn s ca b dao ng ni L sao cho
to ra tn hiu IF c tn s ng nh yu cu.
Mt phng php khc gii quyt vn nhiu pha l thit k cc thit b thu
c bit gi l my thu phn tp pha [2]. K thut ny thch hp cho dng iu ch
ASK, FSK v DPSK.
2. Nhiu cng
Nhiu cng thng c b qua i vi tch sng trc tip nhng trong
b thu quang Coherent th khng b qua c [2].
Mt gii php cho vn nhiu cng l dng cc b thu cn bng, cc b
thu ny c hai cng vi hai b tch sng quang. S b thu cn bng c minh
ho hnh 4.17.
Hnh 4.17 B thu Coherent cn bng hai cng [2].
Coupler 22 l loi coupler 3dB, n trn hai tn hiu: eS(t) l tn hiu vo v

eL(t) l tn hiu ca b dao ng ni. Sau coupler ny chia i tn hiu va trn
v dn hai tn hiu ny qua hai b tch sng khc nhau,v to ra hai dng photon
Ip(+) v Ip(-) trn hai nhnh tng ng:
R (PS + PL ) + R PS PL cos(IF t + )
1
Ip (+) = (4.70)
2
R (PS + PL ) R PSPL cos(IF t + )

1
I p ( ) = (4.71)
2
e
vi R = l p ng ca photodiode trong b tch sng.
hf
Hai dng in ny khi tr nhau s to ra tn hiu heterodyne, thnh phn mt
chiu b loi b hon ton khi hai nhnh cn bng nhau. iu ny xy ra i vi
coupler 3dB hon ho vi t s phn chia ng 50%. iu quan trng y l nhiu

cng i km vi s hng mt chiu cng c loi b trong qu trnh tr hai

dng in cho nhau. Nguyn nhn l b dao ng ni cung cp cng sut cho mi
nhnh l nh nhau, do thng ging cng ca cc dng photon Ip(+) v Ip(-)
ca hai nhnh s kh ln nhau khi tr hai tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin, i lng dng AC
l khng kh c cho d l trong mt my thu cn bng, nhng tc ng ca chng
nh hng t nghim trng n c tnh ca h thng v c s ph thuc cn bc hai
ca cng sut b dao ng ni.
B thu cn bng c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent v n
c hai u im sau:
Nhiu cng gn nh c loi b.
Tt c cng sut ca tn hiu ti v ca b dao ng ni c s dng mt cch
c hiu qu. Tt c cc b thu cn bng u s dng ton b cng sut ca tn
hiu v trnh c s mt mt ny. ng thi b thu cn bng cng s dng ht
cng sut ca b dao ng ni nn d dng cho h thng hot ng trong gii
hn ca nhiu lng t.
3. Khng tng xng v phn cc
Trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu thu c khng ng mt vai tr no trong cc
b thu tch sng trc tip n gin v dng photon c to ra ch ph thuc vo s
lng photon ti. Nhng i vi cc b thu quang Coherent li i hi s tng xng
v trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu t b dao ng ni vi tn hiu thu c [2].
Phng php thng dng nht c s dng gii quyt vn phn cc l
dng my thu hai cng tng t nh hnh 4.12 nhng khc ch hai nhnh s x l
cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao nhau. Cch thu nh vy c gi l my thu phn
tp phn cc [2].
4. Tn sc trong si quang
Trong h thng IM/DD, tn sc nh hng n tc bit hot ng ca h
thng, c bit l trong h thng tc cao. Tn sc trong si quang cn nh hng
n cc c tnh ca h thng thng tin quang Coherent, mc d khng nghim
trng so vi h thng IM/DD. L do l h thng Coherent cn phi s dng cc laser
bn dn hot ng ch n mode dc vi rng ph hp. Hin tng chirp
tn s c th trnh bng cch s dng cc b iu ch ngoi, hn na c th b tn
sc ca si quang thng qua k thut cn bng in trong min IF.
5. Cc yu t hn ch khc
C rt nhiu yu t c th lm gim c tnh h thng thng tin quang
Coherent v cn c xem xt n trong sut qu trnh thit k h thng. Hi tip
phn x l mt trong nhng yu t nh vy. Bt k s hi tip no trong my pht
laser v b dao ng ni u phi trnh, v n c th lm laser bn dn c ph rng

