Tengiz grigolia, maia amirgulaSvili

msoflio politikis
istoriisa da geopolitikis
sakiTxebi

`teqnikuri universiteti@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

T. grigolia, m. amirgulaSvili

msoflio politikis
istoriisa da geopolitikis
sakiTxebi

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia msoflio politikis
da msoflio civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis istoriul_poli-
tikuri da religiuri aspeqtebi. Tavisi istoriis man-
Zilze saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi msoflio
civilizaciaTa urTierToba yovelTvis gamoirCeoda po-
litikuri, ekonomikuri da strategiuli mniSvnelobiT.
maxlobeli aRmisavleTis sivrce da balkaneTi aqtiurad
iyo CarTuli msoflio-politikuri da ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis procesebSi. msoflio politikaSi da kerZod
geopolitikaSi arsebobs saidumlod mculi movlenebi,
romelsac fardas xdis iseTi mecniereba _ rogoricaa
konspirologia. wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswav-
leblebis studentebisa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

recenzenti politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

profesori qeTevan jijeiSvili.

redaqtori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, zurab kvetenaZe.

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-520-9
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 Sesavali

civilazacia warmoadgens didi da mravalfe-

rovani sxvadasxvaobis sivrces. igi gansazRvra-
vs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dones da xaris-
xs, materialur da sulier kulturas. civili-
zaciebi marTaven kacobriobis sulier progre-
ss.
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis koncefcia ekuTv-
nis amerikel mecniers samuel hantingtons. ko-
ncefcia avtorma gamoxata 1993 wels Jurnal
`Teorin afearzSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi `ci-
vilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~.
hantingtoni amtkicebs, rom civi omis Semd-
gomi msoflios mTavari safrTxe msoflio ci-
vilizaciebis dapirispirebasa da maT Soris mo-
salodnel omSia.
hantingtoni msoflioSi rva civilizacias
gamoyofs: dasavlurs, slavur_marTlmadideb-
lurs, konfucianurs, iaponurs, islamurs, ind-
uisturs, laTinoamerikuls da afrikuls. igi
gverZe tovebs budistur civilizacias, magram

3
zogierTebi mas e.i. budisturs iaponur civil-
izaciasTan erTad ganixilaven.
profesor samuel hantingonis Teoriis mix-
edviT istoria kapitalistur da socialistur
blokebs Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsniT ki ar
dasrulebula, aramed grZeldeba saukuneTa ma-
nZilze Camoyalibebuli religiuri, politiku-
ri da msoflmxedvelobiTi Rirebulebani. yvela
civilizacia ibrZvis imisaTvis, rom moixveWos
yvelaze meti Zalaufleba. inglisuri Jurnalis
`ekonomistis~ redaqtorma braian bilhemma han-
tingtonis Teoriis analizidan gamomdinare mso-
flio dayo ramdenime civilizaciad. man gaakeTa
ruka da dausva calkeul civilizacias simbol-
uri figura, romelic mianiSnebs ama Tu im re-
ligiaze. 1. evropa, CrdiloeT da samxreT ame-
rika gaerTianebulia atlantis okeanis adgilze
da hqvia evroamerika. CrdiloeT amerikaze gamo-
saxulia muxlmoyrili puritaneli Tu baptisti.
samxreTSi _ gamosaxulia uniformaSi gamowyo-
bili konkiskatadori samkuTxa qudiT. evropas
ar gaaCnia simbolo. 2. evrazia yofil sabWoTa
kavSiris sivrces ewodeba baltiis qveynebis

4
gamoklebiT. simboluri figuraa ruseTis mar-
Tlmadidebeli patriarqi, cimbiris adgilas
gamosaxulni arian kazakebi. 3. islamistani
moicavs sivrces marokodan indoneziamde.
simboloa fexmorTxmuli muslimi mlocvelis
figura aRmosavluri qalaqisa da palmebis fo-
nze. 4. indoeTis simbolod aRiarebulia RvTaeba
Siva, romelic aris kosmiuri wesrigis gansaxie-
reba. 5. konfuciana _ misi areali aris indoCi-
neTis qveynebi, sakuTriv CineTi da iaponia, rome-
lTa simboloa drakoni da budis qandakeba.
braian bilhemmis rukis mixedviT, romelic
zusti konturebiT aris Sesrulebuli garkvev-
iT ar aris warmoCinebuli romel arealSia sa-
qarTvelo, magram varaudiT igulisxmeba rom
igi aris `evraziaSi~.
aRniSnul civilizaciaTa Teoriebis konce-
fcia mkvlevarTa umravlesobis mier ar aris
gaziarebuli, magram igi mainc rCeba erTaderT
gavrcelebul hipoTezad.

5
 Tavi I. msoflio civilizaciaTa

geopolitikuri aspeqtebi

rkinis fardis dacemis Semdeg dRevandeli

samyaro gaxda sxvanairi. msoflios ori zesa-

xelmwifoebrivi wesrigi Seicvala mravalpola-

rul da mravalmxriv komunikaciur sivrced. axa-

li samyaros Camoyalibebis horizontze saxelm-

wfoTa saerTaSoriso damokidebulebis priori-

teti eTmoba aRiarebuli informaciis sivrceze

dafuZnebuli mflobelebis arc Tu yovelTvis

erovnul survils. transnacionaluri, sabanko

da msoflio finansuri qselis sivrce xdeba uf-

ro avtonomiuri da yovlisSemZle, Tumca samyr-

os transnacionaluri korporaciebi ukve aRar

floben. mdgomareoba safinanso bazarze amtkic-

ebs tendencias, mis gamosvlas kontrolidan da

6
prognozs profesionaluri Sesustebis SesaZle-

blobaze. Aar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro gax-

da ukeTesi an uaresi, is gaxda ufro Ria, misaw-

vdomi. msoflioSi rom Rirseuli adgili daika-

vo SeiZleba ara sxvisi modelis ganviTarebis

brma nasesxi gziT, dasavluri modernizaciiT,

aramed sakuTari teqnikuri miRwevebis safuZve-

lze gansakuTrebuli socialuri identurobiT.

transnacionalur ekonomikur sivrceSi aravin

ar cdilobs ucados, rodis Sewydeba ama Tu im

qveyanaSi reformis imitacia, an gadalaxavs

Rrma socialur-ekonomikur vardnas. Tumca unda

iTqvas, rom am qveyanaze mas ar hyavs prezidenti

da erTiani RmerTi.

civilizacia warmoadgens did mravalfero-

van sxvadasxvaobis sivrces, ZiriTad obieqts,

civilizirebuli geopolitikis urTierTsawina-

7
aRmdego Zalas. analogiurad msoflio okeanisa

arseboben civilizaciebi okeaneebi, Tavisi aq-

tiuri, energiuli sanapiroebiT. SeiZleba sae-

rTaSoriso eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da miwi-

sZvrebis kerebis damTxveva SemTxveviTi ar aris.

civilizacia gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ganvi-

Tarebis dones da xarisxs, materialur da sul-

ier kulturas. civilizaciebi marTaven kaco-

briobis sulier progress, gansxvavdebian sis-

xliT (slavuri, romanul-qristianuli). Tana-

medrove civilizacia aris Serwyma miRweuli

teqnikisa da masTan dakavSirebuli komfortis.

Zveli xana, roca aristoteles azriT adami-

anebs yofdnen Tavisufalze da bunebiT mona-

ze Seicvala civilizaciiT. farTo gagebiT ci-

vilizacias ganixilaven, rogorc xalxebis da

qveynebis mdgrad socio-kulturul erTianobas

8
(kulturul-istoriul tips), aseve rogorc ku-

lturis an konfensialuri msoflios (qris-

tianuli, islamuri) sinonims. ufro viwro gag-

ebiT civilizacia rogorc supereTnosi _ es

xalxebia, konsolidirebuli sulieri naTesa-

obiT, fsiqologiuri msgavsebiT da urTierT-

simpatiebiT. supereTnosebi xasiaTdeba socia-

lurad araerTgvarovani droiT, maT Soris kon-

taqtebi ki xSirad gvaZleven negatiur Sedegs.

SeuZlebelia kontaqtebi civilizaciebsa da su-

pereTnosebs Soris araerTgvarovani socialuri

droiT.

bunebriv-geografiuli faqtori aris erTi Zi-

riTadi saZirkveli civilizaciis Camoyalibe-

bisa, rac poulobs anarekls bunebriv igiveoba-

Si, civilizirebuli da udidesi istoriuli md-

inareebi, xmelTaSua zRvebi, atlantika da wyna-

9
ri okeane, dunai, stepi da sxva. adamianis mo-

Rvaweobis meqanizmis da urTierTobis dare-

gulirebis, mmarTvelobisa da warmoebis teqno-

logiebiT gamoyofen tradiciul da teqno-

logiuri tipebis civilizaciebs.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi civilizacia iTvleba

rogorc komforti, romelic Cvens gankargu-

lebaSi aqcevs teqnikas. teqnikasTan aris daka-

vSirebuli Cveni Sinagani moTxovnileba kultu-

rac.

Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi gamoiyofebian,

dasavlo-evropul-qristianuli, musulmanuri, Ci-

nuri, budisto-konfucionuri, laTino-amerikul

kaTolikuri, mezoafrikuli (Savkaniani afrike-

lebi) da sxvebi.

dasavlur-evropuli civilizacia Seicavs

romaul-germanul msoflios, anglosaqsur da

10
angloamerikul eTnosebs, musulmanur-arabuls,

Turquls da malaiurs supereTnosebs, Cinuri

Cinurs, iaponurs, koreuls da vietnamur supe-

reTnosebs. l.gumilovi gamoyofs aseve evra-

ziul (rusul) supereTnoss. civilizaciis

centrad gvevlineba nairsaxeoba drois sivrci-

sa, agreTve sociofsiqologiuri, geoekonomiu-

ri da sxva. dasavlur-evropuli civilizaciisa-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia gonierebis kultura,

adamianis uflebebi, dinamizmi, pragmatizmi,

individualizmis protestantuli eTika da sxva.

aRmosavluri civilizacia gamoirCeva musu-

lmanuri integrizmiT, pirovnuli gansazRvriT,

saerTo solidarobiT, saxelmwifos upirate-

sobiT adamianze. iaponuri kultura gamoixa-

teba uwyveti kavSiriT warsulisa Tanamedro-

veobasTan da maT Soris ar arsebobs mkveTri

11
gadasvlebi. Seiqmna iaponuri, sxva kulture-

bTan dialogis Semdegi sqema, iaponuri suli da

Cinuri sibrZne, iaponuri suli da dasavluri

codna. (racionalizmi) da bolo aTwleulebSi

amerikuli codna.

Tanamedrove civilizaciebi gansxvavdebian sa-

zogadoebis struqturirebis xarisxiT samoqa-

laqo da tradiciuli. Ddasavlo-evropul samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebaSi upiratesoba eZleva aris-

tokratiul STamomavlobas. CineTsa da indo-

eTSi ki tradiciul sazogadoebas. Ggeopoli-

tikuri TvalsazrisiT civilizaciebi gansxva-

vdebian sagareo eqspansiiT. Ddasavlur qristi-

anuli civilizaciis eqspansia vlindeba sazoga-

doebis samoqalaqo uflebebis ZaliT gavrce-

lebis mcdelobaSi. CineTSi ki civlizacia lid-

erobs eTnikur eqspansiaSi, dafuZnebuli eTni-

12
kuri mewarmeobis efeqturobaze. islamurma

civilizaciam airCia religiuri eqspansiis gza.

sivrcisa da drois aRqmis mixedviT ganasx-

vaveben Semdeg kulturologiur tipebs. Cinuri

_ SegrZneba iZleva umoZraobas da mTeli drois

Sinaarsis damtkicebas adgilze, induri _ mo-

Zraoba cdilobs gaanadguros drois mTeli Si-

naarsi da araraobad aqcios, antikuri gvaZlevs

drois damwynareblur wonasworobas da mudmi-

vobas civi qandakeba subieqtis sicxes da sxe-

ulis avadmyofobis gareSe, Zvelebrauli cxo-

vrebis istoriuli procesis absolutizaciiT

da momavali saukunis winaswarmetyvelebiT. Dda-

avlo-evropuli samyaros SegrZneba mimdevari

ebraul-qristianuli istorizmisa, abulitizi-

rebs pirovnebas, adamianur suls.

13
 adamianis bunebis da teqnikis urTierTobaSi

SeimCneva principuli gansxvavebebi. Eebraul-qri-

stianuli doqtrina urTierTsawinaaRmdegod aye-

nebs adamians da bunebas, maSin rodesac budizmi

da induizmi adamians ganixilavs rogorc bune-

bis nawils. dasavleTSi arsebobs sawinaaRmdego

vertikaluri Sexeduleba bunebasa da trans-

cedentur RmerTs Soris, Tumca aRmosavleTSi

horizontaluri urTierTdapirispirebaa bune-

bisa da adamianis. dasavlur tradiciaSi ar

arsebobs urTierTdapirispireba bunebasa da te-

qnikas Soris. amerikis aRmoCenis Sedegad

dasavleTevropelebi Sexvdnen civilizaciebs

sxva araistoriuli miTologiuri warsulidan,

darwmunebulni Tavis moralur upiratesobaSi,

konkistadorebi Cuqnidnen mas cecxlisa da ma-

xvilis saSualebiT dapyrobil xalxebs, Tumca

14
civilizaciaTa sisxlian SejaxebaSi geogra-

fiulTan erTad aRmoCenili iyo didi aRmoCena

adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, mis uflebaze da-

rCes TavisTavad. Ees ufleba iyo gamoyenebuli

Crdilo-amerikul sazogadoebaSi. Aamerikelebi

mividnen iq sadac maT warsuli ar hqondaT. ma-

siuri emigraciis da didi qartiis safuZvelze

SeerTebuli Statebi ukve saukuneebia rac li-

derobs msoflio ekonomikaSi. Zlieri nebisyo-

fisa, gamowrTobilni winaaRmdegobasTan brZo-

laSi amerikelebma Seqmnes demokratiuli sazo-

gadoebis eri, cxovrebisaTvis saWiro Rirseuli

adamianuri uflebebiT. laTinur amerikaSi espa-

nelebma ver SesZles daemyarebinaT kontaqti mi-

Tologiur warsulTan, rac iyo mizezi kinta-

vris, ximeris warmoSobis civilizirebul qve-

ynebSi, sadac mZvinvare konfliqtebi da

15
urTierTganadgureba mimdinareobda, aRiniSne-

boda gamococxlebuli ekonomikuri kontaqtebi,

amitom policentrizmis pirobebSi gansakuTre-

bul aqtualurobas moiTxoven civilizaciebis

komunikaciuri sazRvrebis problemebi, rodesac

warmoiSobian gzebi rTuli arCevisa socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uunaroba gayinon sae-

rTaSoriso politikuri institutebis eTnona-

cionaluri da eTnokonfensionaluri konfli-

qtebi. m. mamardaSvili aRniSnavda keTilSo-

bilur miswrafebas daicvan isini, visac aviwro-

ebs evropuli an sxva kulturuli centrizmi,

magram dacva SeiZleboda Setrialebuliyo Tavi-

suflebaze da sxva samyaroze uflebis warT-

meviT. icvleba dedamiwis demografiuli saxe,

mcirdeba evropeli xalxis mosaxleobis rao-

denoba planetaze, Sobadobis dabali maCveneb-

16
lis niadagze, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT da

samxreT evropaSi, momavalSi am regionebs mii-

yvans Semcirebisken msoflio masStabiT. Sesa-

Zlebelia, evropam gaiara piki misi raodenobisa

da ganicdis kolonizaciis, zewolas aziele-

bisa da afrikelebis mxridan. gansakuTrebiT mc-

irdeba evropelebis wili afrikis kontinentze.

Bbevri XXI saukunes asaxelebs aziurad, ra-

dganac azielebsa da afro-amerikelebs Soris

farTovdeba Savi internacionaluri moZraoba.

geopolitikur sivrceSi imperia da saxelm-

wifo urTierTmoqmedebs mSvidobiani urTierT-

gagebis an samxedro konfliqtebis niadagze. so-

ciokulturul sivrceSi isini aRweven ener-

getikul gacvlas civilizaciuri dialogis

gziT, sadac mTavari transliatorebi arian mar-

ginaluri subkulturebi diasporas CaTvliT.

17
Ggeoekonomikur sivrceSi gamoiyofeba msoflio

ekonomikebi, sazRvrebze preferencialuri,

komunikacionaluri kvanZebiT. sulier sivrceSi

sazRvrebi gadian religiuri mrwamsiT. Tu geo-

grafiul ganzomilebaSi mdinareebi, sivrceebi

da mTebi SeiZleba iyon patara an didi, maSin

SeiZleba isini gadavlaxoT teqnikis saSua-

lebiT. Tumca sulierad verc erTma mxedarT-

mTavarma ver SesZlo daepyro mwvervalebi, gza

saidanac SesZlebda gasvlas sindisisaken. civi-

lizirebuli udidesi mdinareebi msaxuroben

komunikaciuri kulturis RerZad, vrceli vele-

bi dnobad qvabebad, maT maRali mTebi yofen.

Aatlantikis analogiurad, romelic asrulebs

barierisa da komunikaciur funqcias Zvelsa da

axal samyaros Soris, udidesi evroaziuri step-

okeane msaxurobs mTavar komunikaciur RerZad

18
xalxTa da kontinentis msoflio-ekonomikebs

Soris.

rodesac kontinentze boboqrobs geopoli-

tikuri qariSxali, aranaklebi saSiSia Stormi

civilizirebuli napirebisTvis da evroaziis

stepebis sivrceebis gaxleCisaTvis. Bbevrma soc-

ialurma movlenebma gvaCvenes, rom civiliza-

ciuri sazRvris gadakveTisas isini icvlian Ta-

vianT Tvisebebs da is rac TamaSobda mTav-ar

rols erTi kulturis farglebSi meores dros

SeiZleba migviyvanos damangrevel Sedegamde,

amitom didi mniSvneloba aqvs civilizaciuri

geopolitikisTvis socialur eTnikuri komu-

nikaciis iseT sxvaobebs rogoricaa komple-

mentaruloba da komplimentaruloba.

19
K komplementarulobis azri aris erTiani so-

ciokulturuli sivrcis sazRvrebSi. igi erTma-

neTTan urTierTwinaaRmdegobas ki ar gamo-

ricxavs, aramed avsebs mas. misi principia Tez-

isis absoluturi mowyveta urTierTsawina-

aRmdego brZolaSi, rogorc ganviTarebis wyaro,

romelsac mihyavs sistemis darRvevisken, funqci-

onirebs mxolod kulturis sazRvrebSi gansaz-

Rvruli stereotipebis yofaqcevaSi. Zaladoba

dafuZnebuli progresiul kulturul-istori-

ul tradiciaze sxvaze aRZravs ximeras, ken-

tavrs.Aam saxeobaze yuradReba gaamaxvila l.gu-

milma, rogorc xSiri SemTxva komplimenta-

rulobis.

20
 Kkomplimentaruloba aris transcedentuli

gageba, romelic gamodis mocemuli kulturis

an civilizaciis empiriuli gamocdilebis sa-

zRvrebidan. ganasxvaveben eTnikur da supereT-

nikur komplimentarulobas. Ll.gumili iyenebda

dadebiT da uaryofiT komplimentarul damo-

kidebulebas nebismier eTnikur sistemisadmi.

maSin roca komplementaruloba funqcionirebs

mxolod qcevis garkveuli stereotipis ko-

nkretuli civilizaciis farglebSi. es aris

ganmasxvavebeli principi Sinaganad msgavsebis

arsisa komplimentarulobisa da kompleme-

ntarulobis. komplementaruloba gamoixateba

Sinagani simpatiis SegrZnebiT eTnikuri kole-

qtivis wevrebisadmi, romelic gansazRvravs ga-

yofas Cveni da sxvisi. dadebiTma komple-

mentarulobam gansazRvruli kontaqtis dros

21
SeiZleba migviyvanos eTnosebis Serwymasa an

simbiozamde, uaryofiTma ki _ ximeramde. civi-

lizaciebis sazRvrebze araerTgvarovani soci-

aluri droiT damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi

komplimentaruloba.

socialuri marginalizacia gamoxatavs soci-

aluri statusis swraf daqveiTebas. margina-

lebilumpenebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis dekla-

sirebul socialur fenas. sazogado fenis dek-

lasirebis marginalebi xdebian damrRvevni arse-

buli sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebis. soci-

alur marginalebTan aris dakavSirebuli bar-

barosobis Tanamedrove tipi - totalitarizmi.

politikuri marginalebi - komunistebia, an l.

trockis TqmiT _ momTabare revolucionere-

bi. uZiro marginalebi movidnen mTavrobaSi

xalxTa qveda fenidan kulturis ucxo tra-

22
diciebiT. (gitleri da stalini) socioku-

lturul sivrceSi gamoiyofian udidesi margi-

nalebi energetikuli ideis matarebelni.

civilizaciis komunikaciuri RerZi aris de-

refani, ris saSualebiTac xdeba didi Semo-

bruneba ara marto kapitalis, aramed informa-

ciisac. magaliTad, uZlieresi mdinareebi egv-

iptisa da CineTis civilizaciisaTvis, savaWro

gza variagidan berZnebTan aRmosavleT sla-

vianebisTvis.

geografiuli determinizmidan gamomdinare _

ori erTnairi bunebis mqone adamiani marg-

inal biosferosa da sociosferos qmnian eT-

nikur zRvarze or energetikul poluss, para-

digms safuZvelze sisxlsa da niadagze da

sulis religiur paradigms, xalxTa Zalado-

brivi gayofa supereTnikur mijnaze konf-

23
ensionaluri niSniT, gardauvalia energetikis

siZliere sisxlsa da niadagze da piriqiT, sa-

zRvrebis gauqmeba da intensiuri kulturuli

da ekonomikuri kontaqtebi eTnosebs Soris uz-

runvelyofen sulis pozitiur energetikas.M

ukeTesad rom gavigoT civilizaciebis mra-

valganzomiani komunikaciuri sivrcis buneba

saWiroa mivmarToT sulier swrafvas mwverva-

lisken, Seqmnili kacobriobis energiiT gadak-

veTili udidesi bunebrivi da sociokulturu-

li sazRvrebiT, romelic rCeba Cauqrobeli aTa-

seuli wlebis Semdegac, romelic Zvelber-

Znuli mikrokosmosis niadagze warmoiSva. ukeT

rom gavigoT civilizaciis komunikaciuri

buneba ganvixiloT ZvelberZnuli civilizacia.

