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Table of Maximum Current Permissible in Permanent Service
Table of Maximum Current Permissible in Permanent Service
TABLE OF MAXIMUM
INTENSITIES
PERMISSIBLE IN
PERMANENT
SERVICE
8.1 INSTALLATION CONDITIONS
UNDERGROUND CABLES
Cable laid over tubes at a depth of 0.7 metres, the
thermal resistivity of the terrain being 2.5 km/W and
the temperature of the terrain of 25C.
OVERHEAD CABLES
A circuit of three single cores in tre-foil configuration, or a
single or three core cable arranged in such a way that between
them there is efficient air replacement, an ambient
temperature of 40C, and they are not exposed to sunlight. For
both cases, if the conditions do not correspond exactly to the
aforementioned reference models, the corresponding
correction factors should be applied. These factors are given
on the following pages, where the most common and usual
conditions are described.
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intensity given as maximum decrease, at times significantly, especially when
various conditions, that clearly have to be linked, play a role.
For low-voltage cables, the application will adhere to the same correction values as
indicated; although, in addition, it is highly important to take into account potential
drops, it being common to have to increase the cross-section of the conductors for
medium and long paths in order to obtain an intensity that will flow through smaller
sections.
(*) NOTE: With respect to the intensities that appear for each section,
whether the installation is overhead or underground, it is of paramount
importance to remember that the value given is the maximum
permissible permanent one, and for that intensity the conductor will be at
a temperature of 90C if the insulators are thermoset (XLPE, EPR) or 70C if
they are thermoplastic (PVC, PE). Consequently, any reducing coefficient that is
applicable to the installation, e.g. cables exposed to sunlight (coefficient 0.9), will
reduce the original maximum capacity by 10%. For various reasons, there may often
be a number of coefficients in the installation which, once applied, will cause us to
select cables with a larger section than originally planned.
On the other hand, in an economic study we must consider that when the service
temperature of a cable is increased due to the Joule effect, we are using a large
quantity of energy in kW/h in calorific form. Clearly it is better to opt for cables with
a greater section; the increased investment will be recouped in a short time.
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8.2 MAXIMUM INTENSITIES
PERMISSIBLE IN PERMANENT
SERVICE (UNE 20460-5-523)
1,5 21 24 20 - - -
2,5 29 33 26,5 22 25 20
4 38 45 36 29 35 27,5
6 48 57 46 38 45 36
10 68 79 65 53 61 50
16 91 105 87 70 83 66
300 - - - - - -
400 - - - - - -
500 - - - - - -
630 - - - - - -
If there are any special conditions in the choice of cross-section, correction factors should be applied.
* Considering 3 loaded conductors
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MAXIMUM INTENSITIES
PERMISSIBLE IN PERMANENT
SERVICE (UNE 20460-5-523)
UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION
(Temperature of ground: 25C) Thermal resistivity of the ground: 2,5 K.m/W
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF CONDUCTOR: 90C
CABLES INSULATED WITH RETICULATED POLYETHYLENE (XLPE)
1,5 24,5 21 - -
4 42 35 32,5 27,5
6 53 44 40 34
10 70 58 53 45
16 91 75 70 58
25 116 96 89 74
400 - - - -
500 - - - -
630 - - - -
If there are any special conditions in the choice of cross-section, correction factors should be applied.
* Circuits with single core cables according to UNE 20460-5-523 the values of columns TWO and THREE can be
taken depending on the number of loaded single core cables of the circuit in question
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8.3 OVERHEAD CABLES
CORRECTION FACTORS
TEMPERATURE 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Cables insulated
1,35 1,29 1,22 1,15 1,,08 1,00 0,91 0,81 0,71 -.58
with PVC
Cables insulated
1,22 1,18 1,14 1,10 1,05 1,00 0,95 0,90 0,84 0,77
with XLPE, EPR
It is clear that under certain installation conditions (in ducts, galleries??, etc), the
heat dissipated by the cables cannot be diffused freely, giving rise to an increase in
air temperature. Many factors depend on the size of this increase, and it must be
determined in each case. For an approximate evaluation, it must be borne in mind
that the increase in temperature is in the region of 15C; thus, the intensity
permitted in the conditions for this rating must be reduced with the coefficients in
the table above.
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CORRECTION FACTORS
Note: When the separation between cables is equal to or greater than "2d", no correction is required.
CORRECTION FACTORS
Note: When the separation between cables is equal to or greater than "2d", no correction is required.
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THREE PHASE OR SINGLE CORE TRE-FOIL
CABLES LAID ON A WALL WITH A SEPARATION
BETWEEN CABLES EQUAL TO A DIAMETER "d".
Distance from the wall > 2 cm
CORRECTION FACTORS
Note: When the separation between cables is equal to or greater than "2d", no correction is required.
THREE PHASE OR
SINGLE CORE TRE-FOIL
CABLES IN CONTACT AND
WITH THE WALL, LAID ON
CONTINUOUS OR
PERFORATED TRAYS
(WHERE AIR
CIRCULATION IS
RESTRICTED).