ra hoc lm vic ch a mode. Nh vy cc b Isolator quang cn c s

dng gim hi tip quang trong cc laser bn dn.
C rt nhiu phn x gia hai b mt, phn x dc theo cp si quang c th
bin nhiu pha thnh nhiu cng v nh hng n n c tnh ca h thng
quang Coherent. S chuyn i nh vy thm ch c th xy ra trong my thu, ni
thng c mt on si quang ngn dng ni b dao ng ni n cc thnh phn
khc ca my thu, chng hn nh coupler quang.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang cng c th lm hn ch cc h thng
Coherent, tu thuc vo mc cng sut pht a vo trong si quang. Tn x Raman
kch thch SRS khng phi l mt yu t hn ch i vi cc h thng kt hp n
knh v ngng phi tuyn ca pht x ny rt cao (khong 500mW [4]) nhng li rt
quan trng i vi h thng Coherent nhiu knh. Mt khc, tn x Brillouin kch
thch SBS c mc ngng thp hn v c th nh hng n cc h thng Coherent
n knh. Ngng SBS ph thuc c vo dng iu ch v tc bit. Cn hiu ng
trn bn sng FWM l yu t gii hn ch i vi h thng nhiu knh quang.
V. NHNG U IM CA H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

COHERENT
1. Nng cao nhy thu
Hnh 4.18 S ph thuc nhy vo tc bit truyn. [8]
-40
Thu trc tiep
-60
Thu Coherent
Toc o truyen (Gbit/s)

-80
0,1 1 10
V mt l thuyt, h thng thng tin quang Coherent c nhiu c im hp

dn m mu cht l s ci thin nhy thu. Do nu h thng quang Coherent s
dng phng php tch sng heterodyne hay homodyne s cho php ko di khong

cch gia hai trm lp, tng tc truyn dn trong cc tuyn thng tin ng trc
v tng s knh trong trong mng ni ht hoc thu bao.
2. Nng cao kh nng truyn dn
Vi phng php ghp knh theo tn s, cc h thng thng tin quang
Coherent c dung lng truyn dn rt ln. V d, nu trong vng bc sng hot
ng 1550 nm chn rng ph truyn th trong vng ny c th truyn khong
109 knh thoi tng ng.
Hnh 4.19 Khong cch trm lp ph thuc vo tc truyn [8]
400
Thu Coherent
300
200
Thu trc tiep

100
Toc o truyen (Gbit/s)
0,01 0,1 1 10
3. Kh nng kt hp thu Coherent vi k thut khuch i quang

S kt hp gia thu Coherent v k thut khuch i quang c th to nn cc
tuyn thng tin s c dung lng truyn dn rt ln v ko di khong cch trm lp
(c th t ti 10.000 Km). Kh nng ny c ng dng trong cc tuyn ng
trc v tuyn cp quang th bin [8].
TM TT
Trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent, chng ta c th p dng cc k
thut iu ch s quen thuc nh ASK, FSK, PSK. Trong thng tin quang Coherent
thng s dng cc tn hiu nh phn nn cc k thut iu ch kho dch tn s v
kho dch pha s l BFSK v BPSK. Ty thuc vo b dao ng ni to ra tn hiu
quang c tn s nh th no m chng ta c cc k thut tch sng khc nhau. Nu
tn s nh sng pht ra t b dao ng ni L bng vi tn s tn hiu quang ti S
th chng ta c k thut tch sng Homodyne v tn hiu sau b tch sng quang l

tn hiu di nn. Cn nu tn s nh sng pht ra t b dao ng ni L khc vi tn

s tn hiu quang ti S th chng ta c k thut tch sng Heterodyne v tn hiu
thu c sau b tch sng quang l tn hiu IF. khi phc c tn hiu di nn
t tn hiu IF ny, chng ta phi thc hin thm mt bc na l gii iu ch v
cc k thut gii iu ch in c th p dng y.
K thut tch sng Homodyne c th p dng kiu tch sng ng bao v p
dng cho dng tn hiu ASK v BPSK. Vi k thut tch sng Heterodyne, chng ta
c th s dng kiu tch sng Heterodyne ng b v Heterodyne khng ng b.
Kiu tch sng Heterodyne ng b c th p dng cho dng tn hiu ASK, FSK v
BPSK. Cn kiu tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b c th p dng ln dng tn
hiu iu ch ASK, FSK v DPSK. Mi kiu tch sng khc nhau s cho chng ta
cht lng h thng khc nhau v chng ta c th nh gi cht lng h thng
thng qua xc sut li P(e) vi mi kiu tch sng nh sau:
1 PS
P(e) = erfc (Heterodyne ASK ng b)