24
 ZvelberZnuli civilizacia _ xmelTaSua

zRvis socialuri sistema ar aris geografia,

aramed gonierebis, energiis mdgomareobaa, ka-

cobriobis istoriaSi ZvelberZnulma civili-

zaciam, rogorc mnaTobma kometam ifeTqa cis-

kamaraSi, misi Cauqrobeli sikaSkaSe rCeba gzis

gamkvlev varskvlavad, wauSlel wyarod ener-

giisa mravali TaobisaTvis. saukunidan-sau-

kunemde warmoiSobodnen, qrebodnen erebi, qala-

qebi, savaWro gzebi, icvleboda mdinareebis napi-

rebi da bunebrivi landSaftebi, miuxedavad

amisa gamqrali Zveli saberZneTi mudmivad stra-

tificirebs, rogorc gamonaklisi SemTxveva misi

mravalganzomilebiani komunikaciuri sivrcisa.

mikrokosmosSi uZvelesi saberZneTi gadakveTs

sivrceSi da droSi umsxviles energotevad ko-

ntaqtur zonebs dedamiwisa _ bunebrivi xme-

25
leTi-zRva da evraziis social-kulturas. Sei-

qmna mravalganzomilebiani komunikaciuri siv-

rcis didi egeosis okeane xmelTaSua zRvis

eqscentrirebuli sistema. sadac yvelganaa, yve-

lasaTvis gaxsnili centri, periferia ki arsad

ar aris. es aris gare msofliosTvis gaxsnili

polisebis simravlis Tanavarskvlavedi, romle-

bic Tanabrad momgebianad arian ganlagebulni

sazRvao komunikaciebis mimarT, romlebic uzru-

nvelyofen ekonomikis, vaWrobis usafrTxoebas

da upiratesobas.

Zveli saberZneTis zRvis napirebze warmoi-

Sva berZnebsa da barbarosebs Soris kulturu-

li gacvlis, vaWrobis da intensiuri informa-

ciis zona. Aaziasa da evropis Sesaxeb berZnul

niadagze dabadebulma warmodgenebma miiyvana

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi urTierTdaaxlo-

26
ebamde, romelic darCa aqtualur Zalad mrava-

li aswleulis manZilze. Zveli saberZneTis kon-

centriuli wris irgvliv SemdgomSi warmoi-

Sobodnen axali msoflio varskvlavebi - romi,

karTageni, selivkia, aleqsandria, konstanti-

nopoli, ierusalimi. polisis politikur cen-

trs warmoadgens ara mmarTvelis sasaxle, ara-

med agora (qalaqis moedani) Tavisufali ga-

cvlis, urTierTobis da demokratiuli gada-

wyvetilebebis miRebis arqiteqturulad Tavi-

sufali adgili. Yyvelaze didi kedlebi

icavdnen ara qalaqs, aramed ports polisis

saqmiani aqtiurobis centrs.

elinuri civilizaciis sazRvrebze iwyeba

aristoteles da al. makedonelis istoriuli

aRmasvla. ZvelberZnuli sadnobi qvabi aerT-

ianebs Tavis TavSi evropisa da aziis Rirsebe-

27
bs. Kkontaqtur zonaSi berZnebi barbarose-

bi gamoiyofa sami eqscentrirebuli polusi

maRali energetikis; kriti, ionia da didi sa-

berZneTi, romelic asxivebs sakuTar materiks.

saberZneTis socialuri da politikuri

konstituciuri azrovneba Sendeba sami idei-

sagan; kosmosis agebuleba, polisis agebuleba

da sulis agebuleba. ZiriTadi politikuri idea

gamomdinareobs kosmosTan kavSiriT, polissa da

sulTan, sazogadoeba maqsimalurad unda iyos

iseTi, rom gamoxatavdes risgan Sesdgeba ada-

miani. es aris vneba da netareba, goniereba da

mgrZnobeloba, moTxovnilebebi, vaJkacoba, sama-

rTlianoba da sxva. magram rogorc platonis

filosofia ambobs es yvelaferi unda iyos war-

modgenili harmoniaSi, ar SeiZleba Yyvelaferi

damokidebuli iyos Wkvianze da vaJkacze, mewa-

28
rmeze an movaWreze, mxolod imis Semdeg rac

maT Soris iqneba harmonia, SegviZlia miviRoT

saerTo Sedegi, Zveli berZeni moazrovneebi fiq-

robdnen sulis mogzaurobidan dabrunebas rea-

lur samyaroSi ori erTnairi adamianis sadac

arsebobs klanuri da biologiuri kavSirebi.

naturaluri elementebi arwarmoSobili az-

riT, iwveen sazogadoebaSi arasamarTlianobas

da qaoss, romelmac bolos da bolos Caylapa

Zveli berZnebi.

aToneli aristokratis platonis azrovne-

baze didi gavlena iqonia misi maswavleblis so-

krates sikvdilma, mokluli, aTenis demokra-

tiis reJimis mier. aTeni gaRaribda dampyrobel

omebSi, romelic nebismier fasad cdilobda

uzrunvelyo usafrTxoeba da mdgradoba, Tun-

dac sakuTari monobis fasad. istoriis pa-

29
radoqsi; bolos da bolos berZnebi uaryofen

Tavis mTavar aRmoCenas demokratias da upi-

ratesobas aniWeben monobas. platoni amaze Ta-

vis nawarmoebSi saxelmwifo ase wers: Tavisu-

flebis RviniT damTvralni demokratia Tavze

engrevaT mmarTvelebs da Tu isini sakmarisad

ar arian rbilni da ar aZleven farTo Tavisu-

flebas is sjis maT, rogorc damnaSaveebs da

oligarqebs.

demokratiaSi aris adamianTa sami saxeoba,

esenia; usaqmurebi da mflangvelebi, maTgan vinc

ufro mamacia dgas saTaveSi, ufro mSiSrebi maT

ukan. demokratiis meore klass miekuTvneba

mdidrebi, mesame klass ki sakuTari SromiT

mcxovrebi adamianebi.

socialuri samarTlianobis SegrZneba ucxo

iyo Zveli berZnebisaTvis. rogoricaa zrunva

30
daCagrulebze da ganawyenebulebze. isini ar

iyvnen humanurebi. berZnuli filosofia avlens

saidumlo damokidebulebas monobisadmi. saz-

Rvari Tavisuflebasa da monobas Soris gadis

mzad yofnaSi sicocxlis Sewirvisa sakuTari

RirsebisaTvis da Tu es Rirseba ar gagaCnia

adamiani xdeba mona. mamaci adamianisaTvis mTa-

varia simSvide da Tavisufleba da ara bed-

niereba. Tumca aucilebelia miswrafeba raTa

bednierebi iyon: monebi, qalebi, bavSvebi da

cxovelebi. Zveli berZnebi cxovrobdnen ara na-

Teli momavlis imediT, aramed maradiuli sina-

mdviliT, riTac cdilobdnen epasuxaT mraval-

ricxovan kiTxvebze yofierebis Sesaxeb. rogor

unda gadailaxos sazogadoebaSi konfrontacia

da miRweuli iqnas xalxTa Soris SeTanxmeba?

brZenma, ZvelberZnebma gasces lakoniuri pasuxe-

31
bi; Seicani Tavi Seni, daicavi zoma da sar-

fiani sixarbe. cxovrebaSi ar arsebobs warsu-

li da momavali yvelaferi awmyoSia. aqedan

gamomdinareobs ZvelberZnuli da slavuri kul-

turis urTierTwinaaRmdegoba. slavebi cdilob-

en daiwyon axali cxovreba xval, dRes ki

SeiZleba modunde, mibaZo sinamdviles an iTaR-

liTo. antikuri suli aRorZinda dasavlure-

vropul civilizaciaze, rac Tavisi kulturi-

saTvis Tanamedrove samyaroSi iyo mimzidveli.

Zveli saberZneTis mravalricxovani arqeolo-

giuri Zeglebi asaxaven harmonias bunebisa da

adamianis, jansaR sxeulsa da jansaR suls

Soris.

maradiul sinamdvileSi mcxovrebma Zvel-

berZnebma momavals gaugzavnes Setyobineba erT-

erTi msoflio saocrebis meSveobiT aTenis

32
parfenonSi. aTenis parfenonSi berZnebma moa-

xdines msoflio wyobis modelis kodireba maT

mier Seqmnili mikrokosmosiT. aTenis parfe-

nonis narCenebi miekuTvneba msoflio arqiteq-

turis Zeglebs. Tanamedrove teqnologiuri Se-

saZleblobebi saSualebas gvaZleven aRvadg-

inoT es arqiteqturuli Sedevri naturalur

sidideSi, magram es iqneba mxolod da mxolod

kopia. ZvelberZnuli taZrebi qristianule-

bisagan gansxvavebiT ar iyvnen gaTvaliswine-

buli maT SigniT locvebisaTvis.Aamgvarad mi-

iRweoda harmonia polisis, sulis wyobilebis

da mikrokosmos Soris mocemul adgilebze da

socialur droSi.

civilizirebuli kodi - aris mdgradi kul-

turul-genetikuri Tviseba mikuTvnebuli ama Tu

im civilizacias. istoriulad dalagebuli ko-

33
munikaciaTa (urTierTobebis) sistema, integri-

rebuli bunebriv geografiuli, geopoliti-

kuri, geoekonomikuri da sxva niSnebis adgi-

lobriv transformaciaSi, uzrunvelyofs civi-

lizaciebs da sxva regionaluri sazogadoebis

mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis erTianobas da

gamoZaxilebisagan dacvas. Nnebismier civilize-

rebul qveyanas SeuZlia dadges winaaRmdeg yove-

lgvar Sinagan gamoZaxilze, Tu masSi Sena-

rCunebulia misi mentaliteti, cnobierebis fa-

seuloba.

kulturul genetikuri kodi funqcioni-

rebs mxolod kulturis sazRvrebSi gansazR-

vrul stereotipur yofaqcevaSi. Zaladobrivi

zewola progresiul kulturul istoriul

tradicias mihyavs damangrevel movlenamde sxvi-

si civilizaciisaTvis. gansakuTebiT amoraluri

34
da damangrevelia, nasesxi gziT scado uaryo

Seni bunebis fesvebi. eTnogenezis TeoriaSi am

gansxvavebam naxa anarekli komplimentaru-

lobis da komplementarulobis gagebaSi. Dda-

savleTis civilizaciaSi mTavar birTvs war-

moadgens adamiani, warmoqmnili mravalganzo-

milebiani sivrcis imanentur samyaroSi. aRmo-

savlur civilizaciaSi dominirebs warmodgena

samyaros eqscentriul mowyobaze. dRevandeli

dasavlur _ qristianuli da islamuri

civilizaciis kultura dafuZnebulia konfesio-

nalur Teoriaze. civilizacibs Rrma istori-

uli mexsierebiT, Cinuri da induri ar

gaaCniaT erTiani religia.

Cinuri civilizacia aris budistur-konfu-

cianuri, romelic warmoadgens filosofiur mo-

rals, warsulSi Semwynarebluri formiT saxe-

35
lmwifo religiisa. induri ki induisturi.

aRmosavlur-qristianulma civilizaciam XX

saukuneSi gza dauTmo sabWour civilizacias,

dafuZnebuls evraziuli supereTnosis upira-

tesobis ideologiaze. socialisturi banakis

daSlis Semdeg SemorCa gaxleCili aRmosavlur

marTlmadidebluri civilizacia. istoriuli

scenidan sabWoTa civilizaciis gasvla ar niS-

navs marTlmadidebluri civilizaciis gar-

dacvalebas.

civilizaciis mravalganzomilebian komuni-

kaciur sivrceSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaS-

obs bipolaruli daZabulobis udidesi wyaro

kacobriobis energiisa. bipolaruli principiT

midioda Camoyalibeba ZvelberZnuli da CineTis

civilizaciis. am principzea agebuli aSS-s

komunikaciuri sivrce. ori polusis Seqmnam _

36
ekonomikurisa da teqnologiurisam xeli

Seuwyo efeqturad aeTvisebina Crdilo-ameri-

kuli qveynis teritoriuli siRrmeebi. XXI sau-

kuneSi ki realurad aris Camoyalibebuli eko-

nomikuri-teqnologiis safuZvelze kalifornia,

aziur-wynari okeanis regioni, sadac gamoi-

rCevian ganviTarebis tempiT _ iaponia, samxreTi

korea, singapuri, taivani da CineTis zRvis

sanapiro raionebi.

civilizaciis sazRvrebi gadis ara marto

geografiul, aramed adamianis sulier samya-

roSi. eTnonacionaluri da eTnokonfesiona-

luri konfliqtebi, zRvari sawinaaRmdegod mdg-

omi civilizaciis warmoqmnisa, sadac mimdina-

reobs civilizaciis gawydomis gamoucxadebeli

mTavari omi. magaliTad, Sejaxeba dasavlur

qristianulsa da islams Soris xdeba cvale-

37
badi warmatebiT. islamma gaimarjva avRaneTSi,

iranSi, alJirSi, CeCneTSi. dasavleTis qristi-

anebi, darwmunebuli Tavis kulturul isto-

riul misiaSi, romelic win ayenebs demokratiis,

sabazro ekonomikis da adamianis principebs,

iwveven gaRizianebas islamuri radikalizmis

momxreebSi. aseve ar aris moxsnili aTaswlovani

winaaRmdegoba dasavleT qristianebsa da marT-

lmadideblebs Soris. (xorvatia, serbeTi, koso-

vo, libani, qurTistani, erayi, irani, avRaneTi,

yarabaxi, CeCneTi, afxazeTi, dnestrispireTi).

evroaziaSi gaZlierda tendencia eTnikur da

konfesionaluri niSnebis mixedviT gansaku-

TrebiT ki balkaneTze, kavkasiaSi da centra-

lur aziaSi, konfliqtebi SeiZleba gaxdes mesa-

me msoflio omis mizezi.

38
 aRmosavlo-qristianuli civilizacia xasia-

Tdeba sazogadoebis wyobis krizisiT rogo-

ricaa: Zalaufleba, samxedro doqtrina, ekon-

omika, religia da zneoba. grZeldeba marTlma-

didebeli slavebis gamosvla dawyebuli serb-

inidan romelic dRemde grZeldeba, centraluri

aziidan da amierkavkasiidan, groznodan da sasa-

ievodan. balkaneTze mimdinareobs marTl-

madidebeli slavebis musulmanebis (brosnie-

lebis, kosovoelebis) gamijvna. geopolitikur

RerZze samxreT-Crdilo aRmosavleTis slavebi

konstantinopolze ocnebobdnen, rusulenovanni

ki formis centrad miiCnevdnen sevastopolsa da

odesas. sabWoTa kavSiris dacemis Semdeg, ufro

farTo masStabiT mimdinareobda eTnonacio-

naluri da eTnokonfesionaluri konfliqtebi,

amitom policentrizmis pirobebSi gansakuTre-

39
bul aqtualurobas iCenen komplimentaruli

urTierTobebis formis Tanamedrove Zebnis pro-

blemebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT eTnonacionaluri

da eTnokonfesionaluri konfliqtebis Serigeba.

kacobriobam Seabija civilizaciaTa sam aTa-

swlovan dialogSi, romelic atarebs urTi-

erTgagebis, Rirebulebis gacvlis, informaciis

gavrcelebis formas da amarcxebs konfliqts.

Zvelsa da axal samyaroSi civilizaciis dapi-

rispirebam Cauyara safuZveli warmodgenas ada-

mianis uflebebze, uflebebze darCes Tavis-

Tavad. es ufleba iqna xorcSesxmuli Zvelsa da

axal samyaros Soris. civilizaciis urTi-

erTmoqmedebis gamocdileba gvaZlevs sxvadasxva

strategiul ganviTarebas. CineTis civilizacia,

uZvelesis CaTvliT, amarcxebs warmodgenas is-

toriul mizidulobasa da upiratesobaze. war-

40
sulSi ara erT gzis politikurma cvlam, Ci-

neTs garegnulad daxmareba gauwia, Seecno dam-

Rupveli moqmedeba nasesxi tradiciis. Aamave da-

skvnamde mivida musulmanuri samyaro, romelmac

ganicada kraxi sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi da-

savluri nasesxi ideebis gamoyenebaSi. Tavisi

Tvisebebi gaaCnia indur, malaiur da sxva civi-

lizaciebs. dasavleTSi gavrcelebulia mosa-

zreba, rom ekonomikur gardaqmnas win unda uZ-

Rvebodes politikuri, ris niadagzec demo-

kratiam daamarcxa komunizmi.Aase fiqrobdnen

sabWoTa kavSirSi gardaqmnis win. exla ki es

saxelmwifo ar arsebobs, rogorc ar arian gama-

rjvebulebi. politikuri da social-ekono-

mikuri krizisi dominirebs ruseTSi da mraval

damoukidebel axal saxelmwifoSi. CineTi ki

amjobinebs ekonomikur cvlilebebs vidre poli-

41
tikur kurss. civilizaciebis policentrizmi da

sociokulturebis mravalferovneba warmoadg-

ens bariers geopolitikuri strategiebisaTvis.

erTi civilizaciis xalxebis grZel vadiani

Tanaarseboba da intensiuri teritoriuli

kontaqtebi xels uwyoben erTgvarovnebis gam-

yarebas tradiciebSi da socialuri stratifi-

kaciis Semcirebas. civilizaciaTa mijnaze,

rogorc wesi es ar xdeba. sabWoTa kavSiris

geopolitikur arsebobas kubaSi, vietnamSi, an-

golaSi, siriaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi

Tan axlda sabWouri kulturis masiuri da

grZelvadiani danergva, romelmac TiTqmis ar

datova nakvalevi adgilobriv xalxebSi.

samRvdeloeba ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Za-

laa sazogadoebis civilizirebuli reformis.

sokratem pirvelma istoriaSi, daayena sakiTxi

42
filosofiur pirovnebaze Tavisi gadawyveti-

lebebiT, nakarnaxevi sindisiT: Tu me vici, rom

swored me var, maSin me agreTve vici, is rom me

unda viyo mxolod is vinc iswavla sakuTari

Tavis marTva da SeuZlia ubrZanos sxvebs. Ppla-

tonis azriT mxolod Semoqmedi, cxovrebis ide-

ebiT xelmZRvaneli axorcielebs zneobriv ide-

as, warmdgeni sulis wyobisa da harmoniisa.

aristoteles azriT suli aris gonebis

energia.

msoflio religiam qristianulma, budi-

sturma da islamurma gaikvlia socialuri pro-

gresis gza adamianis sulier sivrceSi. amitomac

morwmuneTa ricxvi aseTia: qristianebi aerT-

ianeben 1,4 miliard morwmunes, amaTgan kaTo-

likebi 800 milioni, protestantebi 400

milioni, marTlmorwmuneni da sxvebi 200

43
milioni. musulmanebma XX saukuneSi miaRwies 1,2

miliardamde. Bbudistebma 800 milions, aRmo-

savleTSi Sobadobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba

morwmuneTa ricxvi.

mosaxleobis swrafi zrda XX saukuneSi,

uzrunvelyofili sazogadoebis teqnologiuri

progresiT ar iyo sasuliero progresisTvis

adekvaturi. Mmorwmune adamiani romelic aravis

individualurobas ar ayenebs msoflios Seme-

cnebis centrSi ganwirulia zneobrivi dace-

misTvis. Tu aRorZinebis epoqaSi adamiani

kacobriobis centrSi ayenebda pirovnulobas,

maSin reformis epoqasTan Tavis Tavs rogorc

aseTi.

epoqaSi udidesi sulieri samyaros aRmoCe-

nisa anda RerZul epoqaSi 800 da 200 wlebSi

C.w.aR-mde, kiTxvaze _ ra aris cxovrebis azri

44
cdilobdnen epasuxaT: indoeTSi budas, CineTSi

_ konfucs, sparseTSi _ zaratustras, sokrates,

platons da aristoteles saberZneTSi, ilias,

isaias da ieremias palestinaSi.Aam udidesma

moazrovneebma meti zegavlena moaxdines civi-

lizaciis ganviTarebaze, vidre mTelma mxe-

darTmTavrebma erTad aRebuli. maT mier Seq-

mnili sulieri samyaro aerTianebda mili-

onobiT adamians. Tumca am uZveles WeSmarite-

bas win uZRvis vrceli gasavleli gza adamia-

nebis uflebamde. budizmis damfuZnebelma upi-

ratesoba mianiWa ara Zaladobas, aramed Semo-

qmedebas, rogorc erTaderTi saSualeba

samyarosa da adamianis srulyofaSi.