CORRECTION FCTORS
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THREE PHASE OR SINGLE CORE TRE-FOIL
CABLES IN CONTACT LAID OVER STRUCTURES
OR ON A WALL
CORRECTION FACTORS
CORRECTION FACTORS
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8.4 UNDERGROUND CABLES
CORRECTION FACTORS
TEMPERATURE 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
CABLES INSULATED WITH PVC 1,15 1,10 1,05 1 0,94 0,88 0,81 0,74 0,66
CABLES INSULATED
1,11 1,07 1,04 1 0,96 0,92 0,88 0,83 0,78
WITH XLPE, EPR
THERMAL RESISTIVITY OF THE GROUND C cm/W 80 100 120 150 200 250
LAYOUT OF CABLES 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
WITH A SEPARATION OF 7 CM
0,85 0,75 0,68 0,64 0,60 0,56 0,53 0,50
(THICKNESS OF A BRICK)
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CABLES BURIED IN TRENCHES AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS
For a THREE PHASE OR SINGLE CORE TRE-FOIL CABLES buried directly, the
permitted intensity will be corrected by applying a correction coefficient in the
basis of the depth of the installation. In the table, the coefficients to be applied
are given depending on the installation type, of 70 cm or of 100 cm. It is
recommended that only one single core or three core cable be installed per tube.
The ratio of the tube diameter to that of the cable will be greater than or equal to
2. Whenever it is necessary to install one triad of cables per tube, the ratio
between the diameter of the tube and the apparent diameter of the triad of cables
must be greater than or equal to 2.
Depth of installation (m) 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,20
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8.5 SHORT CIRCUITS
GENERAL COMMENTS
Electric networks must be capable of withstanding, while sustaining no permanent
damage, not only operating currents, but also the intense currents that are
produced under conditions of faults (short circuits) in the network itself or in the
receptors connected to it. These are short duration currents (a few seconds, at
maximum), and disappear when the protection devices that must be installed to
this end come into action. But in spite of this, their thermal effect may be very
important due to the intensity under these conditions being many times higher
than that of normal working conditions, and due to the heat production per time
unit depending on the square of the intensity of the current. In three phase
networks short circuits may be of different types, depending on which conductors
come into accidental contact. At most points of an electric system, the most
unfavourable case is a solid three phase short circuit, as this is when the highest
currents appear.
Only at points that are very close to generators or conversions with neutral rigidly
earthed can the current of a single phase or two phase fault exceed a three phase
one. In any case, the intensity of the three phase one is the easiest to calculate,
as it corresponds to a symmetrical case in the network, while in non-symmetrical
cases more complex methods are required for the calculation (symmetrical
component method, Clarke's fault analysis method, etc.)
The calculation of the current in a short circuit in general is beyond the scope of
the present work; nevertheless, in the case of a tripolar short circuit, it can be
calculated using the suitable conductor section.
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possible; the shorter the predicted duration of the phenomenon the better. The
evolution of the current depends on the permanent short circuit current at the
point being considered, on the sub-transitory, transitory and synchronic reactance
of the short circuit in question, and on the instant when they are produced.
For t values in the order of 1.5 seconds, it is sufficient to consider the current of
the permanent short circuit. The permanent symmetrical current of a THREE
PHASE short circuit can be calculated, to an effective value, on the basis of the
following formula:
This formula is shown in Figure 1 for the normal application field of our cables.
The dynamic loads are proportional to the square of the current surge in the
short circuit (peak value): for the most severe cases, this value, which is
dependent on the aforementioned reactance and on in the instant of the short
circuit, is considered to be equal to 1.8 2 Icc. Dynamic loads subject cables and
terminals to high mechanical forces. In tripolar cables these forces are absorbed
by the effect of the wiring, sheathing or armour. Single Core cables must be fixed
firmly over the entire cable run.
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GRAPH 1
U=0,380 kV 1
300
200 3
100 6
PERMANENT SHORT CIRCUIT POWER Icc (kA)
10
50
40 15
30 20
25
20 30
45
10
65
5
4
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 4050 100 200 300 400 500 1000
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GRAPH 2
SHORT-CIRCUIT INTENSITY ADMISSIBLE IN THE CONDUCTORS IN VULPREN AND
HERSATENE CABLES (COPPER CONDUCTORS)
300
MAXIMUM SERVICE
TEMPERATURE 90C
200
MAXIMUM SHORT-CIRCUIT
TEMPERATURE 250C
100
50 630 mm2
40 500
30 400
INTENSITY (kA)
300
20 240
185
150
10
120
95
70
5
4 50
3
35
25
2
16
1
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 1 2 3
TIME (SEC.)
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GRAPH 3
SHORT-CIRCUIT INTENSITY ADMISSIBLE IN THE CONDUCTORS IN VULPREN AND
HERSATENE CABLES (ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS)
300
MAXIMUM SERVICE
200 TEMPERATURE 90C
MAXIMUM SHORT-CIRCUIT
TEMPERATURE 250C
100
50
40
30
630 mm2
INTENSITY (kA)
500
20
400
300
240
10
185
150
120
5
95
4
70
3
50
2 35
25
1
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 1 2 3
TIME (SEC.)
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SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IN THE CONDUCTOR
Graphs 2 and 3 show the short circuit intensities permitted by VULPREN and
HERSATENE cables with copper or aluminium conductors, according to the time in
seconds of the duration of the short circuit, and of the nominal section of the
conductor. These intensities have been calculated supposing that:
c
Icc = S
t
C VALUES
INSULATION
EPR Y XLPE
Cu 141,8
Al 92,8
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