2 4hfR T
1 PS
P(e) exp (Heterodyne ASK khng ng b)
2 4hfR T
1 PS
P(e) = erfc (Heterodyne FSK ng b)

2 2hfR T
1 PS
P(e) exp (Heterodyne FSK khng ng b)
2 2hfR T
1 PS
P(e) = erfc
(Heterodyne BPSK ng b)
2 hfR T
1 PS
P(e) exp (Heterodyne DPSK khng ng b)
2 hfR T
1 PS
P(e) = erfc (Homodyne ASK)

2 2hfR T
1 2PS
P(e) = erfc
(Homodyne BPSK)
2 hfR T
T s tn hiu trn nhiu ca h thng tch sng quang Coherent cng c
xc nh nh sau:
S PS
=
N Heterodyne hfR T

S 2PS
=
N hom odyne hfR T
Do thng qua yu cu v cht lng ca h thng, chng ta cng c th
xc nh c SNR ti thiu cn thit ca b thu ng vi mi kiu tch sng.
Nh vy k thut tch sng quang Coherent c th ci thin nhy my thu
so vi k thut sng quang trc tip. Tuy nhin c th a k thut ny vo h
thng vin thng thc t th cn gp nhng kh khn nht nh nh phi c c
ngun quang pht ra tn hiu c n nh tn s v pha tt. Nh chng ta kho
st c tnh ca laser trong H thng thng tin quang" - tp 1, khi hot ng nhit
ca linh kin s c khuynh hng tng ln, iu ny lm cho tn s pht ra tng
ln v rng ph ca laser cng rng ra. Mc khc, khi thay i dng kch ca
laser s lm pha ca tn hiu pht ra s dao ng. l nhng tr ngi v mt k
thut lm cho h thng thng tin quang Coherent tuy c nhng u im ng k
nhng khng pht trin mnh c k t khi n ra i. Hin nay, tng c ly
chng ta c th thc hin c mt cch d dng nh vo k thut khuch i
quang. Trong tng lai, k thut thng tin quang s tip tc c nghin cu ng
dng c th tn dng c nhng u im ca n.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
4.1. Yu cu n nh tn s ca laser dao ng ni trong h thng tch sng
heterodyne ASK l 10MHz. Khi laser pht ra tn s trung tm ng vi bc
sng l 1,55m v s thay i tn s ng ra theo nhit l 14GHz/C, hy
xc nh:
a) n nh cn thit cho thit b.
b) S thay i nhit ln nht c th cho php ca thit b khi khng c
dng iu khin tn s no.
c) Bng thng truyn dn ln nht cho php theo n nh ca laser.
4.2. Hy phn tch ti sao my thu Coherent c nhy cao hn my thu tch
sng trc tip?
4.3. Hy cho bit cc kiu tch sng Coherent.
4.4. B thu OOK c bng thng 250MHz v s dng photodiode c p ng
0,6A/W bc sng hot ng. Thit b ny b gii hn bi nhiu bn v t
s SNR cn thit b thu c c BER chp nhn c l 11dB. Hy
tnh nhy ca b thu v dng photon nhn c khi cng sut ng ra ca
laser dao ng ni l -3dBm v lch pha gia tn hiu dao ng ni v tn
hiu ti b thu l 12.
4.5. Cng sut tn hiu ti b thu quang heterodyne ASK ang hot ng gii
hn nhiu bn l 1,28nW v SNR l 9dB. Hy xc nh bc sng truyn