XX saukuneSi, saxelmwifo moRvawe, maxatma

gandi mouwodebda ara Zaladobisken, amiT am-

tkicebda politikuri moRvaweobis umaRles eTi-

45
kas. riTac undoda eTqva: Zaladoba sinamd-

vileSi Sinagani sisustis gamoxatvaa. re-

ligiur-eTikuri swavlebis mTavari matarebelni

gaxdnen qristianulSi mawanwala moxeleebi,

islamSi ZaladobiT msoflios dampyrobni,

budizmSi gamWvreti moxetiale berebi.

induizmSi samyaros magiiT momwesrigebelni.

konfucianurSi biurokratebis, samyaro sadac

Zalauflebas flobdnen Cinovnikebi.

udidesi geografiuli aRmoCenebis dros,

maintegrirebel rolze pretenzias acxadebda

qristianoba. civilizaciebs Soris, sadac gae-

rTianebuli iyo aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis

sawyisebi. Tumca sarwmunoebrivi upiratesoba

evropuli kulturis, iwvevda met winaaRmde-

gobas aziisa da afrikis xalxebSi. aq Tavs iy-

ris moZraobis Zala evropocentrizmis wina-

46
aRmdeg. azia da afrika uaryofen gagebas ud-

idesi geografiuli aRmoCena, samarTliani

guliswyromiT aRniSnaven evrocentrul midg-

omas msoflio istoriisadmi.

araerTnair socialur viTarebaSi, socia-

lur sazogadoebaSi adamianTa erTianoba aR-

moCnda macduri aCuqos Tavisi msoflio Se-

grZneba sxva xalxebs da es istoriaSi wydeba

cecxliTa da maxviliT. bunebam izruna cdu-

nebis daZlevaze imiT, rom Seqmna mravalkomu-

nikaciur sivrceSi intensiuri urTierTqmede-

bebis energetikuli velebi. winaaRmdegobisa da

supereTnikur sazRvrebze mimdinareobs kultu-

ruli dialogis mudmivi Zieba. civilizaciebi

marTaven kacobriobis sulier progress. maT

sazRvrebze Seiqmna msoflio religiebi da

adamianis uflebebi sulieri progresis mamo-

47
Zravebeli. Eevraziuli civilizaciebis mijnaze

bundovan droSi gamoCndnen winaswarmetyvelebi.

socialur religiaSi gamoiyofa oTxi tende-

ncia: naTeli momavlis rwmena, ukan dabrunebis

cda, realur sinamdviledan gasvla, sarwmu-

noebrivi samyaros gardaqmna. Tumca sakmarisi

ar aris icno Tavi morwmuned. kantis rwmeniT

RmerTis interpretacia upirveles yovlisa aris

imedi sakuTari zneobis Zalis.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi gansakuTrebuli aq-

tualuroba eniWeba civilizaciaTaSoriso dia-

logis sxva da sxva formebs. magaliTad ase:

savaWro gacvlis transliatorebad gamodian

Ria qalaqebi. rkinis fardis dacemis Semdeg

gaCnda mosazrebebi aRmosavleTis da dasav-

leTis sazRvrebze Tavisufali ekonomikuri

zonebis Seqmnis Taobaze. didi roli civili-

48
zaciur dialogSi ekuTvnis Camoyalibebul erT-

ian informaciul ganzomilebas da agreTve pi-

radobis komunikacias. Ddialogis mTavar trans-

liatorad iTvleba marginaluri subkultura an

kulturul marginaluri klani.

gamoiyofeba ramodenime funqcionaluri tipi

marginaluri subkulturis. konfesionalur ti-

ps miekuTvneba: baptistebi, mormonebi da staro-

verebi, eTnomeurneobis tips ki warmoadgens eT-

nikuri mewarme. Ggansxvavdebian geoeTnikuri

subkulturebi, iseTebi rogoricaa: _ zRvispi-

relebi, mTielebi, cimbirelebi, kazakebi da

sxvebi. gansakuTrebul adgils ikaveben dias-

porebi, agreTve wodebrivi da ojaxuri klanebi.

realur yofadobaSi umTavresad gvxvdebian

Sereuli tipebi. magaliTad: _ kazakebi erTd-

roulad arian marginalebi adgilis mixedviT

49
da religiis. Bbikulturali ori kulturis

adamiani, marginalebi, sisxlis mixedviT axor-

cieleben egzogenur urTierTeTnikur gadacemas

warmomadgenlobaTa informaciiT, romelic

avsebs genofondis simdidres da xels uwyobs

talantebis Sobadobas.

socialur-ekonomikur pirobebze damokide-

buli marginalebi TamaSoben orgzis rols

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi: - dadebiTsa da

uaryofiTs. Tu kulturul marginaluri sa-

zogadoeba asrulebs SemoqmedebiT funqcias,

maSin socialur marginaluri klani asru-

lebs organizebul danaSaulebaTa usafuZvlo

SemoqmedebiT funqcias lumpen proletariats

da sxva damangrevlebs. dasavlur evropaSi da

aSS-Si marginaluri klanebis niadagze Seiqmna

eTnikuri mrewveloba. is warmoiSva kriminalur

50
klanuri stadiis gavliT, magram jer ver

gadavida civilizirebul sabazro urTierTo-

bebSi. Mmarginaluri subkulturebi, romlebic

ganicdian sxvebis socialur-fsiqologiur

diskomforts, SeiZleba saxelmwifoebSi mexuTe

kolonad iqcnen.

sazRvargareT gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-

via xalxTa diasporas diaspora Taviseburi

eTnikuri fenomenia, warmoSobili istoriul

eTnikuri jgufis safuZvelze samSoblosagan

mowyvetilni TviTgaigivebulni erTian xalxTan.

XX saukune emigrantebis varskvlavTa saaTia,

romlebmac Seqmnes dasavleT evropuli civi-

lizaciis sazRvrebze msoflios maRalga-

nviTarebuli qveyana aSS. ricxobrivad ga-

moiyofa Cinuri 55 milioni, rusuli 25 mil-

ioni, ebrauli 11 milioni, ukrainuli, induri,

51
somxuri, irlandiuri diasporebi. diasporas

bedis upiratesoba ganpirobebulia geopoli-

tikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, magaliTad:

_ ukrainuli geografiis diaspora iTvlis

saSualod 11 milions. aqedan ruseTSi cxovrobs

5 mil., yazaxeTSi 0,8 milioni, moldovaSi 0,6

milioni, kanadasa da amerikaSi 730 aTasi.

amerikelma sociologebma Camoayalibes akultu-

raciis Semdegi kanonzomiereba. Mmsoflio dias-

porebi floben sazogado saxelmwifoebriv ins-

titutebs da ekonomikur SesaZleblobas moa-

xdinos arsebuli zegavlena saerTaSoriso urT-

ierTobebze. Eebraulis, Cinuris, somxuris da

sxva diasporebis istoriuli gamocdileba mo-

wmobs aqtiur sameurneo moRvaweobaSi maTi mo-

tivaciis umaRles dones.

52
 Cinuri 55 milioniani diaspora ekonomikuri

potencialiT upirispirdeba istoriul samS-

oblos, sadac moculobiT liderobs sazRva-

rgareTul investiciasTan. ruseTis imperiam

Tavisi wvlili Seitana msoflio diasporas

formirebaSi, sabWoTa wyobilebis iZulebiTi da

nebayoflobiTi emigraciis Sedegad ruseTis

inteligenciaSi wamoiWrnen socio-kulturuli

fenomenebi: rusuli berlini a. tolstoi, a.

beli, n. berliaevi, i. elenburgi, rusuli

parizi i. bunini, d. mereJkovski, z. gipiusi da

mravali sxva, rusuli Sanxai. sabWoTa kavSi-

ris daSlis Semdeg rusi xalxi gadaiqca gayo-

fil naciad. rusebis ramdenime Taobis isto-

riul samSoblod, iTvleba novorasia, yirimi da

semireCie. samxreT yazaxeTSi rusebi Seadgendnen

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 70-80 procents,

53
latviaSi, estoneTSi, ukrainaSi, yirgizeTSi da

sxvagan qmnian erTa setyvisebur Camoyalibebas.

aq rusi sazRvargareTeli liderobs kerZo war-

moebaSi, Tumca mogebas yovelTvis ver aRwevs.

aRmosavleT civilizaciebSi tradiciuli sa-

zogadoebis klanuri struqtura gaxda sabazro

urTierTobebis ganviTarebis safuZveli. Omia-

nobis Semdgom iaponiaSi aseT sayrdenad iyvnen

feodaluri klanebi, amJamad CineTSi Temuri

klanebi, amerikuli samxedro administracia

iaponiaSi da komunisturi partia CineTSi,

romlebic zRudavdnen korumpirebul adgi-

lobriv elitas, uzrunvelyofdnen maRale-

feqtur saxelmwifo regulirebas da sabazro

meqanizmebis funqcionirebas.

ruseTSi revoluciamde saqmiani elita aseve

Sedgeboda staroverebis, musulmanebis, eb-

54
raelebis, protestantebis da eTnikuri margi-

naluri subkulturisagan. rusuli iZulebiTi

reformis CatarebiT daingra tradiciuli sazo-

gadoebis yofadoba, amJamad ruseTSi, ukrainaSi

da sxva postsabWour saxelmwifoebSi sazo-

gadoebis jansaRi diferenciaciis da struq-

turizaciis pirobebis Seqmna xdeba ara qvem-

odan aramed zemodan. iqmneba mravalricxovani

Sesaqcevi partiebi, romlebic gvanan er-

TmaneTs rogorc tyupi Zmebi, yalibdeba soci-

alur-ekonomikuri Setyobinebebi, roca socia-

luri transformaciis realur meqanizmad xd-

eba klanuri organizaciuli danaSauli, ru-

seTSi amas xels uwyobs bolo wlebSi Camoya-

libebuli ekonomikuri sivrcis konfliqturi

struqtura, sadac dominirebs eTnikuri mrew-

veloba, romelic eyrdnoba erovnuli umcire-

55
sobebis eTnojgufur solidarobas da saTvi-

stomo kavSirebs.

56
 Tavi II.Eislamuri civilizacia

kacobrioba me-3 aTaswleulSi civilizaciis

dialogis wliT Sevida. es iniciativa momdinar-

eobs iranidan. mas mxari dauWires im saxelmwif-

oebma, romlebic Sediodnen mTavrobaTa Soris

organizaciaSi ` islamuri kongresi~.

islamuri civilizacia _ erT-erTi aRmosav-

luri civilizaciaa, romelic dafuZnebulia

transcendentur nebaze, rac gulisxmobs adamia-

nis daqvemdebarebas. iq sazogadoebrivi solida-

roba da individualuri TviTSezRudva calke-

uli pirovnebebis interesebsa da uflebebze ma-

Rla dgas. samyaros grZnobadi aRqma saWiroebs

racionalistur midgomas, rac esoden damaxasia-

Tebelia dasavleTisaTvis.

57
 islami yvelaze axalgazrdaa sami msoflio

religiidan. islami, romelsac cota idea rodi

usesxebia qristianobisa da iudaizmisagan, ar

ifargleba mxolod konfesiuri sferoTi. isla-

mi qcevis kodeqsicaa, moralur faseulobaTa

sistemac da cxovrebis wesic. islamis mimdevre-

bs muslimanebs uwodeben. religiur-eTnikur da

samarTlebriv miTiTebaTa ZiriTadi krebuli,

romelic gadmocemulia yuranSi, ayalibebs moqm-

edebis saxes, anu swor gzas (SariaTi). politik-

uri brZolis Sedegad orTodoqsul islamTan

Camoyalibda muslimanuri religiis meore Ziri-

Tadi Sto _ Siizmi. Siitebi (irani, azerbaijani

da sxva) sunitebisagan gansxvavdebian (arabul

qveyanaTa umravlesoba) uzenaesi xelisuflebis

institutis gansakuTrebuli gagebiT.

58
 arabel dampyrobTa Sedegad sparseTis islam-

izacia mimdinareobda iq SemorCenili qristian-

obis da elinizmis tradiciebis zegavleniT. ku-

lturaTa mijnaze warmoqmnilma sulierma Zalam

(sufizmi) mSrali, kanonikuri islami xatovani

azrovnebis dominirebiT ufroemociuri, grZnob-

adi, guliTadi gaxada.

mTeli msoflios muslimanTa wminda centr-

ad meqa iqca. iq daibada winaswarmetyveli muham-

edi, iqve mdebareobs muslimanTa ZiriTadi sal-

ocavi qaabi (`kubi~) wminda taZari. qaabis erT-

erT kedelSi Catanebulia meteorituli warmoS-

obis Savi qva, romelic arabTa islamamdeli ep-

oqis Tayvaniscemis sagania. meqis wminda qalaqSi

medinaSi arsebobs uzarmazari meCeTi, romel-

ic aRmarTulia muhamedis saxlis adgilas, iq,

sadac winaswarmetyveli gardaicvala. Siizmis

59
wminda centrebs Soris irani, enajafi da qerbe-

la gamoirCeva. iq Senaxulia Siitel imamTa akl-

damebi. muslimanuri kalendari welTaRricxvas

winaswarmetyvel muhamedis meqidan medinaSi `ga-

dasaxlebis~ (`hijris~) droidan (qristes dabad-

ebidan 622 weli) awarmoebs. axalgazrda islamu-

ri civilizacia (hijrian 1422 wels muslimanuri

kalendris mixedviT) erovnuli warmomavlobisa

da religiuri kuTvnilebis princepebze dayrdn-

obiT xalxTa TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebas ganicd-

is. Tu ki erTmaneTs davupirispirebT evropul

da muslimanur civilizaciaTa socialur dros,

maSin es evropis jvarosnuli laSqrobebis, aRo-

rZinebisa da reformaciis dro iqneba. mxolod

evropelTa samecniero-racionalisturi gonebis

wyobis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli dialogi

`urwmunoebTan~ (muslimanebTan).

60
 muslimani xalxebi gamsWvalulni arian maRa-

li pasionalurobiT. islamuri civilizacia ms-

oflio mowyobis saZirkvlad miiCnevs transcen-

dentur nebas, romelic adamians imorCilebs.

ojaxis, gvaris, tomis an eTnikuri sazogadoebis

koleqtiuri faseuloba iq calkeuli pirovnebis

interesebsa da uflebebze maRla dgas. msoflg-

agebis centrSi ki moqceulia pirovneba da konk-

retuli adamianis uflebebi. islamur kultura-

Si religia saxelmwifo statuss iZens (Teokra-

tia), xolo dasavleTi iswrafvis, eklesiis dis-

tanciuroba moaxdinos saero saxelmwifosagan.

XX saukuneSi islamis mimdevarTa ricxovnoba

msoflioSi 200 mln-dan 1,2 miliard adamianamde

gaizarda da qristianebTan Tanafardi gaxda.

evropaSi, did britaneTSi 5 milionze meti mus-

limani cxovrobs, germanaSi musimanuri erToba

61
3,7 mln. kacs iTvlis, maT Soris islamma iq Ta-

vis wiaRSi asi aTasi germaneli miiRo. safrange-

TSi 2,5 mln. muslimani cxovrobs, aqedan 500 aT-

asi mkvidri frangia. ruseTis moqalaqeebs So-

ris 13 mln. muslimans iTvlian, xolo islamuri

wyaroebiT 20 mln-s. mosaxleobis yvelaze maR-

ali namati ruseTis federaciaSi musliman CeCn-

ebSi SeiniSneba, romelTa raodenoba deportaci-

idan dabrunebis Semdeg 3-jer gaizarda. demogr-

afiuli prognozis Tanaxmad, 2020 wlisaTvis eT-

nikuri muslimanebi ruseTis mosaxleobis 1/3 iq-

neba, 40%-mde gaizrdeba maTi wili moskovsa da

sanktpeterburgSi. axalgazrda molebi ruseTid-

an momzadebas gadian saudis arabeTis sasulie-

ro centrebSi, isini fundamentalizms WeSmarit

islamad miiCneven.

62
 islamur samyaros ar surs daqvemdebarebu-

li mdgomareoba hqondes msoflio ekonomikasa

da politikaSi, miT umetes, rom dasavleTi dam-

okidebulia axlo aRmosavleTis navTobisa da

gazis miwodebaze. muslimanuri samyaro gamodis

araekvivalenturi savaWro-ekonomikuri da kult-

uruli gacvlis winaaRmdeg, aseve masobrivi ame-

rikuli kulturis winaaRmdeg samomxmareblo

mentalobaSi da dasavluri cxovrebis wesis qa-

dagebaSi. Soreuli aRmosavleTis civilizaciis-

agan gansxvavebiT muslimanebma uaryves damwevi

ganviTarebis modeli da ganzraxuli aqvT, daam-

arcxon dasavleTi sxva `brZolis velze~.

did religiaTa mimdevrebi, romelTac sakuT-

ari sakraluri postulatebi universalurad mi-

aCndaT, iswrafodnen da iswrafvian misionerobi-

saken TavianTi geografiuli sazRvrebis fargl-

63
ebs gareT. es gamoiara qristianobam, am gziT mi-

dis islamic. magram erTmaneTSi rwmena da cal-

keul adamianTa an jgufTa qcevis eqstremizmi

ar unda avurioT. Ppolitizirebuli mebrZoli

islami muslimanuri kulturis marginalur or-

Todoqss warmoadgens.

dasavleTsa da muslimanur aRmosavleTSi ga-

Cnda Rrma gansxvaveba saxelmwifosa da religi-

is Tanafardobis midgomebTan dakavSirebiT. das-

avlur qristianobaSi religia saxelmwifosganaa

gamoyofili. muslimanebSi am mxriv mkveTri ga-

mijvna ar aris. iranSi revoluciis Sedegad wa-

rmoiSva sazogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis

axali modeli, roca umaRles zedamxedvelobas

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis institutebze sasu-

liero pirebi axorcieleben.

64
 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi islamuri samyaro

agrZelebda da agrZelebs pasuxebis Ziebas mara-

diul kiTxvebze: ratom miaRwia evropam warmate-

bas, xolo muslimanebs ar SeuZliaT ipovon mra-

vali politikuri da socialuri problemis ga-

dasaWreli recepti? XIX saukuneSi muslimanebi

ukve cdilobdnen, islamis da kulturuli Tvi-

Tmyofadobis safuZvelze SeeqmnaT evropuli ti-

pis parlamenti, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi gam-

ofxizldnen da xeli aiRes moufiqrebeli sesxe-

bisagan. qveynebidan, sadac mosaxleobis umravl-

esoba ar flobs ekonmikur Rirsebasa da ganaT-

lebas, saparlamento SedegebiT manipulireba

iolia. eleqtoratis umravlesoba xmas aZlevs

msxvili miwaTmflobelebis brZanebebis Sesabami-

sad.

65
 islamuri civilizacia gansakuTrebiT mkveT-

rad ganicdis dasavleTcentruli modelis gl-

obalizaciis procesebs, romelic mis tradici-

ul kulturas emuqreba. CineTisa da indoeTisa-

gan gansxvavebiT islamuri samyaro mzad ar aRm-

oCnda maRalteqnologiuri postindustriuli

ganviTarebis procesebisaTvis. CineTSi Warbobs

eSelonirebuli saxelmwifo politika global-

uri procesebis gavlenis SezRudvis gamo, indo-

eTSi umaRlesi kasta aRmoCnda Cabmuli globa-

lizaciis procesSi, maSin, roca dabali kastebi

sul sxva samvaroSi cxovroben.

panislamizmis ideologia - islamis wiaRSi

Caisaxa religiur-politikuri ideologia _ pan-

islamizmi, romelic muslimanTa politikuri ga-

erTianebaa xalifas meTaurobiT. kerZod panTur-

qizmis ideologiam yvela Turqi muslimani gamo-

66
acxada erT erad, romelic iswrafvis gaerTia-

ndes TurqeTis xelmZRvanelobiT erT saxelmwi-

fod. civilizaciaTaSorisi kontaqtebis Sedegad

evropuli nacionalizmis virusma Tavis `nayofi~

gamoiRo muslimanur samyaroSi da erT-erTma pi-

rvelma evropelma miiqcia yuradReba.

Tomas edvard lourens arabi (1888-1935) _ ing-

liseli mwerali, mecnieri _ medievisti da arqe-

ologi pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi britane-

li samxedro mrCevlis saxiT monawileobda ara-

bTa samxedro moqmedebebSi Turqebis winaaRmdeg.

mas adamian legendas eZaxdnen, aseve `axal napo-

leons~, `XX saukunis barons~ da `martosuls,

romelmac samyaro nawilobriv Secvala~. mas ms-

oflio aRiareba moutana 1926 wels dawerilma

wignma `sibrZnis Svidi burji~. XX saukunis es

erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio, naturalisturi da

67
brwyinvale wigni Tanamedroveebma kargad Seafa-

ses. litereturis dargSi nobelis lauriatma u.

CerCilma es Sroma aRiara erT-erT udides nawa-

rmoebad, rac ki Seqmnilia inglisur enaze. mog-

onebaTa wigni, romelic Zalze Sors iyo samxe-

dro memuarebis Janrisgan, ikiTxeboda rogorc

martoxela inteleqtualis aRiareba, anu im ada-

mianisa vinc ar iziarebda sazogadoebis danawe-

sebs.

`Cemma mcdelobam, mecxovra yvela is wlebi

`arabul samosSi~, riTac arabuli azrovnebis

imitirebas vaxdendi, momwyvita Cems inglisur

`me~-s da SemaZlebina damenaxa dasavleTi, misi

pirobiTobebi sul sxva TvaliT: is samyaro Cem-

Tvis ferflad iqca. amasTan erTad WeSmaritad

ver SevZeli arabad gardavsaxuliyavi, es mxol-

od TvalTmaqcoba iqneboda. iolia adamians waa-

68
rTva rwmena da sxva rwmenaze moaqcio Zalze

Zneli~.

werilSi `cvlilebebi aRmosavleTSi~ loure-

nsi werda, rom evropeli politikosebi uunaro-

ni aRmoCndnen daenaxaT pirveli msoflio omis

Semdeg aziaSi momxdari grandiozuli cvlileb-

ebi, roca kontinents azanzarebda uwesrigobebi,

mRelvarebebi da amboxebebi.

`arcerT maTgans ar SeuZlia dasvas avadmyo-

fobis diagnozi an SesTavazos wamali. rac See-

xeba avadmyofs, dauZaxeT mas rac gnebavT: fizi-

kuri, moraluri an gonebrivi moSliloba, anda

materialur pirobaTa nayofi, magram es antia-

ziuri civilizaciis avadmyofoba, dasavleTTan

misi mWidro kavSiris gardauvali Sedegia. imave

avadmyofobiT dasneuldnen CvenTan Sexvedris

Semdeg avstralieli aborigenebi da am daava-

69
debam isini samareSi Caiyvana. maSin mizezebi Ti-

Tqmis biologiuri iyo: avstralielTa sazogad-

oeba Zalze sustad ganviTarebuli aRmoCnda imi-

saTvis, rom gaeZlo sociumTan kontaqtisaTvis,

romelic misgan esoden gansxvavdeboda. azia uf-

ro gamZlea, ufrosi, mosaxleoba ki _ mravalri-

cxovani, mas ar emuqreba sikvdili, magram swor-

ed Cven varT misi avadmyofobis mizezi. Evropis

gadaxarSva ioli rodia~.

aziam ramdenime aTaswleulSi ganvlo is

gza, razec evropam aswleulebi daxarja _ jiS-

iani bedaurebidan gadajda `rolsroisebSi~, iq

yvelaferi kargad rodia. rogor SevafasoT mom-

xdari cvlilebebi? muslimanur samyaroSi mate-

rialur gadmonaSTebTan erTad SeaRwia evropa-

Si gamogonilma nacionalizmis ideebma. ai, ras

wers maT damangrevel Sedegebze lourensi:

70
 nacionalizmi _ mSfoTvare da sastiki stiqi-

aa; SesaZloa, man aranaklebi sicocxle waiRo,

vidre religiurma omebma, arada mis xelSi xom

sul axlaxan aRmovCndiT. rac ufro Zvelia es

seni miT saSiSia igi: balkaneTs da irlandias,

romlebamdec am senma gvian miaRwia, gansakuTre-

biT mZimed gadaaqvs igi~.

im arabuli qveynebisaTvis, romlebic evrazi-

is gzajvaredinze warmoiSva mmarTvelTa sisast-

ikea damaxasiaTebeli. arabuli mentalobisaTvis

Cveulia siyvaruli sastiki beladis mimarT. mma-

rTveli romelsac ZaluZs Seakavos xalxi evra-

ziuli qalebisaTvis Ria mravalferovan eTnik-

ur saqvabeebSi, erovnuli gmiri xdeba. gamaTana-

brebeli socializmi aq saeWvoa Seicvalos das-

avluri faseulobebiT.

