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The history of postwar Greek architecture abounds with the solitary to shape his environment, the use advanced technology, the
struggles young architects who started out all optimism to highlighting of detail, and respect 10r the landscape drastic
introduce Greece the achievements contemporary architectur rearrangement of the environment, whichever was called for each
al thought which they aspired to adapt to 10caJ conditions and case .

enrich with their originaJ contributions and the teachings of our
architectural tradition. Like all solitary causes, these struggles
achieved but a few and minor . victories.
a marginal capitalist country such as Greece, the result all
human endeavour is decisively influenced by the general adverse
conditions generat6d by a con1used but determinative network
of conflictual interests and dependences. Architecture is
ecetion to this rule. Accordingly, thefew noteworthy architectural
works created country since 1950 are being steadily
downgraded this aberrant environment which reflects the
lawlessness and ignorance the ruling class and the depravity
an authority thatdestroys the past but lacks any vision for the future.
This dismal reality can account for the pessimism that has spread
lke a slow contagion among the militant architects the '1ilties and
the tendency among younger architects join forces collective
action, only their strictly professional lie!d but the broader
field of politics as well.
. Ch. Zenetos was one of the outstanding representatives the
postwar generation of Greek architects. With his talent for
composition, his thorough professional training and knowledge of
technology, he was a tireless researcher deeply concerned with
social problems, who 1aced with the same seriousness and
conscienciousness all the works he designed: works distinguished
by their functional organization, clarity of form, perspicuity
construction, flexibility and the they rovided the user
The work T.Ch. Zenetos . the product of tremendous eflort and
many personal sacrilices has met with particular appreciation
among a small group young architects, many of whom it has
influenced signilicantly. He himself, however, lelt elbowed aside,
isolated and disillusioned by the course events, the deterioratton
the manmade environment and the quality of l1 country.
his design for the city of the future he tried to byp.
produce a blueprint for coming generations. But our grim!y
pragmatic times there was place for utopian visions.
Exhausted by the unequaJ struggle, he decided to end his ll a
manner that registered both the despair and the protest 10 men
when they find they can longer l creatively an inhospitable
and uncongenial environment.
. Ch. Zenetos was of the oldest Iriends and contributors of
Architecture Greece. The presentatIon of a selection of his works
and some the notes he left containing his thoughts
architecture is merely a Iriendly gesture; it is, our ,
particularly useful for today's young architects, many whom are
not sufficiently 1amiliar with his work. We cannot advance without a
knowledge of our history, especially recent history. And . Ch.
Zenetos' contribution to the history of postwar Greek architecture is
both significant and incontestable.
.. Orestis . Doumanis

..
 6
Mies van der Rohe,
J. / Corbu. , f ,
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did ! imitate Mies der Rohe. much
/ess Corbu who, whi/e giving space
a u, created a defnite bondary
between interior and exterior. thus making
handsome boxes. own effort has been
( inlegrate the interior with the V
ment, with c/ear dividing Ine between
the tWQ. For the sake both of the resident
himse/f and the man the street.
Contemporary rob/ems increasing/y drive
home the need (, olitical aW8reness and
"participation" on the part of the architect,
for it is otherwise impossible for him to
approach them effectively, matter how
much talent goodwill he is endowed
with. The role of the architect is constantly
moving away from the o/d model: he is
becoming today a collaborator, a partner of
the / who le his buildings,
continuously learning from them. Theo
Grosby and others ! ' the increasing
rarity, day, of important architecturaJ
works, though am ! sure this can be
attributed to the evolutions and trends
mentioned above, which so far have
materiaJized but sporadically. For the time
being, since the built environment, once
built, lasts for many years, my research is
oriented towards the architecture of the
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future, which propose shou/d be a research activities. ! only seldom do the
'non-architecture ". latter become basic research, which is
socio-economic. regional and city
have investigated architectural probJems planning designs can be classified as such
and designed buildings for a country the basic research; but the proposals they
stage of partiaJ industrial deve/opment; my contain have not been implemented.
client was the private businessman. / have The l orientation of present day
! had the opporfunity ( design houses research towards low-cost housing finds
for the masses except the l of me total disagreemenf. The problem is
regiona/ and urban p/anning (for instance, primarily a question of shift in focus.
the planning for Aghia GaJini). This lnstead { abandon;ng o/d housing and
problem ;s clearly po/itcaf (economic) deve/oping new projecls, with the houses
and / disagree - in theory at any rate - with as dormitories around the useless be
the I trends toward lowcost hemoths of conventiona/ bureaucracy, the
housing. believe that the house should be greater of the building industry
society's most e/aborate and /uxurious ought 10 housing and try ( create a
product; houses, not monuments (banks humane environment.
and such estab/ishments time have Even the most "progressive" movements
rep/aced the temples and pyramids of Western countries have reacted agains!
bygone days), because houses account for the current form of urban planning, nor
75 per cent of the built environment. The against use/ess investments and the vast
contradiction and deadend which define transportation facilities used to move the
contemporary society led me search for myriads of "workers" they require. Reac
"e/ectronic city planning" applicable has sprung from other professiona/
and all political regimes (but, the fie/ds, concerned about the fact that
extend that constitutes a revo/utit1Aary low-cost housing is a new madness boding
innovation, /ike all changes, will have the most destructive possible conse
be brough/ abou/ by l/1e working c/ass). quences forman. Use/essmarble banks. for
instance, prevent neilher inflation nor
work ;s separated professionaJ and unemployment. The construction industry
 7