dn ca h thng ASK nu hiu sut lng t ca photodiode l 75% bc

sng ny v bng thng truyn dn l 400MHz.
4.6. Hy cho bit chc nng cc khi trong s hnh 4.9(a).
4.7. c th tch sng heterodyne ASK khng ng b rng ph ca tn
hiu v ca b dao ng ni phi nh hn 50% tc bit truyn. Hy xc
nh rng ph cc i cho php (theo nm) ca ngun ASK trong cc
trng hp sau:
a) Ngun ASK pht x bc sng 1,30m v tc truyn dn l
140Mbit/s.
b) Ngun ASK pht x bc sng 1,55m v tc truyn dn l
2,4Gbit/s.
4.8. H thng thng tin quang Coherent PSK s dng k thut tch sng
heterodyne ng b i hi mc cng sut quang vo ti thiu l 58,2dBm
c th thu vi BER = 10-9. H thng hot ng tc truyn l 600Mbit/s v
hiu sut lng t ca photodiode l 80%. Gi s b thu hot ng gii hn
bi nhiu bn, hy xc nh bc sng hot ng ca h thng.
4.9. Hy chng minh rng t c BER = 10-9:
a) H thng homodyne ASK l tng cn s photon trung bnh/bit l 18.
b) Tch sng heterodyne FSK khng ng b i hi s photon trung
bnh/bit l 40.
4.10. Hy xc nh mc cng sut quang nh ti thiu c th tch sng c cho
c hai h thng bi tp 4.6 khi bc sng truyn l 1,31m v tc hot
ng ca h thng l 100Mbit/s.
4.11. H thng Coherent DPSK hot ng bc sng 1,54m s dng
photodiode c hiu sut lng t l 83%. Ch tiu gii hn bi nhiu bn
BER = 0,94.10-12 t c b thu quang Coherent vi mc cng sut ti
thiu l 2,1nW. Hy tnh s photon trung bnh/bit v tc hot ng ca h
thng duy tr c BER trn.
4.12. H thng thng tin quang Coherent OOK s dng tch sng heterodyne
khng ng b c bc sng truyn l 1,55m. Hy xc nh s photon cn
thit cho mt bit c c BER = 10-10 khi tch sng b gii hn bi nhiu
bn v p ng ca photodiode bc sng hot ng l 0,7.
4.13. H thng thng tin quang Coherent FSK s dng tch sng heterodyne ng
b c bc sng truyn l 1,3m vi suy hao trung bnh ca tuyn cp l
0,4dB/Km (bao gm suy hao ca si, mi hn v khp ni). Nu 2mW cng
sut phng vo si quang v gi s photodiode l l tng, hy xc nh
khong cch cc i ca trm lp duy tr BER = 10-9 cc tc :
a) 140Mbit/s;

b) 2,4Gbit/s.
4.14. H thng thng tin quang Coherent DPSK hot ng bc sng 1,55m v
tc truyn l 250Mbit/s c khong cch trm lp 300km. Hy tnh hiu
sut lng t ti thiu cn thit ca photodiode h thng c th hot ng
vi BER = 10-10, gi s tch sng b gii hn bi nhiu bn v suy hao trung
bnh ca tuyn cp bc sng hot ng l 0,2dB/km.
4.15. Hy lp bng tm tt cc u im v nhc im ca cc k thut tch sng
s dng trong my thu quang Coherent.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
4.16. Kiu tch sng no khng quan tm n pha v tn s ca sng mang?
a. Tch sng homodyne ASK. b. Tch sng heterodyne ASK ng b.
c. Tch sng trc tip. d. Tch sng DPSK.
4.17. Kiu tch sng no m u thu cn to ra sng mang cng tn s vi tn
hiu vo?
a. Tch sng trc tip. b. Tch sng homodyne.
c. Tch sng heterodyne.
4.18. Kiu iu ch no m cc bit tin c cha ng trong bin ca tn hiu
iu ch?
a. iu ch ASK. b. iu ch FSK.
c. iu ch PSK. d. iu ch PolSK.
4.19. Kiu iu ch no m cc bit tin c cha ng trong pha ca tn hiu
iu ch?
a. iu ch ASK. b. iu ch FSK.
c. iu ch PSK. d. iu ch PolSK.
4.20. nhy ca b thu heterodyne PSK ng b tt hn b thu homodyne ASK
bao nhiu dB?
a. 3dB. b. 6dB.
c. 9dB. d. 12dB.
4.21. Kiu tch sng no cho nhy cao hn?
a. Tch sng homodyne ASK. b. Tch sng heterodyne ASK ng b.
c. Tch sng trc tip. d. Tch sng PSK ng b.
4.22. Trong cc k thut tch sng Coherent, kiu no cho my thu c nhy
cao nht?
a. Tch sng homodyne PSK. b. Tch sng homodyne ASK.

c. Tch sng trc tip. d. Tch sng PSK ng b.