71
 muslimanur samyaroSi eqsperimenti grZeld-

eba sazogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis model-

Tan dakavSirebiT. erayi arabul socializms aS-

enebs, TurqeTi da egvipte vesternizaciis gziT

midis, saudis arabeTi monarqiul saxelmwifod

rCeba, irani Teokratiis (islamuri fundamenta-

lizmis) gzas daadga, mas saTaveSi sulieri li-

deri yavs. am modelis ukidures gamovlinebad

iqca avRaneTi Talibebis mmarTvelobis period-

Si.

islamuri fundamentalizmi _ islamuri fun-

damentalizmi niSnavs `dabrunebas wmindan winap-

rebTan~. salafituri moZraoba evropuli refo-

rmaciis analogiuria. dasavleTevropuli refo-

rmacia efuZneboda sulier winamZRolobas da

xalxis xelisuflebas.

72
 islamis reformacia romelic niSnavs dabru-

nebas `meqis gzaze~ an `wmindan winaprebTan~,

ori mimarTulebiT wavida, anu Camoyalibda moZ-

Rvrebis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. reformato-

ri dasavleT arabeTidan muhamed alivahabi (1703-

1783) muslimanebs mouwodebda dasavleTi-sagans-

rul izolacias. meore mimarTulebis momxreebs

surdaT imgvari islamis aRorZineba, romelic

maT saSualebas miscemdaT Sua saukuneobrivi

aRmosavleT kulturis TvalsazrisiT jvarosn-

uli laSqrobebis droindel evropaze win yofi-

liyvnen. isini mouwodebdnen islamis gardaqmni-

saken, raTa mieRwiaT muslimanuri aRmosavleTis

analogiuri warmatebebisaTvis sulier Zalaze

dayrdnobiT, roca intuicia sWarbobs raciona-

lizms. islamSi reformatoruli moZraoba evro-

pisaTvis mTavar frontze gamowveva iyo, romel-

73
ic adamianTa sulebis gavliT xdeboda. dasavle-

li adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel `ra minda me?-

s~ aRmosavleTSi daupirispirda `ra surs Rmer-

Ts~.

XX sauuneSi islamuri aRmosavleTi racio-

nalizmma daitaca, roca arabuli saxelmwifoeb-

is umravlesobam Tavi gamoacxada mis momxreeb-

ad. es SesaZlebeli gaxda imis wyalobiTac, rom

arabulad sityva `socialisti~ da `sazogadoeb-

rivi solidaroba~ erTi da igivea. magram es gz-

ac CixSi mimavali aRmoCnda. axali saxelmwifo

liderebi, upiratesad samxedroebi, iRebdnen wi-

na xelisuflebis privilegiebs, ayvaveba ki ar

modioda.

`damwevi ganviTarebis~ da vesternizaciis

CaSlilma eqsperimentebma muslimanebs biZgi mis-

ca islamis saTaveebTan dabrunebisaTvis, roca

74
TiTqosda koleqtiuri bedniereba sufevda. fun-

damentalizmma Zalebis mokreba daiwyo, misi mo-

mxreebi yovelTvis gamodiodnen muslimanur sam-

yaroSi evropuli da amerikuli nasesxobebis wi-

naaRmdeg, radgan sjerodaT, rom islams Tavad

SeeZlo gadaeWra politikuri da socialuri pr-

oblemebi.

termini `fundamentalizmi~ Tavdapirvelad

qristianul protesantizmSi gamoiyenebida orT-

odoqsuli mimdinareobis aRsaniSnavad, romelic

aSS-Si XX saukunis damdegs Caiaxa. amerikeli

fundamentalistebi, romlebic Tavs evangelist-

ebs uwodeben, gamodian qristianobis safuZvleb-

is SesanarCuneblad _ ubiwo Casaxvis rwmenis da

ieso qristes aRdgomis Sesaxeb. droTa ganmavl-

obaSi fundamentalizmi religiuri mimdinareob-

is CarCoebidan gamovida da gadaiqca sazogado-

75
ebriv-politikuri azris erT-erT mimarTulebad.

qrstianuli fundamentalizmisagan gansxvavebiT

islamuri fundamentalizmi warmoiSva rogorc

dasavluri da tradiciuli kulturebis Sejaxe-

bis Sedegi.

islamuri fundamentaizmi msoflio religiis

mxolod erT-erTi mimarTulebaa, romelic iswr-

afvis sazogadoebrivi da piradi cxovrebis nor-

mebi yuranis da SariaTis miTiTebebs dauqvemd-

ebaros. ekonomikis sferoSi fundamentalizmi

mimarTulia ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli gzis-

ken, romelic ganpirobebulia sakuTrebis flob-

iT, SariaTis normebiT, yuranis danawilebiT va-

Wrobis, finansebis marTva, xolo mevaxSeoba an

sasesxo procenti ikrZaleba. fundamentalizmi,

romelic socialuri samarTlianobis socialis-

tur models mogvagonebs, upirispirebs aRmosav-

76
leTis sulier faseulobebs dasavleT-qristian-

uli civilizaciis imperializms. rogorc poli-

tikuri ideologia, islamuri fundamentalizmi

efuZneba antikapitalisturad ganwyobil socia-

lur sazogadoebas da sxva fenebs, romlebmac

zarali ganicades modernizaciis mcdelobebisa-

gan. fundamentalisturi proeqti realizebulia

iranSi, sudansa da avRaneTis umetes teritori-

aze, mas Zlieri poziciebi aqvs egvipteSi, iemen-

sa da iordaniaSi. jerjerobiT fundamentalist-

urma ideam rigi qveynebi gadaaqcia msoflio Ta-

namegobrois marginalebad.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri fundamental-

izmi ganpirobebulia mTielTa mier maTTvis uc-

xo civilizaciuri danawesebis miuReblobiT,

umuSevrobiT, erovnuli, eTnikuri da klanuri

winaaRmdegobebis gamZafrebiT. CrdiloeT kavkas-

77
iaSi `wminda islamis~ momxreebi Tavs vahabiste-

bs uwodeben. adgilobrivi vahabistebi ar urigd-

ebian `saxalxo islamis~ gamovlinebas, romelm-

ac kavkasiaSi muslimanTa qcevebi da tradiciebi

Camoayaliba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi gaZlerda muslima-

nuri navTobeqsportiori qveynebis vesternizaci-

is safrTxe, gansakuTrebiT Semosavlebis zrdas-

Tan dakavSirebiT momxdarma sazogadoebrivma

transformaciam winaaRmdegoba gaaZliera gadmo-

Rebul teqnikur miRwevaTa da islamze dafuZne-

bul sulier tradiciaTa Soris. gaCnda islamis

reformatorTa axali Taoba.

iranel reformatorTa Soris gamoirCeoda

meSxed ali SariaTi (1933-1977). es `muslimani

luteri~ mouwodebda saTanadod waekiTxaT yur-

ani, sadac, misi azriT, Tavisufleba frTebs

78
Slis wminda werilis striqonebs Soris: `Seugn-

ebeli individis locva, romelic pirutyvis ms-

gavsad amboxis unars moklebulia, ver aRwevs

Tavis mizans~. adamianis ganTavisufleba sakuTa-

ri Tavis tyveobisagan sasuliero wodebas SeuZ-

lia. es moZRvreba Caisaxa SiizmSi, romelic, ro-

gorc islamis Sto, yvelaze axlosaa qristiano-

basTan da gamsWvalulia grZnobadi guliswadi-

liT. sunitebi islamis yvelaze mravalricxova-

ni da ZiriTadi Sto, umeteswilad racionalis-

tebi arian, romlebic grZnobasTan SedarebiT

upiratesobas gonebas aniWeben.

ali SariaTis Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, marT-

lmorwmuneTa sasuliero piris (imamis) arCeva

ar SeiZleba vinmes arCevanze iyos damokidebu-

li. aq demokratiul procedurebs, romlebic

dafuZnebulia saxalxo nebis gamovlinebis dasa-

79
vlur principebze, SezRudulad iyeneben. ar Se-

iZleba geniosis arCeva yvelaze demokratiuli

gziT. amas mowmobs dasavluri tradiciac, rome-

lic miiCnevs, rom `demokratia aris uferulo-

bis xelisufleba~. sasuliero lideri SeiZleba

gaxes mxolod is, visac amisTvis Sesabamisi Tvi-

sebebi gaaCnia, es ki damokidebulia ara viRacis

arCevaze, aramed aRiarebaze. aRmosavluri sibr-

Zne ambobs, rom vefxvis sikvdilis Semdeg rCeba

tyavi, xolo adamianis sikvdilis Semdeg _ misi

saxeli.

klasikur evropul filosofiaSi ansxvaveb-

en (kantis mixedviT) logikur da intuiciur co-

dnas. logikuri codna cnebaTa warmoSobis dax-

marebiT miiReba, xolo intuiciuri (esTetikuri)

_ warmosaxvis meSveobiT. SemTxveviTi araa, rom

did filosofos kants SeeZlo eazrovna ise,

80
rom `daenaxa~ obieqtTan uSualo kontaqtis gar-

eSe.

dasavleTSi SeuZliaT gansazRvron mmarTve-

lis xarisxi racionalisturi proceduris meSv-

eobiT, magaliTad inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis

indeqsiT. muslimanur aRmosavleTSi amaze ityvi-

an, rom es SeuZlebelia. racionalisturi midgo-

ma damaxasiaTebelia dasavleTisaTvis, xolo in-

tuiciuri _ muslimanuri aRmosavleTisaTvis.

Tuki dasavleTSi fiqroben, rom mmarTvelis ar-

Ceva SeiZleba demokratiuli proceduris safu-

Zvelze, aRmosavleTSi eWvi eparebaT vester-

nizaciis an socialisturi gzis arCevis mrava-

lricxovani eqsperimentis Semdeg.

islamis reformacias xorci Seesxa iranis

1979 wlis revoluciaSi, romelmac Tavisi Tavi

gamoacxada rogorc msoflio. magram, miuxeda-

81
vad amisa, reviluciam Caiara qristianuli samya-

rosaTvis SeumCnevlad. msoflio istoriis Sems-

wavlelTaTvis evrocentrizmis poziciidan bev-

rad ufro axloa terorizmis warmomSobi safr-

angeTis didi revolucia an didi oqtombris,

romlebmac gza gauxsna wiTel da TeTr terors.

iranis revoluciis lideri aiaTola homeini

iqna aRiarebuli da mowodebuli erovnuli in-

teligenciis da xalxis umravlesobis mier. ira-

nma gauZlo bevr mZime gansacdels, magram im ka-

cis avtoriteti, romelmac warmoadgina `sarw-

muno sigeli RmerTisagan~, darCa uryevi. iranis

revoluciam gadalaxa gardauvali ukiduresoba-

ni, maT Soris Sua saukunebrivi eqstremizmi. mag-

ram TandaTanobiT gaimarjves `ganaTlebluri

islamis~ momxreebma, Tavisufali mewarmeobis

sferos CaTvliT. islamuri fundamentalizmis

82
qveyana irani gaerTianebuli erebis organiza-

ciis wevria.

muslimanur samyaros araferi esaqmeba amer-

ikis prezidentis demokratiulad arCevis proc-

edurasTan, sxva xalxis nebasTan, airCios Tavi-

sTvis lideri. magram es samyaro imis winaaRmde-

gia, rom amerikis arCeulma prezidentma sxva xa-

lxebs Wkua aswavlos da aCuqos maT dasavluri

faseulobebi.

muslimanuri qveynebi civilizaciaTaSorisi

dialogis ideiT gamodian. islami gvevlineba

erTiani muslimanuri eris da saxelmwifos Seq-

mnis erovnul-patriotul mamoZravebel Zalad.

islamuri integraciisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

TviTSezRudva da sazogadoebrivi solidaroba.

islamuri saxelmwifoebriobis safarvelqveS

EBPA MAP-is eTnopolitikur mijnebze, Sua sau-

83
kuneebSi SemuSavebul iqna polikomfesiuri da

polieTnikuri Semwynareblobis modeli, ramac

xeli Seuwyo Tavisufali vaWrobis da civili-

zaciaTa Soris dialigis sakomunikacio fun-

qciebis ayvavebas.

sikvdilis Savi angelozi - islamuri ter-

orizmis fesvebi aucilebelia veZioT sparseTis

yuris zonaSi, romelic aSS-is `sasicocxlo

interesebis zonacaa~. 80-iani wlebis damdegs

erayma Tavis Tavze aiRo koleqtiuri damcvelis

roli iranis islamuri revoluciis winaaRmdeg,

romelic safrTxes warmoadgenda axlo aRmo-

savleTis arabuli qveynebisaTvis. magram sisx-

lismRvrel konfliqtSi TeiranTa beladma ver

miiRo arabuli qveynebis mxardaWera. quveiTma,

romelic warsulSi erayis istoriuli `me-17

provincia~ iyo, omis Semdgomi baRdadisaTvis na-

84
vTobze fasebis saSineli vardnis provocireba

moaxdina. SemdgomSi operaciis `udabnos qari-

Sxali~ Catarebisas saudis arabeTi dasTanxmda

gamxdariyo aSS-is mokavSire Semdgegi pirobebis

Sesrulebisas. erayeli jariskacebisagan quvei-

Tis ganTavisuflebis Semdgom amerika unda Ses-

dgomoda israelpalestinis konfliqtis gadaW-

ris saqmes. Tumca am saqmis gaWianurebam

gamoiwvia viTarebis gamZafreba aradamoukide-

beli palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmna 1948 wlis

sazRvrebSi. operaciis `udabnos qariSxali~

dasrulebisTanave amerikel jariskacebs unda

daetovebinaT saudis arabeTi, magram es ar mo-

xda.

aSS arabul samyaroSi ormagi standartebis

politikas awarmoebs, cdilobs ra, SeinarCunos

Tavisi `sasicocxlo interesebis~ zona, xan mxa-

85
rs uWers Talibebs da ben ladens maT brZola-

Si sabWoTa jarebTan avRaneTSi, xolo erays

iranTan omSi, xan uborotes mtrebad acxadebs

irans, erays da Talibans, da imavdroulad sau-

dis arabeTi, sadac vahabizmis poziciebi Zlier-

ia, aSS-is mTavari strategiuli partnioria spa-

rseTis yuris zonaSi. amerikam, qristianuli fu-

ndamentalizmis samSoblom, uecrad Tavi gamoa-

cxada islamur fundamentalismTan mtkice meb-

rZolad.

jihidi gamoyofen did (diad) da mcire jiha-

ds. saRvTo omma `urjuloTa~ winaaRmdeg, rom-

elsac sazRvari ara aqvs miiRo didi jihadis

saxelwodeba. bevri arabi oms avRaneTSi swored

aseT jihadad aRiqvams. `axali barbarosebis~, an

islamis `mwvane internacionalis~ omi `oqros

miliardis~ civilizaciis winaaRmdeg am ukanask-

86
nelis sruli ganadgurebisaTvis warmoebs. qri-

stianTa jvarosnuli laSqrobisagan gansxvave-

biT mcire jihadi, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs

islamur miwaTa dacvas urjuloTagan. yurani

morwmuneebs mouwodebs, ar gadalaxon dasaSvebi

zRvari. tradiciul islamSi jihadi niSnavs `si-

marTlis sityvas~ usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg,

romelic sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba, es moi-

cavs siRaribesac da korufciasac.

politizirebulma radikalurma islamma gaim-

arjva iranSi, gamodis mmarTveli elitebis wi-

naaRmdeg alJirSi, egviptesa da iordaniaSi. su-

dani da avRaneTi ver gamovida samoqalaqo omis

fazidan. revoluciuri arabuli reJimebi (siria,

iemeni, libia) saorganizacio da finansur dax-

marebas uwevs islamistebs. XX saukunis bolos

politikuri islamizmi gaaqtiurda istoriul

87
civilizaciur sazRvrebze (libani, kosovo, CeCn-

eTi, israeli, palestina, irani da avRaneTi), sa-

dac gamomJRavnda yofil imperiaTa geopolitik-

uri sazRvrebi.

Tanamedrove terorizmma gviCvena kacobriob-

is Tavganwirva. islamuri eqstremizmi aRmosavl-

eTisTvis tradiciuli ojaxis erTgulebis da

adamianis sicocxlis damdablebeli Sefasebis

eqspluatirebas axdens. Sahidi _ islamis raind-

ia, romelic rwmenisTvis iRupeba. teroristul

organizaciaTa liderebi `rwmenisTvis daRupu-

li~ ojaxis mniSvnelovan finansur kompensacias

uxdian. magram mcdaria mosazreba, rom terori-

zmi Tavis momxreTa rekrutirebas muslimanuri

mosaxleobis dabali fenebidan axdens. teroris-

ti SeiZleba iyos privilegiuri warmoSobisac,

amasTanave _ brwyinvale inteleqtualic.

88
 eqstremistul religiur-politikur moZra-

obaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Ta-

libans, romelsac mxars uWerda aSS-is centra-

luri sadazvervo sammarTvelo da pakistanis

samxedro dazverva. avRaneTSi moZraobis xelmZ-

Rvanelobas avRanel ltolvilTa banakebidan

medreseTayofili studentebi Seadgendnen. Tal-

ibTa moZraoba (e.i. studentebis) warmoiSva 1994

wels, xolo 1996 wels daipyres avRaneTSi xeli-

sufleba. Talibebi upiratesad puStunTa tomeb-

is warmomadgenlebi arian. puStunebi yvelaze

mravalricxovani avRaneli xalxia da maTi mona-

wileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia qveyanaSi Seiqmnas

mdgradi xelisufleba. nebismieri mcdeloba, ga-

redan dainiSnos avRaneli lideri, ganwirulia

marcxisaTvis. avRaneli xalxis mmarTveli

SeiZleba mxolod iqnes `mowodebuli da aRiare-

89
buli~. Talibanma jihadi gamoucxada aSS-s.

rogorc wesi, aSS-is propaganda primitiuli

masobrivi kulturis zegavleniT gareSe mtris

saxis personificirebas axdena da mas miTiur

zomebamde beravs. aseTi mtrebis saxiT mogvevl-

inen iranis sulieri lideri imami homeini, kubis

lideri _ fidel kastro, erayis prezidenti _

sadam huseini, iugoslaviis prezidenti _ milo-

SeviCi, morig mtrad ki iqca osama ben ladeni.

osama ben ladeni osama ben ladeni 1979 we-

ls avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis winaaRmdeg gaeS-

ura mojahedebTan erTad. uwevda maT finansur

daxmarebas da Seqmna organizacia `al qaida~,

amerikelebi daexmarnen osama ben ladens, zogie-

rTi wyaros mixedviT, css-s agents, avRaneTSi

sabWoTa meomrebTan brZolaSi. avRaneTidan sabW-

oTa jarebis gamosvlis Semdeg biznesiT iyo da-

90
kavebuli saudis arabeTSi da gamodioda arabeT-

is naxevarkunZulidan amerikuli jarebis gamoy-

vanis winaaRmdeg. 1991 wels iZulebuli gaxda

sudanSi wasuliyo, saidanac gaaZeves da 1996 we-

ls gadavida avRaneTSi Talibanis sulieri li-

deris miwveviT. man jihadi gamoucxada aSS-s da

muslimanebs mouwoda daexocaT amerikeli moqa-

laqeebi. man avRaneTSi teroristTa mosamzadebe-

li banakebis qseli moawyo. aSS brals sdebs

ben ladens im teraqtebSi monawileobaze, rome-

lic niu iorkSi (1993 wels, 2001 wels saerTa-

Soriso savaWro centrSi), tanzaniasa da kenaSi

(1998 wels amerikis saelCoSi afeTqeba), iemenSi

(2000 wels amerikuli saeskadro naRmosnis afe-

Tqeba). amerikulma administraciam ben ladeni

damnaSaved gamoacxada da faqtobrivad sikvdi-

li miusaja sarwmuno mtkicebulebebis gareSe,

91
rom igi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Tan-

amonawile iyo.

jer kidev avRaneTis miwaze `samarTliani~

bombebi cvioda, roca dasavleTs afiqrebda avR-

aneTSi mimavali `demokratiuli~ mowyoba. Tumca

avRaneTSi Camoyrili vakuumuri bombebi Semdeg

muslimanTa siZulvilSi Caimala da saxifaTod

grovdeboda. saerTo ganwyoba muslimanur samya-

roSi amerikis sasargeblod rodi iyo, igi ibr-

Zoda jorj buSis `jvarosnuli laSqrobis~ win-

aaRmdeg.

amerikis nacionaluri usafrTxoebis prevenc-

iuli doqtrinis wyalobiT erayi miakuTvnes ge-

opolitikur `borotebis RerZs~. axlo aRmosav-

leTSi mdebare qveyana saerTaSoriso politikis

centrSi moeqca. amerikuli tradiciiT, mtrad

moxda sadam huseinis (daibada 1937 wels) _ era-

92
yis respublikis (1979-2003) prezidentis da pre-

mierministris pirovnebis personificireba. era-

yi flobs maRalxarisxiani navTobis msxvil ma-

ragebs, rac amerikis agresiis erT-erTi mizezi

gaxda 2003 wels. eTnokonfesiuri da eTnonacio-

naluri niSnebis mixedviT eraySi gamoiyofa sun-

ituri centri, Siituri samxreTi da quruli Cr-

diloeTi. amerikul agresiamde baRdadis xelis-

uflebis saTaveSi sunituri umcireoba iyo. Sii-

tebi (proiranulad ganwyobilebi) cxovroben

erayis samxreTSi. 1991 wlis omis dros maTi aj-

anyeba sastikad CaaxSo erayis xe-lisuflebam, 30

aTasi meamboxe daiRupa. amerikelebi erayis wina-

aRmdeg agresiis dros imedovnebdnen Siitebis

mxardaWeras, magram es ar moxda. erayis Crdil-

oeTSi cxovroben qurTebi, romelTac aqvT Seda-

rebiTi avtonomia da isini gamdian damoukidebe-

93
li saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis. diqtatorul reJi-

mze amerikis gamarjvebis Semdeg erayi gadaiqca

axlo aRmosavleTSi terorizmis umsxviles cen-

trad.

teroristuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi araefeq-

turi aRmoCnda terorizmTan brZolaSi. es exeba

iseT politikur instrumentebsac, rogoricaa

ekonomkur sanqciaTa praqtika da teritoriuli

blokada, romlebic iwvevs kriminaluri biznes-

is axali msoflio da regionaluri centrebis

Seqmnas.

islamuri civilizacia efuZneba transcenden-

tul nebas, romelic adamians iqvemdebarebs. iq

sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da individualuri

TviTSezRudva calkeuli pirovnebis interesebsa

da uflebebze maRla dgas. samyaros grZnobadi

aRqma dominirebs racionalur midgomas, dasav-

94
leTs rom axasiaTebs.

islamuri saxelmwifoebriobis safarvelqveS

eTnopolitikur mijnebze Sua saukuneebSi SemuS-

avebul iqna polikonfesiuri da polieTnikuri

Semwynareblobis modeli, ramac xeli Seuwyo

Tavisufali vaWrobis da civilizaciaTa Soris

dialogis sakomunikacio funqciebis ayvavebas.

islami gamodis erTiani muslimanuri erisa

da saxelmwifos Seqmnis mamoZravebel erovnul-

patriotul Zalad.

islamur samyaroSi religia saxelmwifos st-

atuss iZens (Teikratia), im dros, roca dasavle-

Ti iswrafvis gamijnos eklesia saero saxelmwi-

fosagan. muslimanur aRmosavleTSi samyaros in-

tuiciuri aRqma dominirebs racionalistur evr-

opul midgomaze. Tuki dasavleTSi prezidents

irCeven demokratiuli proceduris safuZvelze,

95
muslimanur aRmosavleTSi miaCniaT, rom mmarTv-

elad airCion is, vinc aRiarebulia da mowodeb-

ulia xalxis nebasurviliT.

islamuri fundamentalizmi evropuli refor-

maciis (dafuZneba sasuliero winamZRolobaze

da xalxis xelisuflebaze) aRmosavluri analo-

gia. rogorc politikuri ideologia, emyareba

socialuri marginalebis da sazogadoebis sxva

antikapitalistur ganwyobas, romlebmac zarali

ganicades modernizaciis mcdelobebisgan.