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musl lrn its attention rimarily ( hosing,
( maintain and improve existing homes
(within the framework a decentra/izing
p/an), and ( create new high standard
housing.
/ Holland (as many other movab/e and Jess durab/e but not obso/es
countries) the housing prob/em has engen
dered a tendency ( finance the l
directly concerned rather than the con
strction companies wMch use borrowed
capita/ for profitable specu/ation (e.9.
H.L.M.). The aim this po/icy is give the
people concerned direct controf.
Reafizing the danger to themsefves, the
"progressive" executives the building
industry discovered, throgh their experts
spokesmen like Habraken, the of
"artcat"; the possibIty, that is, a prob/em breaking the cube/box, ways
"free" choice spatial layot. this way,
the money finds its way back the
construction companies which constrct
"bift-on" Irames a certain durabifity,
and the associated industries which
produce "add-on" modfarelements of low
durability. The /atter thus make for the
loss they incur through the s/owdown the
demo/ition / rebui/ding cyc/e which is their
source profit. At the same time, with the
hep of advertising, housing is becoming a
consumer commodity rather than a utility resu/t, bui/ding exteriors longer
commodity. This constructon system IfOO f/at surfaces, but three-dimen
wold be all right a society which there siona/ and changeab/e.
were profiteering production and
prov;ded the built-on frame were f1exib/e. L designing systems of housing for low
As for the add-on e/ements. these shold be incomes, we aid and abet the system that
sup/ies /abour the bui/ding industryand
cent Iike the products of the automobi/e swells the consumer market, thereby
industry, which waste energy production contributing to the abandonment of the
and create junk. They shou/d be designed countryside and the disappearance qf the
such a way as ( serve various different rura/ market.
ways of life, thereby pr% nging the term of
use of the bui/dings. pubJic utilty / have studied a/one and / study constantly,
bui/dings (e_g. schoo/s), on/y is /his working with my c/ients and keeping to
system direct/y app/icab/e, but shou/d date with other sciences and professions.
and must be adopted a wide scaIe. / this / have been he/ped by my practice
and by my membership committees of
/ have a/ways been concerned with the collective bodies.
that wou/d be functiona/ and not based The right so/ution is small lrms which
( aiming at) the morh% gica/ effect. conlorm ( the human sca/e. small lrm
However, any given work, the fuffillment can hand/e /arge projec/s /00. The potentia/
of lunctiona/ requirements may often be of a lrm should not be measured by the
forthcoming from elements which have a number of persons t emp/oys but by its
different function. Thus, the three potential brainpower, knowledge and
dimensiona/ity of the facade can be expertise, both professional and politica/.
enhanced by the scaffo/ding, which girds . Ch. Zenetos
building with a changing pattern
during construction and sometimes is more
aesthetic than the bulding itseff. As a
8

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The architecture of. . Ch. Zenetos. Princip/es and aims

by .. Papanastassiou, architect

If one iS to understand the particuIar aims .
Ch. Zenetos pursued so methodicaIIy and
consistentIy in most of his projects and
designs, one must examine his work as a
whoie. One finds that SiX basic aims emerge
from the architecturaI organization and
form of the bu iIdings he designed and the
urban pIanning projects and master pIans
he authored. We Iist them here without
attempting to pIace them in any order of
priority:
a) Use of prefabrication.
b) FIexibiIity and mobiIity.
c) Expos ure to sunIight and protection
from soIar heat and gIare.
d) Recyc l ing and conservation of materials
and energy.
e) Adaptation of the work to the natural
environment, rearrangement of the
environment as a setting for the work.
f) Use of advanced technology.
1. Use of prefabrication
The transition, necessitated by times,
from manual to ind u striai mode of building
was the object of . Ch. Zenetos' efforts; an
objective he endeavoured to reaIize from
the beginning of his career. He
designed bu ildings with a prefabrication
morphology even though cond itions at that
time precluded its appI ication and trad i
tional construction methods were used.
, those buil dings heId the possibi li the reverse. The basic rdea and aim was a
ty of l ater expansion by fuII partial
prefabrication (Fix Brewery, Apco Factory,
fig. 1,2). In l ater projects he succeeded in
using prefabrication fairly extensiveIy
( Bravo Factory, fig. 3), even when his
employers were government agencies
(schoolhouse at Aghios Dimitrios, fig. 4);
meanwhile he continued investigating the
uses of prefabrication on a stilI larger scale,
from large complexes to entire housing
settiements (hotel on Kifissias ., Plakias,
Aghia Galini, fig. 5-7).
2. F/exibi/ity and mobi/ity
Flexibility and mob i l ity are d irectly depen
dent on, res u l t from, prefabrication
three-dimensional grid as a med ium in
 9

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13

which to i ncororate standard eIeme nts,
fixed s l i d i n g , opaque transparent,
i n s u lar otherwise, with complete free
dom of movement and therefore with the
poss i b i l ity of rearrang i n g the space at any
time to meet new req u irements and
conditions (cl imatic, sociaI, psychoIog ical),
res u Iting from lo ng- (composition of the
fam i ly) and short-term changes (weather),
(fig. 8-1 ).
3. Exposure to sunlight
and protection from
the solar heat and glare
Because of the c l imate, protect ion from the
solar heat and glare is a basic problem
most parts of cou ntry. One so l ution is to
provide for a gradual attenuation of the
s u n's i ntensity from outside to i nside
(through the use of pergoIas, louvres, solid
awn i ngs). This sol ution which can be fou nd
island architecture (Santor i n i , fig.
11), was appl ied by Zenetos the Siemens
Residence at Kifissia (fig. 12).
Trad ition has bequeathed us the use of
sma l l apertures (necessitated by the
traditional buil d i n g materials used). The
severaI d isadvantages of this solution,
however, are only too wel l -know n : Iack of a
view, dazzlement res u l t i n g from the con
centration of bright l ight through a small
aperture i nto a dark i nterior, etc. da the
constru ction Iimitations which necessi
tated it ori g i naIIy longer exist. using
large apertures which (through the use of
devices operating one, two three
IeveIs) permit one to regu late the i ntensity
of the l i ght, Zenetos overcame the d isad
vantages mentioned above and created a
"filtration" of light and temperature (apart
ment house Amalias Ave., residence at
Nea Kifissia, fig. 13-15). Somethi n g ap
proaching this can be seen the old
Athenian verandas and patios of
vernac u l ar architecture (fig. 16). Zenetos'
works additiona l ly conta i n a ux i l i ary protec
tive elements s u ch as marquees, which vary
size according to the exposure
(schoolhouse at Aghios Dimitrios, resi
dence at Kifissia, fig. 17-19), external
Iouvres (VianiI Factory, fig. 20).
 11

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22 24

4. Recycling and conservation
of materials and energy
The worIdwide energy crisis recent years
has brought very starkIy the question
waste our consumer society. Waste starts
with energy and continues aII aIong the line
to the l i n ished object used. As a resuIt,
whiIe the search 10r new energy sources
goes on, an intensive and systematic drive
is under way a l l over the worId to prevent
waste materiaIs through recyclng, either
the raw materiaI the fi nished object.
lenetos' appIied research focused :
a) The study sources energy (use PIakias, fig. 25). When, the other hand,
wind- power to produce eIectricity, lig.
21),
b) the recycIing raw materiaIs (cIosed
water suppIy circuits the city the
future),
c) the recycIing the finished object (seats
from tractors and cars, Iighti ng fixtures
Irom automobiIe exhausts and camera 27, 28).
tripod, l i g . 22-24).
6. Use ( advanced technology
5. Adaptation of the work (e/imination of superfluous
to the environment, trave/ing time)
rearrangement of the environment Most people look u advanced technolo
as a setting for the work gy as a n enemy that ends by catching man
Zenetos deaIt with the environment its gears and ensIav i n g him. CharIie
two ways. When the environment was ChapIin gave us a poig nant illustrat ion of
a unique character particuIar interest, this "Modern Times".
he designed structures which wouId not . Ch. lenetos perceived technology from
aIter encroach u it; structures, that is, the opposite viewpoint. And he used it
which were so Iight as not to obtrude (rock prec isely as it was meant to be used and for
the purpose it is i ntended to serve: to
the environment was neutraI ind ifferent, release man Irom secondary routi ne (but
he stressed the structure (NationaI Bank necessary) Iabours and give him more time
Greece Branch Oflice the ThessaIon iki for leisure, human contacts, self
industriai zone, fig. 26) even i ntervened improvement and other similar activities
rad ically by rearranging the Iandscape as a which are the truly worthwhi l e human
setti n g for the structure (residence at lunctions (fig. 29-31):
Psychiko 1961, re"sidence at Lagonissi, lig.
 13
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14

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. Ch. Zenetos: Works and projects

Detached suburban houses

, , , 1956

, 2, , 1957

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(. ' 14 /1959 11/1961)

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Apartment bui/dings

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30
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, 49, ', 1962
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32

, 41, , 1970
( + 4/1973)

, 11, ', 1972

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 33

Apartment interiors

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School buildings

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38
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40

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 41

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(. 1 1 /1 961 , ' 4 1 / 1 963 World A rchitecture 1 /1 964)

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42

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 43

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(. 11/1961)

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Bravo, 1 00, 6, 1972

(. ' 9/1 975)

u u . ., , 1974

l
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46

Office bui/dings

, . -, ', 1958
(. 11/1961)

,'-'=,=,-'- - -

, , , 1966
(. ' 5/1971 )

, 36-, ', 1969

(. ' 6/1972)
 47

Bus terminal

' ', , , 1962

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48

Shops and exhibition pa vilons

, ' , 1956

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-, ' , 1958

 49

, 8, ', 1961

, 49, ', 1962

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50
, . - , , 1964
(. + 2 /1971)

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. .., . -. , , 1965
 51
, 3 10, , 1971

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52

,
Hotel complexes, restaurants and clubs

' Medrano, , 1956

, -, , 1957
 53

' , , 1958

, 1959
54
300 , , ', 1960

' ', '

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 55
1000 , 124, ', 1969
(. ' 5/1971 )

500 , --, , 1973

56

Urban and regiona/ p/ans

. . . , , 1966
(. ' 2/1968, 3/1969 11/1977)

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or D:IOH2000
MA$'[R "LAN 2000

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(. ' 2/1968, 3/1969 11/1977)

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58
. , 1966
(. 3-4/1967)

 59
, - ', 1970.
, ', 1971

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60
 61
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62
l .
Town p/anning and e/ectronics. City of the future

' . , 1952
(. ' 4 2/1963 ' 1/1967, 3/1969, 4 /1970, 7/1973 8/1974)
 63

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' 2000, 1967

(. - 3/1969)
64

MisceIIaneous

A noulh, 1953

, 1965
(. + 4/1973