4.23. Kiu tch sng yu cu bng thng b thu hp hn?
a. Tch sng heterodyne PSK ng b.
b. Tch sng heterodyne DPSK khng ng b.
c. Tch sng homodyne PSK.
d. Tch sng heterodyne FSK ng b.
4.24. Nu Q(x) = 10-9 th x bng bao nhiu?
a. 7,35 b. 6,08
c. 5,95 d. 4,68
4.25. Nu Q(x) = 10-10 th x bng bao nhiu?
a. 6,36 b. 6,07
c. 7,04 d. 5,66
-11
4.26. Nu Q(x) = 10 th x bng bao nhiu?
a. 5,08 b. 6,16
c. 7,22 d. 6,71
-12
4.27. Nu Q(x) = 10 th x bng bao nhiu?
a. 6,55 b. 6,87
c. 7,25 d. 7,04
4.28. Nhiu no nh hng ng k n cht lng ca h thng thng tin quang
Coherent?
a. Nhiu nhit. b. Nhiu trng.
c. Nhiu bn. d. Nhiu dng ti.
4.29. Khi cng sut pht ca laser khng n nh s gy nn nhiu g cho h thng
quang Coherent?
a. Nhiu pha. b. Nhiu cng .
c. Nhiu bn. d. Nhiu dng ti.
4.30. Chng ta c th p dng kiu b tn sc nh sng thng qua k thut cn
bng in trong min IF vi kiu tch sng no?
a. Tch sng Homodyne ASK. b. Tch sng Homodyne PSK.
c. Tch sng Heterodyne. d. Tch sng Homodyne.
4.31. H thng thng tin quang Coherent s dng kiu tch sng no s c c ly
thng tin di hn, gi s cng sut pht v suy hao trung bnh si quang
nh nhau?
a. Tch sng Homodyne ASK.

b. Tch sng Homodyne PSK.

c. Tch sng heterodyne FSK ng b.
d. Tch sng trc tip.
4.32. Yu cu ca laser s dng trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent l g?
a. Pht ra cng sut ln.
b. To ra tn hiu c ph rng.
c. Hot ng ch n mode dc.
d. Pht ra tn s c th iu chnh c.
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice.
Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1993.
2. G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications. Third edition, McGraw-Hill,
2000.
3. J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall,
1993.
4. G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 1997.
5. Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, Eugenio Iannoe. Coherent Optical
Communications Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
6. Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical
Communications, 2001.
7. Gerard Lachs. Fiber Optic Communications Systems, Analysis, and
Enhancements. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
8. V Vn San. H thng Thng tin quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-
2003.
9. John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill,
1995.
10. Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications
Systems. McGraw-Hill, 1986.
11. Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBoston
London, 2000.

AP AN VA GI Y TRA LI MOT SO CAU HOI
ON TAP VA BAI TAP
CHNG 1
1.1. PthSBS=80.3mW, PthSRS=1.38W.
1.2. =1.50m, =0.30dB/km
1.3. PthSRS=2.4m
1.4. 0.01o
1.5. (a) =22.08m v fSAW=170.4 MHz, (b) ttun= 5.87s.
1.6. Gi : Thit b sau y c gi l phn chiu vng (loop mirror).
1.14. c 1.15. a 1.16. b 1.17. c 1.18. d 1.19. e

1.20. e 1.21. a 1.22. c 1.23. a 1.24. d 1.25. a
1.26. b 1.27. c 1.28. d 1.29. e 1.30. b 1.31. a
1.32. b 1.33. c 1.34. d 1.35. e 1.36. a 1.37. b
1.38. f 1.39. e 1.40. g 1.41. c 1.42. b 1.43. c
1.44. d 1.45. a 1.46. c 1.47. a 1.48. b 1.49. g
1.50. f 1.51. a 1.52. d 1.53. a
CHNG 2
Hng dn tr li v p n ca cc cu 28 39:
2.28. Cng sut nhiu ng ra mi b khuch i tng ln do nhiu ASE ca b
khuch i c cng vo cng sut nhiu pha trc c khuch i
n v Watt