96
 Tavi III. balkaneTi civilizaciaTa

Sejaxebis zRvarze

balkaneTi _ evropis `denTis kasria~, romel-

ic afeTqebs ara marto geopolitikur sazRvre-

bs, aramed TiSavs adamianTa sulebs. aqaa pirve-

li msoflio omis da ruseTis imperiis (rogorc

masSi monawilis) tragediis saTave. balkaneTi

aRsavsea mravalricxovani regionaluri omiTa

da konfliqtiT. T.e. lourensi wers: `balkaneTi

_ idealuri sakvebi garemoa nacionalizmis mik-

robebis gamosazrdelad~.

`natos~ samxedro `humanitarulma~ aqciam

kosovoSi kidev erTxel miizida yvelas yurad-

Reba balkaneTisaken, 90-iani wlebis damdegidan.

Tuki ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg balkaneTi gamovida

sabWoTa geopolitikuri sivrcidan, 1999 wlis

97
samxedro aqciis Sedegad daiwyo regionis sako-

munikacio sivrcis mravalmxrivi (geopolitiku-

ri, geoekonomikuri, sociokulturuli, konfesi-

uri) realuri da faqtobrivi gadanawileba. ba-

lkaneTis transformacia sami civilizaciis zR-

varze SeuZlebelia gavigoT ise, Tu ar mivmar-

TavT warsulis erT-erT msxvil geopolitikur

problemas. postbipolarul samyaroSi kvlav mZ-

afrdeba aRmosavleTis sakiTxi, romelic ramde-

nime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoTa

~CrdilSi~ rCeboda.

aRmosavleTis sakiTxi _ cnobili rusi isto-

rikosi s.m. solovievi (1820-1879) aRmosavleTis

sakiTxs ganixilavda rogorc mravalsaukunovan

urTierTqmedebas da metoqeobas dasavleTsa da

aRmosavleTs, `evropul~ da `aziur~ suls Sor-

is. es aisaxeboda evraziaSi integraciis da dez-

98
integraciis procesebis monacvleobiT am isto-

riuli drois ganmavlobaSi.

aleqsandre makedonelis (334-323w.w, Cv. eramde)

laSqrobaTa Sedegad berZnuli da adgilobrivi,

upiratesad aRmosavluri, kulturebis mijnaze

iqmneba vrceli sakontaqto zona, yvavis eliniz-

mi aziaSi da evropuli elada iRupeba. warmarT-

ulma romis imperiam daipyro axlo aRmosavleT-

Si Canasaxovani qristianoba da Tavadac ganadg-

urda barbarosTa (goTebis, hunebis da a.S.) zew-

olis, axali religiis gavlenis Sedegad. jvar-

osanTa laSqrobebi axlo aRmosavleTSi, pales-

tinaSi, icvleba religiuri omebiTa da dasavl-

eT evropuli Suasaukuneobrivi sazogadoebis da

kulturis daSliT. moxda axali afeTqeba aRmo-

savleTSi bizantiis imperiis memkvidreebma,

Turq-osmalebma venamde miaRwies. safrangeTis

99
didma revoluciam dasavleTi ukve nacionalizm-

is droSis qveS gaaerTiana aRmosavleTze axali

laSqrobisaTvis, romelTagan ukanaskneli _

`drang nax osteni~ mesame reixis kraxiT dasru-

lda.

eTnikuri integraciisaken swrafva gamovlin-

da panslavizmis, panTurqizmis, panarabizmis, pa-

nislamizmis Teoriis SeqmniT. rusuli politik-

is slavianuri ideis realizacia mdgomareo-

bda triadaSi: erTmorwmuneoba, erTtomianoba da

erTenovneba. l. gumiliovis azriT, geografiul

pirobaTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo evraziis

xalxebisaTvis gaerTianeba yovelTvis bevrad

ufro momgebiani iyo. dezintegracia Zalebs ar-

Tmevda maT da winaaRmdegobis unars akargvine-

bda. tradiciuli dayofa dasavleTad da aRmos-

avleTad, evrocentrizmis Sedegi iyo, romlis

100
saTaveebTan imyofeboda romano-germanuli samya-

ro, ideologiurad kaTolikuri eklesiis mier

gaerTianebuli.

dasavleTSi didi evraziuli stepokiane xvde-

ba msoflio okeaneSi yvelaze gamocalkavebul

Sav da azovis zRvebs, rac aZlierebs maT sakom-

unikacio funqciebs. SavizRvispireTze gadis ev-

raziul civilizaciaTa msxvili savaWro komuni-

kaciebi. ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi iq gansakuT-

rebiT didi iyo ruseTis geostrategiuli ro-

li, romelic XX sa-ukunis bolos gaqra.

ruseTis imperiis poziciebis gaZliereba,

romelsac arasodes hqonia `samxreTisken naxto-

mis~ mcdeloba da survili, Seeqmna geopolitik-

uri `xidi~ balkaneTsa da SavizRvispireTSi, ca-

rgradis karibWesTan, araerTxel amwvavebda mis

damokidebulebas evropul saxelmwifoebTan. ga-

101
nsakuTrebiT yuradRebas ipyrobda inglisur-ru-

suli metoqeoba da germaniis mZafri ekonomiku-

ri eqspansia, romelic axorcielebda baRdadis

rkinigzis mSeneblobas. aRmosavleTis sakiTxis

erT-erTi epicentri yirimis omi (1853-1856w.w.) ga-

xda. SavizRvispireTis yureTa problemas ukavSi-

rdeboda ruseTis sagareo politika kavkasiasa

da Sua aziaSi, sadac man daikava ra strategiu-

lad mniSvnelovani regioni, safrTxes uqmnida

aramarto didi britaneTis koloniur samflobe-

loebs indoeTSi, aramed zewolasac axdenda ma-

sze SavizRvispireTis yureebTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebze.

TurqeTis pirvel msolio omSi germaniis mxa-

reze Cabmis Semdeg xelmowerili inglisur-fra-

ngul-rusuli saidumlo SeTanxmeba, romelic

1915 wels daido, gulisxmobda stambolisa da

102
SavizRvispireTis yureebis ruseTis imperiis Se-

madgenlobaSi CarTvas. amasTan dakavSirebiT ga-

mosuli kadetTa partiis lideris p. miliukovis

gamo xelSekrulebas miliukov dardanelis uwo-

des. ruseTSi ganviTarebulma Semdgomma movlen-

ebma da 1918 wlis osmanTa imperiis rRvevam xe-

li SeuSala xelSekrulebis realizacias; dai-

do axali xelSekrulebebi yureebis Sesaxeb, maT

Soris Sesabamisi muxlebi iyo 1922 wlis ukrai-

na-Turqul xelSekrulebaSi.

1936 wels montreSi (Sveicaria) Sedga konfe-

rencia SavizRvispireTis yureebis reJimze ssrk-

s, TurqeTis, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, bu-

lgareTis, rumineTis, iugoslaviis, saberZneTis,

avstraliis da iaponiis monawileobiT. konvenci-

is gadasaxedad yureTa reJimze TurqeTma konfe-

rencia moiwvia, es konvencia miiRes lozanis ko-

103
nferenciaze 1922-1923 wlebSi. TurqeTs misces

ufleba moexdina yureTa zonebis demilitariza-

cia. miRebuli konvenciiT, yvela qveynis savaWro

gems eniWeboda Tavisufleba, gaevloT yureebi

rogorc mSvidobian, ise samxedro dros.

1939-1941 wlebSi sabWour-germanul urTier-

TobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda

gavlenis sferoebis gamijvnas germaniasa da sab-

WoTa kavSirs Soris, maT Soris ganixileboda

RonisZiebebi TurqeTis gansakuTrebuli Zalauf-

lebis winaaRmdeg yureebze, aseve mis hegemonia-

ze Sav zRvaSi. gamoiTqva ukmayofleba 1936 wlis

konvenciis gamo, romelSic saerTod ar iyo ger-

mania CarTuli. moskovma moamzada saidumlo oq-

mi (protokoli) SeTanxmebis proeqtisaTvis saxe-

lmwifo-sameulTa paqtze _ erTi mxriv german-

ias, italiasa da iaponias Soris da, meore mxr-

104
iv, sabWoTa kavSirTan. masSi gaTvaliswinebuli

iyo axali konvenciis miReba SavizRvispireTis

yureebTan dakavSirebiT. am konvenciis Tanaxmad,

sabWoTa kavSiri SeuzRudav uflebas iRebda yu-

reebSi gavlisaTvis nebismier dros Tavisi sava-

Wro da samxedro sazRvao flotisaTvis, agreT-

ve eniWeboda sabWoTa samxedrosazRvao flotis-

aTvis, bazis mSeneblobis ufleba bosforis da

dardanelis raionSi grZelvadiani ijaris piro-

bebiT. Mmeore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg

postsdamis konferenciam aRiara 1936 wlis konv-

enciis gadaxedvis aucilebloba SavizRvispire-

Tis yureebze. Tumca ssrk-s molaparakebebi Tur-

qeTTan 1946 wels uSedegod damTavrda, xolo

1953 wels sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva adre wam-

oyenebul moTxovnebze.

105
 bosforze yovelwliurad 50 aTasi gemi gadis

da daaxloebiT 35 mln. tona rusuli navTobis

eqsportireba xdeba. 1994 wels TurqeTma calmx-

rivi wesiT moaxdina mcdeloba, Seecvala naosn-

obis moqmedi saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi reJi-

mi SavizRvispireTis yureebze, SemoiRo ra SezR-

udvebi tankerebisaTvis. garda eklogiuri mizez-

ebisa, aq ikveTeba TurqeTis geopolitikuri da

geoekonomikuri interesebi, romlebic dakavSir-

ebulia kaspiis navTobis transportirebis SesaZ-

lo mimarTulebebTan. GgaCaRebuli saerTaSori-

so `dueli~ navTobis transportirebis mimarTu-

lebaTa SerCevaze axali geopolitikuri sivrc-

is formirebisas balkaneTidan centralur azia-

mde sakvanZo xdeba. aq dasavleTis `sasicocxlo

interesebi~ mzadaa daicvas samxedro-sazRvao

ZalTa yvelaze msxvilma Crdiloatlantikurma

106
blokma, romelic Tavmoyrilia xmelTaSuazRvis-

pireTSi, `nato~-s samxreTevropul TeatrSi. Tu-

rqeTma ganaxorciela samxedro-sazRvao flotis

modernizacia, romelic aqamde batonobda Sav

zRvaze. regionaluri bazrebisaTvis brZolaSi

liderobs stamboli, romlis xelSic gadavida

beiruTis, axlo aRmosavleTis yofili savaWro

da finansuri centris saSuamavlo funqciebi.

XXI saukuneSi balkaneTSi geostrategiuli

viTareba savaraudod ganisazRvreba politikur-

eko-nomikuri miznebiT, dasavleTis gavlenis ga-

ZlierebiT da TurqeTis aRorZinebiT regional-

uri saxelmwifos saxiT. dasrulda aTaswliani

epoqa kievis ruseTidan ruseTamde, roca araer-

Txel xdeboda `naxtomi~ samxreTisaken, cargra-

dis karibWisken.

107
 me-20 saukuneSi sabWoTa imperia 2-jer gamovi-

da balkaneTis federaciis Sesaqmnelad. saukun-

is damdegs arsebobda balkaneTis federaciis

Camoyalibebis rusuli proeqti TurqeTis monaw-

ileobiT. es proeqti xelaxla iqna reaminirebu-

li stalinis mier meore msoflio omis damTav-

rebis Semdeg, Tumca realur sinamdvileSi igi

ganxorcielda federaciul iugoslaviaSi.

balkaneTis federaciisaTvis gamodiodnen

iosip broztito (xorvatis da slovenelis vaJi)

da ioseb stalini (qarTveli, romelic Tavs ru-

sad miiCnevda). iosip broztitos (1892-1980w.w.) mi-

er Seqmnilma federaciulma saxelmwifom ara

marto mSvidobianad iarseba regionisaTvis sare-

kordo vadaSi (1945-1991w.w.), aramed masSi uzrunv-

elyofili iyo socialisturi `banakisaTvis~ yv-

elaze maRali cxovrebis xarisxi. iugoslavia

108
iyo yvelaze kapitalisturi socialistur qveyn-

ebs Soris. titos saxeli samudamod Sevida kon-

tinentis politikur istoriaSi sxva gamoCenil

moRvaweebTan erTad.

socialur-ekonomkur ganviTarebaSi moxerx-

da warmatebebis miRweva, miuxedavad eTnikuri

problemebisa, romlebic arsebobda serbebsa da

xorvatebs, bosniel serbebsa da bosniel musli-

manebs Soris, aseve kosovel serbebsa da alb-

anelebs Soris da a.S. igrZnoboda mniSvnelovani

teritorialuri diferenciacia cxovrebis done-

Si. sloveniaSi sulze saSualo Semosavali bev-

rad maRali iyo, vidre makedoniasa da kosovoSi.

upiratesad kaTolikuri slovenia da xorvatia

ufro met erTobas ganicdidnen dasavleTTan.

xorvatiis adriatikul kurortebs mniSvnelova-

ni Semosavali mohqonda.

109
 arsebobs mravali paraleli aRmosavleT da

dasavleT slavebs Soris. rusebi da ukrainele-

bi, serbebi da xorvatebi Seadgendnen ori imper-

iis eTnikur saZirkvels. xorvatebi da dasavle-

li Uukrainelebi (galiCelebi) didxans imyofeb-

odnen avstria-ungreTis SemadgenlobaSi da kon-

fesiurad axlos iyvnen dasavleTis qristianob-

asTan, maSin, roca serbebi, rusebi da ukrainel-

Ta umetesoba marTlmadideblebi arian. ukraine-

lebTan da xorvatebTan Camoyalibda sazRvrisp-

ira adamianTa subeTnosi kazakebi da graniCar-

ebi. rusebi da ukrainelebi laparakoben monaTe-

save enebze, amasTan am ukanasknelTa Soris bev-

ria rusulenovani adamiani. serbebi da xorvate-

bi erT enaze metyveleben laTinica, magram es-

ec sakmarisi aRmoCnda vandalizmis aqtebis gam-

osavlenad, rac titos mmarTvelobisas aRkveT-

110
il iqna. Zneli iqneboda warmogvedgina balkanu-

ri eTnosTaSoriso xanZris masStabebis Sedege-

bi, Tu xorvatebi iqnebodnen serbulenovanebi,

xolo serbebi xorvatulenovanebi.

serbebma da xorvatebma erovnuli Cagvra gan-

icades. serbeTuli da xorvatuli miwebis nawi-

li osmalTa mflobelobaSi iyo, xorvatiis Zir-

iTadi nawili Sedioda ungreTis samefoSi, xo-

lo mogvianebiT avstria-ungreTis. mravalric-

xovani migraciis Sedegad Camoyalibda am xalx-

Ta Sereuli gansaxleba.

samxreT da aRmosavleT slavianTa xorvatebi,

iseve rogorc dasavleli ukrainelebi, arian

dasavluri tradiciis matareblebi. magram ar

SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovnad iTqvas, rom es tra-

dicia sxvebze ukeTesia, is sxvaa da SeiZleba

didi ubedurebis sawindari gaxdes, Tuki gadaiq-

111
ceva `velikderJavulad~. msoflioSi mravali

sxvadasxva xalxia, magram cudi xalxi ar arseb-

obs. xorvatebma iugoslavias misces broztito,

romelmac aTwleulebi gaaerTiana da Seariga

balkaneTis xalxebi, Tumca imave xorvatebma Ta-

vianTi qmedebebiT msoflio SeaZrwunes.

germanuli da italiuri okupaciis Semdeg,

1941 wels, iugoslavia gayofili iqna erovnuli

niSnis mixedviT marTlmadideblur serbeTad da

kaTolikur damoukidebel xorvatiis saxelmwif-

od. Sedegebi Zalze tragikuli aRmoCna rogorc

balkaneli xalxisaTvis, aseve kupantebisaTvis.

xorvatma faSistebma (ustaSebma) `Tavi gamoiCin-

es~ uricxv masobriv mxecobebSi, serbebis da mu-

slimanebis sikvdilis banakebSi ganadgurebiT,

aseve mSvidobiani mosaxleobis daxvretiT. `vel-

ikoxorvatul~ nacionalizmTan SedarebT germa-

112
niam miiRo masStabebis mixedviT arnaxuli ganma-

Tavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic vermaxtis

mniSvnelovan Zalebs akavebda. Kkominternis yof-

ili agenti, romelic xelmZRvanelobda partiza-

nul moZraobas, iosip broztito SesaniSnavd ac-

nobierebda, rom gza erTiani iugoslaviisaken

iyo ara marto ucxoel dampyroblebTan brZol-

aSi, aramed Sida eTnosTaSoris da eTnokonfesi-

aTa Soris winaaRmdegobis daZlevaSi.

sabWoTa istoriaSi Camoyalibda iugoslav-

el partizanTa stereotipuli saxe, romelic eb-

rZoda germanel dampyroblebs. realoba ki bevr-

ad rTuli iyo. roca 1943 wels partizanebi msx-

vili Zala gaxdnen, hitlerma vinicasTan banakSi

xorvatiis saxelmwifos meTaurTan mlaparaebis

Semdeg miiRo gadawyvetieba msxvilmasStabiani

operaciis Sesaxeb. germanulma, italiurma, xor-

113
vatiulma diviziebma da serbi faSistebis Senae-

rTebma brZola daiwyes meamboxeebis winaaRmdeg,

magram erTiani antipartizanuli koalicia ver

Sedga. misi yvela monawile Tavis sakuTar pol-

itikur mizans isaxavda. rCeba bevri saidumlo

imaze, Tu vin visTan da vis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda.

udavo erTi ramaa, ganmaTavisuflebelma omma

adre naklebadcnobili internacionalisti leg-

endarul marSal titod aqcia.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg stalinma mefis

ruseTis mTavrobas idea balkaneTis federaciis

Seqmnis Sesaxeb kvlav wamoWra, romelic iugos-

laviis garda, moicavda bulgareTsa da albane-

Ts. iugoslavia agralur albaneTs specialiste-

biT da sursaTiT exmareboda, magram damokideb-

uleba or saxelmwifos Soris ver vityviT, rom

uRrublo yofila.

114
 1948 wels megobruli damokidebuleba iugo-

slaviasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dairRva,

radgan iugoslavia iswrafoda gaetarebina bal-

kaneTis federalizaciis sakuTari politika. bu-

qarestSi, komunistur partiaTa TaTbirze gamoa-

cxades TavianTi rigebidan iugoslaviis garicx-

vis Sesaxeb `velikoderJavobisa~ da kapitalizm-

is restavraciis mcdelobisaTvis.

rogorc istoriaSi xSirad xdeba, am gadawy-

vetilebam xeli Seuwyo serbebisa da xorvatebis

konsolidacias sagareo potenciuri safrTxis

winaSe, rac SesaZlebeli iyo moskovis mxridan

`Zmuri daxmarebis~ saxiT. yovelive aman es xal-

xebi ufro gaxsnili gaxada dasavleTisaTvis.

dRis wesrigidan droebiT moixsna Sida naciona-

luri problemebi, romlebic aTwleulobiT Rvi-

oda.

115
 balkaneTSi avstria-ungreTis, serbis da osm-

alTa imperiis samgvar konfesiur sazRvarze (ka-

Tolokuri, marTlmadidebluri da muslimanu-

ri), gaixsna serbo-xorvatiuli, bisniuri, berZn-

ul-albanuri, serbo-albanuri, ungrul-ruminu-

li da sxva istoriuli `nakerebi~.

muslimanuri aRmosavleTis bolo afeTqeba

qristianuli dasavleTisaTvis 1683 wels Sewyda,

Turqebis mier venis warumatebeli alis Semdeg.

XX saukunis dasasruls balkaneTi kvlav aRmo-

Cnda dapirispirebaTa epicentrSi. balkaneTis

omebi 1912-1913 wels pirveli msoflio omis wina-

morbedi aRmoCnda. Tuki pirveli balkanuri omis

wyalgamyofi gadioda marTlmadidebel slavian-

Ta da osmalTa imperias Soris, meore balkanu-

ri omi gamowveuli iyo winaaRmdegobebiT bulg-

116
areTsa da serbeTs, agreTve saberZneTs, rumine-

Ts, Cernogoriasa da TurqeTs Soris.

1914 wels saraevoSi serbi nacionalistebis

mier mokluli iqna avstro-ungreTis taxtis mem-

kvidre erchercogi franc ferdinandi, romelic

monawileobda samxedro manevrebSi serbiis, Tu-

rqeTis mier kosovos velze damarcxebis 525-e

wlisTavis niSnad. saeWvoa, vinmes warmoedgina,

rom is zafxulis dRe pirveli msoflio omis

dawyebis dRe gaxdeboda, romelic 9,5 mln soco-

cxles Seiwiravda.

1918 wels iugosaviam ori sxvadasxva imperii-

sagan _ habsburgebisagan da osmanebisgan memk-

vidreobad miiRo teritoriebi da kultura, ro-

mlebic sruliad sxvadasxva civilizacias ekuT-

vnoda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg balkaneTi

sabWoTa kavSiris geopolitikuri gavlenis zon-

117
aSi moeqca, magram misma daSlam kvlav warsuli-

dan gamoixmo aRmosavleTis sakiTxi, aseve germa-

nul-sabWouri molotov-ribentropis paqtis `Cr-

dili~. moxda iugoslaviis dezintegracia da ga-

SiSvlda samaswliani istoriuli reliqtikonf-

liqti marTlmadideblebsa da musliman serbebs

Soris bosniaSi da serbebsa da albanelebs So-

ris kosovoSi. pirvelad bolo aswleulis ganm-

avlobaSi gamodis dasavleTi muslimanTa mxare-

ze marTlmadideblebis winaaRmdeg. `nato~-s aqc-

ias iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg mxari dauWira, maga-

liTad, muslimanurma TurqeTma, azerbaijanma da

albaneTma, xolo winaaRmdeg gamovida marTlma-

didebluri saberZneTi.

samxedro aqciam balkaneTSi gamoiwvia iugo-

slaviis iZulebiTi dayofa, serbiidan ara mar-

to kosovos, aramed Cernogoriis da voevodinis

118
mocileba. man gaamZafra eTnonacionaluri daZa-

buloba ungrelebsa da serbebs, ruminelebsa da

ungrelebs, ungrelebsa da slovanebs Soris. sa-

bWoTa kavSiris da mcire iugoslavuri `imperi-

is~ daSlis Semdeg bal-kaneTSi kvlav gaCdnen

diadi serbiis momxreebi, aseve diadi ungreTis,

diadi albaneTis da diadi rumineTis restavra-

ciis mosurneni, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT diadi

TurqeTis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

1920 wlis trianonis mSvidobiani SeTanxmebis

Tanaxmad, ungreTma dakarga Tavisi teritoriis

ori mesamedi. istoriuli olqi _ transilvania

_ Sereuli mosaxleobiT rumineTis xelSi gada-

vida. iq 2 mln-ze meti ungreli cxovrobs. voev-

odinaSi, romelic serbiaSi avtonomiis uflebe-

biT Sedis, 450 aTasi ungreli cxovrobs, slova-

keTSi 600 aTasi, xolo ukrainis karpatispire-

119
TSi _ 200 aTasi. ungrelebsa da slovakebs So-

ris konfliqtis Sedegad, rac gaCaRda kamarno-

Si dunais hidrokvanZis erTobliv mSeneblobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, saerTaSoriso naosnoba zara-

ldeba. ungreTis xelisuflebam uari ganacxada,

ganexorcielebina proeqtis sakuTari nawili im

miwebis SesaZlo datborvis gamo, romlebzec sa-

xloben slovaki ungrelebi. transilvaniaSi, un-

grelebiT dasaxlebuli timiSoaridan daiwyo

rumineTSi antiCauSeskuri revolucia. ruminuli

xelsufleba transilvanieli ungrelebis kult-

urul da teritoriul moTxovnebSi xedavs qvey-

nis gaxleCvis safrTxes iugoslavuri variantis

mixedviT.

1912 wlis pirveli balkanuri omis Sedegad

aRiares balkaneTis damoukidebloba. saukunis

bolosaTvis demografiuli faqtoris wyalobiT

120
albanelebma makedoniis mosaxleobis mesamedi

Seadgines. iugoslaviis daSlis dawyeamde koso-

vos avtonomiur mxareSi 1,3 mln albaneli cxov-

robda, romlebic gamoirCeodnen SedarebiT maR-

ali cxovrebis doniT. Tanamedrove `albanuri

sakiTxi~ dakavSirebulia meorexarisxovani `ba-

lkanuri eris~ kompleqsis daZlevasTan serbuli

da makedoniuri saxelmwifoebriobis Seulaxav-

ad.

problemebi aris ruminul-bulgalur urTie-

rTobebSic. istoriuli olqi doburja, romel-

ic mdebareobs dunais qveda dinebasa da Savi

zRvis sanapiros Soris, xSirad xdeboda saerTa-

Soriso davis asparezi. ruseT sabWouri imperia

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ar iSlida mcdelobas

`samxreTisaken naxtomisa~, konstantinepolis ka-

ribWesTan da amasTan dakavSirebiT geopolitik-

121
uri xidis Seqmnas balkaneTSi, igi araerTxel

gamosula dobrujis bulgareTisaTvis gadacema-

ze, romelsac, garda amisa, gasavleli unda mie-

Ro egeosis zRvaze. kerZod, amas mowmobs german-

ul-sabWouri urTierTobebi 1939-1941 wlebSi. ru-

mineTSi arian CrdiloeT bukovinis da besarabi-

is mierTebis momxreebi.

balkaneTSi `iugoslaviuri imperiis~ daSlis

Semdeg gaCnda bulgarul-serbuli konfliqtis

potenciuri safrTxe. 1878 wlis berlinis kongr-

esma, romelmac serbiis damoukidebloba aRiara,

mis sazRvrebSi is miwebic Seiyvana, romlebzec

pretenzias bulgareTi acxadebda. bulgareTSi

gaaqtiurda promuslimanuri moZraoba. Turqule-

novani bulgareli muslimanebi anu pomakebi, ro-

melTac ar gauwyvetiaT kavSiri bulgareTis ma-

rTlmadideblur erTobasTan, rusuli jarebis

122
balkanuri laSqrobis da bulgareTis TurqeTis

uRlisgan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg gadasaxleb-

ul iqnen aRmosavleT rumeliis samxreT raione-

bSi. amJamad pomakebi upiratesad cxovroben sam-

xreTSi, soflis teritoriaze da kirjalaSi

bulgareTis saraevoSi.

marTalia, msoflios politikur rukaze di-

di xania osmalTa imperia aRar aris, balkanele-

bi Turqul sazogadoebaSi aRiqmebian rogorc

dakarguli samSoblos nawili, rac ganapirobebs

interess balkaneli muslimanebis _ pomakebis

da bosniakebis mimarT. TurqeTSi popularulia

idea balkaneTSi dabrunebaze ekonomikuri eqspa-

nsiis gafarToebis gziT. adgilobrivi bazrebis

umetesobaze Turquli saqoneli dominirebs, sa-

dac adre ZiriTadad warmodgenli iyo _is

wevri qveynebis produqcia. simboluria, rom pl-

123
ovdivSi saerTaSoriso gamofenabazrobaze yofi-

li sabWoTa pavilioni Turqulma firmebma daik-

aves.

samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi gaixsna Zveli

politikuri, ekonomikuri da eTnikuri `nakrebi~.

balkaneTSi sabWoTa geopolitikuri gavlenis

dakargvis Semdeg gadmoinacvla eTnonacionalu-

rma da eTnokonfesiurma konfliqtebma axlo aR-

mosavleTidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

besarabiis gavliT gaiara ukrainis da moldo-

vis saxelmwifo sazRvrebma. mldovaSi istoriu-

li socoikulturuli sazRvrebis ignorirebam

eTnikurad axlo mdgom rumineTTan gaerTianebis

mosurneni qveynis ganxeTqilebamde da araRireb-

uli dnestrispireTis respublikis gamocxadeba-

mde miiyvana. moldavuri saxelmwifoebis Camoya-

libeba rTuldeba slavianuri, Turquli da ro-

124
manuli xalxebis Sida eTnonacionaluri sazRv-

rebiT, sadac moldavelebi miiweven rumineleb-

isaken, Turqi-gauzebi _ elituri TurqeTisken,

xolo rusebi da ukrainelebi _ samxreTslavian-

uri samyarosken.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier dnestrispi-

reTis respublika ganixileba rogorc ruseTis

geopolitikuri forposti balkanebze. meore mx-

riv, moldova ainteresebs zogierT dasavlel

politikoss rogorc natos SesaZlo placdarmi

samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi. gagauzTa proble-

ma, gamwvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri, sociok-

ulturuli da ekologiuri problemebiT, avton-

omiisaTvis brZolaSi gamovlinda. 1989 wels mo-

ldovis politikur rukaze gaCnda TviTaRiare-

buli gagauzis respublika. 1994 wlis dekembe-

rSi gagauziaerlim moldovis parlamentisgan

125
miiRo avtonomiis gansakuTrebuli statusi da

TviTgamorkvevis ufleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mox-

deba kiSinovis gaerTianeba rumineTTan. perspeq-

tivaSi savaraudoa samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi

Seiqmnas muslimanuri minisaxelmwifoebi _ for-

postebi moldovis gagauzebTan da yirimel TaT-

rebTan gasavlelad. amas xels uwyobs samxreT

da aRmosavleT slavianTa dezintegracia da ma-

Ti SeTanxmebuli strategiis arqona.

samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis geopolitikur

sivrceSi ruseTis poziciebi Sesustda, SeinarC-

una ra mxolod geoekonomikuri arseboba (saer-

TaSoriso gazsadeni), amasTan erTad izrdeba

rumineTis pretenzia xelsayreli garemoebebis

pirobebSi regionaluri saxelmwifos rolze.

upirveles yovlisa, amiT dainteresebulia cent-

raluri da dasavleT evropa, romelic rumineTs

126
ganixilavs SavizRvispireTSi sakomunikacio rg-

olis saxiT. meore, bolo aswleulis ganmavlo-

baSi pirvelad ganTavisuflebuli SavizRvispir-

eTis dobrujisgan mowyvetis safrTxisagan, rom-

elzec gadioda ruseT sabWouri imperiis stra-

tegiuli saxmeleTo derefani stambolze, rumin-

eTi daiwyebs swrafvas Tavisi poziciebis gasaZ-

liereblad saxifaTo geopolitikuri mimarTul-

ebiT. amitom diadi rumineTis Seqmna moldovas-

Tan SeerTebis safuZvelze yovelTvis ipovis mo-

mxreebs qveynis politikur elitaSi.

geopolitikuri sivrcis transformacia gar-

dauvlad iwvevs balkaneTis qveynebis ekonomiku-

ri orientaciis Secvlas. SemTxveviTi rodia,

rom balkaneTis msxvili evropuli saxelmwifo-

ebis politikaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeboda satransporto komunikaciebs. saukune-

127
Ta ganmavlobaSi dasavleT evropa osmalTa impe-

riasTan dapirispirebaSi eWviT uyurebda ruseT-

is gaZlierebas SavizRvispireTis regionsa da

balkaneTSi. dasavleTi iswrafida gadaeWra ara

marto politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri amocane-

bi, maT Soris satransporto derefnis Seqmna

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. am politikis mwve-

rvalad iqca baRdadis rkinigzis mSenebloba.

Tumca germaniam moqmedebis Tavisufleba miiRo

ruseTis imperiis TamxmobiT. kompromisi miRwe-

ul iqna evropidan ukrainis, xolo kavkasiidan

sparseTisa da britneTis indoeTSi gavliT sxva

transkontinenturi marSrutis SesaZlo realiz-

aciis xarjze. 1910 wlis potsdamis SeTanxmebaSi

gamoixata ruseTis Tanxmoba, xeli ar SeeSala

germaniisaTvis baRdadSi rkinigzis mSenebloba-

ze da momavalSi rusul-sparsuli (transparsu-

128
li) magistrali SeerTebina germanulTan. arseb-

obda gzis mSeneblobis 1908 wlis ruseTis (sla-

vianuri) proeqti, romelic dunais aerTebda ad-

riatikis zRvasTan Cernogoriis an dalmaciis

gavliT da rkinigzis mSeneblobis avstriuli

proeqti Turquli sanjakis novibazarze gavliT,

romelic samefos serbebs gamoyofda Cernogori-

is, hercogovinis da bosniis serbebisagan, magr-

am aerTebda venas saraevos gavliT salonikisk-

en mimaval gzasTan.

morigi konfliqtis mewamuli dafioni balka-

neTs Tavs daadga XX saukunis bolos, ramac ga-

moiwvia gamoucxadebeli mravalwliani geoekon-

omikuri omi. iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg marto emb-

argos Sedegad dunaispira qveynebis danakargeb-

ma asobiT miliardi dolari Seadgina, samjer

Semcirda gadazidvaTa da dunais portebis tvi-

129
rTbrunvaTa moculoba. yvelaze gasaocari isaa,

rom regionis yofili socialisturi qveynebi

amis Taobaze ara marto icaven `samarisebur siC-

umes~, aramed Camwkrivdnen kidec rigSi Crdil-

oatlantikuri samxedro blokis zRurblTan da

xelgawvdilebi elian dasavluri finansuri ins-

titutebis mowyalebas, balkanebi, CrdiloeTid-

an, dasavleTidan da samxreTidan natos da ekis

`rkinis fardiT~ momwydeulebi, sul ufro da

ufro sdeba Rrma evropuli periferia. Sesuste-

buli sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis da cxovr-

ebis xarisxis da donis Semdgomi vardnis Sedeg-

ad Seiqmna narkotikebis (heroinis) da moparuli

avtomobilebis transportirebis balkanuri mar-

Sruti. gaizarda danaSaulebriv organizaciaTa

ricxvi, romlebic dakavebuli arian ukanono bi-

znesiT.

130
 natos bombdamSenebma gaanadgures iugoslavi-

is teritoria, mospes satransporto komunikaci-

ebi, romelTa mTavari mimarTuleba orientireb-

uli iyo aRmosavleTze. ueWvelia, mdidari aSS

da dasavleT evropa aSenebs axal xidebs da gz-

ebs, magram es ukve iqneba axali sakomunikacio

karkasi, gaxsnili upiratesad dasavleTisaTvis,

ra paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, magram arCeul

iqna ekonomikurad yvelaze optimaluri varian-

ti, roca axali satransporto derefnebis qsel-

is Seqmnis mizniT daangries arsebuli. Tumca

teqnikuri parametrebiT moZvelebuli sakomunik-

acio qseli. am konteqstSi ganadgurebuli xide-

bidan erTi qalaq novisadSi, meore msoflio om-

is bolos sabWoTa mesangreTa mier aRdgenili,

ukve naxevar saukuneze meti limitirebda naosn-

obas dunaize. mdinareSi wylis maRali donisas

131
naosnoba izRudeboda. samgzavro gemebi dunaize

ganlagdeba xolme daSlili kapitnis jixurebiT

dabali xidebis gasasvlelis gaTvaliswinebiT.

garda amisa, voevodinis serbiasTan saimedo kav-

Siris uqonlobam SeiZleba gaaZlieros avtonom-

iur mxareSi centridanuli tendenciebi, sadac

umetes wilad ungrelebi cxovroben.

balkaneTi rCeba yvelaze sust rgolad dasa-

vleTis zraxvebSi e.w. `~ satransporto

derefnebis Sesaqmnelad, isini ikaveben axal sak-

omunikacio mimarTulebebs SavizRvispireTisak-

en, amierkavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTisaken.

natos integraciis Semdeg kosovoSi blokireb-

ulia ganusazRvreli droiT dasavleT evropid-

an axlo aRmosavleTisaken ZiriTadi derefani.

dasavleTidan, Suadunais dablobidan yvelaze

mosaxerxebeli satransporto gasasvleli aRm-

132
osavleTisaken midis moravis xeobisken da Semd-

gom sofiisken staraplaninis da rodopis qede-

bs Soris maricis velze. geopolitikuri vita-

rebisdamixedviT, perspeqtivaSi balkaneTSi SeiZ-

leba ganxorcieldes didi abreSumis gzis samx-

reT marSrutis realizacia.

gamoucxadebeli geoekonomikuri omis Sedeg-

ad balkaneTSi warmoiSva e.w. `ruxi zona~, anu

Rrma ekonomikuri periferia samxreT-aRmosavl-

eT evropaSi, sadac agreTve Sedis bulgareTi,

rumineTi, moldava da ukraina. aq, erTi mxriv,

Sesustda ruseTis ekonomkuri pozicia, xolo

meore mxriv iugoslaviis winaaRmdeg dawesebu-

li SemoRebuli embargos Sedegad Sewyda sagar-

eo savaWro kavSiri yvelaze msxvil regionalur

saxelmwifosTan balkaneTSi.

133
 krizisis daZleva?! me-20 saukunis bolos da-

savleTma samxedro aqciaTa meSveobiT gaaZliera

balkaneTSi Tavisi yofna im imediT, rom `gaWri-

da~ derefans Savi zRvispireTis, amierkavkasiis

da axlo aRmosavleTis energetikuli da sxva

resursebisken, aSS-is da misi natos mxridan mo-

kavSireebis kontroliT: es qveynebi, upirveles

yovlisa, germania, didi britaneTi da TurqeTia.

balkaneTis krizisma regionis ekonomikaze uza-

rmazari uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina.

samwuxarod `slavi Zmebi~ TavianT Zalebze ki

ar amyareben imeds, aramed dasavleTidan elian

materialur daxmarebas. amitom SemTxveviTi ar-

aa, rom roca iugoslavias bombavdnen amerikuli

raketebiT, sxva balkaneli qveynebi rigSi Cadgn-

en ayvavebuli dasavleTis zRurblTan im imed-

iT, rom kapitals miiRebdnen loialobis sanacv-

134
lod. adgilobriv politikur elitaTa survil-

ma, ecxovraT dasavleTis magvarad, goneba daub-

nela maT. maT mier realurad aRiqmeba miTolo-

giuri geografia, sadac mimdinareobs ZiriTadi

politikuri movlenebi, irCeven axal `strategi-

ul~ partniorebs da gahyavT satransporto der-

efnebi.

dasavleT evropis keTildReoba emyareba aSS-

s, kerZod mis samxedro damokidebulebas. `na-

to~_ es evropuli ki ara, Crdiloatlantikuri

samxedro blokia, sadac dasavleTi evropa _

`vasalis~ uflebebiT, imaleba amerikuli birTv-

uli qolgis qveS. ar arsebobs dasavleTi evro-

pa, rogorc damoukidebeli samxedro politiku-

ri Zala. bulgareTis, rumineTis, moldovis, uk-

rainis da makedoniis xelmZRvanelebi iswravian

gaxdnen vasalTa vasalebi aSS-is `strategiu-

135
li~ partniorebi qaRaldze. magram es damoki-

debulebis ufro maRali donea, vidre sabWoTa

geopolitikur sivrceSi iyo. ise aris ki mzad

amerika, Cados Tavisi jariskacebis sicocxle

regionSi keTildReobisa da mSvidobisaTvis? sa-

daa `didi sivrcis~ sazRvrebi, romlis miRmac

SeuZlebelia efeqtiani daxmareba.

saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, rom avst-

riis imperia Tavis kideebze iswrafvoda Seeqmna

polieTnikuri provinciebi, magaliTad polon-

ur-ukrainuli galicia, ukrainul-moldovur-ru-

minuli bukovina. amgvarad, sam istoriul olqs

galicias, bukovinas da besarabias aqvs sxada-

sxva geopolitikuri kodi. galicia Camoyalibda

kievis ruseTis geopolitikuri sivrcis dasavl-

eTis sazRvrebze. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis imperiam

Seqmna Tavis geopolitikur sivrceSi istoriu-

136
li olqebi _ besarabia da novorosia, xolo mo-

nRoleTis, osmalTa da ruseTis imperiebma Ta-

vianTi istoriuli `stratebi~ yirimSi. polieTn-

ikuri provinciebis Seqmna imperiis kideebze sa-

Sualebas iZleoda, warmatebiT ebrZolaT separ-

atizmTan da ganexilaT sasazRvro zoli, rogo-

rc placdarmi geoekonomikuri miznebis gadasaW-

relad.

ratom darCa balkaneTi me-20 saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi evropisTvis `denTis kasrad~? es adgil-

obrivi xalxebis brali iyo Tu dasavleTis mo-

uqneli mcdeloba, eCuqebinaT balkaneTisaTvis

erovnuli (nacionaluri) saxelmwifos miuRebe-

li modeli? SeiZleba ki vipovoT pasuxi okeanis

gaRma msoflios yvelaze mdidar qveyanaSi,

romelmac loialobisTvis maT SesTavaza erovn-

uli niSnis mixedviT gayofis varianti civiliz-

137
aciaTa mijnaze mravaljeradma mcdelobam Seeqm-

naT saxelmwifoebi evraziul civilizaciaTa mi-

jnaze erovnuli niSnis mixedviT (tituliani eT-

nosis gamoyofiT), saxeli gaitexa balkaneli xa-

lxisaTvis uricxvi ubedurebiT. evropuli naci-

onalizmis koncefcia aRmoCnda ususuri socio-

kulturul da konfesiur mijnebze, romlis Cak-

vdoma dakavSirebulia `did sivrceTa avtarkias-

Tan~.

aSkaraa, rom polikonfesiurma da polieTnik-

urma osmaleTma da avstriis imperiam SeZlo uz-

runveleyo balkaneli xalxebis stabiluroba,

keTildReoba da mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba, xo-

lo me-20 saukune balkaneTSi aRiniSna genocide-

is mravalricxovani gamovlinebiT. TurqeTSi Ti-

Tqmis ar darCnen berZnebi, slavebi da somxebi,

bulgareTSi Turqebi, saberZneTSi bulgare-

138
lebi da Turqebi. ukve saukunis bolos moxda

marTlmadidebeli serbebis xorvatiidan, kosov-

odan, bosniidan da hercogovinidan gamosvla,

xolo kaTolike xorvatebis serbiidan, bosnii-

dan, hercogoviniidan da a.S.

balkaneTSi patara `imperiis~ - federaciuli

iugoslaviis daSlamde es iyo yvelaze ayvaveb-

uli qveyana regionSi da sabWoTa xalxisaTvis

Suris sagani. me-20 saukunis bolos grialiT Ca-

vlilma balkanurma konfliqtebma ara marto ga-

daWra adgilobrivi problemebi, aramed regioni

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaaqcia saerTaS-

oriso politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabilu-

robis zonad. 90-iani wlebis me-4 balkanuri om-

is dros mokluli iqna 250 aTasi kaci, xolo 3

mln-ze meti moqalaqe ltolvilad iqca. omebma

moitana uzarmazari materialuri zarali, maT

139
nawilobriv da srulad gaanadgura iugoslavi-

is, bosniis da hercogoviniis, xorvatiis da kos-

ovos ekonomika, miliardobiT dolariT Seamci-

ra maTi Sida mTliani produqti. regionSi gana-

dgurda sakomunikacio qseli, ramac uzarmazari

zarali miayena balkaneTis qveynebis sagareo ek-

onomikur kavSirebs. dunais naosnobis daketvis

da SezRudvis gamo droebiTi danakargi ganica-

da bulgareTis, rumineTis da ukrainis, avstri-

is, ungreTis, slovakiis da germaniis foladsa-

dnobma da navTobgadamamuSavebelma qarxnebma,

magram dasavleTis Carevis Sedaegad yvelaferi

rigSi Cadga.

balkaneTis gaxleCil geopolitikur sivrce-

Si gamoikveTa ramdenime veqtori. balkaneTis qv-

eynebs miecaT SesaZlebloba CarTuliyvnen evro-

pis integraciul procesebSi, maT Soris Sesvl-

140
aze ek-sa da `nato~-Si. amisaTvis arsebobda ara

marto ekonomikuri winamZRvrebi, aramed dasavl-

eTis qristianobasTan kuTvnileba da realuri

geografiuli siaxlove dasavleT evropasTan.

sxva yofili respublikebi marTlmadideblebis

da muslimanebis siWarbiT gadaiqca arasasikeTo

mdgomareobiT, depresiuli ganviTarebis zoneb-

ad. balkaneTSi gavlenian Zalad gamodioda Tu-

rqeTi, romelic mxars uWers adgilobriv musl-

imanur separatizms, magram dasavleTis qmediTi

RonisZiebebiT igi aRkveTil iqna.

albaneTi, bosnia da hercogovina, makedonia,

bulgareTi da rumineTi ek-is da `nato~-s zRur-

blTan molodinSi myofni gaxdnen aRniSnul or-

ganizaciaTa wevrebi.

mdidari saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad swiraven ua-

ngarod TavianTi jariskacebis sicocxles sxva

141
xalxebis keTildReobisaTvis. aSS-ma miiRo uf-

leba, ganusazRvreli vadiT gaagrZelos yofna

balkaneTSi raime moraluri valdebulebebis ga-

reSe. evraziis istoriaSi pirvelad aq mTavar

Zalad gamodis qveyana, romelsac gaaCnia xangrZ-

livi istoriuli mexsiereba da ar aqvs keTilme-

zobluri Tanaarsebobis gamocdileba.

ai ras wers civilizaciur mijnaTa daZlev-

is gzebze s.s. averincevi: `Tuki Cven adreul bi-

zantias `sasazRvro~ movlenas vuwodebT, es iqn-

eba swori, rogorc sivrciTi sazRvris Tvalsa-

zrisiT, romelic yofs balkano-italiur dasav-

leTsa da anatolia-levantiur aRmosavleTs, as-

eve droebiTi sazRvris TvalsazrisiT, antikur-

obas da Sua saukuneebs rom yofs; bizantiam gan-

axorciela Tavi rogorc am da im sazRvris naw-

ilobrivi moxsna. es iyo saberZneTis da aziis

142
urTierTgadasvla, romelic garTulebuli iyo

klasobrivi memkvidreobis da siaxlis urTierT-

SeRweviT~.

Tumca realur siamdvileSi sazRvrebis `na-

wilobrivi moxsna~ iwvevs aramdgrad msoflio

wesrigs, Tuki mas Tan axlavs realurobis imit-

acia.

143
 Tavi IV. geopolitikaSi arsebuli

saidumlod moculi movlenebi.

konspirologia

geopolitikaSi arsebobs saidumloebiT mocu-

li movlenebi. komunikaciebis aRdgena an susti

saxelmwifos mier ,,ufrosi Zmis~ Zebna. geograf-

iul sivrceSi metad Tu naklebad axsnadia, mag-

ram rogorc ki gadixar SesaZlo gamocdilebis

miRma, xvdebi transcendentur samyaroSi. diqta-

torebi da maTi Tanameinaxeni, romlebic upirat-

esobas aniWeben xalxze Zaladobas, saidumlod

mimarTaven religias, okultizms an parafsiqo-

logias. rwmenis imitacia damaxasiaTebelia ara-

mZlavri ZalauflebisTvisac, rac SemCneulia xa-

zinis qurdobaSi anu ,,biznesi~ saxelmwifos re-

sursebze. SesaZloa adamianSi misi komunikaciis

144
maRali statusis damoukideblad aris raRac,

rac inaxavs mis bunebriv arss. Znelia moatyuo

sakuTari Tavi. diqtatorebis eSiniaT qveSevrdo-

mebs, magram is, imyofeba ra Zalauflebis mwver-

valze grZnobs sicarieles SigniT da Tavis ga-

rSemo. TiTqos ubralo logikaa. ar aris adamia-

ni _ ar aris problemebi, araa sindisi _ moval-

eoba bunebis winaSe. magram ar SeiZleba bunebis

samyaro datovo bediT gadawyvetil vadaze adre

da movaleoba icvleba imitaciiT, rac amarTle-

bs uRirs saqciels da politikur terors. mag-

ram vinaa umaRlesi mosamarTle, Tu imyofebi Za-

lauflebis mwvervalze? anda ar aris is raRac,

rac amarTlebs mbrZaneblobis teqnologias?

konspirologia _ mecniereba SeTqmulebis, said-

umlo sazogadoebebis da okulturi faqtorebis

Sesaxeb istoriaSi.

145
 saidumlo sazogadoebebi _ politikuri, saqm-

iani (ekonomikuri), religiur-mistiuri, inteleq-

tualuri da sxva organizaciebia, magaliTad ma-

sonuri loJebi, studenturi saqmeebi. dasavleT-

qristianul civilizaciaSi, romlis safuZvelSi

devs gonebis da kapitalis Sexameba, gansakuTre-

buli gavrceleba hpova oligarqebis da intele-

qtualebis msoflio klubebma (masonuri loJebi

da ordenebi). maTi moRvaweobis safuZvelSi mso-

flio SeTqmulebis Teoriaa: qveyanas marTavs ka-

pitali an inteleqti. politikosebi warmoadge-

nen daqiravebul menejerebs, daqiravebul Srom-

is saxeebs, da maT sWirdebaT reklama, rom dro-

ebiT avidnen politikuri Zalauflebis mwverva-

lze. kapitalis da inteleqtis warmomadgenlebi

aseT reklamas xSirad ar saWiroeben. esaa maTi

saidumlo kavSiri, visac SeuZlia sworad da

146
logikurad fiqri (analitikosebis) da miiRon

swori gadawyvetilebebi (politikuri da saqmos-

ani menejerebis).

masonuroba, frankmasonuroba (franguli

Francmacon - Tavisufali kalatozi). religiur-

eTikuri moZraobaa, romelic acxadebs ,,adamian-

Ta gaerTianebas Zmobis, siyvarulis Tanasworob-

is da urTierTdaxmarebis sawyisebze.~ am eTikur

moZRvrebaSi aris religiuri misticizmis elem-

entebi. warmoiSva inglisSi XVIII s.-is dasawyis-

Si da Semdgom gavrcelda safrangeTSi, germani-

aSi, espaneTSi, ruseTSi, aSS-Si, indoeTSi da sx-

va upiratesad qristianul qveynebSi. 1717 wels

Seqmnil, inglisis umaRlesi loJis wesdebaSi,

masons miewereba ar iyos ,,arc suleli aTeisti,

arc ureligio Tavisuflad moazrovne,~ SeinarC-

unos samoqalaqo Zalaufleba, ise rom ar miiR-

147
os monawileoba politikur moZraobaSi. masone-

bi, uaryofen ra eklesiis dogmatikas, RmerTs

Tvlian rogorc ,,samyaros udides arqiteqtor-

ad,~ uSveben nebismieri religiis aRmsarebels

da amitomac ritualebSi iyeneben ara mxolod

qristianul elementebs. masonebi gaerTianebul-

ni adgilobriv organizaciebSi (loJebSi), qmnian

nacionaluri masStabiT umaRles loJas saTave-

Si umaRlesi ostatiT, magistriT. bevri tradic-

ia aRebulia Suasaukunovani saamqro gaerTianeb-

ebis (saZmoebis) mSenebel-kalatozebis praqtiki-

dan, romelic aerTianebda arqiteqtorebs, skul-

ptorebs da mxatvrebs.

Tavidan masonuroba atarebda burJuaziul

xasiaTs, moZraobaSi monawileobas iRebda bevri

evropeli ganmanaTlebeli, upirispirebda ra sa-

kuTar Tavs feodalur saxelmwifoebriobas da

148
oficialur eklesias, masonebi miiswrafodnen

kacobriobis saidumlo msoflio saZmos Seqmnis-

aken. SemdgomSi dasavleT evropaSi masonurobam

miiRo aristokratiuli xasiaTi misticizmis el-

ementebis da Suasaukunovan raindTa ordenebis

tradiciebis tamplerebi da sxva gaZlierebiT.

masonuroba miiswrafis Seicnos sulebze, bu-

nebaze da adamianebze Zalauflebis saidumlo,

ramac gansazRvra swrafva okultizmisaken. mas-

onuroba Cadebulia azris da kapitalis kavSir-

ze dafuZnebul dasavleT-qristianuli civili-

zaciis bunebaSi. pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, Tana-

sworobis da uflebebis principebze dafuZnebu-

li saZmoebis kosmopolitikuroba dasavleT ci-

vilizaciis miznebis TanaJReradia. SemTxveviTi

araa rom dasavleT saZmoebi msaxuroben ara sax-

elmwifo safuZvlebis damrRvevebad, aramed sai-

149
dumlo partiebad, romlebic uangarod uWeren

mxars saxelmwifos Sida politikas, anu dasav-

leTis Taviseburi `komunisturi~ internaciona-

li. masonurobaSi Serwymulia politikuri opo-

ziciis suli da ganaTlebuli adamianebis maRa-

li sulieri Ziebani, sufTad materialuri civi-

lizaciuri progresis fonze, rasac Tan axlavs

omebi da metismeti usamarTloba.

masonur loJebSi Sediodnen bevri inglise-

li, prusieli da Svedi mefeebi, magaliTad pru-

siis mefe, mxedarTmTavari da ganmanaTlebeli

fridrix II. masoni iyo bevri amerikeli prezide-

nti j. vaSingtonidan h. trumenamde, buS _ ufro-

si da umcrosi, didi britaneTis premier minist-

ri u. CerCili. masonobis mimdevrebi iyvnen evro-

peli moazrovneebi mwerlebi da kompozitorebi,

magaliTad volteri, fixte, gete, herderi, moca-

150
rti, haidni. mesame raixSi masonoba idevneboda

internacionalizmis mimdevrobis gamo, xolo sa-

bWoTa kavSirSi _ sakuTari gonebiT fiqrisaken

da cxovrebisaken miswrafebis gamo. XXs-is bol-

os msoflioSi iricxeboda 8 milioni masoni,

upiratesad anglosaqsonur qveynebSi. umaRlesi

loJebi, romlebic warsulSi aerTianebda aris-

tokratias, axla Sesdgeba meritokratiis warmo-

madgenlebisagan.

iluminatebis ordeni (laTinuri iluminare _ ga-

naTleba) Seqmnilia bavariaSi 1776 wels uflebeb-

is axalgazrda profesoris adam veishauptis mi-

er masonobis saidumlo saganmanaTleblo orga-

nizaciad gadaqcevis mizniT. iluminizmi gaxda

mravali saidumlo sazogadoebis pirvelsaxe,

romelTa mizans warmoadgenda samyaros radika-

luri gadakeTeba, rus bolSevikebamde. ordenis

151
wevrobas miawerdnen bavariis aristokratiidan

bevr gamosuls, agreTve getes, mocarts da her-

ders.

ordeni `Tavis qala da Zvlebi~ _ elitaruli

ielis universitetis (aSS) saidumlo studentu-

ri saZmoa, arsebobs 1776 wlidan. saZmo ar uary-

ofs versias bavariul fesvebze iluminatebis

ordenidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb. saZmos erT-erTi

himni Seqmnilia mocartis proteqciiT masonad

gamxdar kompozitor haidnis mier dawerili me-

lodiis Deutschland uber Alles mixedviT. aerTianebs

dasavleT sanapiros aristokratiis mTel Taobe-

bs, romlebic Seadgenen amerikis mmarTvel kla-

ss. `saZmo~ aRiarebs moraluri upiratesobis

grZnobas. ordenis wevrebi iyvnen amerikis prezi-

dentebi u. makkinlidan (1897-1901) j. buS ufrosa-

mde da umcrosamde, sxva politikosebi, romleb-

152
ic monawileobas iRebdnen Siga politikis da

dacvis strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba-

Si.

masonoba ruseTSi Caisaxa XVIII s-Si, rogorc

aznaurobis opoziciuri moZraoba, romelic kic-

xavda arsebul sinamdviles. masonebi gamodiodn-

en usamarTlo msoflios mSvidobiani transfor-

maciisaTvis Semdgomi msoflio Zmobis mefobiT.

ordenis saidumlo xelmZRvanelebis xelmZRvane-

lobiT xalxis sayovelTao ganaTlebis gziT ma-

sonur loJebSi, magaliTad Sediodnen ganmanaT-

lebeli n. i. novikovi, saxelmwifo moRvawe m.m.

speranski da istorikosi n.m. karamzini. masonebi

iyvnen p.i. pesteli, m.f. orlovi, n.m. muraviovi,

s.p. trubecki da sxva dekabristebi. masonur lo-

Jebs Seadgenda bevri rusi oficeri general si-

153
mus a.v. suvorovamde da feldmarSal m.i. kutuz-

ovamde, poetebi a.s. puSkini da m.a. voloSini.

masonoba idevneboda ekaterine IIis dros,

aRorZindeboda pavle I da aleqsandre I-is dr-

os, romelmac Semdgom akrZala masonoba (1822).

masonurobam axlidan akrifa Zalebi XXs-is das-

awyisSi safrangeTis udidesi dasavleTis loJis

egidiT. droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebis umete-

soba a.f. kerenskis TaosnobiT iyvnen masonebi.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ruseTSi masonuri

loJebi aikrZala. zogierTi bolSeviki, momava-

li saxalxo komisrebis CaTvliT aragangrZobad

monawileobas iRebdnen masonuri loJis saqmian-

obaSi, magram wevroba Sewyvites 1917 wels. sabW-

oTa Zalauflebisas SeTavazebuli iyo kominte-

risagan didi masonuri loJis Seqmna. 1922 wels

moskovis kongresze III internacionalma ganacxa-

154
da komunistur partiasTan da YTavisufal kala-

tozebTan erTdrouli mikuTvnebis SeuTavsebl-

obis Sesaxeb. Tumca wiTel armiaSi da gvx-

vdeba masonebis Sesaxeb publikaciebi. magaliT-

ad, sabWoTa saxelmwifo da partiuli moRvawe,

, , kolegiis wevri. gleb bokma,

romelic imyofeboda masonur loJaSi `gaerTia-

nebuli mSromelTa saZmo~, Seqmna spirituli

wre da `saagarako erotiuli kooperativi~, rom-

elic qadagebda bunebasTan daaxloebas.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg gairkva, rom

centraluri, saxelmwifo gansakuTrebuli arqi-

vi Seicavs rigi evropuli masonuri loJebis

fondebs, romlebic germaniidan iqna gamotanili

sabWoTa jarebis mier, sadac isini Tavis droze

safrangeTis da sxva evropuli qveynebis german-

uli okupaciis procesSi moxvdnen. 30-ian wlebSi

155
evropaSi moqmedebda saerTaSoriso masonuri as-

ociacia StabbiniT JenevaSi. arqivSi aRmoCenili

iqna mimarTva ukrainis umaRlesi loJis -

sTan, daTariRebuli 1933 wlis seqtembriT, rome-

lic mouwodebda rusuli okupaciuri politiki-

sgan tanjuli ukraineli eris daxmarebisaken.

Tumca rusi istorikosi andrei serkovi am dok-

uments nayalbevad miiCnevs. ukarinuli (proavst-

riuli) loJa SeiZleba arsebobda 1900-1912 ww-Si.

iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa `konstitucia~, `in-

teligencia~, `amxanagi~ rusul politikur leq-

sikonSi masonebis mier iqna Setanili. mewamuli

droSa da wiTeli varskvlavi masonuri simbol-

ikidan gaxdnen komunisturi, xolo `internacio-

nali~ gadaRebulia masonuri himnebidan.

90-iani ww.-is dasawyisSi daiwyo masonurobis

aRorZineba ruseTSi, romelic Sedioda umaRle-

156
si aRmosavleTis safrangeTis umaRles loJaSi

da sxva. Tumca Zalauflebis da kapitalis mizi-

dvam masonebSi sindisis, namusisa da movaleobis

deficitisas SeiZleba Seqmnas Semdegi Cxriala

narevi, romelic saSiSi iqneba samSoblosaTvis.

masonis fici ojaxur da samSoblos movaleobe-

bze maRla idga. rasac Sedegad saxelmwifo tr-

agikul Sedegebamde mihyavs.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi ganviTareba hpova

ezoTermulma globalizmma (saidumloebebi gan-

kuTvnili gandgomilebisaTvis) _ elitis intern-

acionalizacia, msoflio klubis formireba up-

iratesad `oqros miliardis~ qveynebidan. amiT

dasavleTma moixmo postkomunisturi elita, ro-

mlebmac Tavisi qveynis gayidviT miiRes Tavisi

qonebis garantia privatizebuli gansakuTrebiT

msxvil formebSi. am funqciebis Sesrulebis Se-

157
mdeg nacionaluri elita gadaqceuli `elita

kanonSi~, dasavleTis mier uaryofili iqna, rog-

orc demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

idealebisaTvis saSiSroebis warmomadgeneli.

globalizmis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos bil-

derbergis klubi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo

mondialisturi organizacia. aerTianebs msofl-

io oligarqebs msoflio politikis, ekonomikis

da masiuri sainformacio saSualebebis saerTo

koordinaciisaTvis `axali msoflio wesrigis~

damyarebis mizniT. klubi Seiqmna 1954 wlis mais-

Si holandiis qalaq osterbekSi, sastumro `bi-

lderbergSi~. saidumlo sxdomebSi monawileob-

as Rebulobs bevri saxelmwifo moRvawe da po-

litikosi, romlebic gamodian msoflio wesrig-

is proeqtis mxardasaWerad. ideur damokidebul-

ebaSi anxorcieleben oligarqiuli `internacio-

158
nalis~ doneze Siga urTierTobis sabWos (aSS)

analogiur politikas.

sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis yvelaze kritikul mo-

mentSi, rodesac vermaxtis jariskacebi moskov-

Tan iyvnen, stalinma mimarTa RmerTs. bevri mRv-

deli dabrunebuli iqna Tavis mrevlTan. erT-

erT udides qristianul reliqvias warmoadgens

yazanis RvTismSoblis xati, romelic ruseTidan

gaitanes XXs-is dasawyisSi. iTvleba, rom xatis

originali inaxeba vatikanSi. xatis saswaulmoq-

medeba aixsneba imiT, rom is mravaljer daexma-

ra gamarjvebaSi rusul jarebs msxvil brZole-

bSi. 1941 wlis Semodgomaze stalinis brZanebiT

xatis nakurTxi zusti asliT, romelzec locu-

lobda aTasobiT morwmune, TviTmfrinavma Semo-

ufrina moskovs. dedaqalaqis misadgomebTan gan-

lagebuli germanelebis Seteva, rogorc cnobi-

159
lia CaiSala. didi samamulo omis dros mTavar-

ma komunisturma gazeTma `pravdam~ sityva `Rmer-

Tis~ wera daiwyo didi asoTi.

sabWoel beladebs ar CamorCebodnen nacistu-

ri liderebi. 1942 wlis zafxulSi q. JitomirSi,

sadac ganlagebuli iyo ss-es xelmZRvanelobis

Stabbina, ss-es raixsfiureri hitleri gaerTia-

nebul magidasTan politikuri dazvervis SefT-

an SelenbergTan saubrobs tibeturi eqspedici-

is da budizmis Sesaxeb.

stalinis mTavari mrCeveli saomari xelovne-

bis dargSi iyo Rrmad morwmune adamiani, Tavisi

drois erT-erTi udidesi mecnier-Teoretikosi

marSali SapoSnikovi, fundamenturi naSromis

`jaris tvini~ avtori, soflis meurneobaSi _

upartio akademikosi lisenko. 1951 wels belad-

Tan SeTanxmebiT moskovis universitetis mTava-

160
ri `mecnierebis da ganaTlebis taZari~, reqtor-

ad dainiSna upartio akademikosi petrovski.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom roca xdeba pirov-

nebis gaoreba da gare garsi winaaRmdegobaSi

Sedis Siga SemcvelobaSi, dasaxmareblad moixm-

oba RmerTebi an sxvadasxva sulebi. rogori pa-

radoqsulic unda iyos, es xdeba ara mxolod

diqtatorebTan, aramed `damsaxurebul~ Cekisteb-

Tan da gestapoelebTanac.

postsabWouri xelisuflebis damaxasiaTebel

mopyrobas RmerTTan aqvs igive buneba. demokrat-

iis `ukanaskneli sazRauri~. komunisturi ideal-

ebis gamyidveli da saerTo saxalxo sakuTrebis

mimTviseblebi, brboebad miemarTebian eklesiaSi,

imediT, rom miiReben codvebis mitevebas. es cru

winaswarmetyvelebi, romlebsac ezizRebaT qris-

tianuli mcnebebi, mzad arian fici dadon bibl-

161
iaze yoveli mizeziT, Tu es SeunarCunebT Zala-

uflebas.

ra aris es _ sulieri aRorZineba Tu sulie-

ri optimizmis momdevno Seteva? SeiZleba sakra-

rulisa da okultizmisken miswrafeba aixsneba

adamianis orbunebianobiT. yvelaze sisxliani

diqtatoric ki ver atyuebs Tavis Tavs da eZebs

gadarCenas Tavisi sulisaTvis. jer kidev logi-

kis kantovur klasifikaciaSi imaleba politik-

is, istoriis da mistiuri, zeWeSmariti da paran-

ormaluri geopolitikis da okultizmis mWid-

ro kavSiri.

mesame reixSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi TiTqmis

paralelurad eqceodnen eqstasensorul da par-

afsiqologiur movlenebs. `WeSmariti~ faSistar-

ielebi da `rkinis~ saxkomebi, romlebmac xalxe-

bis mimarT Caidines masiuri borotmoqmedeba, eZ-

162
ebdnen TavSesafars Tu alkogolizmSi ara, maS-

in mistiurobaSi _ okultizmSi da antroposof-

iaSi. es maT exmareboda droebiT daeviwyebinaT

yavisferi da wiTeli teroris mravalricxovani

msxverplis saxeebi.

okultizmi (laTinuri occuitus _ saidumlo,

idumali) _ mecniereba, movlenebis saerTo dafa-

ruli kavSirebis da adamianis, rogorc mikroko-

smosis Sesaxeb. okultizmma umTavresi roli Se-

asrula ganaTlebis italiuri naturfilosofi-

is eposSi (XIV_XVI).

antrofosofia (berZnuli antropos u sophia _ ad-

amiani da sibrZne) _ Teosofiis saxesxvaobaa. me-

cnierebis damaarsebuli iyo germaneli filos-

of-mistikosi da mwerali rudolf Steineri,

romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio omi. ant-

rofosofiis mimdevrebSi Sediodnen mesame raix-

163
is beladebi, kulturis da geopolitikis moRva-

weebi.

parafsiqologia (berZnuli para, psyche, da logos

_ axlos, winaaRmdeg) fsiqologia _ mecniereba

sulieri Zalebis gamovlinebis Sesaxeb, romleb-

ic WeSmarit samecniero azriT ar warmoadgenen

axsnads. erT-erT parafsiqologiur fenomens wa-

rmoadgens obieqtze sulieri zemoqmedeba manZi-

lidan.

vercxlis saukunis rusi filosofosebi aRni-

Snavdnen marqsizm_leninizmis, adamianis biolo-

giur bunebasTan SeuTavseblobas. adamianis moq-

cevis bunebrivi, zneobrivi da sulieri normebis

mizanmimarTulma rRvevam miiyvana sazogadoebr-

iv-politikuri wyobilebis demonizaciasTan.

sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis arqivebTan gansaz-

Rvruli daSvebis gaxsnis Semdeg gaCnda, SesaZl-

164
ebloba gamoikvlios uRmerTo Zalauflebis in-

teresi sakraluri geografiisa da okultizmis-

ken. dadioda Worebi sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelaze

saidumlo samsaxuris arsebobis Sesaxeb. rusi

istorikosis evgeni SiSkovis gamokvlevebis dax-

marebiT SevecdebiT movaxdinoT SesaZlo gamokv-

levebis rekonstruqcia. 1921 w-s samoqalaqo om-

is dasrulebisas -Si msoflio proletaria-

tis beladis vladimer leninis gankargulebiT

Seiqmna erT-erTi yvelaze saidumlo qveganyofi-

leba, xolo 1924 w-s ukve -Si organizdeba

specialuri parafsiqologiuri laboratoria

saTaveSi `damsaxurebuli~ CekistiT gleb bokie-

miT, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina wiTeli teroris

udrek jariskacad. saidumlo laboratoriaSi

kiTxulobdnen leqciebs okultizmis Sesaxeb

zemdgomi Cekistebisa da partiuli funqcionire-

165
bisaTvis. laboratoriis gamoyenebiTi mniSvnel-

oba mdgomareobda manZilebze mowinaaRmdegis

fiqrebis wakiTxvis telepatiuri Cvevebis gamom-

uSavebaSi.

msoflios geopolitikuri landSaftis tran-

sformacias Tan axlavs aziis simZlavris zrda.

gaRviZebuli aRmosavleTis drakoni dasavleTis

antropocentrizms aiZulebs dayaros zedmeti

Tavdajerebuloba da daJinebiT iyureba kontine-

ntis siRrmeSi, romelic gamdidrebulia istori-

uli movlenebiT. mivmarToT aziis komunikaciur

bunebas, romelic XX s-is ganmavlobaSi izidavs

evropelebs, romlebic araerTxel Seecadnen ep-

ovaT is, rasac SeiZleba saerTod ver miaRwio,

iseve rogorc uari Tqva samudamo Zebnaze.

Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleTSi geografias Tv-

lidnen, rogorc RvTisSesafer mecnierebas, rom-

166
elic afarToebs Secnobis sazRvrebs realur

sivrceSi. magram geografias, rogorc nebismier

sxva mecnierebas, aqvs sazRvrebi, roca raciona-

lur aRqmas ar SeuZlia movlenis arsis Secno-

ba.

mravalganzomilebiani komunikaciuri sivrcis

energoinformaciuli procesebis kvlevisas gans-

akuTrebuli adgili uWiravs poltergeists _

bolomde Seuswavleli movlena. energetikulad

warmoqmnili aramaterialuri samyarodan Taname-

droveobaSi SemoRweuli Taviseburi kontaqturi

zonebis gavliT _ `udidesi xelsayrelobis de-

refnebi~. am fantomebis energetika damokidebu-

lia maTi gaCenis adgilis ganlagebaze da sxva

faqtorebze. xelsayrelia daxuruli sivrce wv-

rili grZeli gadasasvlelebiT, aqtiuri biove-

lis adamianebis moRvaweobis intensiuri nakval-

167
eviT (Zveleburi sasaxleebi, Zveli saxlebi). sas-

axle gajerebuli istoriuli droiT (sityvis

viwro mniSvnelobiT) anu istoriuli warsulis

droiT. saeklesio taZari warmoadgens fokusir-

ebuli sulieri energiis adgilis, adamianis in-

tensiur kontaqts transtendenciur RmerT _ ab-

solutTan.

Tu am movlenis geografias mivudgebiT glo-

baluri masStabiT, maSin SeiZleba davuSvaT,

rom Rrma azia tibetis da hobis CaTvliT warm-

oadgens erT-erT aseT adgils dedamiwaze, gaje-

rebuls istoriuli warsuliT. am gigantur bu-

nebriv sasxleSi mogzaurma SeiZleba ganicados

idumali Cvenebebi. rogorc aRwers nikolai rer-

ixi, 1926 w-s misi eqspediciis wevrebma aRmosavl-

eT CineTSi yarayorumis mTebTan miaxloebisas

kristalurad sufTa mowmendil caze dainaxes

168
mbrwyinavi disko, romelic hgavda mfrinav apara-

ts, romelic Tanmxlebma lamebma monaTles Sam-

balis niSnad.

rogori energetikuli impulsebi modis kont-

inentis mZinare siRrmidan? rogorc mbJutav ker-

aSi SeiZleba uceb gaCndes ali, ise istoriaSi

azia ara erTxel aRmoCnda msoflios gardaqm-

nis epicentri. Tu mivyvebiT cnobil geopoliti-

kur koncefcias, istoriis geografiuli RerZi

dakargulia evraziis gaSlil sivrceebTan. Sesa-

Zloa aqaa ganTavsebuli dedamiwis mraavalganz-

omilebiani sivrcis komunikaciuri polusi. mag-

ram yvelasaTvis cnobili geografiuli centris

aziisagan gansxvavebiT SeiZleba vilaparakoT

geografiul sivrceze am polusis pirobiT pro-

eqciaze da misi aRqmis mgrZnobiarobaze. is ars-

ebobs sadRac aqve, Cvens fiqrebSi, magram Znelia

169
an SeuZlebelia misi erTxel da samudamod lo-

kalizeba geografiul sivrceSi. ase vTqvaT: Cven

SevigrZnobT geopolitikur impulsebs monRole-

Tis tramalebidan, hobis udabnos `napirebidan~

da cisqveSeTis imperiis an CineTis civilizaci-

is siRrmeebidan.

aziis mudmivi Zaxili gansakuTrebiT relief-

urad gamovlinda TeosofiaSi. moZRvreba, rome-

lsac XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi

dasavleTis qveynebSi, indoeTsa da ruseTSi mim-

devrebis uzarmazari ricxvi hyavda. Teosofiis

mimdevrebi iyvnen nacisti beladebi. 1941 wlis 12

maiss, saRamos faSisturi germaniis zemdgomi

xelZRvaneloba SeaSfoTa saSinelma cnobam. nac-

istur partiaSi fiureris Semdeg meore kacma

rudolf hesma moaxdina arasanqcirebuli gadaf-

rena inglisSi. v. Selenbergma es nabiji Seafasa

170
rogorc mcdeloba ruseTTan omis wamowyebisa

gardaqmnas `hitleris sicocxleSi sanukvari im-

edi inglisTan damokidebulebaSi~. politikuri

dazvervis Sefi am nabijs xsnis astrologebis

gansakuTrebiT filosofos-mistikosis da antr-

ofosofiis damaarseblis r. Steineris da axlo

megobrebis, rogoricaa swavluli geopolitiko-

si k. hausxoferi, gavleniT. hebelsi inglisis

cixeSi datusaRebuli hesis werilebs colisad-

mi germaniaSi komentars ukeTebs, rogorc amouw-

uravi diletantizmis nimuSs, Tvlis ra, rom am-

as xeli Seuwyo profesorma hausxofermac.

trockis memorandumis Tanaxmad aqtivirdeba

`msoflio revoluciis~ eqsporti aziaSi. monRo-

li mebrZolebi sicocxles wiraven revoluciur

brZolaSi naTeli momavlisaTvis ara marqsis da

171
leninis droSis qveS, aramed legendaruli Samb-

alis gamoxatulebis qveS.

evropaSi msoflio revoluciis eqsportis Ca-

vardnis Semdeg, bolSevikebma mzera miapyres aR-

mosavleTs _ palestinidan CineTamde. axlo aR-

mosavleTi gasasvlels iZleoda suecis arxze

da indoeTis okeaneSi. cnobili Cekisti iakob

bliuSkini, 1918 wlis 6 maiss moskovSi germaniis

elCis vilhelm mirbaxis mkvleli, - davale-

biT 20-ian wlebSi warumateblad cdilobs moa-

xdinos konfliqtis provocireba arabebsa da eb-

raelebs Soris. komunistur partias qmnis iran-

Si. imyofeba ra tibetSi beris saxiT, iRebs mo-

nawileobas centraluri aziis nikolai rerixis

eqspediciaSi da xdeba mecnieris da mxatvris

cnobili pirveli anderZis iniciatori, romelm-

ac Tavis memkvidreebad gamoacxada sabWoTa xe-

172
lisuflebis xelmZRvanelebi. SesaZloa aqaa da-

faruli 1929 w-s rerixis mier rusul enaze gam-

oSvebuli wignis `Temis~ Sinaarsis Sesaxeb kiT-

xvis pasuxs, romelic warmoadgens maxaTbebis

saubris Canawers, isini iTvlebodnen Sambalis

warmomadgenlebad. masSi saubaria leninze, rgo-

rc `axali madanis Zlier kalatozze~ axali gz-

ebis Rirebulebebis mcodneze. lenini da marqsi

moqmedebdnen Sambalis impulsebis qveS _ TeTri

saZmos mier miuRweveli citadeli, sadac saer-

To TemSi cxovroben maxaTbebi da wmindanebi.

Semdeg bliuSkini kominternis davalebiT miema-

rTeba monRoleTSi, sadac xdeba ara marto sab-

WoTa dazvervis rezidenti, aramed moskovis faq-

tiuri moadgile.

rus TeTremigrantebs Soris _ `evropis momT-

abareebi~, Caisaxa geopolitikuri koncefcia ev-

173
raziuloba, xolo pirvelma koleqtiurma naSr-

omma, gamocemulma sofiaSi, miiRo mravalmniSvn-

elovani dasaxeleba `gamosvla aRmosavleTTan~.

evrazielebs, germanelebs da sabWoTa geopo-

litikur koncefciebs aerTianebs aRmosavleTis

Tema. amasTan aRmosavleTis Tema koncetrirdeba

samyaros idumali centris _ qveyana Sambalas

legendis irgvliv, romelic gaigivebulia mist-

ikur miwisqveSa saxelmwifo agartasTan. iyo ki

es mcdeloba aziuri saxelmwifoebis integraci-

isa erTian strategiul blokSi Tu esaa bolo-

mde Seuswavleli gaurkveveli bunebis `niadag-

is~ Zaxili?

nacisturi germaniis da sabWoTa kavSiris be-

ladebi amzadeben eqspediciebs tibetze an agza-

vnian mzveravebs. erebis ganadgurebaSi damnaSave

174
diqtatorebi istoriis kritikul momentSi mima-

rTaven RmerTs.

aRmosavleTis Tema popularuli iyo evropu-

li aristokratiis salonebSi XXs-is dasawyis-

Si. bavariaSi iqmneba tulis TayvanismcemelTa

sazogadoeba _ Zvelgermanuli miTiuri qveyana.

saidumlo ordenis am pirvelsaxeSi, romlis

erT-erTi damfuZnebeli iyo k. hausxoferi. dasa-

xuli iyo mizani aeRorZinebinaT germanuli re-

ixi. rasis da romantizebul okultizmis princ-

ipebze. `tulis sazogadoebis~ wevrebTan Sedga

jer kidev yvelasTvis ucnobi adolf hitleris

Sexvedra.

karl hausxofers miekuTvneba koncefcia aTa-

swleulebis siRrmeSi hobiuri civilizaciis ar-

ielebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. savaraudo gzavnil-

ad misTvis aRmoCnda tibeturi legenda miwisqve-

175
Sa sauflo agartas Sesaxeb, aRwerili e. blava-

tskis naSromebSi. SesaZloa esaa erT-erTi vari-

anti budisturi legendisa Sabalas Sesaxeb _

miwiuri samoTxe miTiuri qveyana, msoflio Seqm-

nis sulieri safuZvlebis sadarajoze mdgomi.

axlandeli hobis udabnos adgilze ganTavsebu-

li qveynis Zlevamosili magebi; geologiuri ka-

taklizmebis Semdeg wavidnen miwis zedapirSi da

dasaxldnen himalais qveS gamoqvabulebSi, sai-

danac msoflio istoriis svlas akontrolebdn-

en maTi rCeuli eris winamZRvrobiT. aziis siRr-

midan nacisturi idologiis aRWurvisaTvis aRe-

buli iqna miTi legendaruli tulis (monRole-

Ti tibetiT), rogorc germanelebis pirvel samS-

oblos da mistiuri `msoflios gulis~ Sesaxeb,

risi mflobelic moipovebs planetarul Zalau-

flebas. aqedanaa nacisturi svastikis saxec _

176
budistebisaTvis wminda simbolo sicocxlis mu-

dmivi wrebrunvaa.

nikolai konstantines Ze rerixi (1874-1947) da-

ibada cnobili notariusis ojaxSi, romlis mo-

dgmac wamovida daniidan. momavali rusi mxatva-

ri, arqeologi, mogzauri da sazogado moRvawe

swavlobda samxatvro akademiaSi, daamTavra san-

kt-peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli faku-

lteti da moismina istoriul-filologiuri fa-

kultetis kursebi.

rerixis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis damaxasiaT-

ebelia budistur filosofiasTan siaxlove da

imedi globalur-masonur rolze xelovnebaSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rerixis SemoqmedebiTma

cxovrebam Caiara sanukvari, saocnebo qveynis Zi-

ebaSi, romelic lokalizebulia mis tiloebze,

sadac msoflios brZenni aRadgenen Zvel ideebs

177
da aRsdgeba suli. Tumca am qveynis moZebna rea-

lur geografiul sivrceSi aRmoCnda gadauwyve-

teli utopiuri amocana. legendaruli Sambala

an planetis sulieri polusi saidumlo msofl-

io qveynis mfarveli, aRmoCnda miuRweveli mogz-

aurobisaTvis romelTa mogzaurobis mimarTule-

ba ganlagebulia dedamiwis ganedebze da merid-

ianebze. rerixi darwmunebuli iyo, rom Sambala

unda aerTianebdes aRmosavleTs da dasavleTs,

romlebic `erTmaneTs uyureben gamWolad~. azi-

is siRrmis bevr adgilebSi rerixs esmoda lege-

nda agartas _ miwisqveSa eris Sesaxeb. es odes-

Rac saukeTeso eri tovebs codvil miwas da xs-

nas poulobs miwisqveSa saufloSi, sadac is ax-

lidan moipovebs Zalas da daiqvemdebarebs mZl-

avr energias. udidesma rwmenam Sambalasa an miw-

isqveSa eris sauflosi, daipyro evropuli gone-

178
ba. 1929 w-s nikolai da elena rerixi rusul en-

aze gamoscemen wigns `Temi~, romelSic cdilob-

en safuZveli Cauyaron socializms Zveli budi-

zmis principebze. wignSi msoflio proletaria-

tis beladi gaigivebulia maxaTmasTan (maswavle-

belTan) Sambalidan.

lenini _ es moqmedebaa. is grZnobda axali

wyobilebis gardauvlobas. leninis monoliTuri

azrovneba mas xdida uSiSars da ar iqneboda

sxva, vinc saerTo keTildReobisTvis sakuTar

Tavze aiRebda umZimes tvirTs.

nikolai da elena rerixebma gulubryvilob-

iT gaaigives Sambala sabWoTa kavSirTan. gavida

sul cota dro, roca `Zlieri miswrafeba~ mogv-

rili aziis mudmivi ZaxiliT miiRo sxva belad-

ma _ adolf hitlerma.

179
 magram sad aris es aRTqmuli qveyana, romli-

skenac XX s-Si miiswrafodnen ara mxolod int-

eleqtualebi, aramed diqtatorebic, qveSevrdom-

ebic, Cekistebic da faSistebic? am qveynis kont-

urebi uxsovari droidan gaielvebda rCeulTa

fiqrebSi _ egviptel faraonebSi, ZvelberZen fi-

losofosebSi da aRmosavlel berZnebSi. cnob-

il did isteriebSi ewyoboda gandgomili bereb-

is msoflio saZmos monaxazebi. saZmos mTavari

mizani iyo kacobriobis ganTavisufleba crurw-

menebisagan, dedabunebasTan harmoniuli erTian-

obisken, sulieri aRorZinebisaken mimaval gzaze.

indoeli da tibeteli xalxebisaTvis aRTqmuli

qveynis adgilmdebareoba asocirdeboda himala-

is Znelmisadgom CrdiloeT ferdobebTan da ara

mxolod adgilobriv xalxSi. am mTiani qveynisa-

ken miiswrafodnen evropeli mogzaurebic, naci-

180
sturi germaniis eqspediciebis da sabWoTa rezi-

dentebis CaTvliT, romlebic mowodebulni iyvn-

en gaeCaRebinaT `msoflio revoluciis~ cecxli.

legendam Sambalaze, rogorc Zalauflebisa

da Zalmomreobis centrma, gamoyeneba hpova naci-

stur ideologiaSi. hitleris `sulieri maswav-

leblebi~ karl hausxoferi, ditrix ekardi da

alfred rozenbergi SambalaSi xedavdnen `bnel-

eTis Zalas~, romelic marTavs stiqiebs da ere-

bs. milioni ebraelis da boSebis mkvlelobaSi

nacizmis beladebi xedavdnen Rrma magiur azrs.

Tavis borotmoqmedebebs isini asabuTebdnen `bn-

eleTis Zalis~ rwmeniT, romelic iTxovs xalx-

is masiur msxverplSewirvas.

amgvarad, konspirologia yuradRebas aqcent-

irebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas racionalur

da grZnobiT urTierTdamokidebulebaze. yvela-

181
ze pragamatuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gav-

lenas axdens adamianis buneba. gagrZeldeba de-

damiwis sulieri polusis Zebnac. SesaZlo pol-

usi arsebobs dedamiwis mravalganzomilebian

sivrceSi, maSin rodesac cdiloben mis lokali-

zebas realur geografiaSi.

182
 gamoyenebuli literatura

1. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi, sivrce,

xalxi da politika Tb. 2003
2. islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb. 1999
3. socialur da politikur terminTa
leqsikoni _ cnobari, Tb. 2004
4. k. kacitaZe, strategiis safuZvlebi, Tb.
2007
5. k. kacitaZe, geopolitikuri da
geostrategiuli transformacia evropaSi,
6. Tb. 2007
7. .. . :
, . 2000
8. .. . , . 2004
9. , : . 2000
10. . , .

. . 1999.
11. . .
. 1992
12. . . . . 1993.

183
13. . . :
. 1992
14. .. , . 2003.
15. .. ,
. II . 2004
16. . , , .
2008.
17. .. , .
2003.
18. R. Robertson, Globalization L 92.
19. S. Hantigton, The Clash Civilization 1993 V
20. R. Harvey, Global Disorder London 2002
21. D. Held. et al Global transformation _ Stanford, 1999.

184
 Sinaarsi

Sesavali _________________________________ 3

Tavi I _ msoflio civilizaciaTa geopoliti-

kuri aspeqtebi ____________________________ 6

Tavi II _ islamuri civilizacia ___________ 57

Tavi III _ balkaneTi civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis

zRvarze ________________________________ 97

Tavi IV _ geopolitikaSi arsebuli saidumlod

moculi movlenebi (konspirologia) _______ 144

gamoyenebuli literatura ________________183

185
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

21.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi
11,5. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77