2.29. Khong cch lp t ti a Lmax = L.(Nmax+1) vi Nmax l s b khuch i

ti a c th lp t c. Nmax c xc nh bng cch xc nh t s SNR
ti ng ra ca mi b khuch i theo cch tnh nh trong cu 28. iu kin
c th lp t c l SNR SNRmin = 18dB.
2.30. b 2.31. d 2.32. c 2.33. a 2.34. c 2.35. a

2.36. b 2.37. c 2.38. a 2.39. d
CHNG 3
3.25. a 3.26. b 3.27. c 3.28. d 3.29. a 3.30. a
3.31. a
CHNG 4
4.1. (a) 1,93 trong 107; (b) 710-4 C; (c) 50MHz
4.4. -59,2dBm; 0,76A
4.5. 1,32m
4.7. (a) 410-4nm; (b) 110-3nm
4.8. 1,57m
4.10. (a) 273pW; (b) 607pW
4.11. 500MHz
4.12. 164
4.13. (a) 771pW; (b) 13,2nW
4.14. 74%
4.16. c 4.17. b 4.18. a 4.19. c 4.20. a 4.21. d

4.22. a 4.23. c 4.24. c 4.25. a 4.26. d 4.27. d
4.28. c 4.29. a 4.30. c 4.31. b 4.32. c

CAC CH VIET TAT
ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer B xen/rt knh

AOTF Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter B lc quang-m iu chnh c
APD Avalanche Photo-Diode Photodiode thc l
APS Automatic Protection Switching Chuyn mch bo v t ng
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission Pht x t pht c khuch i
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying Kho dch bin
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn khng ng
b
AWG Arrayed-Wavegiude Grating Cch t ng dn sng ma trn
BLSR Bidirectional Line Switched Ring Vng chuyn mch ng dy
song hng
BW BandWidth rng di thng
CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift- Kho dch tn pha lin tc
Keying
CPM Cross Phase Modulation iu ch xuyn pha
CR Coupler Ratio T s ghp
CW Continuous Wave Sng quang lin tc
DC Directional Coupler Coupler nh hng
DCN Data Communication Network Mng truyn s liu
DD Direct Detection Tch sng trc tip
DFA Doped-Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si c pha
tp cht
DPRing Dedicated Protection Ring Vng bo v dnh ring

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha vi sai

DRWA Dynamic-Routing and Wavelength nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng

Assignment
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Ghp knh theo bc sng quang
Multiplex dy c
DXC Digital Cross Connect B kt ni cho s
EDF Erbium Doped Fiber Si quang trn Erbium
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si trn
Erbium
F Fineness mn
FM Frequency Modulation iu ch tn s
FO Figure Of Merit H s phm cht
FPA Fabry-Perot Amplifier B khuch i Fabry-Perot
FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kho dch tn s
FSR Free Spectral Range Di ph t do
FWM Four Wave Mixing Trn bn bc sng
IF Intermediate Frequency Trung tn
IL Insertion Loss Suy hao xen
IM Intensity Modulation iu ch cng
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc mng Internet
MPLS Multi-protocol label switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MSK Minimum Shift-Keying Kho dch ti thiu
MUX Multiplexer B ghp knh
MZF Mach-Zehnder Filter B lc Mach-Zehnder
MZI Mach Zehnder Interferometer B giao thoa Mach Zehnder
NDFA Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si pha tp
Neodymium
NE Network Element Phn t mng
NF Noise Figure H s tp m
OADM Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer B xen/rt knh quang
OBS Optical Burst Switching Chuyn mch khi quang

Cc ch vit tt 247
OCh Optical Channel layer Lp knh quang

OCh-P Optical Chanel-Path ng knh quang
OCh-S Optical Channel-Section on knh quang
OCh- Optical Channel-Transparent on knh quang trong sut
TS Section
OCS Optical Circuit Switching Chuyn mch knh quang
OFA Optical Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si
OLT Optical Line Terminal B kt cui ng quang
OMS Optical Multiplex Section Lp on ghp knh quang
OPS Optical Packet Switching Chuyn mch gi quang
OSC Optical Supervision Channel Knh gim st quang
OSNR Optical Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m quang
OTDM Optical Time Division Multiplex Ghp knh quang phn chia thi
gian
OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer My o quang di trong min thi
gian
OTS Optical Transmission Section on truyn dn quang
OTU Optical Transmit Unit B chuyn pht quang
OXC Optical Cross-Connect B kt ni cho quang
PDFA Praseodymium-Doped Fiber B khuch i quang si pha tp
Amplifier Praseodymium
PDH Plesiochrounous Digital Hierachy Phn cp s cn ng b
PLL Phase - Locked Loop Vng kho pha
PolSK Polarization Shift Keying Kho dch phn cc
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha
RA Raman Amplifier B khuch i Raman
REG Regenarator Trm lp
RL Reflectance/Return Loss Suy hao phn hi
RWA Routing and Wavelength nh tuyn v gn bc sng
Assignment

SAW Surface Acoustic Wave Sng m b mt

SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Tn x do kch thch Brillouin
SCM SubCarrier Modulation iu ch sng mang ph
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierachy Phn cp s ng b
SGL Sampled Grating Laser B laser cch t ly mu
SLE Static Lightpath Establishment Thit lp lightpath tnh
SMSR Sidemode Suppression Ratio T s trit mode sng ph
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier B khuch i quang bn dn
SONET Synchronous Optical Network Mng quang ng b
SPM Self Phase Modulation T iu pha
SPR Shared Protection Ring Vng bo v chia s
SRS Stimulated Ramam Scattering Tn x do b kch thch Raman
SRWA Static-Routing and Wavelength nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh
Assignment
STM-N Synchronous Transport Module-N M un truyn dn ng b cp N
TDFA Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si pha tp
Thulium
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh theo thi gian
TE Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui
TMN Telecommunication Management Mng qun l vin thng
Network
TWA Traveling Wave Amplifier B khuch i sng chy
ULSR Unidirectional Line Switched Ring Vng chuyn mch ng dy
n hng
UPSR Unidirectional Path Switched Ring Vng chuyn mch ng dn
n hng
WC Wavelength Converter B chuyn i bc sng
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh theo bc sng
XPC Cross Phase Modulation iu ch xuyn pha

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HE THONG

THONG TIN QUANG

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NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

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Th k 21 l th k ca cng ngh thng tin. S bng n ca cc loi hnh dch

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H Ni, thng 4 nm 2009

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CHNG 1: HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG WDM ............................. 11

GII THIU .................................................................................................................11

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CHNG 2: KHUECH AI QUANG......................................118

I. TNG QUAN V KHUCH I QUANG .............................................. 118

CHNG 3: TRUYEN TAI IP/WDM.......................................155

I. GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................. 155

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1. Xu hng tch hp IP qua WMD ......................................................... 155

CHNG 4: HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG COHERENT ....... 201

I. GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................. 201

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4. Tch sng Heterodyne khng ng b................................................ 213

AP AN VA GI Y TRA LI MOT SO CAU HOI ON TAP

CAC CH VIET TAT ...........................................................245

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I. NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG QUANG

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Bng 1.1 S phn chia cc bng sng.

Bng sng M t Phm vi bc sng (nm)

2. S khi tng qut

Hnh 1.2 S chc nng h thng WDM.

Nh minh ha trn hnh 1.2, m bo vic truyn nhn nhiu bc sng

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Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc

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Hnh 1.3 H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng

Xt v dung lng, h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao

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Hnh 1.4 Li bc sng theo ITU.

Mt vn khc, kh khn hn l chn la mt b bc sng tiu chun bo

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bi v cc nh sn xut u c cc cu hnh knh ti u ring v cc k hoch nng

II. CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG CA H

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Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra lm 2 loi. Loi th nht pht sinh do tc

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Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l hiu ng trn

M hnh ca nh hng ny c th rt phc tp. Trong thc t, c th s dng

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Vi w0 l bn knh trng mt.

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bc sng thp sang knh tn hiu c bc sng cao l mt hiu ng c bn lm c

Hnh 1.8 H s li SRS l hm ca khong cch knh.

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Vi P l cng sut nh sng. i vi si quang silica, thng nNL = 3.2x10-20

= ( L )dz = NL P(z )dz = NL Pin L eff (1.19)

C th biu din s ph thuc ny theo mt cch khc:

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ra. R rng SPM gy ra gin xung thng qua tn sc mu. Cn lu mt u im

Theo cng thc (1.12), phn cc in mi phi tuyn c th c vit: