Sem - 1 - Engineering Maths - I & II PDF

MATHEMATICS I & II
DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING
FIRST SEMESTER
A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
( NOT FOR SALE )
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DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition 2011
Chairperson
Thiru Kumar Jayanth I.A.S
Commissioner of Technical Education
Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai 25
Co-ordinator Convener
Er. S. Govindarajan P.L. Sankar
Principal Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Dr. Dharmambal Government Rajagopal Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College Gudiyatham-632602
Tharamani, Chennai 113
Reviewer
Dr. S. Paul Raj
Associate Professor, Dept of Mathematics
Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai - 42.
Authors
R. Ramadoss B.R. Narasimhan
Lecturer, (Selection Grade) Lecturer (Selection Grade)
TPEVR Govt. Polytechnic College Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic
Vellore-632002 College
Palani-624601
M. Devarajan
Lecturer (Selection Grade) Dr. L. Ramuppillai
Dr. Dharmambal Government Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Polytechnic College for Women Thiagarajar Polytechnic College
Taramani, Chennai-600113 Selam-636005
K. Shanmugam Dr.A. Shanmugasundaram
Lecturer (Selection Grade) Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Government Polytechnic College Valivalam Desikar Polytechnic College
Purasawalkam, Chennai-600 012 Nagappattinam-611 001
M. Ramalingam R. Subramanian
Lecturer (Selection Grade) Lecturer (Selection Grade)
Government Polytechnic College Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic College
Tuticorin-628008 Sivakasi-626130
Y. Antony Leo C. Saravanan
Lecturer Lecturer (Senior Scale)
Mothilal Nehru Government Annamalai Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College Chettinad-630102
Pondicherry-605008
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper

Through the Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation
FOREWORD
We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to
the students of Polytechnic Colleges. This book is prepared in
accordance with the new syllabus framed by the Directorate of
Technical Education, Chennai.
This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and
attitude of the students and modern methods of education. The lucid
manner in which the concepts are explained, make the teaching
learning process more easy and effective. Each chapter in this book is
prepared with strenuous efforts to present the principles of the subject
in the most easy-to-understand and the most easy-to-workout
manner.
Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definition,
theorems, explanation, worked examples and exercises given are for
better understanding of concepts and in the exercises, problems have
been given in view of enough practice for mastering the concept.
We hope that this book serves the purpose i.e., the curriculum
which is revised by DTE, keeping in mind the changing needs of the
society, to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear
and simple which is up to the level of comprehension of students.
List of reference books provided will be of much helpful for further
reference and enrichment of the various topics.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Thiru.S.Govindarajan,
Co-ordinator and Principal, Dr. Dharmambal Government polytechnic
College for women, Chennai and Thiru. P.L. Sankar, convener,
Rajagopal polytechnic College, Gudiyatham who took sincere efforts
in preparing and reviewing this book.
Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for
improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged.
Wishing you all success.
Authors
iii
SYLLABUS
FIRST SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - I
UNIT - I
DETERMINANTS
1.1 Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3 .Properties
of determinants .Cramer's rule to solve simultaneous equations in 2
and 3 unknowns-simple problems.
1.2 Problems involving properties of determinants
1.3 Matrices :Definition of matrix .Types of matrices .Algebra of matrices
such as equality, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and
multiplication of matrices. Transpose of a matrix, adjoint matrix and
inverse matrix-simple problems.
UNIT - II
BINOMIAL THEOREM
2.1 Definition of factorial notation, definition of Permutation and
Combinations with formula. Binomial theorem for positive integral
index (statement only), finding of general and middle terms. Simple
problems.
2.2 Problems finding co-efficient of xn, independent terms. Simple
problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index, expansions, only
upto 3 for negative integers. Simple Expansions
2.3 Partial Fractions :Definition of Polynomial fraction, proper and
improper fractions and definition of partial fractions.
To resolve proper fraction into partial fraction with denominator
containing non repeated linear factors, repeated linear factors and
irreducible non repeated quadratic factors. Simple problems.
iv
UNIT - III
STRAIGHT LINES
3.1 Length of perpendicular distance from a point to the line and
perpendicular distance between parallel lines. Simple problems.
Angle between two straight lines and condition for parallel and
perpendicular lines. Simple problems
3.2 Pair of straight lines Through origin :Pair of lines passing through the
origin ax2+2hxy+by2=0 expressed in the form (y-m1x)(y-m2x) =0.
Derivation of angle between pair of straight lines. Condition for
parallel and perpendicular lines. Simple problems
3.3 Pair of straight lines not through origin: Condition for general
equation of the second degree ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c=0 to
represent pair of lines.(Statement only) Angle between them,
condition for parallel and perpendicular lines. Simple problems..
UNIT - IV
TRIGONOMETRY
4.1 Trigonometrical ratio of allied angles-Expansion of Sin(A+B) and
cos(A+B)- problems using above expansion
4.2 Expansion of tan(A+B) and Problems using this expansion
4.3 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles (2A only) and sub-multiple
angles. Simple problems.
UNIT - V
TRIGONOMETRY
5.1 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angels (3A only) Simple
problems.
5.2 Sum and Product formulae-Simple Problems.
5.3 Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios, relation between inverse
trigonometric ratios-Simple Problems
v
FIRST SEMESTER MATHEMATICS II
UNIT - I
CIRCLES
1.1 Equation of circle given centre and radius. General Equation of
circle finding center and radius. Simple problems.
1.2 Equation of circle through three non collinear points concyclic
points. Equation of circle on the line joining the points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2) as diameter. Simple problems.
1.3 Length of the tangent-Position of a point with respect to a circle.
Equation of tangent (Derivation not required). Simple problems.
UNIT-II
FAMILY OF CIRCLES:
2.1 Concentric circles contact of circles (internal and external circles)
orthogonal circles condition for orthogonal circles.(Result only).
Simple Problems
2.2 Limits:Definition of limits -
Lt x n - an
= na n-1
x a x-a
Lt sin q Lt tan q
= 1, =1 (q in radian)
q0 q q0 q
[Results only] Problems using the above results.
2.3 Differentiation:Definition Differentiation of u xn, sinx, cosx, tanx,
v
cotx, secx, cosecx, logx, ex, u v, uv, uvw, (Results only).
Simple problems using the above results.
UNIT- III
3.1 Differentiation of function of functions and Implicit functions. Simple
Problems.
vi
3.2 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions and parametric
functions. Simple problems.
3.3 Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form not
included) Definition of differential equation, formation of differential
equation. Simple Problems
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATIONI
4.1 Derivative as a rate measure-simple Problems.
4.2 Velocity and Acceleration-simple Problems
4.3 Tangents and Normals-simple Problems
UNIT-V
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION II
5.1 Definition of Increasing function, Decreasing function and turning
points. Maxima and Minima (for single variable only) Simple
Problems.
5.2 Partial Differentiation: Partial differentiation of two variable up to
second order only. Simple problems.
5.3 Definition of Homogeneous functions-Eulers theorem-Simple
Problems.
vii
FIRST SEMESTER
MATHEMATICS - I
Contents
Page No
Unit 1 DETERMINANTS .......................................................1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................ 1
1.2 Problems Involving Properties of Determinants ......... 12
1.3 Matrices ...................................................................... 19
Unit 2 BINOMIAL THEOREM............................................... 44
2.1 Introduction ................................................................ 45
2.2 Binomial Theorem ...................................................... 47
2.3 Partial Fractions .......................................................... 55
Unit 3 STRAIGHT LINES ...................................................... 69
3.1 Introduction ................................................................ 69
3.2 Pair of straight lines through origin ............................. 81
3.3 Pair of straight lines not through origin ....................... 89
Unit 4 TRIGONOMETRY ...................................................... 101
4.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of
Related or Allied Angles ............................................. 104
4.2 Compound Angles (Continued) ................................. 107
4.3 Multiple Angles of 2A Only and
Sub Multiple Angles................................................. 119
Unit - 5 TRIGONOMETRY ...................................................... 129
5.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple Angle of 3A ........... 129
5.2 Sum and Product Formulae ....................................... 135
5.3 Inverse Trigonometric Function ................................. 142
MODEL QUESTION PAPER ............................................ 161
viii
MATHEMATICS II
Contents
Page No
Unit 1 CIRCLES ................................................................ 167
1.1 Circles .................................................................... 167
1.2 Concyclic Points...................................................... 171
1.3 Length of the Tangent to a circle
from a point(x1,y1) .................................................... 176
Unit 2 FAMILY OF CIRCLES ............................................ 185
2.1 Family of circles ...................................................... 185
2.2 Definition of limits .................................................... 191
2.3 Differentiation.......................................................... 196
Unit 3 Differentiation Methods ........................................ 206
3.1 Differentiation of function of functions ...................... 206
3.2 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions ....214
3.3 successive differentiation ........................................ 223
Unit 4 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION ..................232
4.1 Derivative as a Rate Measure .................................. 232
4.2 Velocity and Acceleration ........................................ 238
4.3 Tangents and Normals ............................................ 242
Unit 5 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION-II ............. 254
5.1 Introduction ............................................................ 254
5.2. Partial derivatives.................................................... 271
5.3 Homogeneous Functions ........................................ 277
MODEL QUESTION PAPER .......................................... 292
ix
SEMESTER I
MATHEMATICS I
UNIT I
DETERMINANTS
1.1 Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3
Properties of determinants Cramers rule to solve simultaneous
equations in 2 and 3 unknowns-simple problems.
1.2 Problems involving properties of determinants
1.3 Matrices
Definition of matrix. Types of matrices. Algebra of matrices such
as equality, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and
multiplication of matrices. Transpose of a matrix, adjoint matrix
and inverse matrix-simple problems.
1.1. DETERMINANT
The credit for the discovery of the subject of determinant goes to
the German mathematician, Gauss. After the introduction of
determinants, solving a system of simultaneous linear equations
becomes much simpler.
Definition:
Determinant is a square arrangement of numbers (real or
complex) within two vertical lines.
Example :
a1 b1
is a determinant
a2 b2
Determinant of second order:

a b
The symbol consisting of 4 numbers a, b, c and arranged in
c d
two rows and two columus is called a determinant of second order.
The numbers a,b,c, and d are called elements of the determinant
The value of the determinant is = ad - bc
1
Examples:
2 3
1. = (2) (1) (5) (3) = 2 15 = -13
5 1
4 6
2. = (4) (-5) (6) (3) = -20 18 = -38
3 5
Determent of third order:
a1 b1 c1
The expression a 2 b2 c 2 consisting of
a3 b3 c3
nine elements arranged in three rows and three columns is called a
determinant of third order
The value of the determinant is obtained by expanding the
determinant along the first row
b2 c2 a c2 a b2
= a1 - b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
= a1 (b 2 c 3 - b 3 c 2 ) - b1 (a 2 c 3 - a 3 c 2 ) + c 1 (a 2b 3 - a 3 b 2 )
Note: The determinant can be expanded along any row or column.
Examples:
= 1(1 8) 2 (2 20 ) + 3 ( 4 5)
1 2 3
= 1( 7) 2 ( 18 ) + 3 ( 1)
(1) 2 1 4
= 7 + 36 3
5 2 1
= 10 + 36 = 26
= 3(6 + 4) + 1( 2 + 3)
3 0 1
= 3(10 ) + 1(1)
(2) 2 3 4
= 30 + 1
1 1 2
= 31
Minor of an element
Definition :
Minor of an element is a determinant obtained by deleting the
th th
row and column in which that element occurs. The Minor of I row J
Column element is denoted by mij
2
Example:
1 1 3
0 4 2
11 5 3
0 4
Minor of 3 = = 0-44 = -44
11 5
1 3
Minor of 0 = = 3-15 = -12
5 3
Cofactor of an element
Definition :
th th
Co-factor of an element in i row,j column is the signed minor of
th th
I row J Column element and is denoted by Aij.
i+j
(i.e) Aij = (-1) mij
The sign is attached by the rule (-1) i+ j
Example
3 2 4
2 1 0
7 11 6
1+2 2 0 3
Co-factor of -2 = (-1) = (-1) (12)= -12
7 6
3+1 2 4 4
Co-factor of 7= (-1) = (-1) (0-4)= -4
1 0
Properties of Determinants:
Property 1:
The value of a determinant is unaltered when the rows and
columns are interchanged.
a1 a 2 a3 a1 b1 c1
(i.e) If = b1 b 2 b 3 and = a 2 b 2
T
c2 ,
c1 c 2 c3 a3 b3 c3
then =
T
3
Property 2:
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged the
value of the determinant is changed in its sign.
a1 a 2 a3 b1 b 2 b3
If = b1 b 2 b 3 and 1 = a1 a 2 a3 ,
c1 c 2 c3 c1 c 2 c3
then 1 = -
Note: R1 and R2 are interchanged.
Property 3:
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then
the value of the determinant is zero.
a1 a 2 a3
(i.e) The value of a1 a 2 a 3 is zero Since R1 R2
c1 c 2 c3
Property 4:
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied
by any number K =/ 0, then the value of the determinant is multiplied by
the same number K.
a1 b1 c1
If = a 2 b 2 c2
a3 b3 c3
Ka1 Kb1 Kc 1
and 1 = a 2 b 2 c2 ,
a3 b3 c3
then 1 = K
Property 5:
If each element of a row or column is expressed as the sum of
two elements, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of
two determinants of the same order.
4
a1 + d1 b1 + d2 c 1 + d3
(i.e) If = a2 b2 c2 ,
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 d1 d2 d3

then = a 2 b 2 c 2 + a 2 b 2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a 3 b 3 c 3
Property 6:
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied
by a constant K =/ 0 and then added to or subtracted from the
corresponding elements of any other row or column then the value of
the determinant is unaltered.
a1 b1 c1
Let = a 2 b 2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 + ma 2 + na 3 b1 + mb 2 + nb 3 c1 + mc 2 + nc 3
1 = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 ma 2 mb 2 mc 2 na 3 nb 3 nc 3
= a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c 2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
= + m a2 b2 c 2 +n a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
1 = + m (0) + n (0) =
Property 7:
In a given determinant if two rows or columns are identical for
x = a, then (x-a) is a factor of the determinant.
5
1 1 1
Let = a b c
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
For a=b, = b b c =0 [ C1, and C2 are identical]
b3 b3 c3
(a-b) is a factor of
Notation :
Usually the three rows of the determinant first row, second row
and third row are denoted by R1, R2 and R3 respectively and the
columns by C1, C2 and C3
If we have to interchange two rows say R1 and R2 the symbol
double sided arrow will be used. We will write like this R2 R2 it
should be read as is interchanged with similarly for columns
C2 C2.
If the elements of R2 are subtracted from the corresponding
elements of R1 , then we write R1 - R2 similarly for columns also.
If the elements of one column say C1 ,m times the element of

C2 and n times that of C3 are added, we write like this C1 C1 + m C2
+n C3 . Here one sided arrow is to be read as is changed to
Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramers rule:

Consider the linear equations.
a1x + b1y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c 2
a1 b1
let =
a2 b2
6
c 1 b1
x =
c 2 b2
a1 c1
y =
a2 c2
x y
Then x = and y = , provided 0

x, y are unique solutions of the given equations. This method of
solving the line equations is called Cramers rule.
Similarly for a set of three simultaneous equations in x, y and z
a 1 x+ b 1 y + c 1 z = d 1
a 2 x +b 2 y + c 2 z = d 2 and
a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = d3, the solution of the system of equations,
y
by cramers rule is given by, x= x , y = and z = z ,

provided 0
where
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2 x = d2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
y = a2 d2 c 2 and z = a 2 b 2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
7
1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
x 2
1. Solve =0
x 3x
Solution:
x 2
=0
x 3x
3 x 2 2x = 0
x(3 x 2) = 0
2
x = 0 or x =
3
x 8
2. Solve =0
2 x
Solution:
x 8
=0
2 x
x 2 16 = 0
x 2 = 16
x = 4
m 2 1
3. Find the value of m when 3 4 2 = 0
7 3 0
Solution:
m 2 1
Given 3 4 2 = 0
7 3 0
Expanding the determinant along, R1 we have
m(0-6)-2 (0+14) +1 (9+28) = 0

m(-6) -2 (14) +1 (37) = 0
8
-6m -28 + 37= 0
-6m +9 = 0
-6m = -9
9 3
m = =
6 2
1 2 0
4. Find the Co-factor of element 3 in the determinant 1 3 4
5 6 7
Solution:
2+2 1 0
Cofactor of 3 = A 22 = (-1)
5 7
4
= (-1) (7-0) =7
PART B
1. Using cramers rule, solve the following simultaneous equations
x+y+z=2
2x-y2z = -1
x 2y z = 1
Solution:
1 1 1
= 2 1 2
1 2 1
= 1 (1-4) -1 (-2+2) +1 (-4+1)
= 1 (-3) -1 (0) +1 (-3)
= -3 -3 = -6 0
2 1 1
x = 1 1 2
1 2 1
9
= 2 (1-4) -1 (1+2) +1 (2+1)
= 2 (-3) -1 (3) +1 (3)
= -6 -3 +3 = -6
1 2 1
y = 2 1 2
1 1 1
= 1 (1+2) -2 (-2+2) +1 (2+1)

= 1 (3) -2 (0) +1 (3)
= 3+3 = 6
1 1 2
z = 2 1 1
1 2 1
= 1(-1-2) -1 (2+1) +2 (-4+1)

= -3-3-6 = -12
By Cramers rule,
x 6 y 6
x= = =1 y= = = -1
6 6
z 12
z= = =2
6
2. Using Cramers rule solve: -2y+3z-2x+1=0

-x+y-z+5=0 -2z -4x+y = 4
Solution:
Rearrange the given equations in order
-2x-2y+3z = -1; -x+y-z = -5; -4x+y-2z =4
2 2 3
= 1 1 1
4 1 2
10
= -2(-2+1) +2 (2-4) + 3(-1+4)
= -2 (-1) +2 (-2) +3 (3)
= 2-4+9 =7
1 2 3
x = 5 1 1
4 1 2
= -1(-2+1) +2 (10+4) +3 (-5-4)

= 1+28-27
=2
2 1 3
y = 1 5 1
4 4 2
= -2 (10+4) +1 (2-4) +3 (-4-20)

= -2(14) +1 (-2) +3 (-24)
= -28-2-72
= -102
2 2 1
z = 1 1 5
4 1 4
= -2 (4+5) +2 (-4-20) -1 (-1+4)

= -18-48-3
= -69
x 2 y 102 69
x= = ,y = = , and z = z =
7 7 7
3. Using Cramers rule solve
2x-3y =5
x-8=4y
11
Solution:
2x-3y = 5
x-4y = 8
2 3
= = (2) (-4) (-3) (1)
1 4
= -8 +3= -5
5 3
x = = (5) (-4) (-3) (8)
8 4
= -20 + 24= 4
2 5
y = = 16 5= 11
1 8
By Cramers rule
x 4 4
x= = =-
5 5
y 11 11
y= = =-
5 5
1.2 PROBLEMS INVOLVING PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
PART-A
1) Evaluate
20 11 31
11 7 4
19 11 30
Solution:
20 11 31
= 11 7 4
19 11 30
31 11 31
= 4 7 4 C1 C1 + C2
30 11 30
=0 since C1 C3
12
2) Without expanding, find the value of
1 2 3
1 1 2
3 6 9
Solution:
1 2 3 1 2 3
Let = 1 1 2 = 1 1 2
3 6 9 3(1) 3( 2) 3(3)
1 2 3
= 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
= 3 (0) = 0, since R 1 R 3
3) Evaluate
1 a b+c
1 b c+a
1 c a+b
Solution:
1 a b+c
Let = 1 b c + a
1 c a+b
1 a+b+c b+c
= 1 a+b+c c +a C2 C 2 + C3
1 a+b+c a+b
1 1 b+c
= (a+b+c) 1 1 c + a
1 1 a+b
= (a+b+c) (0) = 0, since C1 C2

13
xy yz zx
4) Prove that y z z x xy =0
zx xy yz
Solution:
xy yz zx
L.H.S = y z z x xy
zx xy yz
xy+yz+zx yz zx
yz+zx+xy zx xy C1 C1 + C2 + C3
zx+xy+yz xy yz
0 yz zx
= 0 zx x y = 0 = R.H.S
0 xy yz
PART B
1 x x2
1) Prove that 1 y y 2 = (x-y) (y-z) (z-x)
1 z z2
Solution:
1 x x2
L.H.S = 1 y y 2
1 z z2
0 x y x2 y
2
0 y z y2 z2 R1 R1 R2, R2 R2 R3
1 z z2
14
0 1 x+y
= (x-y) (y-z) 0 1 y + z
1 z z2
1 x+y
= (x-y) (y-z) (expanded along the first column)
1 y+z
=(x-y) (y-z) [1(y+z) 1(x+y)]

= (x-y) (y-z) (z-x)
L.H.S = R.H.S
1 1 1
2) Prove that a b c = (a + b + c) (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)
a3 b3 c3
Solution:
1 1 1
L.H.S = a b c
a3 b3 c3
o o 1
= ab bc c C1 C 1 C 2 , C 2 C 2 C 3
a3 b3 b3 c 3 c 3
0 0 1
= ab bc c
(a b)(a + ab + b ) (b c )(b + bc + c ) c 3
2 2 2 2
0 0 1
= (a-b) (b-c) 1 1 c
a + ab + b 2
2
b + bc + c 2
2
c3
1 1
= (a-b) (b-c)
a + ab + b 2
2
b + bc + c 2
2
(expanded along the first row )
15
[ (
= (a - b) (b - c) b2 + bc + c 2 a2 + ab + b 2 )]
= (a - b) (b - c) [b + bc + c - a - ab - b ]
2 2 2 2
= (a - b) (b - c) [bc + c 2 - a2 - ab]
= (a - b) (b - c) [c 2 - a2 + b(c - a)]
= (a - b) (b - c) [(c + a) (c - a) + b (c - a)]
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) [c + a + b] = R.H.S
1+ a 1 1
3) Prove that 1 1 + a 1 = a (3+a)
1 1 1+ a
Solution:
1+ a 1 1
L.H.S = 1 1 + a 1
1 1 1+ a
3+a 3+a 3+a

1 1+ a 1 R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
1 1 1+ a
1 1 1
= 3 + a1 1 + a 1
1 1 1+ a
0 0 1
= (3+a) a a 1 C1 C1 - C 2 , C 2 C 2 - C 3
0 a 1+ a
a a
= (3+a) =(3+a) (a-0)
0 a
= a (3+a) = R.H.S
16
abc 2a 2a
bc a
3
4) Prove that 2b 2b = (a+b+c)
2c 2c c ab
Solution:
abc 2a 2a
L.H.S = 2b bc a 2b
2c 2c c ab
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
= 2b bc a 2b R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
2c 2c c ab
1 1 1
= (a+b+c) 2b b c a 2b
2c 2c c ab
0 0 1
C1 C1 - C2,
= (a+b+c) a + b + c (a + b + c ) 2b
C C2 - C3
0 a+b+c c ab 2
a + b + c (a + b = c )
= (a+b+c)
0 (a + b + c )
2
= (a+b+c) [(a+b+c) 0]
3
= (a+b+c) =R.H.S
1+ a 1 1
1 1 1
5) Prove that 1 1+ b 1 = abc 1 + a + b + c

1 1 1+ c
Solution:
1 1 1
a( + 1) a( ) a( )
1+ a 1 1 a a a
1 1 1
Let = 1 1 + b 1 = b( ) b( + 1) b( )
b b b
1 1 1+ c 1 1 1
c( ) c( ) c( + 1)
c c c
17
1 1 1
+1
a a a
1 1 1
= abc +1
b b b
1 1 1
+1
c c c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
=abc +1 R1 R1 + R 2 + R 3
b b b
1 1 1
+1
c c c
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + ) +1
a b c b b b
1 1 1
+1
c c c
0 0 1
1 1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + ) 1 1 C1 C1 - C2 , C2 C2 - C3
a b c b
1
0 1 +1
c
1 1 1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + )
a b c 0 1
1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + ) [1-0]
a b c
1 1 1
= abc (1 + + + )
a b c
18
1.3 MATRICES
Introduction:
The term matrix was first introduced by a French mathematician
Cayley in the year 1857. The theory of matrices is one of the powerful
tools of mathematics not only in the field of higher mathematics but
also in other branches such as applied sciences, nuclear physics,
probability and statistics, economics and electrical circuits.
Definition:
A Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in to rows
and columns enclosed by parenthesis or square brackets.
Example:
2 1 0
1 2
1. A = 2. B = 5 6 7
3 4 1 0 8

Usually the matrices are denoted by capital letters of English
alphabets A,B,C,etc and the elements of the matrices are
represented by small letters a,b,c,.etc.
Order of a matrix
If there are m rows and n columns in a matrix, then the order of
the matrix is mxn or m by n.
a a 2 a3
Example: A = 1
b1 b 2 b3
A has two rows and three columns. We say that A is a matrix of

order 2x3
Types of matrices
Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is
called a row matrix.
Eg: A = (1 2 -3)
19
Column matrix
Matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called
a column matrix.
2

Eg: B = 3
4
Square matrix
A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns is called
a square matrix.
1 0 2
3 9
Eg: A = 2 1 4 ; B=
3 2 6 4 1
A is a square matrix of order 3

B is a square matrix of order 2
Null matrix (or) zero matrix or, void matrix:
If all the elements of a matrix are zero, then the matrix is called a
null or zero matrix or void matrix it is denoted by 0.
0 0 0 0 0
Eg: 0 = ( 2) 0 =
0 0 0 0 0
Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix with all the elements equal to zero except those
in the leading diagonal is called a diagonal matrix
5 0 0

Eg: 0 2 0
0 0 4
Unit matrix:
Unit matrix is a square matrix in which the principal diagonal
elements are all ones and all the other elements are zeros.
20
It is denoted by I.
1 0 0

Eg: I 3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Here I3 is a unit matrix of order 3.

1 0
I2 =
0 1
I2 is a unit matrix of order 2.
Algebra of matrices:
Equality of two matrices:
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if order of

A and order of B are equal and the corresponding elements of A and
B are equal.
1 0 5 a b c
Eg: if A = and B =
3 1 4 x y z
then A = B means a=1 b=0 c=5
x=-3 y=1 z=4
Addition of matrices:
If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then their sum
A+B is of the same order and is obtained by adding the corresponding
elements of A and B.
1 2 4 6
Eg: If A = , B= then
3 0 7 9
1 + 4 2 + 6 5 8
A+B = =
3 + 7 0 + 9 10 9
Note : If the matrices are different order, addition is not possible.
21
Subtraction of matrices:
If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then their
difference A-B is of the same order and is obtained by subtracting the
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A.
1 3 4 1
Eg: If A= B= then
2 0 2 1
1 3 4 1 1 4 3 1 3 2
A-B = = =
2 0 2 1 2 2 0 + 1 0 1
Scalar multiplication of a matrix
If A is a given matrix, K is a number real or complex and K0
then KA is obtained by multiplying each element of A by K. It is called
scalar multiplication of the matrix.
1 2 1

Eg: if A = 2 0 5 and K=3
3 1 6
1 2 1 3 6 3

KA = 3 2 0 5 = 6 0 15
3 1 6 9 3 18
Multiplication of two matrices:

Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication if and
only if the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B.
Note: If A is mxn matrix and B is nxp matrix then AB exists and is of
order mxp.
Method of multiplication:
x1 y1 z1
a b1 c1
Let A = 1 and B = x 2 y2 z2
a2 b2 c 2 2x3 x 3 y3 z 3 3x3
Here the number of columns of matrix A is equal to the number

of rows of matrix B. Hence AB can be found and the order is 2x3.
22
Each element of the first row of AB is got by adding the product
of the elements of first row of A with the corresponding elements of
first, second and third columns of B. On similar lines, we can also get
the second row of AB.
x y1 z1
a b1 c1 1
(ie) AB = 1 x2 y2 z2
a2 b2 c2
z 3
x3 y3
a1x1 + b1x2 + c1x3 a1y1 + b1y2 + c1y3 a1z1 + b1z2 + c1z3

=
a2x1 + b2x2 + c2x3 a2y1 + b2y2 + c2y3 a2z1 + b2z2 + c2z3
Note: (1) If A is of order 3x3 and B is of order 3x2 then AB is of order
3x2 but BA does not exist.
(2) If AB and BA are of same order they need not be equal. In
general AB BA.
Example:
1 2
1 2 3
If A = and B = 3 4 then
3 0 2 4 3
1 + 6 + 12 2 + 8 9 17 1
AB = =
3 + 0 + 8 6 + 0 6 5 0
Transpose of a matrix
If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged then the
resultant matrix is called the transpose of the given matrix. It is
denoted by A T (or ) A '
1 2 3

Example: If A = 4 5 6
7 0 1
1 4 7

then A = 2 5 0
T
3 6 1
23
Note: (i) If a matrix A is of order mxn, then the order of A T is nxm.
T T
(ii) (A ) = A
Co-factor matrix:
In a matrix, if all the elements are replaced by the corresponding
co-factors is called the co-factor matrix.
Example:
1 4
The co-factor matrix of the matrix. is as follows
8 3
Minors co-factors
m11 = 3 c11 = (-1)1+1 m11 = (-1)2 (3) = 3
m12 = 8 c12 = (-1)1+2 m12 = (-1)3 (8) = -8
m21 =-4 c 21 = (-1)2+1 m21 = (-1)3 (-4) =4
m22 = 1 c 22 = (-1)2+2m22 = (-1)4 (1) = 1
c c 12 3 8
co-factor matrix is 11 =
c 21 c 22 4 1
Adjoint matrix (or) adjugate matrix:

The transpose of the co-factor matrix is called the adjoint matrix.
or adjugate matrix. It is denoted by adj A.
Example
3 2
Let A =
3 4
1+1
Cofactor of 3 = (-1) (4) = 4
1+2
Cofactor of 2 = (-1) (-3) = 3
2+1
Cofactor of -3 = (-1) (2) = -2
2+2
Cofactor of 4 = (-1) (3) = 3
24
4 3
Cofactor matrix =
2 3
4 2
Adj A =
3 3
Singular and Non-singular matrices:
A square matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0. If the
determinant value of the square matrix A is not zero it is a non-
singular matrix.
Example:
2 5 7

Let A = 7 1 6
5 4 1
2 5 7
A= 7 1 6
5 4 1
= 2 (-1+24)-5(-7-30)+7(-28-5)
= 46+185-231 =0
A =0
The given matrix A is singular

Inverse of a matrix:
Let A be a non-singular square matrix if there exists a square
matrix B, such that AB=BA=I where I is the unit matrix of the same
order as that of A, then B is called the inverse of matrix A and it is
-1
denoted by A . (to be read as A inverse). This can be determined by
-1 1
using the formula. A = adj A
A
25
Note:
1. if A =0, then there is no inverse for the matrix
-1 -1
2. A A = AA =I,
-1 -1 -1
3. (AB) = B A
T -1 -1 T
4. (A ) =(A )
-1
Working rule to find A :
1) Find the determinant of A

2) Find the co-factor of all elements in A and form the co-factor
matrix of A.
3) Find the adjoint of A.
Adj A
A 0
-1
4) A = provided
A
Note: For a second order matrix, the adjoint can easily be got by
interchanging the principal diagonal elements and changing the signs
of the secondary diagonal elements.
Example
a b
A =
c d
a b
A = = ad - bc 0
c d
d b 1 d b
Adjoint A = A 1 =
c a ad bc c a
26
WORKED EXAMPLES:
PART A
2 1 1
1. If A = what is the order of the matrix and find A T
5 2 3
Solution :
2 1 1
A =
5 2 3
The order of the matrix is 2x3
2 5

A = 1 2
T
1 3

2 3 0 3 1 4
2. If A = , B = find 3A 2B
5 2 1 2 6 7
Solution:
2 3 0 3 1 4
3A-2B = 3 2
5 2 1 2 6 7
6 9 0 6 2 8
=
15 6 3 4 12 14
66 9+2 0 8 0 11 8
= =
15 4 6 12 3 14 11 6 17
2 1
3. If f(x) = 4x+2 and A = find f(A)
0 3
Solution:
2 1
A = and f (x ) = 4 x + 2
0 3
f(A) = 4A+2I2,
27
2 1 1 0
= 4 + 2
0 3 0 1
8 4 2 0
= +
0 12 0 2
10 4
f(A) =
0 14
6 4 2 4
4. If X+Y = and X-Y = find X and Y
2 1 8 3
solution:
6 4
Given X+Y = .(1)
2 1
2 4
and X-Y = .(2)
8 3
8 8 1 8 8 4 4
Adding 2X = X= =
10 4 2 10 4 5 2
Substitute matrix X in (1)

4 4 6 4
+ Y =
5 2 2 1
6 4 4 4
Y =
2 1 5 2
2 0
Y =
3 1
5. Find the value of a so that the
1 2 0

matrix 2 a 4 is singular
2 1 1

28
solution:
1 2 0

Let A = 2 a 4
2 1 1

The matrix A is singular, then A = 0
1 2 0
2 a 4 =0
2 1 1
Expanding through first row

1 (a-4) +2 (2-8) = 0
a-4+4-16 = 0
a-16 = 0
a = 16
1 0 0 3
6. If A = and B = find AB
2 1 2 4
Solution:
AB = 1 0 0 3
2 1 2 4
= 0 + 0 3 + 0 = 0 3
0 + 2 6 + 4 2 10
2 1
7. Find A , if A =
2
1 0
Solution:
2 1 2 1
A 2 = A.A =
1 0 1 0
4 + 1 2 + 0 5 2
= =
2 + 0 1 + 0 2 1
29
3 2
8. Find the adjoint of
3 4
Solution:
3 2 a a12
Let A = = 11
3 4 a
21 a 22
A 11 = (-1)1+1(4) = (-1)2 4 = 4
A 12 = (-1)1+ 2 (-3) = (-1)3 (-3) = 3
A 21 = (-1)2 +1(2) = (-1)3 (2) = - 2
A 22 = (-1)2 + 2 (3) = (-1) 4 (3) = 3
4 3 4 2
Cofactor matrix A = Adj A =
2 3 3 3
Aliter: Inter Changing elements in the principal diagonal and changing
sign of elements in the other diagonal
4 2
Adj A =
3 3
2 3
9. Find the inverse of
4 5
Solution:
2 3
Step 1: let A =
4 5
2 3
Now A =
4 5
= 10-12
= -20
A exists.
-1
30
5 3
adj A =
4 2
1 1 5 3
A -1 = AdjA =
A 2 4 2
PART-B
2 1 0 2 1 1

1) If A = 0 2 1 and B = 1 2 2
1 0 1 2 1 4
Show that AB = BA
Solution:
2 1 0 2 1 1

Now AB = 0 2 1 1 2 2
1 0 1 2 1 4
4 1 + 0 2 2 + 0 2 + 2 + 0

= 0 2 + 2 0 4 1 0 + 4 4
2 + 0 + 2 1 + 0 1 1 + 0 4
5 0 0

AB = 0 5 0
0 0 5
2 1 1 2 1 0

BA = 1 2 2 0 2 1
2 1 4 1 0 1
4 + 0 1 2 2 + 0 0 + 1 1

= 2 + 0 2 1 4 + 0 0 + 2 2
4 + 0 4 2 + 2 + 0 0 1 4
31
5 0 0

= 0 5 0
0 0 5
AB = BA
1 2 3 2
2) Show that AB BA if A = and B =
1 4 1 1
Solution:
1 2 3 2
Now AB =
1 4 1 1
3+2 22
=
3 + 4 2 4
5 0
=
1 6
Similarly
3 2 1 2
BA =
1 1 1 4
3 2 6 + 8
=
1+ 1 2 4
1 14
=
2 2
AB BA
1 2
3) If A = Find A 2 + 2A T + I
3 4
Solution:
1 2
A =
3 4
32
2 T
Now A + 2A +I
1 2 1 2 1 3 1 0
= +2 +
3 4 3 4 2 4 0 1
1+ 6 2 8 2 6 1 0
= + +
3 12 6 + 16 4 8 0 1
7 6 2 6 1 0
= + +
9 22 4 8 0 1
10 0
=
5 15
2 1 1

4) If A = 1 2 1 show that (A- I) (A-4 I) =0
1 1 2

Solution:
2 1 1

A = 1 2 1
1 1 2

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
A-I= 1 2 1 0 1 0 = 1 1 1
1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1

2 1 1 4 0 0 2 1 1

A - 4I = 1 2 1 0 4 0 = 1 2 1
1 1 2 0 0 4 1 1 2

1 1 1 2 1 1
(A - I)(A - 4I) = 1 1 1 1 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 2
0 0 0

= 0 0 0 =O
0 0 0
33
1 2 2
2 3
5) If A = 2 1 2 show that A -4A = 5I and hence find A
2 2 1

Solution:
1 2 2

Let A = 2 1 2
2 2 1

1 2 2 1 2 2
2
A = 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 1

1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 2

= 2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2
2 + 4 + 2 4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1

9 8 8

= 8 9 8
8 8 9

9 8 8 1 2 2
2
A -4A = 8 9 8 -4 2 1 2
8 8 9 2 2 1

9 8 8 4 8 8

= 8 9 8 - 8 4 8
8 8 9 8 8 4

5 0 0 1 0 0

= 0 5 0 = 5 0 1 0 =5I = RHS
0 0 5 0 0 1

3
To find A
2
We have proved that A -4A = 5I
34
2
A = 4A+5I
Multiplying both sides by A, we get
3 2 2
A = 4A +5AI = 4A +5A
9 8 8 1 2 2

= 4 8 9 8 +5 2 1 2
8 8 9 2 2 1

36 32 32 5 10 10

= 32 36 32 + 10 5 10
32 32 36 10 10 5

41 42 42

= 42 41 42
42 42 41

2 3 1 2
6) If A = , B = Show that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
1 0 0 1
Solution:
2 3 1 2
AB =
1 0 0 1
2 + 0 4 + 3
=
1 + 0 2 + 0
2 7
=
1 2
2 7
AB = = 4-7 = -3 0
1 2
-1
(AB) exists
2 7
Adj (AB) =
1 2
35
Adj( AB ) 1 2 7
=
-1
(AB) = (1)
AB 3 1 2
1 2
B =
0 1
1 2
B = = -1-0 = -1 0
0 1
-1
B exist
1 2
Adj (B) =
0 1
AdjB 1 1 2 1 2
= =
-1
B =
B 1 0 1 0 1
2 3
A =
1 0
2 3
= 0+3 = 3 0
-1
A = A exist
1 0
0 3
Adj A =
1 2
AdjA 1 0 3
=
-1
A =
A 3 1 2
1 2 1 0 3
B A =
-1 -1
0 1 3 1 2
1 1 2 0 3 1 2 7
= = - (2)
3 0 1 1 2 3 1 2
From (1) and (2)
-1 -1 -1
(AB) = B A
36
1 1 1

7. Find the inverse of the matrix 2 1 0
1 2 3

Solution :
1 1 1

Let A = 2 1 0
1 2 3

1 1 1
A = 2 1 0
1 2 3
= 1(3-0) -1 (6-0) -1 (4+1)

= 1(3) -1 (6) -1 (5)
= 3-6-5 = -8 0
-1
A exists
1 0
A 11 = + = 3-0 =3
2 3
2 0
A 12 = - = - (6-0) = -6
1 3
2 1
A 13 = + = (4+1) = 5
1 2
1 1
A 21 = - = - (3+2) = -5
2 3
1 1
A 22 = + = (3-1) = 2
1 3
1 1
A 23 = - = - (2+1) = -3
1 2
37
1 1
A 31 = + = (0+1) = 1
1 0
1 1
A 32 = - = - (0+2) = -2
2 0
1 1
A 33 = + = (1-2) = -1
2 1
3 6 5

Co-factor matrix A = 5 2 3
1 2 1

3 5 1

Adj A = 6 2 2
5 3 1

3 5 1
AdjA 1
= 6 2 2
-1
A =
A 8
5 3 1
EXERCISE
PART-A
x+y x
1. Find the Value of
y + 4z y
2. Find the value of the determinant sin cos

cos sin
1 0 1
3. Find the value of minor 5 in the determinant 5 2 4
3 2 6
2 4 1
4. Find the value of m so that 4 2 1 =0
3 1 m
38
1 1 2
5. Find the value of x if 5 3 x=0
2 1 4
18 40 58
6. Evaluate without expanding 16 36 52
12 28 40
1 x y+z
7. Show that 1 y z + x = 0
1 z x+y
ab bc c a
8. Prove that b c c a a b = 0
c a ab bc
1 ab bc + ca
9. Show that 1 bc ca + ab =0
1 ca ab + bc
1 1 1
10. Find the value of a b c
2a 2b 2c
4 1 2
11. Show that 2 3 8 =0
1 2 5
1 2 1 2
12. If A = and B = find 2A B
6 1 1 0
13. Find 2x2 matrix A if aij = i+j
2 3
14. If f(x) = x+3 and A = find f(A)
1 1
1 1
15. If f (x) = 2x-5 and A = find f(A)
0 2
39
1 2 3

16. Show that the matrix 0 1 3 is singular
2 4 6

1 0 1

17. Prove that the matrix 2 1 0 is non-singular
1 1 1

2 1 1 2
18. If A = and B = find AB
1 0 2 1
1 1 2 0
19. If X = and Y = find XY.
1 0 1 5
2 1
20. If A = find A2
1 4
2 1
21. Find the co-factor matrix of
1 3
2 1
22. Find the adjoint of
6 1
2 3
23. Find the in inverse of
1 4
3 1
24. Find the in inverse of
0 2
PART B
1. Solve by Cramers rule
a. 3 x y + 2 z = 8, x-y + z =2 and 2 x + y z = 1
b. 3 x + y + z = 3, 2 x + 2 y + 5 z = -1 and x 3 y 4 z = 2
c. x + y + z = 3, 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 9 and 3 x y + z = 3
d. x+ y + z = 3, 2 x y + z = 2, 3 x + 2 y 2z = 3
e. x + y z = 4, 3x -y + z = 4, 2x -7y + 3z = -6
f. x + 2y z = -3, 3x +y + z = 4, x-y+2z = 6
40
1 a a2
2. Prove that 1 b b 2 = (a b )(b c )(c a )
1 c c2
x+y z z
3. Prove that x y+z x = 4xyz
y y z+x
a bc abc a a2 a3
2
4. Prove that b ca abc = b b b3
c ab abc c c2 c3
x+a b c
5. Prove that a x+b c = x 2 (x + a + b + c )
a b x+c
1 1 2 2
6. If A = and B = show that AB = BA
1 1 2 2
3 6 5 0
7. If A = and B = verify that (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
1 2 2 3
8. Find the inverse of the following
1 0 1

i) 3 4 5
0 6 7

1 1 1

ii) 2 1 2
1 2 1

1 2 1

iii) 3 8 2
4 9 1

1 1 1

iv) 2 3 3
6 2 1

41
ANSWERS
PART - A
2
1 y -4xz
2 1
3 -1
4 M = -2
5 x = 10
6 0
10 0
1 2
12
13 2
2 3
13
3 4
5 3
14
1 4
3 2
15
0 1
3 5
18
1 2
1 5
19
2 0
5 6
20
6 17
3 1
21
1 2
42
1 1
22.
6 2
1 4 3
23.
11 1 2
1 2 1
24.
6 0 3
PART - B
1. a) 1,3,4
b) 1,1,-1
c) 1,1,1
d) 1,1,1
e) 2,1,-1
f) 1,-1,2
2 6 4
1
8. i) 21 7 8
20
18 6 4
3 1 1
1
ii) 0 2 4
6
3 3 3
26 7 12

iii) 11 3 5
5 1 2

9 3 0
1
iv) 16 7 5
15
22 4 5
43
UNIT II
BINOMIAL THEOREM
2.1 Definition of factorial notation, definition of Permutation and
Combinations with formula. Binomial theorem for positive
integral index (statement only), finding of general and middle
terms. Simple problems.
n
2.2 Problems finding co-efficient of x , independent terms. Simple
problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index, expansions, only
upto 3 for negative integers. Simple Expansions.
2.3 Partial Fractions
Definition of Polynomial fraction, proper and improper fractions
and definition of partial fractions.
containing non repeated linear factors, repeated linear factors
and irreducible non repeated quadratic factors. Simple problems.
2.1 BINOMIAL THEOREM
Definition of Factorial Notation:
The continued product of first n natural numbers is called n
factorial and is denoted by n! or n
ie n! = 1.2.3.4.. (n-1).n
5! = 1.2.3.4.5 = 120
Zero factorial: we will require zero factorial for calculating any value
which contains zero factorial. It does not make any sense to define it
as the product of the integers from 1 to zero. So we define 0!=1
Deduction: n! = 1.2.3.4..(n-1)n
= [1.2.3.4..(n-1)]n
= (n-1)!n
Thus, n! = n[(n-1)!]
For Example,
9!= 9(8!)
44
Binomial Theorem
Introduction:
Before introducing Binomial theorem, first we introduce some
basic ideas and notation.
First we begin with the following problem. We want to select 2
carom players from among 5 good carrom players. Let us denote
them by the letters A,B,C, D and E.
To Select 2 players, we shall first take A and then with him,
associate B,C,D and E. That is AB, AC, AD and AE are four types of
selection of 2 players. Also starting with B, we have BC, BD and BE
with C, CD and CE and finally starting with D, we have DE only.
So totally there are 10 ways, for selecting 2 players out of 5
players, If we denote the number of ways of selection of 2 persons out
of 5 persons, symbolically by 5C2, then we have 5C2 =10
Also let us assume that the selected 2 players are going to Pune
for national level competition. Since attending such national level
competition itself is admirable, we want to give pose for a group photo.
Two chairs are brought as shown below, there are two types of
arrangements
Arrangement 1 Arrangement 2
A B B A
Chair 1 Chair 2 Chair 1 Chair 2
Thus we see that for one selection, there are two different
arrangements and so for the total of 10 selection, the total number of
arrangements is 20.
That is if the number of ways of arrangement of 2 persons out of
5 persons, is denoted by 5P2, we have 5P2 = 20.
The above arrangement and selection are usually called
permutation and combination. They mean the arrangement by the
work permutation and the selection, by the work combination.
So the number of ways of arrangement and the number of ways
of selection in the above example are respectively denoted by 5P2 and
5C2.
45
Hence we have 5P2 = 20 and 5C2 = 10, as seen in the above
example of carom players, and the method of calculating 5P2 or 5C2
can be remembered as below:
5P2 = 5(5-1) = 5x4 = 20
5(5 1) 5 x 4
5C2 = = = 10
1x 2 1x2
Examples:
1) 7P3 = 7.6.5 = 7x30 = 210
7.6.5
and7C3 = 1.2.3 = 35
2) 11p4 = 11.10.9.8= 110 x 72 = 7920
11.10.9.8
And 11C4 = 1.2.3.4 = 1130 = 330
Note : Selection of 11 cricket players out of 17 players can be done in
17C11 ways and
17.16.15.14.13.12(11.10.9.8.7)
17C11 =
1.2.3.4.5.6.(7.8.9.10.11)
17.16.15.14.13.12
= = 17C6
1.2.3.4.5.6
That is, selection of 11 out of 17 is same as selection of 6 out of
17. In general, ncr = ncn r
Also it must be noted that the number of ways of selection or
arrangement (combination or permutation) will always be a positive
integer and it can never be a fraction.
Definition: npr is the no.of ways of arrangement (or permutation) of r
things out of n things.
ncr is the no. of ways of selection (or combination) of r things out
of n things.
(or)
npr means number of permutation of n things, taken r at a time
and ncr means the no.of ways combining n things, taken r at a time.
46
Note:
The values of npr and nCr are given below
n!
npr = n(n - 1) (n - 2) ....(n - r + 1) =
(n r )!
n(n 1) (n 2)........ (n r + 1) n!
nc r = =
1.2.3......r (n r )! r!
where n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x..........xn
Examples:
np1 = n, np2, = n(n-1), np3 = n(n-1)(n-2)
n n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2)
nc 1 = , nc 2 , nc 3 = etc.,
1 1.2 1.2.3
2.2 BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial means an expression, which consists of two numbers or

group of numbers connected by plus sign or minus sign
Example:
1
x + y, 2x - y, a + 2b, 3 - (a + b), x 3 -
etc.,
x
In binomial theorem, we deal with the powers of binomial
expressions. From school studies, we know that
2 2 2
(x+a) = x + 2xa + a
3 3 2 2 3
and (x+a) = x +3x .a + 3xa + a
After studying about the values of ncr (nc1, nc2, nc3,..........etc),
we can understand and
3
write the expansion of (x+a) as below
3 3 2 2 3
(x+a) = x + 3c1x .a + 3c2x.a +a
4 5
Similarly for (x+a) and (x+a) , we can write as below:
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
(x+a) = x +4c1.x a +4c2.x a +4c3x.a +a and
5 5 4. 3 2 2 3 4 5
(x+a) = x +5c1.x a + 5c2.x a + 5c3x .a +5c4xa +a
47
Statement: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
If n is any positive integer, then
n n n-1 n-2 2 n-3 3 n-r r n
(x+a) = x +nc1.x .a+nc2.x .a +nc3.x a +....... +ncr.x .a +........+a .
Notes :
1) The total number of terms in the expansion is (n+1)
2) In each term, sum of the powers (exponents) of x and a is equal to
n.
n-r r th n-r r
3) The general term ncr.x .a is (r+1) term. Ie tr+1 = ncr.x .a
4) nc0,nc1,nc2........etc are called binomial co-efficient
5) Since ncr = ncn-r
We have nc0 = ncn, nc1=ncn-1, nc2=ncn-2, etc.,
It must be noticed that nc0=ncn=1
6) If n is an even integer, there is only one middle term which will be
th
n
at + 1 place and if n is odd number there are two middle
2
th th
n + 1 n+3
terms, which are at and places.
2 2
7) To find the term independent of x in the binomial expansion, put
the power of x in the general term as zero
8) In finding the term independent of x, if the value of r comes to be a
fraction, then it means that other is no term independent of x.
Binomial Theorem for rational index: If x is numerically less than
one and n, any rational number, then,
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + .......... .
1.2 1.2.3
Note :
1) The no. of tems in the expansion is infinite
2) Here the notations nc0,nc1,nc2.......etc are meaningless; since n is a
rational number
3) Also here we consider, only expansions of negative integers upto-3
48
When the values of n are -1,-2,-3 the expansions are
-1 2 3
1) (1-x) = 1+x+x +x ..............
-1 2 3
2) (1+x) = 1-x+x -x ..............
-2 2 3
3) (1-x) = 1+2x+3x +4x ..............
-2 2 3
4) (1+x) = 1-2x+3x -4x ..............
-3 2 3 4
5) (1-x) = 1+3x+6x +10x +15x ..............
-3 2 3 4
6) (1+x) = 1-3x+6x -10x +15x ..............
2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
4
1.Expand (2x-y) using binomial therorem
n n n-1 n-2 2 n-r r n
(x+a) = x +nc1.x .a + nc2.x .a + ......+ncr.x .a +...+a
4 4 4 3 2 2 3
(2x-y) = [2x+(-y)] = (2x) + 4c1(2x) (-y)+4c2.(2x) (-y) +4c3.2x.(-y)
4
+(-y)
4 3 2 2 3 4
= 16x 32x .y+24x .y 8xy + y
5
1
2.Expand x + using binomial theorem
x
5 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
x + = x 5 + 5c1.x 4 . + 5c 2.x3 . + 5c 3 .x 2 + 5c 4 .x.
x
x
x
x x
5
1
+
x
10 5 1
= x 5 + 5 x 3 + 10 x + + +
x x3 x5
1 1 1
= x 5 + 5 + 5 x 3 + 3 + 10 x +
x x x
49
10
1
3.Find the general term in the expansion of x
x
Solution : The general term,
nc r .x n r .a r
tr+1 =
r
1 1
= 10cr.( x )10 r . ,since here n=10, x = x and a =
x x
= 10cr.x10 r .( 1)r .x r = 10c r .( 1)r .x10 2r
8
1
4. Find the 5 term in the expansion of x +
th
x
n-r r
Solution: The general term, tr+1 = ncr.x .a
Here r+1 = 5
th
r = 4 we get 5 term t5
1
Also n=8, x=x and a =
x
4
1
t5 = 8c 4 .x 8 4 .
x
1 8.7.6.5
= 8c 4 .x 4 . 4
= 8c 4 = = 70
x 1.2.3.4
PART B
8
1
1.Find the middle term in the expansion of x +
x
Solution: Here n is even number and so there is only one middle term
th
8
and that is + 1 term.
2
th
So, 5 term is the middle term.
n-r r
Now, general term is tr+1 = ncr.x .a
To find t5, put r =4
50
4
1
t 5 = t 4 +1 = 8c 4 .( x )8 4
x
8.7.6.5 4 1
= x . 4
1.2.3.4 x
= 14 x 5 = 70
11
1
2.Find the middle terms in the expansion of 2x 2 +
x
Solution:
Since here n is odd number, the total no. of terms in the
th
n + 1
expansion is even and so there are two middle terms and
2
th th
n+3 11 + 1
terms are the middle terms. i.e, and
2 2
th
11 + 3 th th
terms, that is 6 and 7 term are the middle terms
2
Now, general term is t r +1 = nc r .xn r ar
5
1
t 6 = t 5 +1 = 11c 5 .(2x 2 )11 5 .

= 11c 5 26.( x 2 )6 . 1 5
x
= 11c 5 .26.( x12 ). 1 5
x
6 12 5
= 11c 5 2 .x = 11c 5 26.x 7
6
1
t 7 = t 6 +1 = 11c 6 (2x 2 )11- 6
x
( )
6
5 1
= 11c 6 2x 2
x
1
= 11c 6 .25 x10 . 6
x
= 11c 6 25 x 4 .
51
th
3.By using Binomial theorem, find the 6 power of 11
Solution :
116 = (10 + 1)6
= 10 6 + 6c1.10 5 + 6c 2 .10 4.12 + 6c 3 .10 3.13 + 6c 4 .10 2.14

+ 6c 5 .10.15 + (1)
6
6 6.5 6.5.4
= 10 6 + .10 5 + .10 4 + .10 3 + 6c 2 10 2 + 6c 110 + 16
1 1. 2 1.2.3
= 10 6 + 6.10 5 + 15.10 4 + 20.10 3 + 15.10 2 + 6.10 + 1
10,00,000

6,00,000
1,50,000
= 20,000 = 1,771,561

1,500
60
1
5
4.Using Binomial theorem, find the value of (1.01) correct to 3
decimal places.
Solution :
(1.01)5 = (1 + 0.1)5
= 15 + 5c1.14 (0.01) + 5c 2 .13.(0.01)2 + 5c 3 .12.(0.01)3

+ 5c 4 .11.(0.01)4 + (0.01)5
5 5.4
= 1+ (0.01) + (0.01)2 + 5c 2 (0.01)3 + .......... ..
1 1.2
= 1 + 0.05 + 10.(0.0001) + .......... ....
= 1 + 0.05 + 0.001 + .......... .... = 1.051,
Correct to 3 decimal places.
52
2.2 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
-2
1. Find the expansion of (1+x)
Solution:
nx n(n 1)x 2 n(n 1)(n 2)x 3

We know that (1 + x )n = 1 + + + + ......
1! 1.2 1.2.3
( 2)(2 1) 2 ( 2)( 2 1)( 2 2 )x 3

(1 + x ) 2 = 1 + ( 2)x + (x ) + + .........
1.2 1.2.3
( 2)( 3)x 2 ( 2)( 3)( 4) 3

=1 2X + + x
1.2 1.2.3
= 1 2x + 3 x 2 4 x 3 + ..........
2. Find the expansion of (1 - x )

3
Solution:
( 3)( 3 1)( x )2 ( 3)(3 1)( 3 2)

(1 x ) 3 = 1 + ( 3)( x ) + +
1.2 1.2.3
( x )3 + ........
= 1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x 3 + .......... .....
PART B
15
1
in the expansion of x 4 3
32
1.Find the co-efficient of x
x
Solution:
t r +1 = nc r .x n r .a r
Now, general term is
r
1
t r +1 = 15c r .( x 4 )15 r . 3
x
53
= 15c r. x 60 4r ( 1)r x 3r
= 15c r .( 1)r .x 60 7r (1)

32
To find the co-efficient of x , put 32 = 60 7r
28
7r = 60 32 = 28 and r = =4
7
Applying r = 4 in the equation (1), we get
t 4 +1 = 15c 4 .( 1)4 .x 60 28
i.e., t 5 = 15c 4 .1.x 32 . so, co-efficient of x is 15c4.

32
10
1
2. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of x
x
Solution:
t r +1 = nc r .x n r .a r
Now, general term is
r
1
t r +1 = 10c r .( x )10 r .
x
= 10c r .( x )10 r .( 1) .x r
r
= 10c r .( 1)r x10 2r

(1)
To find independent term, put 0 =10-2r 2r = 10
and r =5
Using the value of r=5 in equation (1), we get the independent term as
t 5 +1 =10c 5 .( 1)5 x10 10
= 10c 5 .( 1)x 0
10.9.8.7.6
= 10c 5 = = 63 x 4
1.2.3.4.5
= 252
54
-3
2.Expand (3-4x) using Binomial theorem
Solution:
[
(3-4x) = 3 3 1 4 .x
-3
3
]
3
1
2 3
4 ( 3)(4) 4 ( 3 )(4)( 5) 4
= 3
1 + ( 3 ) x + x + x + .....
3 3 1.2 3 1.2.3 3
1 (16 x 2 ) 64 3
= 1 + 4 x + 6 + 10 x + .......... .
27 9 27
1 32 2 640 3
= 1 + 4x + x + x + .......... .
27 3 27
2.3 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Definition of Polynomial Fraction:

p( x )
An expression of the form where p(x) and q(x) o are
q( x )
polynomials in x is called a polynomial fraction.
5x 2 3x 2 + 2x 1
The expressions , are examples for
x2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + x 22
rational or polynomial fraction.
Proper Fraction; A proper fraction is one in which the degree of
the numerator is less than degree of the denominator.
3x + 1 7x 2 + 9
The expressions , are examples for
x + 4x + 3
2
x + x2 5
3
proper fraction.
Improper fraction:
An improper fraction is a fraction in which the degree of the
numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator
55
x3 + 5x2 + 4 x2 x + 1
The expressions , are examples for improper
x 2 + 2x + 3 x2 + x + 3
fractions.
Partial Fraction
5 3
Consider the sum of and
x+2 x +1
We simplify it as follows:
5 3 5( x + 1) + 3( x + 2) 5 x + 5 + 3 x + 6
+ = =
x + 2 x +1 ( x + 2)( x + 1) ( x + 2)( x + 1)
8 x + 11
=
( x + 2)( x + 1)
Conversely the process of writing the given fraction
8 x + 11 5 3
as + is known as splitting into partial fractions
( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1
or expressing as partial fraction.
A given proper fraction can be expressed as the sum of other
simple fractions corresponding to the factors of the denominator of the
given proper fraction. This process is called splitting into Partial
p( x )
Fraction. If the given fraction is improper then convert into a sum
q( x )
of a polynomial expression and a proper rational fraction by dividing
p(x) by q(x).
Working rule:
p( x )
Given the proper fraction . Factorise q(x) into prime factors.
q( x )
Type 1
containing non-repeated linear factors.
If ax+b is a linear factor of the denominator q(x), then
A
corresponding to this factor associate a simple factor , where A
ax + b
is a constant (A0) ie., when the factors of the denominator of the
56
given fraction are all linear factors none of which is repeated, we write
the partial fraction as follows.
x+2 A B
= + where A and B are constants to be
( x + 2)(2x 1) x + 2 2x 1
determined.
Type 2: Repeated linear factors
If a linear factor ax+b occurs n times as factors of the
denominator of the given fraction, then corresponding to these factors
associate the sum of n simple fractions,
A1 A2 A3 An
+ + + .......... .
ax + b (ax + b) 2
(ax + b)3
(ax + b)n
Where A1, A2, A3,.An are constants.
Type 3 Irreducible non repeated quadratic factors
2
If a quadratic factor ax +bx+c which is not factorable into linear
factors occurs only once as a factor of the denominator of the gives
Ax + B
fraction, then corresponding to this factor where A and B
ax + bx + c
2
are constants which are not both zeros.

3x
Consider
( x 1) ( x 2 + 1)
We can write this proper fraction in the form
3x A Bx + C
= + 2
( x 1) ( x + 1)
2
x 1 x +1
The first factor of the denominator (x-1) is of first degree, so we

assume its numerator as a constant A. The second factor of the
2 nd
denominator x +1 is of 2 degree and which is not reducible into
linear factors. We assume its numerator as a general first-degree
expression Bx+c.
57
2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
x+2
1.Split up into partial fraction without finding the constant
x( x + 3 )
Solution:
x+2 A B
= +
x( x + 3 ) x x + 3
x+4
2.Without finding the constants split
( x 4)( x + 1)
2
Solution:
x+4 x+4 A B C
= = + + where A, B
( x 4)( x + 1)
2
( x + 2) ( x 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x 2 x + 1
and C and are constants.

x +1
3.Split without finding the constants
x 5x + 6
2
Solution:
x +1 x +1 A B
= = + where A and B are
x 5x + 6
2
( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
constants
5
4.Without finding the constants split into partial fraction.
( x + 1)( x 2)2
Solution:
5 A B C
= + +
( x + 1)( x 2) 2
x + 1 x 2 ( x 2)2
4x
5.Split into partial fraction without finding the constants.
( x 1)( x 2 + 1)
Solution:
4x A Bx + C
= + 2 where A, B and C are constants.
( x 1)( x + 1)
2
x 1 x +1
58
PART B
x+3
1. Resolve into a partial fraction
( x + 5 )(2x + 1)
Solution:
x+3 A B
Let = +
( x + 5 )(2x + 1) x + 5 2x + 1
x+3 A(2x + 1) + B( x + 5)
=
( x + 5)(2x + 1) ( x + 5)(2 x + 1)
x + 3 = A (2 x + 1) + B( x + 5) (1)
Equating the co-efficient of the like powers of x,

We get,
Co-efficients of x : 1 = 2A + B (2)
Constant term: 3 = A + 5B (3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get
2 5
A = and B =
9 9
2 5
x+3
= 9 + 9
( x + 5)(2x + 1) x + 5 2x + 1
Note: The constants A and B can also be found by successively
giving suitable values of x.
x2
2.Resolve into a partial fraction.
( x + 2)( x 1)2
Solution:
x2 A B C
Let = + +
( x + 2)( x 1)
2
x + 2 x 1 ( x 1)2
59
x2 A ( x 1)2 + B( x + 2)( x 1) + C( x + 2)
=
( x + 2)( x 1)2 ( x + 2)( x 1)2
x 2 = A( x 1) 2 + B( x + 2)( x 1) + C( x + 2)
(1)
To find C, put x=1 in (1)
1 2 = A(1 1)2 + B(1 + 2)(1 1) + C(1 + 2)

1= 0 + 3B X 0 + 3C
C = 1/ 3
To find A put x= -2 in (1)
2 2 = A ( 2 1)2 + B( 2 + 2)( 2 1) + C( 2 + 2)
4 = A ( 3 ) 2 + 0 + 0
4 = 9A
4
A=
9
2
To find B, equating co-efficient of x on both sides,
0=A+B
4
0= +B
9
4
B=
9
4 4 1
x2 9 9 3
= +
( x + 2)( x 1) 2 x + 2 x 2 ( x + 1)2
2x + 1
3.Resolve : into a partial fraction
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
Solution:
2x + 1 A Bx + C
Let = + 2
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1
60
(2 x + 1) A( x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
2x + 1= A( x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)( x + 1) (1)
To Find A, put x = -1 in (1)

2 + 1= A [1 + 1] + ( B + C) (0)
1= 2A
A = 1/ 2
To find C, put x = 0 in (1)
2x0 + 1= A(0 2 + 1) + (Bx0 + C) (0 + 1)

1= A + C
1 = 1/ 2 + C
2 +1 3
C = 1 + 1/ 2 = =
2 2
To find B, put x=1 in (1)
2x1 + 1= A(12 + 1) + (Bx1 + c ) (1 + 1)

2 + 1= A(2) +(B + C).2
3 = 2A + 2B + 2C
1 3
3 = 2 + 2B + 2
2 2
3 = 1 + 2B + 3
3 = 2 + 2B
2B = 3 2 = 1
1
B=
2
1 1 3 1 3 1
x+ x+
2x + 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + = 2
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) x + 1 x 2 + 1 x +1 x +1
61
EXERCISE
PART A
1.State Binomial theorem for positive integral index
3
2.Expand [2x+3y] using binomial theorem.
5
3.Expand [a-2b] using binomial theorem.
3
4.Expand (3x-2y) using binomial theorem.
4
5.Expand [5x-y] using binomial theorem
9
2
6.Find the general term in the expansion of x 2
x
10
1
7.Find the general term in the expansion of x
x
12
2
8.Find the general term in the expansion of x +
x
8
1
9.Find the general term in the expansion of x 2 + 2
x
11
1
10. Find the general term in the expansion of 4 x 3 + 2
x
-3
11. Expand (1-2x) using binomial theorem.
-3
12. Write the first 3 terms of (1+x)
-3
13. Write the first three terms of (1-2x)
1
14. Expand (1 + x ) 3 upto 3 terms
2 -2
15. Expand (1-x ) binomially
-2
16. Write the first 3 terms of (1-4x)
x 1
17. Split into partial fraction without finding the constants.
x( x 1)
62
x+2
18. Split into partial fraction without finding the constants.
x( x 2 1)
2x 1
19. Split into partial fraction without finding the
( x + 1)( x + 2)2
constants.
x2 3
20. Split into partial fraction without finding the
( x + 2)( x 2 + 1)
constants.
PART B
12
2
1.Find the middle term in the expansion of x
x
10
2
2.Find the middle term in the expansion of 5 x 2
3 x
30
1
3.Find the 16 term in the expansion of x
th
x
11
3
4.Find the 5 term in the expansion of 2x 2
th
x
27
1
5.Find the middle terms in the expansion of x +
x
15
3
6.Find the middle terms in the expansion of 2x
x
11
1
7.Find the middle terms in the expansion of 4 x 3 + 2
x
7
3
8.Find the co-efficient of x in the expansion of x 2
-5
5x
63
15
3
in the expansion of 2x 4 3
-17
9.Find the co-efficient of x
x
17
2
in the expansion of x + 2
11
10. Find the co-efficient of x
x
12
1
11. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of 2x 2 +
x
10
1
12. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of x +
x
10
2
13. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of x 2
3x
8
1
14. Find the constant term in the expansion of 2x +
x
3
15. Using binomial theorem, find the value of 99
7x 1
6 5x + x 2
x2 + x + 1
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
1
( x + 1)( x + 2)
1
19. Resolve into a partial fraction.
( x 1)( x + 2)2
x2
( x + 2)( x 3)2
x +1
( x 2)2 ( x + 3)
64
x2 6x + 2
x 2 ( x + 2)
x+2
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
1
( x + 1)( x + 2)2
ANSWERS
PART A
1.Refer statement
2. (2 x )3 + 3c1.( 2x )2 .(3 y ) + 3c 2 .(2 x )1.(3 y )2 + 3c 3 (2x )0 (3 y )3
a 5 + 5c 1.(a) 4 .( 2b1 ) + 5c 2 .a 3 .( 2b)2 + 5c 3 .a 2 ( 2b)3

3.
+ 5c 4 .a( 2b) 4 + 5c 5 .( 2b)5
4. (3 x )3 + 3c 1.(3 x )2 ( 2y ) + 3c 2 .(3 x )(2y )2 + ( 2 y )3
5. (5 x ) 4 + 4c 1.(5 x )3 .( y )1 + 4c 2 .(5 x )2 .( y )2 + 4c 3 .(5 x )1.( y )3 + 4c 4 ( y )4

6. Tr +1 = 9c r .( 2)r .x18 3r
7. Tr +1 = 10c r ..x10 2r .( 1)r
8. Tr +1 = 12c r .(2)r .x12 2r
9 8c r x16 4r
10 Tr +1 = 11c r .411r.1r.x33 5r
( 3 )(3 1)
11 1 + ( 3).( 2x ) + ( 2x )2 + .......... ....
1x2
( 3)( 3 1) 2
12 1 + ( 3)x + x + .......... ....
1.2
65
( 3)( 2 x ) ( 3)( 3 1)( 2x )2
13 (1 2x ) 3 = 1 + + + .......... ..
1! 1.2
1 1 2
1 x
1
14 1 + ( x ) + + .......... ........
3 3
3 1.2
( 2)( x 2 ) ( 2)( 2 1)
15 1 + + ( x 2 )2 + .......... .....
1! 1.2
2( 4 x ) ( 2)(2 1)
16 1 + ( 4 x )2 + .......... .......... ...
1! 1.2
A B
17 +
x x 1
A B C
18 + +
x x 1 x +1
A B C
19 + +
x + 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
A Bx + C
20 + 2
x + 2 x +1
PART B
1. 26.12c 6
5
10
2. 10c 5
3x
3. 30c15
4. 11c 4 .27.3 4.x10
27c14
5. 27c13 .x;
x
66
1
6. 28 ( 3)7 15c 7 x and 27.38.15c 8 .
x
7. 11c 5 46.x 8 ;11c 6 45.x 3
567
8.
125
15c 4 .2 4.311
9.
10. 544
11. 16.12c8
12. 10c 5
4
13. .10c 2
9
14. 24.8c 4
15. 9, 70, 299

20 13
16.
x2 x3
3 13
( 7 )
17. 2 + + 2
x 1 x 2 x 3
1 1
18.
x +1 x + 2
1 1
1
19. 9 9 3
x 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
7 1 1
20. 25 50 + 5
x + 2 x 3 ( x 3)2
67
2 2 3
21. 25 + 25 + 5
x + 3 x 2 ( x 2)2
9 7
+ 1
22. 2 +
2
x+2 x 2
1 1 3
2x +
23. 2 +
2
x +1 x +1
2
1 1 1
24.
x + 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
68
UNIT III
STRAIGHT LINES
3.1 Length of perpendicular distance from a point to the line and
perpendicular distance between parallel lines. Simple problems.
Angle between two straight lines and condition for parallel and
perpendicular lines. Simple problems
3.2 Pair of straight lines Through origin
2 2
Pair of lines passing through the origin ax +2hxy+by =0
expressed in the form (y-m1x)(y-m2x) =0. Derivation of
2 h 2 ab
tan = + condition for parallel and perpendicular
a+b
lines. Simple problems.
3.3 Pair of straight lines not through origin
Condition for general equation of the second degree
2 2
ax +2hxy+by +2gx+2fy+c=0 to represent pair of lines.
a h g
h b f = 0 (Statement only)
g f c
Angle between them, condition for parallel and perpendicular

lines simple problems.
STRAIGHT LINES
Introduction
Analytical Geometry is a branch of Mathematics which deals with
solutions of geometrical problems by Algebraic methods. It was
developed by the famous French mathematician called Rune
Descartes.
69
Axes of co-ordinates:
Take two straight lines XOX and YOY at right angles to each
other. The horizontal line XOX is called the X axis and the vertical
line YOY is called the Y-axis. These two axes intersect at O, called
the origin.
Cartesian Rectangular Co-ordinates:
Diagram
(+-)
70
Let XOX and YOY be the axes of co-ordinates. Let P be any
point in the plane. Draw PM perpendicular to OX. Then the position of
P is uniquely determined by the distances OM and MP. These
distances OM and MP are called the Cartesian rectangular co-
ordinates of the point P with respect to X-axis and Yaxis respectively.
It is to be noted that the X co-ordinate must be in first place and
the Y co-ordinate must be in the second place. This order must be
strictly followed.
Straight Line:
When a variable point moves in accordance with a geometrical
law, the point will trace some curve. This curve is known as the locus
of the variable point.
If a relation in x and y represent a curve then
(i) The co-ordinates of every point on the curve will satisfy the
relation.
(ii) Any point whose co-ordinates satisfy the relation will lie on the
curve.
Straight line is a locus of a point.
Diagram
Let the line AB cut the X-axis at A and y-axis at B. The angle
made by the line AB with the positive direction of the x-axis is called
71
the angle of inclination of the line AB with the x-axis and it is denoted
by . Hence XAB = .The angle can take any values from 0 to 180.
Slope or gradient of a straight line:

The tangent of the angle of inclination of the straight line is called
slope or gradient of the line. If is the angle of inclination then
slope = tan and is denoted by m.

Example:
If a line makes an angle of 45 with the X-axis in the positive
direction then the slope of the line is tan45.
i.e m = tan45 = 1
In school studies students have learnt, the distance between two
points section formula, mid point of the line joining two points, various
form of equation of the straight line, point of intersection of two lines,
etc., in analytical Geometry.
Standard forms of the equation of a straight line.
(i) Slope intercept form:
When c is the y intercept and slope is m, the equation of the
straight line is y=mx+c
(ii) Slope point form:
When m is the slope of the straight line and (x1,y1) is a point on
the straight line its equation is y-y1 = m(x-x1)
(iii) Two point form:
Equation of the line joining the two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is
y y1 x x1
=
y1 y 2 x1 x 2
72
(iv) Intercept form:
When the x and y intercepts of a straight line are given as a and
b respectively, the equation of the straight line is
x y
ie., + =1
a b
(v). General form:
The general form of the equation of a straight line is ax+by+c = 0.
If ax+by+c=0 is the equation of a straight line then
coefficient of x a
Slope m = =
coefficient of y b
cons tan t term c

x -intercept = =
coefficient of x a
cons tan t term c

y -intercept = =
coefficient of y b
Some Important Formulae:
(i) The length of the perpendicular from (x1,y1) to the line
ax + by + c = 0 is
ax1 + by1 + c

a 2 + b2
(ii) The length of the perpendicular from origin to the line
ax + by + c = 0 is
c

a + b2
2
(iii) The distance between the parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and

ax + by + c2 = 0 is
c1 c 2

a2 + b2
73
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES
Book Work:
Find the angle between the lines y = m1x+c1 and y = m2x+c2.
Deduce the conditions for the lines to be (i) parallel (ii)
perpendicular
Proof:
Let 1 be the angle of inclination of the line y = m1x + c1. Slope of
this line is m1 = tan1. Let 2 be the angle of inclination of the line
y = m2x + c2 . Slope of this line is m2 = tan2 .
Let be the angle between the two lines, then 1 = 2 + =1-2
tan = tan (1-2)
tan 1 tan 2
=
1 + tan 1 tan 2
m1 m2
tan =
1 + m1m 2
m m2
= tan 1 1
1 + m1m 2
74
(i) Condition for two lines to be parallel:
If the two lines are parallel then the angle between the two lines
is zero
tan = tan 0 = 0
m1 m2
(i.e) =0
1 + m1m2
m1 m2 = 0
m1 = m2
For parallel lines, slopes are equal.

(ii) Condition for two lines to be perpendicular:
If the two lines are perpendicular then the angle between them
= 90
1
tan = tan 90 = =
0
m1 m 2 1
=
1 + m1m 2 0
1 + m1m 2 = 0
m1m 2 = - 1
For perpendicular lines, product of the slopes will be -1

Note :
1) The acute angle between the lines
m1 m2
Y = m1x + c1 and y = m2 x + c 2 is tan =
1 + m1m2
2) If the slope of a line is m then the slope of parallel line is also m.

3) If the slope of a line is m then the slope of any line perpendicular
1
to the line is
m
75
4) Any line parallel to the line ax+by+c = 0 will be of the form
ax+by+d = 0 (differ only constant term)
5) Any line perpendicular the line ax+by+c =0 will be of the form bx-
ay+d=0
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1) Find the perpendicular distance from the point (2,3) to the
straight line 2x+y+3=0
Solution:
The length of the perpendicular from the point (x1,y1) to the line
ax+by+c = is
ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b 2
Give straight line is 2x+y+3 =0
Given point (x1,y1) = (2,3)
2(2) + (3) + 3 10
(i.e) =
(2)2 + (1)2 5
2) Find the length of the perpendicular to the line 4x+6y+7 = 0 from

the origin
Solution:
c
The length of the perpendicular is
a + b2
2
Here a = 4, b=6, c =7
7 7 7
(i.e.) = =
( 4) + ( 6)
2 2 16 + 36 52
76
3) Find the distance between the line 2x+3y+4 = 0 and 2x+3y -1 = 0
Solution:
c1 c 2
The distance between the parallel lines is
a2 + b 2
Here c1 = 4 and c2 = -1
4 +1
Now
( 2 ) 2 + ( 3 )2
5
=
13
4) Find the angle between the lines y = 3 x and x-y = 0

Solution:
y= 3x
(i.e.) 3x y = 0 (1) and x-y =0 (2)
coefficient of x
Slope of (1) =
coefficient of y
3
= = 3
1
tan 1 = 3 1 = 60
coefficient of x
slope of (2) =
coefficient of y
1
tan 2 = =1
1
2 = 45
Let be the angle between (1) and (2)
= 1 -2
= 60 - 45 = 15
77
5) Show that the lines 6x+y-11 =0 and 12x+2y+14 =0 are parallel
Solution:
6x+y-11 = 0 (1)
12x+2y+14 = 0 (2)
a 6
Slope of the line (1) = m1 = = = 6
b 1
a 12
Slope of the line (2) = m2 = = = 6
b 2
m1 = m2
The lines are parallel.
6) Find p such that the lines 7x-4y+13 = 0 and px = 4y+6 are
parallel.
Solution:
7x-4y+13=0 (1)
px-4y-6 = 0 (2)
a 7 7
Slope of the line (1) m1 = = =
b 4 4
a p p
Slope of the line (2) m2 = = =
b 4 4
Since (1) and (2) are parallel lines
m1= m2
7 p
=
4 4
4p = 28
28
p= =7
4
p=7
78
7) Show that the lines 2x+3y-7 =0 and 3x-2y+4=0 are
perpendicular.
Solution:
2x+3y-7 = 0 (1)
3x-2y+4 = 0 (2)
2
Slope of the line (1) = m1 =
3
3 3
Slope of the line (2) = m2 = =
2 2
2 3
Now m1m2 = = 1
3 2
m1m 2 = - 1
The lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular
8) Find the value of m if the lines 2x+my=4 and x+5y-6=0 are
perpendicular
Solution:
2x+my-4=0 (1)
x+5y-6 = 0 (2)
2
Slope of the line (1) = m1 = -
m
1
Slope of the line (2) = m2 = -
5
Since the liner are perpendicular
m1 m 2 = - 1
2 1
= 1
m 5
2
=1
5m
-5m = 2
2
m=
5
79
PART B
1) Find the angle between the lines 3x+6y=8 and 2x = -y+5
Solution:
3x+6y-8 = 0 (1)
a 3 1
Slope of the line (1) = m1 = = =
b 6 2
2x+y-5 = 0 (2)
a 2
Slope of the line (2) = m2 = = =2
b 1
Let be the angle between two lines
m1 m 2
tan =
1 + m1m2
1 3
+2
2 3
= = 2 = = 0.75
1 2 4
1 + ( 2 )
2
= tan (0.75)
-1
= 36 52
2) Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-1, 4) and
parallel to x+2y =3.
Solution:
Let the equation of line parallel to x+2y-3 = 0 (1)
is x+2y+k = 0 (2)
Equation (2) passes through (-1,4)
put x=-1, y =4 in equation (2)
(-1) + 2(4) +k = 0
-1 + 8 + k = 0
k = -7
Required line is x +2y 7 = 0
80
3) Find the equation to the line through the point (3,-3) and
perpendicular to 4x-3y-10 =0
Solution:
Required straight line is perpendicular to 4x-3y-10 =0 (1)
and passing through (3,-3).
Required equation of the straight line is
-3x 4y + k = 0 (2)
Required line passes through (3,-3)
Put x = 3, y= -3 in equation (2)
-3(3) 4(-3) + k = 0
-9+12+k =0
3+k = 0
k = -3
Sub in equation (2)
-3x 4y -3 = 0
Required equation of straight line is
3x + 4y + 3 = 0
3.2 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH ORIGIN

Any line passing through the origin is of the form ax+by = 0
Let a1x +b1y = 0 (1)
and a2x + b2y = 0 (2)
be the two lines passing through the origin.
The combined equation of (1) and (2) is
(a1x+b1y) (a2x+b2y) = 0
2 2
a1 a2x + (a1b2+a2b1)xy + b1b2y = 0 (3)
Taking a1a2 = a, a1b2+a2b1 = 2h, and b1b2 = b
We get
2 2
ax + 2hxy +by = 0 (4)
81
which is a homogenous equation of second degree in x and y. It
represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin.
Let m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines given by (4). Then the
separate equations are
y = m1x and y = m2x
(i.e.) y m1x = 0 (5)
y m2x = 0 (6)
(y -m1x) (y -m2x) = 0
2 2
y (m1+m2) xy + m1m2x = 0
2 2
(i.e.) m1m2x (m1+m2)xy + y = 0 (7)
Equation (4) and (7) represent the same part of straight lines.
Hence the ratios of the corresponding co-efficient of like terms are
proportional.
m1 m2 (m1 + m2 ) 1
= = (8)
a 2h b
The relation (8) gives
2h
m1+m2 = (9)
b
2h
i.e., Sum of the slopes =
b
a
and m1m2 =
b
a
i.e., product of the slopes =
b
BOOK WORK :
Find the angle between the pair of straight lines
2 2
ax + 2hxy + by =0 passing through origin. Also derive the conditions
for the two separate lines to be (i) perpendicular (ii) coincident (or
parallel).
82
Proof:
We know angle between two straight lines is given by
m1 m 2
tan =
1 + m1m2
(m1 + m 2 )2 4m1m 2
tan =
1 + m1m2
2
2h a
b 4 b

=
a
1+
b
4h2 a
2
4
b b
=
a+b
b
4h2 4ab
= b2
a+b
b
4(h2 ab) b
= x
b a+b
83
h2 ab
tan = 2
a+b
h2 ab
(i.e.) = tan 1 2
a+b

is the angle between the pair of straight lines.
(iii) Condition for the two straight lines to be perpendicular
If the two lines are perpendicular, then = 90
tan = tan 90
h 2 ab 1
2 ==
a+b 0
a+b=0
2 2
(i.e.) coefficient of x + coefficient of y = 0
(iv) Condition for the two straight lines to be coincident
If the two straight lines are coincident

then = 0
tan = tan 0
h 2 ab
2 =0
a+b
2
(i.e.) h - ab = 0
2
(i.e.) h = ab
84
3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
1) Write down the combined equation of the pair of lines x-2y =0 and
3x+2y = 0
Solution:
The combined equation is (x-2y) (3x+2y) = 0
2 2
(i.e.) 3x + 2xy 6xy 4y = 0
2 2
(i.e.) 3x 4xy 4y = 0
2) Write down the separate equations of the pair of lines
2 2
12x + 7xy 10y = 0
Solution:
2 2
12x + 7xy 10y = 0
2 2
12x + 15xy 8xy- 10y = 0
2 2
12x - 8xy + 15xy- 10y = 0
4x (3x-2y) + 5y (3x-2y) = 0
(3x-2y) (4x+5y) = 0
The separate equations are 3x-2y = 0 and 4x+5y = 0
2 2
3) Show that the two lines represented by 4x + 4xy +y = 0 are
parallel to each other.
Solution:
2 2
4x + 4xy +y = 0 (1)
2 2
This is of the form ax + 2hxy + by = 0
Here a =4, 2h =4, h=2, b=1
2
If the lines are parallel then h -ab=0
h 2 ab = 2 2 ( 4 )(1)
= 44=0
pair of lines are parallel
85
2 2
4) Find the value of p if the pair of lines 4x + pxy + 9y = 0 are
Solution:
2 2
4x + pxy + 9y = 0
2 2
This is of the form ax +2hxy +by =0
p
Here a = 4, 2h = p, h = ,b=9
2
If the lines are parallel
h2 ab =0
2
p
(4 )(9 ) = 0
2
p2
36 = 0
4
2
p = 144
p = 12
2 2
5) Prove that the lines represented by 7x -48xy-7y = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Solution:
2 2
7x 48xy 7y = 0
2 2
This is of the form ax +2hxy+by =0
Here a =7, 2h=-48, h=-24, b=-7
If the lines are perpendicular a+b=0
(i.e.) 7-7 = 0
6) If the two straight lines represented by the equation
2 2
px 5xy+7y = 0 are perpendicular to each other, find the value of
p.
2 2
px +48xy+7y = 0
Solution:
2 2
px +48xy+7y = 0
2 2
This is of the form ax +2hxy+by =0
86
Here a=p, b =7
If the lines are perpendicular
a + b=0
(i.e.) p+7 = 0
p = -7
PART B
2 2
1) Find the separate equations of the line 2x 7xy + 3y = 0. Also
find the angle between them.
Solution:
2x 2 7 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0

(a=2, 2h = -7, h=-7/2, b=3)
2x 2 6 xy xy + 3 y 2 = 0
2 x( x 3 y ) y ( x 3 y ) = 0
( x 3 y ) ( 2x y ) = 0
The separate equations are
x - 3y = 0 and 2x-y = 0
Let be the angle between the two straight lines
2 h2 ab
tan =
a+b
2 ( 7 2) (2)(3)
2
=
2+3
49
6
= 2 4
5
87
49 24
= 2 4
5
25
= 2 4
5
5
2x
= 2
5
tan = 1
tan = tan 45, = 45
2) The slope of one of the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 is thrice that of

the other. Show that 3h2 = 4ab
Solution:
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 (1)
Let y = m1x and y = m 2 x be the separate equations of equation (1)
2h
m1 + m2 = (2)
b
a
m1m2 = (3)
b
Slope of one of the line = thrice slope of the other line
(i.e.) m1 = 3m2
Equation (2) becomes

2h
3m 2 + m 2 =
b
2h
4m 2 =
b
2h h
m2 = =
4b 2b
88
Substitute m1=3m2 in equation (3)
a
3m 2 .m2 =
b
(3m2 )2 =
a
b
2
h a
3 =
2b b
h2 a
3 2 =
4b b

3h2 a
2
=
4b b
3h 2b = 4ab 2
(ie)3h2 = 4ab
3.3 PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES NOT PASSING THROUGH THE ORIGIN

Consider the second degree equation
(lx + my + n) (l' x + m' y + n' ) = 0 (1)
If ( x1, y1 ) lies on lx + my + n = 0 (2)
then lx1 + my1 + n = 0 . Hence (x1,y1) satisfies equation (1).
Similarly any point on l' x + m' y + n' = 0 (3)
also satisfies (1)

conversely, any point which satisfies (1) must be on any of the
straight lines (2) and (3). Thus (lx + my + n) (l' x + m' y + n' ) = 0
represent a pair of lines.
Expanding equation (1) we get
II' x 2 + Im' xy + Ixn'+I' mxy + mm' y 2 + mn' y + I' xn + nm' y + nn' = 0
II' x 2 + xy(Im'+I' m ) + mm' y 2 + (In'+I' n)x + (mn'+m' n)y + nn' = 0
89
Taking a = II' 2h = lm' + l' m , b = mm'
2g = ln' + l' n 2f = mn' + m' n c = nn'
We get ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

2 2
Condition for the second degree equation ax +2hxy+by +
2hx+2fy+c to represent a pair of straight lines is
2 2 2
abc+2fgh-af -bg -ch
(or)
a h g 2a 2h 2g
h b f =0 or 2h 2b 2f = 0
g f c 2g 2f 2c
1) Angle between pair of lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

h2 ab
tan = 2
a+b
2) The condition for the pair of lines to be parallel is h 2 ab = 0
3) The condition for the pair of lines to be perpendicular is a + b=0.
3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
1) Find the combined equation of the lines whose separate
equations are 2x 3 y + 2 = 0 and 4 x + y + 3 = 0
Solution:
The two separate lines are 2x 3 y + 2 = 0 and 4 x + y + 3 = 0
The combined equation of the given line is
( 2 x 3 y + 2) ( 4 x + y + 3 ) = 0
8 x 2 + 2 xy + 6 x 12xy 3 y 2 9 y + 8 x + 2y + 6 = 0
(i.e.) 8 x 2 10 xy 3 y 2 + 14 x 7 y + 6 = 0
90
2) Show that the pair of lines given by 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 + 21x
+28 y + 6 = 0 are parallel.
Solution:
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Here a = 9, 2h = 24, b=16
h = 12
If the lines are parallel h 2 ab = 0
(ie) (12)2 (9)(16) = 0
= 144 144 = 0
Hence the lines are parallel.
3) Show that the pair of lines given by 6 x 2 + 3 xy 6 y 2 8 x
+5 y 3 = 0 are perpendicular
Solution:
This is of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + hy 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Here a = 6 b=-6
If the lines are perpendicular
a+b = 0
(i.e) 6 + (-6) = 0
Hence the pair of lines are perpendicular.
PART B
1) Prove that equation 6 x 2 + 13 xy + 6 y 2 + 8 x + 7 y + 2 = 0 represents

a pair of straight lines.
Solution:
Given equation
6 x 2 + 13 xy + 6 y 2 + 8 x + 7 y + 2 = 0 (1)
(i.e.) This is of the form
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + l = 0
Hence a = 6 b=6 c=2
2h=13, 2g = 8, 2f = 7
91
If the equation (1) represents a pair of straight lies then
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f = 0
2g 2f 2c
12 13 8
LHS = 13 12 7
8 7 4
= 12(48 49 ) 13(52 56 ) + 8(91 96 )

= -12 + 52 - 40
= 0 = RHS
Hence the given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
2) Show that the equation 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = 0

represents a pair of straight lines. Also find the separate equation
of the lines.
Solution:
Given 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = 0
a=3 b=2 c=2

2h=7 2g=5 2f=5
If the equation (1) represents a pair of straight lies then
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f = 0
2g 2f 2c
6 7 5
LHS = 7 4 5
5 5 4
= 6(16 25 ) 7(28 25 ) + 5(35 20 )
92
= -54 21 + 75
= 0 = RHS
The given equation represents a pair of straight lines.
Next we find separate lines.
Factorise the second degree terms
Let 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + xy + 2 y 2
= 3 x( x + 2 y ) + y( x + 2 y )
= ( x + 2 y ) (3 x + y )
3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2y 2 + 5 x + 5 y + 2 = (3 x + y + l) ( x + 2 y + m) (say)
Equating the coefficient of x, l+3m=5 (2)

Equating the coefficient of y, 2l+m=5 (3)
Solving (2) and (3)
2l+6m = 10
2l+m = 5
5m=5
m=1
Sub in (2),
l + 3(1) = 5
l=2
The separate equation are 3x+y+2 =0 and x+2y+1=0
2 2
3) Find k if 2x -7xy+3y +5x-5y+k = 0 represents a pair of straight
lines. Find the angle between them.
Solution :
2x 2 7 xy + 3 y 2 + 5 x 5 y + k = 0
Hence a=2 b=3 c=k

2h=-7 2g=5 2f=-5
93
Since the given equation represents a pair of straight lines
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f = 0
2g 2f 2c
4 7 5
7 6 5 = 0
5 5 2k
4(12k 25 ) + 7( 14k + 25 ) + 5(35 30 ) = 0
48k 100 98k + 175 + 25 = 0
-50k + 100 = 0
-50k = - 100
K= 2
It is the angle between the given lines then
h2 ab
tan = 2
a+b
2
7
( 2) ( 3 )
2
= 2
2+3
49
6
= 2 4
5
25
= 2 4
5
5

= 2
2
5
tan = 1
tan = tan 45

=
4
94
4) Show that the pair straight lines 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 6 x 3 y 4 = 0
represents a pair of parallel straight lines and find the distance
between them.
Solution:
Given: 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 6 x 3 y 4 = 0 (1)

Here a = 4 2h = 4 h=2
b=1 2g=-6 g=-3
2f=-3 f=-3/2 c=-4
If the lines are parallel h 2 ab = 0

2
(ie) (2) (4) (1) = 0
4-4 = 0
The given equation (1) represents a pair of parallel straight lines.
To find the separate lines of (1)
Factorise 4 x 2 + 4 xy + 4 2
4 x 2 + 2xy + 2xy + y 2 = 2x(2x + y ) + y(2x + y )

= (2 x + y ) ( 2 x + y )
= ( 2 x + y )2
4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 6 x 3 y 4 = 0
(2 x + y )2 3(2x + y ) 4 = 0
Let z = 2x + y , then
(i.e.) z 2 3z 4 = 0
( z + 1) ( z 4) = 0
z + 1= 0 and z 4 = 0
(i.e.) 2x + y + 1 = 0 and 2x + y 4 = 0 are the separate equations
Distance between parallel lines

2x + y 4 = 0 and 2x + y + 1 = 0 is
95
c1 c 2
a2 + b 2
4 1 5
= = 5
(2)2
+ (1)
2 5
EXERCISE
PART A
1) Find the perpendicular distance from the point (3,-3) to the line
2x+4y+2=0
2) Find the perpendicular distance from the point (2,6) to the line
x-4y+6=0
3) Find the length of the perpendicular to the line x-6y+5 = 0 from the
origin.
4) Find the distance between the line 3x+3y+4=0 and 3x+3y-2 =0
5) Find the distance between the line x+2y-19=0 and x+2y-31 =0
6) Show that the lines 3x+2y-5=0 and 6x+4y-8 = 0 are parallel.
7) Show that the lines 2x-6y+6 = 0 and 4x-12y+7 = 0 are parallel.
8) Find the value of k if the lines 7x-2y+13 = 0 and kx=3y+8 are
parallel.
9) Find the value of p if the lines 5x+3y = 6 and 3x+py = 7 are
parallel.
10) Show that the lines 4x-3y=0 and 3x+4y+8 = 0 are perpendicular.
11) Show that the lines 4x-2y+6 = 0 and 2x+4y-4=0 are
perpendicular
12) Find the value of p if the lines 3x-py-4=0 and 2x+3y=7 are
perpendicular.
13) Find the value of p if the lines 2x-py+6=0 and 3x-2y+8 = 0 are
perpendicular.
96
14) Find the slope of the line parallel to the line joining the points
(3,4) and (-4,6)
15) Find the slope of the line perpendicular to the line joining the
points (3,1) and (-4,3)
16) Show that the line joining the points (3,-5) and (-5,-4) is parallel
to the line joining (7,10) and (15,9)
17) Show that the line joining the points (2,-2) and (3,0) is
perpendicular to the line joining (2,2) and (4,1).
18) Find the equation of the line passing through (2,4) and parallel to
the line x+3y+7=0
19) Find the equation of the line passing through (-2,5) and
perpendicular to 5x-3y+8 = 0
20) Write down the combined equation of the lines whose separate
equation are
(i) 4x + 2y = 0 and 2x-y =0
(ii) 3x + 2y = 0 and 2x y = 0
(iii) x + 2y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0
(iv) x + 2y = 0 and 2x y = 0
21) Find the separate equation of each of the straight liens
represents by
2 2
(i) 9x 16y = 0
2 2
(ii) 2x 5xy+2y = 0
2 2
(iii) 6x +xy-y =0
2 2
(iv) 15x +17xy+2y =0
2 2
22) Show that the two lines represented by 9x + 6xy+y = 0 are
2 2
23) Show that the equation 4x 12xy+9y = 0 represents a pair of
parallel straight lines.
24) Find the values of p if the two straight lines represented by
2 2
20x +pxy +5y = 0 are parallel to each other.
97
2 2
25) Show that the pair of straight lines given by 2x -3xy-2y =0 is
perpendicular.
26) Find the value of p so that the two straight lines represented by
2 2
px +6xy-y = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
27) Write down the combined equation of the lines whose separate
equations are
(i) x+2y = 0 and 2x-y+1=0
(ii) x+2y=10 and 2x-y-3=0
(iii) x+2y-1=0 and 3x+2y+3=0
2 2
28) Show that the equation 4x +4xy+y -6x-3y-4 =0 represents two
parallel lines.
2 2
29) Show that the equation x +6xy+9y +4x+12y-5 = 0 represents two
parallel straight lines
2 2
30) Show that the equation 2x -3xy-2y +2x+y = 0 represents a
perpendicular pair of straight lines
PART B
1) Show that the following equation represents a pair of straight line
2 2
(i) 9x -6xy+y +18x-6y+8 = 0
2 2
(ii) 9x + 24xy+16y +21x+28y+6 = 0
2 2
(iii) 4x + 4xy+y 6x-3y-4 = 0
2) Find the angle between the pair of straight lines
2 2
3) Find the angle between the pair of lines given by 6x -13xy+5y =
0. Find also the separate equations.
4) Find the angle between the pair of lines given by
2 2
9x +12xy+4y =0. Find also the separate equations.
2 2
5) Find the angle between the pair of lines given by 3x -8xy+5y =0.
Find also the separate equation.
2 2
6) Find the separate equations of the pair of lines 3x -4xy+y =0.
Find also the angle between the lines.
98
2 2
7) If the slope of one of the lines of ax +2hxy+by =0 is twice the
2
slope of the other, show that 8h = 9ab
2 2
8) If the equation ax +3xy-2y -5x+5y+c=0 represents two lines
perpendicular to each other, find the value of a and c.
2 2
9) Show that the equation 12x -10xy+2y +14x-5y+2=0 represents a
pair of lines. Also find the separate equations.
2 2
10) Show that the equation 12x +7xy-10y +13x+45y-35=0 represents
a pair of straight lines. Also find the separate equations.
2 2
11) Write down the separate equations of 3x 7xy 6y 5x +26y
8 = 0. Also find the angle between the lines.
2 2
12) Show that the equation 9x +24xy+16y +21x+28y+6=0 represents
a pair of parallel straight lines. Find the separate equations and
the distance between them.
2 2
13) Show that the equation 9x -6xy+y +18x-6y+8=0 represents two
parallel straight lines. Find the distance between them.
ANSWERS
PART A
4 16 5 2
1. 2. 3. 4.
20 17 37 18
12 21 9
5. 8. k = 9. p = 5. P = 2
5 2 5
2 7
13. P = -3 14. 15. 18. X+3y-14=0
7 2
19. 3x+5y-19 =0
20. (i) 8 x 2 2y 2 = 0
(ii) 6 x 2 + xy 2y 2 = 0
(iii) 3 x 2 + 8 xy + 4 y 2 = 0
(iv) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 = 0
99
21. (i) (3 x + 4 y ) = 0 , 3 x 4 y = 0 (ii) x 2y = 0, 2 x y = 0
(iii) 2x + y = 0, 3 x y = 0 (iv) x + y = 0, 15 x + 2y = 0
24. P = 20 26. P=1
27. (i) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 + x + 2y = 0
(ii) 2x 2 + 3 xy 2y 2 23 x + 4 y + 30 = 0 (iii) 3 x 2 + 8 xy + 4 y 2 + 4 y 3 = 0
PART B
(2) (i) = 60, (ii) = 90
7
(3) tan = , = 32, 28, 3x-5y=0, 2x-y =0
11
(4) =0, 3x+2y=0, 3x+2y=0
1
(5) tan = , 3x-5y=0, x-y=0
4
1
(6) 3x-y =0, x-y=0, tan =
2
(8) a=2, c=-3
(9) 2x-y+2=0, 6x-2y+1=0
(10) 4x+5y-5=0
3x-2y+7 = 0
(11) 3x+2y-8=0
x-3y+1=0
11
tan =
3
(12) 3x+4y+1=0
3x+4y+6=0
dist = 1
10
(13)
5
100
UNIT IV
TRIGONOMETRY
4.1: Trigonometrical ratio of allied angles-Expansion of Sin(AB) and
cos(AB) problems using above expansion
4.2: Expansion of tan(AB) and Problems using this expansion
4.3: Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles (2A only) and sub-
multiple angles. Simple problems.
Introduction
Trigonometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. The
word trigonometry is derived from Greek words Trigonon and
metron means measurement of angles. In olden days Trigonometry
was mainly used as a tool for studying astronomy. In earlier stages
Trigonometry was mainly concerned with angles of a triangle. But now
it has its applications in various branches of science such as
surveying, engineering, navigations etc.,For the study of higher
mathematics, knowledge of trigonometry is essential.
Trigonometrical Ratios:
In a right angled triangle ABC,

Opposite side
i) Sine of an angle = sin =
Hypotenuse
Adjacent side
ii) Cosine of an angle = cos =
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
iii) Tangent of an angle = tan =
Adjacent side
101
Adjacent side
iv) Cotangent of an angle = cot =
Opposite side
Hypotenuse
v) Secant of an angle = sec =
Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
vi) Cosecant of an angle = cosec =
Opposite side
Note:
1
1. Cosec =
sin
1
2. Sec =
cos
1
3. Cot =
tan
sin
4. Tan =
cos
cos
5. Cot =
sin
Fundamental trigonometrical identities
1) Sin + cos = 1
2 2
2) 1 + tan = sec
2 2
3) 1 + cot = cosec
2 2
Trigonometricall reties of known Angels

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
1 1 3
Sin 0 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
Cos 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2
1
Tan 0 1 3 0 - 0
3
102
Important results:
For all values of
i) sin (-) = -sin
ii) cos (-) = cos
iii) tan (-) = - tan
iv) cosec (-) = - cosec
v) sec (-) = sec
vi) cot (-) = - cot
Signs of trigonometrical ratios:
i) In the first quadrant, all trigonometrical ratios are positive.
ii) In the second quadrant, sin and its reciprocal cosec are
positive. Other trigonometrical ratios are negative.
iii) In the third quadrant, tan and its reciprocal cot are positive.
Other trigonometrical ratios are negative.
iv) In the fourth quadrant, cos and its reciprocal sec are positive.
Other trigonometrical ratios are negative.
v) The signs of trigonometrical ratios are usually remembered by
code word All Silver Tea Cups where the four words beginning
with A,S,T,C correspond to All ratios being positive in the I
103
quadrant, Sine in the II quadrant, Tangent in the III quadrant and
Cosine in the IV quadrant respectively.
This is tabulated as follows:
Functions I II III IV
Quadrants
Sin + + _ _
Cosine + _ _ +
Tangent + _ + _
Cotangent + _ + _
Secant + _ _ +
cosecant + + _ _
4.1 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF RELATED OR ALLIED

ANGLES:
The basic angle is and angles associated with by a right
angle (or) its multiples are called related angles or allied angles. Thus
90 , 180 , 270 , 360 are known as related or allied
0 0 0 0
angles.
Working rule:
To determine the trigonometrical ratios of any angle, follow the
procedure given below:
i) Determine the sign (+ve or -ve) of the given T- ratio in the
particular quadrant by observing the quadrant rule ASTC.
ii) Determine the magnitude of the angle by writing in the form (p x
90 ). If p is even (like 2,4,6,) T ratio of allied angle
becomes the same ratio of . i.e. for 180 etc., no change in
ratio If p is an odd (like 1,3,5,) T.Ratio of the allied angles
becomes the co-ratio of . i.e. for 90 , 270 etc,
sin cos, tan cot, sec cos ec
104
The trigonometrical ratios of related or allied angles are tabulated
as follows.
Angle
90- 90+ 180- 180+ 270- 270+ 360- 360+
Ratio
sin cos cos sin -sin -cos -cos -sin sin
cos sin -sin -cos -cos -sin sin cos cos
tan cot -cot -tan tan cot -cot -tan tan
cot tan -tan -cot cot tan -tan -cot cot
sec cosec -cosec -sec -sec -cosec cosec sec sec
cosec sec sec cosec -cosec -sec -sec -cosec cosec
Note :
The trigonometrical ratios of angle n x 360 are same as
0
those of
(e.g.)
0
i) sin 840
0 0 0
= sin (2 x 360 + 120 ) = sin 120
0 0 0 3
= sin (180 60 ) = sin 60 =
2
0 0 0 0
ii) cos 600 = cos (2 x 360 120 ) = cos (-120 )
0
= cos 120
0 0 1
= cos (180 60 ) =
2
0 0 0 0
iii) Tan 2460 = tan (6 x 360 + 300 ) = tan 300
0 0 0
= tan (360 -60 ) = - tan 60
=- 3
105
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
Find the value of the following without using tables:
i) Sin 480 ii) cos (-300)
iii) tan 765 iv) sec (-420)
Solution:
i) sin 480 = sin (360 + 120)
= sin 120
3
= sin (180 - 60) = sin 60 =
2
ii) cos (-300) = cos 300
= cos (360 - 60)
1
= cos 60 =
2
iii) tan 765 = tan (2 x 360+ 45)
= tan 45 = 1
iv) sec (-420) = sec 420
= sec (360 + 60) = sec 60=2
0 0 3
2. Prove that sin (-330 ) sin 420 =
4
Solution
LHS = -sin 330 sin 420
= - sin (360 - 30) sin (360 + 60)
1 3
= sin 30 sin 60 = , = 3
2 2 4
106
4.2 COMPOUND ANGLES
If an angle is expressed as the algebraic sum or difference of two
or more angles, then it is called compound angle.
E.g: A + B, A B, A + B + C, A +
B C etcare compound angles.
Prove Geometrically that
1. sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosA sinB
2. cos(A+B)=cosA cosB-sinA sinB
proof:
Draw OX1and OX2 such
that X1OX A and X2OX1 B
P is any point on OX2. Draw

perpendiculars PQ to OX, and PS to OX from the point P. Draw
perpendiculars QR to PS and QT to OX from the point Q.
(i) In the right angled triangle OPS
opposite side
sin( A + B) =
Hypotenuse
PS
=
OP
PR + RS PR + QT
= =
OP OP
PR QT
= +
OP OP
PR PQ QT OQ
= +
PQ OP OQ OP
= cosA sinB+ sinA cosB
sin (A+B) = sinA cosB+cosA sinB

(ii) In the right angled triangle OPS
107
Adjacent side
cos( A + B) =
Hypotenuse
OS
=
OP
OT ST OT RQ
= =
OP OP
OT RQ
=
OP OP
OT OQ RQ PQ
=
OQ OP PQ OP
=cosA cosB-sinA sinB
cos(A+B) =cosA CosB-sinA sinB
Formula:
1) Sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B
2) Sin (A B) = Sin A Cos B Cos A Sin B
3) Cos (A + B) = Cos A Cos B Sin A Sin B
4) Cos (A B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B
Result:
2 2
(i) Prove that sin (A + B) sin (A B) = sin A sin B
Solution
LHS =sin (A +B) sin (A B)
=(sin A cos B + cos A sin B) (sin A cos B cos A sin B)
2 2
=(sin A cos B) (cos A sin B)
2 2 2 2
=sin A cos B cos A sin B)
2 2 2 2
=sin A (1 sin B) (1 sin A) sin B
2 2 2 2 2 2
=sin A- sin A sin B sin B + sin Asin B
2 2
=sin A-sin B
Sin (A + B) sin (A B) = sin A sin B
2 2
2 2
(ii) Prove that cos (A + B) cos (A B) = cos A sin B
108
Solution
LHS =cos (A + B) cos (A B)
=(cos A cos B sin A sin B) (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
2 2
=(cos A cos B) (sin A sin B)
2 2 2 2
=Cos A cos B sin A sin B
2 2 2 2
=Cos A (1-sin B) (1-cos A) sin B
2 2 2 2 2 2
=Cos A cos A sin B sin B + cos A sin B
2 2
=Cos A Sin B
Cos (A + B) cos (A B) = cos A sin B
2 2
2 2
Also Cos (A+B)cos (A-B) =cos B-sin A
4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
0 0 0 0
1.) Find the value of sin65 cos25 + cos65 sin 25
Solution:
0 0 0 0 0 0
Sin65 cos25 + cos65 sin 25 = sin (65 + 25 )
0
= sin 90 =1
0 0 0 0
2.) Find the values of sin40 cos10 cos40 sin10
Solution:
0 0 0 0 0 0
Sin40 cos10 cos40 sin 10 = sin (40 - 10 )
0 1
= sin30 =
2
0 0 0 0
3.) What is the value of cos50 cos40 - sin50 sin40
Solution:
0 0 0 0 0 0
Cos50 cos40 sin50 sin40 = cos (50 + 40 )
0
= cos 90 =0
0 0 0 0
4.) What is the value of cos70 sin10 + sin70 sin10
109
Solution:
0 0 0 0 0 0
Cos70 cos10 + sin70 sin10 = cos (70 - 10 )
1
=
0
= cos 60
2
0
5.) Find the value of sin15
Solution:
0 0 0
Sin15 = sin (45 -30 )
0 0 0 0
= sin45 cos30 cos45 sin30
1 3 1 1 3 1
= . . =
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
6.) Find the value of cos75
Solution:
0 0 0
Cos75 = cos (45 + 30 )
0 0 0 0
= cos45 cos30 sin45 sin30
1 3 1 1
= . .
2 2 2 2
3 1
=
2 2
0 0 0 0
7.) Prove that cos(60 -A) cos(30 +A) sin (60 A)sin (30 +A) = 0
Solution:
We have cos A cos B sin A sin B = cos (A + B)
0 0 0 0
LHS = cos (60 A) cos (30 + A) sin (60 A) sin (30 + A)
= cos[(60 A) + (30+A)]
0
= cos (60 A + 30 + A) = cos 90 = 0 =RHS
sin( A + B) + sin ( A B )
8.) Prove that = tan A
cos( A + B) + cos( A B)
110
Solution:
sin( A + B) + sin ( A B )
LHS =
cos( A + B) + cos( A B )
sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B cos A sin B

=
cos A cos B sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B
2 sin A cos B sin A

= = = tan A = R.H.S
2 cos A cos B cos A
9.) Prove that sin(A+B) sin(A-B)+sin(B+C)sin(B-C) +sin(C+A) sin(C-
A)=0
Solution:
LHS = sin(A+B) sin(A-B)+sin(B+C)sin(B-C) +sin(C+A) sin(C-A)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= sin A- sin B + sin B-sin C+ sin C -sin A
= 0 RHS
PART B
1
1) If A and B are acute and if sin A = and
10
1
sin B = prove that A + B =
5 4
Solution:
1 1
Given : sin A = and sin B =
10 5
cos A = 1 sin2 A
1
= 1
10
9
=
10
111
3
cos A =
10
cos B = 1 sin2 B
1
= 1
5
4
=
5
2
cos B =
5
Sin (A+B) = sin A Cos B + Cos A sin B
1 2 3 1
= . + .
10 5 10 5
2 3
= +
50 50
5 5
= =
50 5 2
1
Sin (A + B) =
2
sin (A + B) = sin 45
A + B = 45

A +B =
4
7 13
2) If A and B are acute and if cos A= and cosB= ,
4 14

Pr ove that A B = 60 or
3
Sin A = 1 cos2 A
1
= 1
49
112
48
=
49
4 3
=
7
Sin B = 1 cos2 B
169
= 1
196
27
=
196
3 3
=
14
cos (A-B) = Cos A Cos B + sin A sin B
1 13 4 3 3 3
= +
7 14 7 14
13 36
= +
98 98
49 1
= =
98 2
Cos (A B) = cos 60
A B = 60
4.2 COMPOUND ANGLES (CONTINUED)

Formula:
tan A + tan B
1) tan (A+B) =
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
2) tan (A-B) =
1 + tan A tan B
113
4.2 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
tan 20 + tan 25
1) Find the value of
1 tan 20 tan 25
Solution:
tan 20 + tan 25
= tan 45 = 1
1 tan 20 tan 25
1 1
2) If tan A = and tan B = , find the value of tan (A+B)
2 3
Solution :
1 1
Given tan A = and tan B = ,
2 3
tan A + tan B
tan (A+B) =
1 tan A tan B
1 1 3+2
+
= 2 3 = 6
11 6 1
1
23 6
5/6
= =1
5/6
3) With out using tables, find the value of tan 105
Solution:
tan 105 = tan (60+45)
tan 60 + tan 45
=
1 tan 60 tan 45
3 +1 1+ 3
= =
1 3 1 3
114
PART B
1) If A+B = 45, prove (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 2 and hence deduce the

1
value of tan 22
2
Solution:
Given : A+B= 45
Taking tan on both sides
Tan (A+B)= tan 45
tan A + tan B
=1
1 tan A tan B
tan A+ tan B =1-tan A tan B
tan A+ tan B+ tan A tan B = 1 (1)
RHS = (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 1+tan A +tan B +tan A tan B
= 1+1
=2
Thus (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 2 (2)
Deduction :

1
Put B = A in A+B=45 A+A = 45 2A = 45 A = 22
2

1
B = 22 (A=B)
2
From (2)

1 1
(1+tan 22 ) (1+tan 22 ) =2
2 2

1 2
(1+tan 22 ) = 2
2

1
1+tan 22 = 2
2

1
tan 22 = 2 1
2
115
A B B C
2) If A+B+C = 180,Prove that tan tan + tan tan +
2 2 2 2
C A
tan tan =1
2 2
Solution :
Given: A+B+C =180
A B C
+ + =90
2 2 2
A B C
+ =90-
2 2 2
A B C
tan + = tan 90
2 2 2
A B
tan + tan
2 2 = cot C
A B 2
1 tan tan
2 2
A B
tan + tan
2 2 = 1
A B C
1 tan tan tan
2 2 2
C A B A B
tan tan + tan = 1- tan tan
2 2 2 2 2
C A B C A B
tan tan + tan tan = 1- tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
tan tan + tan tan +tan tan = 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2
3) If A+B+C =180, prove that
A B C A B C
cot + cot + cot =cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
116
Solution:
In the above example (2), we know that
A B B C C A
tan tan + tan tan +tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
divided by both sides by tan tan tan
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
+ + =
C A B C A B
tan tan tan tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
cot + cot+ cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
n 1
4) If A&B are acute angles and if tan A= and tan B = ,
n +1 2n + 1

show that A+B =
4
Solution:
n 1
Given: tan A= , tan B= ,
n +1 2n + 1
tan A + tan B
tan (A+B) =
1 tan A tan B
n 1
+
= n + 1 2 n +1
n 1
1
n + 1 2n + 1
n(2n + 1) + 1(n + 1)
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
(n + 1)(2n + 1) n
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2n2 + n + n + 1
=
2n 2 + n + 2n + 1 n
2n2 + 2n + 1
=
2n2 + 2n + 1
117
tan (A+B) = 1
tan (A+B) = tan 45
A+B = 45

A+B =
4
5) If tan A tan B = p and cot B cot A=q show that
1 1
cot (A-B) = +
p q
Solution:
Given: tan A tan B = p (1)
cot B cot A = q
1 1
R.H.S = +
p q
1 1
= + using (1)
tan A tan B cot B cot A
1 1
= +
tan A tan B 1

1
tan B tan A
1 tan A tan B
= +
tan A tan B tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
=
tan A tan B
1
=
tan( A B)
= cot (A-B)
= L.H.S
118
4.3 MULTIPLE ANGLES OF 2A ONLY AND
SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES
Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles of 2A in terms to that of A.
1) Consider sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
Put B = A, we get
Sin (A+A) = sinA cosA + cos A sin A
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
2) Consider cos (A+B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
Put B = A ,we get
cos (A+A) = cos A cos A sin A sin A
2 2
cos 2A = cos A sin A
2 2
We have cos 2A = cos A sin A
2 2
= 1- sin A -sin A
2
cos 2A = 1-2 sin A
2 2
cos 2A = cos A sin A
2 2
= cos A (1- cos A )
2
cos 2A = 2cos A-1
2 1 cos 2A
Note: (a) sin A =
2
2 1+ cos 2A
(b) cos A =
2
2 1 cos 2A
(c) tan A =
1 + cos 2A
tan A + tan B
Consider , tan (A+B) =
1 tan A tan B
Put B = A, we get
tan A + tan A
tan (A+A) =
1 tan A tan A
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 tan 2 A
119
To express sin 2A and cos 2A in terms of tan A:
we have sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
2 sin A
= cos2 A (multiple& dividedly cosA )
CosA
1
= 2tanA
sec 2 A
2 tan A
sin2A =
1 + tan 2 A
2 2
Also, cos 2A = cos A sin A
sin2 A
= cos A 1
2
cos2 A

2 2
= cos A (1-tan A)
1 2
= 2
(1-tan A)
sec A
1 tan 2 A
Cos2A =
1 + tan 2 A
SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES:
If A is any angle, then A/2 is called sub multiple angle.
i) Sin A = sin (2xA/2)
Sin A = 2sin A/2 cos A/2
ii) Cos A = cos [2xA/2]
2
Cos A = cos A/2 sin A/2
2
= 1-2sin A/2
(or)
2
= 2cos A/2-1
Note :
2 1 cos A
sin A/2 =
2
2 1+ cos A
cos A/2 =
2
2 1 cos A
tan A/2 =
1 + cos A
120
iii) Tan A = tan (2.A/2)
2 tan A / 2
Tan A =
1 tan2 A / 2
2 tan A / 2
Similarly, sin A =
1 + tan 2 A / 2
1 tan 2 A / 2
Cos A =
1 + tan 2 A / 2
4.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
2 tan 15
1 + tan 2 15
Solution:
2 tan A
We have, sin2A = (1)
1 + tan 2 A
Put A = 15 in (1)
2 tan 15
= sin 2(15)
1 + tan 2 15
1
= sin 30 =
2
1 tan 2 15
1 + tan 2 15
Solution:
1 tan 2 A
We have Cos 2A = (1)
1 + tan 2 A
Put A = 15 in (1)
1 tan 2 15
= cos 2(15)
1 + tan 2 15
3
= cos 30 =
2
121
sin 2A
3) Prove that = tan A
1 + cos 2A
Solution:
sin 2A
L.H.S = 1 + cos 2A
2 sin A cos A 1 + cos 2 A
= 2
cos2 A =
2 cos A 2
= tanA
= R.H.S
4 4
4) Prove that cos A sin A = cos2A
Solution:
4 4
LHS = cos A- sin A
2 2 2 2
= (cos A) - (sin A)
2 2 2 2
= (cos A+ sin A) (cos A - sin A)
= (1) cos 2A
= cos 2A
sin A
5) Prove that = cot A/2
1 cos A
Solution:
sin A 2 sin A / 2 cos A / 2
LHS = =
1 cos A 2 sin2 A / 2
cos A / 2
=
sin A / 2
= cot A/2 = RHS
2
6) Prove that (sin A/2- cos A/2) =1-sinA
Solution:
2
LHS = (sin A/2- cos A/2)
2 2
= sin A/2+ cos A/2- 2sin A/2 cos A/2
= 1-sin A
= RHS
122
PART B
sin A + sin 2A
1) Prove that =tan A
1 + cos A + cos 2A
Solution:
sin A + 2 sin A cos A
LHS =
1 + cos A + 2 cos 2 A 1
sin A(1 + 2 cos A )
=
cos A(1 + 2 cos A )
sin A
= = tan A = R.H.S
cos A
4 2
2) Prove that cos 4A = 8cos A-8cos A+1
Solution:
LHS = cos 2(2A)
2
= 2cos 2A-1
2
= 2(cos 2A) -1
2 2
= 2[2cos A-1] -1
4 2
= 2[4cos A+1-4cos A]-1
4 2
= 8cos A+2-8cos A-1
4 2
= 8cos A-8cos A+1
= RHS
1 1
3) If tan = and tan = show that 2+=
3 7 4
Solution:
1 1
Given: tan = , tan =
3 7
1 2
2
2 tan 3 3
tan 2 = = =
1 tan2 1
2
1
1
1 9
3
123
2/3 2 9 3
= = . =
8/9 3 8 4
3
tan 2 =
4
tan 2 + tan
tan (2+) =
1 tan 2 tan
3 1 21 + 4
+
= 4 7 = 28
3 1 1
3
1
4 7 28
25 / 28
= =1
25 / 28
Tan (2+) = 1
= tan 45
2+ = 45

2+ =
4
1 cos B
4) If tan A = , prove that tan 2A =tan B (A and B are acute
sin B
angles)
Solution:
1 cos B
Given tan A =
sin B
2 sin2 B / 2 sin B / 2
= =
2 sin B / 2 cos B / 2 cos B / 2
Tan A = tan B/2
A = B/2
2A = B
Tan 2A=tan B.
124
EXERCISE
PART A
0 0 3
1. Show that cos (-330 ) cos 420 =
4
1 0 0
2. Show that cos 780 sin 750 =
4
0 0
3. Find the value of the following: Sin (-330 ) cos 300
0 0
4. Cos (-390 ) sin 420
5. Cos (90 + ) sec (-) tan (180 - )
0 0
6. Cot (90 -) sin (180 + ) sec (360 -)

0 0 0
0 0 0 0\
7. Sin 40 cos20 + cos 40 sin20
0 0 0 0
8. Sin 70 cos 10 cos 70 sin 10
0 0 0 0
9. Cos 75 cos 15 + sin 75 sin 15
0 0 0 0
10. Cos 75 cos 15 sin 75 sin 15
0
11. Find the value of sin 75
0
12. Find the value of cos 15
0 1
13. Prove that sin (45 + A) = (sin A + cos A)
2
0 1
14. Prove that cos (A + 45 ) = (cos A sin A)
2
0 0 0
15. Prove that cos (45 A) cos (45 B) sin (45 A)
0
sin (45 B) = sin (A + B)
0 0
16. Prove that sin A + sin (120 + A) sin (120 A) = 0
tan 220 + tan 230
17. Find that value of the following:
1 tan 220 tan 230
tan 650 tan 200

18.
1+ tan 650 tan 200
5 1
19. If tan A = and tan B = , find the value of tan (A + B)
6 11
125

20. Prove that tan + tan = 1
4 4
21. Find the value of the following
0 0
2 sin 15 cos 15
2 0
22. 1 2 sin 15
2 0
23. 2 cos 30 1
2 0 2 0
24. Cos 15 sin 15
10
2 tan 22
25. 2
10
1 tan2 22
2
Prove the following:
sin 2A
26. = cot A
1 cos 24
1 tan 2 ( 45 A )
27. = sin2 A
1 + tan ( 45 A )
2
2
28. (sin A + cosA) = 1 +sin 2A
4 4
29. cos A sin A = cos 2A
sin A
30. = cot A 2
1 cos A
PART B
3 12
1. If sin A = , Cos B = , (A or B be acute) find
5 13
(i) sin(A+B) and (ii) cos (A+B)
1 1
2. If sin A = , sin B = (A&B are acute) find sin (A+B)
3 4
8 5
3. If sin A = , sin B= , (A&B are acute) prove that
17 13
171
sin (A+B) =
221
126
4 18
4. If sin A = cos B = (A&B be acute ) find cos (A-B)
5 17
5. Prove that sin A + sin (120+A) + sin (240+A)= 0
6. Prove that cos A + cos (120+A) + cos (120-A)= 0
sin( A B) sin(B C) sin(C A )
7. Prove that + + =0
sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A
sin( A B) sin(B C) sin(C A )
8. Prove that + + =0
cos A cos B cos B cos C cos C cos A
9. Prove that tan 20+ tan 25+ tan 20 tan 25=1
10. If A+B=45, prove that (cotA-1) (cot B-1)=2 and hence deduce the
1
value of cot 22
2
cot A cot B 1
11. If A+B =225 , prove that =
(1 + cot A )(1 + cot B) 2
12. If A+B+C=180,prove that cotA cotB+ cotB cotC+ cotC cot A=1
13. If A+B +C =180,prove that tanA+ tanB+ tanC =tanA tanB tanC
14. prove that tan 5A- tan 3A- tan 2A= tan 5A tan 3Atan 2A
1 1
15. If tan = and tan show that tan (2+)=3
2 3
1 cos 2A + sin 2A
16. Prove that = tan A
1 + cos 2A + sin 2A
17. Prove that tan A +cot A= 2 cosec 2A
18. Prove that cot A -cot 2A = cosec 2A
sin 2A
19. Show that = cot A and hence deduce the value of
1 cos 2A
1
cot 15 and cot 22
2
a
20. If tan = find the value of a sin 2 + b cos 2
b
4 2
21. Prove that cos 4A = 8sin A- 8Sin A+1
127
6 6 3 2
22. Prove that cos A +sin A= 1- sin 2A
4
1 cos A + sin A A
23. Prove that = tan
1 + cos A + sin A 2
1 1
24. If tan = and tan = , show that 2+=45
3 7
ANSWERS
PART A
1 3
3) 4)
4 4
5) sin sec tan 6) tan sin sec
3 3 1
7) 8) 9) 10) 0
2 2 2
3 +1 3 +1
11) 12) 17) 1
2 2 2 2
1
18) 1 19) 1 21)
2
3 1 3
22) 23) 24) 25) 1
2 2 2
Part B
56 33
1) i) ii)
65 65
15 + 2 2 77
2) 3)
12 85
10) 2 +1 20) b
128
UNIT V
TRIGONOMETRY
5.1 Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angels (3A only). Simple
problems.
5.2 Sum and Product formulae-Simple Problems.
5.3 Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios, relation between
inverse trigonometric ratios-Simple Problems.
5.1 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLE OF 3A.
i) sin 3A = sin (A+2A)

= sinA cos2A+cosA sin2A
2
= sinA (1-2 sin A) +cos A (2 sinA cosA)
3 2
= sinA-2sin A+2sinA cos A
3 2
= sinA -2sin A+2sinA (1-sin A)
3 3
= sinA -2sin A+2sinA-2sin A
3
sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin A
ii) Cos3A = Cos(A+2A)
= CosACos2A-SinA Sin2A
2
= CosA(2Cos A-1) - Sin A (2SinACosA)
3 2
= 2Cos A-CosA-2Sin A Cos A
3 2
= 2Cos A-CosA-2 (1-Cos A) Cos A
3 3
= 2Cos A-CosA-2CosA +2Cos A
3
Cos3A = 4Cos A-3CosA
129
iii) tan3A = tan (A+ 2A)
tan A + tan2A
=
1 - tan A tan2A
2tanA
tan A +
tan3A = 1 - tan2 A
2tanA
1 - tan A 2
1 - tan A
tan A (1 - tan2 ) A + 2tanA
=
1 - tan2 A - 2tan 2 A
tanA - tan3 A + 2tanA
=
1 - 3tan 2 A
3 tan A tan3 A
tan 3A =
1 3 tan 2 A
5.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART-A
1) Find the value of 3sin 20-4sin 20
3
Solution:
3
We have, sin3A = 3sin A - 4sin A
3sin 20 - 4sin 20 = sin3 (20) (Here A = 20)
0 3
= sin 60
3
=
2
2) Find the value of 4 cos 10 - 3 cos 10
3
Solution:
3
We have, cos 3A = 4 cos A 3 cos A
4cos 10 - 3cos 10 = cos 3 (10) (Here A = 10)
3
= cos 30
3
=
2
130
3
3) If sin = , find the value of sin 3
5
Solution:
3
Given: sin =
5
We have, sin 3= 3 sin 4 sin
3
3 3 3
= 3 4

5 5
9 108 225 108

= - =
5 125 125
117
Sin 3 =
125
1
4) If cos A = , find the value of cos3A
3
Solution:
1
Given : cos A =
3
3
We have cos 3A = 4cos A 3cos A
1 3 1
=4 3

3 3
1 4 27
=4 -1 =
27 27
23
Cos 3A = -
27
131
PART B
sin 3 A cos 3 A
1) Prove that =2
sin A cos A
Solution:
sin 3 A cos 3 A
LHS =
sin A cos A
3 sin A 4 sin3 A 4 cos3 A 3 cos A
=
sin A cos A
sin A(3 4 sin2 A ) cos A( 4 cos2 A 3)
=
sin A cos A
2 2
= 3-4 sin A 4cos A + 3
2 2
= 6 -4 (sin A + cos A)
=64
=2
= R.H.S
cos 3 A cos 3A sin3 A + sin 3 A
2) Prove that + =3
cos A sin A
Solution:
cos3 A cos 3A sin3 A + sin 3A
LHS = +
cos A sin A
cos3 A ( 4 cos3 A 3 cos A ) sin3 A + (3 sin A 4 sin3 A )
= +
cos A sin A
cos3 A 4 cos3 A + 3 cos A sin3 A + 3 sin A 4 sin3 A
= +
cos A sin A
3 cos A 3 cos3 A 3 sin A 3 sin3 A
= +
cos A sin A
3 cos A(1 cos2 A ) 3 sin A(1 sin2 A )
= +
cos A sin A
2 2
= 3(1-cos A) + 3 (1-sin A)
2 2
= 3 sin A + 3cos A
2 2
= 3(sin A + cos A)
= 3(1) = 3 = R.H.S
132
sin 3A
3) Prove that = sin A and hence find the value of sin 15.
1 + 2 cos 2A
Solution:
sin 3A
LHS =
1 + 2 cos 2A
3 sin A 4 sin3 A
=
1 + 2(1 2 sin2 A )
sin A(3 4 sin 2A )

=
1 + 2 4 sin2 A )
sin A(3 4 sin2 A )

=
3 4 sin2 A
= sin A = RHS
sin 3 A
We have proved that sin A =
1 + 2 cos 2A
put A = 15
sin 3(15 ) sin 45
sin15 = =
1 + 2 cos 2(15 ) 1 + 2 cos 30
1 1
2 2
= =
3 1+ 3
1 + 2( )
2
1
=
2(1 + 3 )
4) Prove that 4sinA sin (60+A) sin (60-A) = sin3A

Solution:
LHS = 4sin A sin (60+A) sin (60-A)
2 2 2 2
= 4sin A [sin 60 sin A] [sin (A+B) sin (A-B) = sin A-sin B]
133
3 2 2
= 4sin A [( ) sin A]
2
3 2
= 4sin A [ -sin A]
4
3 4 sin2 A
= 4sin A
4
3
= 3sin A -4sin A
= sin3 A = RHS
1
5) Prove that cos 20 cos40cos 80 =
8
Solution:
LHS = cos 20 cos40cos 80
= cos20 cos (60-20) cos (60+20)
2 2 2 2
= cos20 [cos 60-sin 20] [cos(A+B)cos(A-B)= cos A sin B]
1 2
(
= cos20 1 cos2 20
2
)
1
= cos20 1 + cos2 20
4
4 cos2 20 3
= cos20
4
1 3
= [4cos 20-3cos20]
4
1
= cos3 (20)
4
1 1 1 1
= cos60 = = =RHS
4 4 2 8
134
5.2 - SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAE
Sum or Difference formulae:
We know that
sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (1)
sin (A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B (2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) = 2sin A cos B (I)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
sin (A + B) - sin (A-B) = 2cos A sin B (II)
We know that
cos (A+B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (3)
cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (4)
Adding (3) and (4), we get
cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) = 2cos A cos B (III)
Subtracting (4) from (3), we get
cos (A+B) - cos (A-B) = - 2sinA sin B (IV)
(or)
cos (A-B) - cos (A+B) = 2sinA sin B
sin (A + B) + sin (A B) = 2sinA cosB
sin (A + B) sin (A B) = 2cosA sinB
cos (A + B)+ cos (A B) = 2cosA cosB
cos (A + B) - cos (A B) = -2sinA sin B
(or)
cos (A - B) cos (A + B) = 2sinA sinB
Product formula:
Let C = A + B and D = A B
Then C + D = 2A and C D = 2B
C+D CD
A= B=
2 2
135
Putting these values of A and B in I, II, III, IV we get
C+D CD
sin C + sin D = 2sin cos
2 2
C+D CD
sin C sin D = 2cos sin
2 2
C+D CD
cos C+ cos D = 2cos cos
2 2
C+D CD
cos C cos D = -2sin sin
2 2
(or)
C+D CD
cos D cos C = 2sin sin
2 2
5.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1) Express the following as sum or difference:
i) 2sin2cos ii) 2cos3Asin5A
iii) 2cos3Acos2A iv) 2sin3AsinA
Solution:
i) We have 2sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
2sin2cos = sin(2 + ) + sin (2 - )
= sin3 + sin
ii) We have 2cosA sinB = sin (A + B) - sin (A B)
2cos3A sin5A = sin (3A + 5A) - sin (3A 5A)
= sin8A - sin(-2A)
= sin8A + sin2A
[sin (-A) = -sin A]
136
iii) We have, 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
2cos3Acos 2A = cos (3A + 2A) + cos (3A-2A)
= cos 5A + cos A
iv) We have 2sin A sin B = cos (A-B) cos (A+B)
2sin 3A sin A = cos (3A-A) cos (3A+A)
= cos 2A cos 4A.
2) Express the following as product:
1. sin 4A + sin 2A 2. sin 5A sin 3A
3. cos 3A + cos 7A 4. cos 2A cos 4A
Solution:
C+D C D
i) We have sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
2 2
4 A + 2A 4 A 2A
sin 4A + sin 2A= 2sin cos
2 2
= 2sin 3A cos A
C+D C D
We have sinC sinD = 2cos sin
2 2
5A + 3 A 5A 3A
ii) sin5A - sin3A = 2cos sin
2 2
= 2cos 4A sin A
C+D C D
We have cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
2 2
3A + 7 A 3A 7A
iii) cos 3A + cos 7A = 2cos cos
2 2
= 2cos 5A cos (-2A)
= 2cos 5A cos 2A
( cos( ) = cos )
137
C+D C D
iv) We Have cos C - cos D = -2sin sin
2 2
2A + 4A 2A 4A
cos 2A - cos 4A = -2 sin sin
2 2
= -2 sin 3A sin (-A)
= -2 sin 3A sin A
3) Prove that sin 50 sin 70 + sin 10 = 0
Solution:
LHS = sin 10 + sin 50 sin 70
50 + 70
= sin 10 + 2cos sin 50 70
2 2

= sin 10 + 2cos 60 sin (-10)
1
= sin 10 + 2 ( ) (-sin 10)
2
= sin 10 sin 10
= 0 = RHS
4) Prove that cos 20 + cos 100 + cos 140 = 0
Solution:
LHS = cos 20 + cos 100 + cos 140
100 + 140
= cos20 + 2cos cos 100 140
2 2

= cos 20 + 2cos 120 cos (-20)
1
= cos 20 + 2 cos 20
2
= cos 20 cos 20
= 0 = RHS.
138
5) Prove that cos A + cos ( 120 + A) + cos (120-A) = 0
Solution:
LHS = cos A+ cos (120+A) + cos (120-A)
120 + A + 120 A 120 + A 120 + A
= cosA+2cos cos
2 2
= cos A + 2cos 120 cos A
1
= cos A + 2 cos A
2
= cos A cos A
= 0 = RHS.
sin 2A sin 2B
6) Prove that = tan (A+B)
cos 2 A + cos 2B
Solution:
sin 2A sin 2B
LHS =
cos 2 A + cos 2B
(2A + 2B) 2 A 2B)
2 cos sin(
= 2 2
2 A + 2B 2 A 2B
2 cos( ) cos( )
2 2
sin( A B)
=
cos( A B)
= tan (A-B) = RHS.
PART-B
2
1) Prove that (cos + cos ) + (sin + sin ) = 4cos
2 2

2
Solution:
LHS = (cos + cos ) + (sin + sin )
2 2
2 2
+ +
= 2cos cos + 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
139
2 + 2 2 + 2
= 4cos cos +4sin cos
2 2 2 2
2 + +
= 4cos cos2 + sin2
2 2 2
2
= 4cos (1)
2
2
= 4cos
2
= RHS.
2) If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y =b,
2 x y 4 a2 b2
Prove that tan =
2 a2 + b2
Solution:
Given: sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y =b
2 2 2 2
Consider a +b = (sin x + sin y) + (cos x + cos y)
2 2
x+y x y x+y x y
= 2 sin cos + 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
2 x+y 2 xy 2 x+y 2 xy
= 4 sin cos + 4 cos cos
2 2 2 2
2 xy 2 x + y x + y
= 4 cos sin + cos2
2 2 2
2 x y
(1) since [sin + cos =1]
2 2
= 4 cos
2
2 xy
= 4 cos
2
4 a2 b2 4 (a 2 + b 2 )
R.H.S= =
a2 + b2 a2 + b 2
140
xy
4 4 cos2 ( )
= 2
xy
4 cos2 ( )
2
xy
4(1 cos2 ( )
= 2
xy
4 cos2 ( )
2
xy
sin2 ( )
2 2 xy
= = tan ( ) = L.H.S
x y 2
cos2 ( )
2
3) If sin x + sin y = a and cos x + cos y =b

2ab
Prove that sin (x+y) =
a + b2
2
Solution:
Consider 2ab = 2 (sin x + sin y) (cos x + cos y)
x+y xy x+y xy
= 2 (2sin cos ) (2 cos cos )
2 2 2 2
x+y x+y 2 xy
= 4.(2) sin cos cos
2 2 2
2 xy x+y x+y
= 4 cos , 2sin cos
2 2 2
2 xy x+y
= 4 cos , sin2
2 2
[2 sin A cos A = sin2A]
2 xy
= 4 cos [sin(x+y)]
2
2 2 2 xy
Again a +b = 4 cos (refer example 2)
2
141
2 xy
4 cos sin( x + y )
R.H.S
2ab
= 2
a2 + b2 xy
4 cos2
2
= sin (x+y)=L.H.S
sin A + sin 2A + sin 3 A

4) Prove that = tan 2A
cos A + cos 2A + cos 3 A
sin 2A + (sin 3 A + sin A )
LHS =
cos 2 A + (cos 3 A + cos A )
3A + A 3A A
sin 2 A + 2 sin cos
= 2 2
3A + A 3A A
cos 2 A + 2 cos cos
2 2
sin 2 A + 2 sin 2A cos A
=
cos 2 A + 2 cos 2A cos A
sin 2A(1 + 2 cos A )
=
cos 2A(1 + 2 cos A )
sin 2A
=
cos 2A
= tan 2A
= RHS.
5.3 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION :
Definition: A Function which does the reverse process of a
trigonometric function is called inverse trigonometric function.
The domain of trigonometric function is set of angles and range is set
of real members.
142
In case of inverse trigonometric function the domain is set of real
numbers and range is set of angles.
-1
Inverse trigonometric function of sine is denoted as sin similarly
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
cos , tan , cos , sec and cosec are inverse trigonometric functions
of cos, tan, cot, sec and cosec functions respectively.
Examples:
1 -1 1
We know sin 30= Sin = 30
2 2
tan 45 = 1 tan (1) = 45
-1
cos 0 = 1 cos (1) = 0

-1
Note:
-1 -1 -1
i) There is a difference between sin x and (sin x) sin x is inverse
-1
trigonometric function of sin x whereas (sin x) is the reciprocal of
-1 1
sin x. i.e.(sin x) = = cosec x.
sin x
ii) Value of inverse trigonometric function is an angle.
-1
i.e. sin x is an a angle
i.e. sin x =
-1
Principal value:
Among all the values, the numerically least value of the inverse
trigonometric function is called principal value.
Examples:
1 1
1) We know sin 30 = , sin 150 =
2 2
1 1
Sin 390 = , - sin (-330) = ..
2 2
-1 1
Sin = 30, 150, 390, -330
2
143
The least positive value is 30, which is called principal value of
-1 1
sin
2
1 1
2) We know cos 60 = , cos (-60) =
2 2
1 1
Cos 300 = , cos 420 =
2 2
-1
1
Cos = 60, - 60, 300, 420.
2
-1 1
The principal value of cos is 60
2
Here 60 and -60 are numerically equal and though - 60 is the
smaller than 60 only 60 is taken as principal value.
The following table gives the range of principal values of the
inverse trigonometric functions.
Function Domain Range of Principal Value of
-1 x 1
-1
Sin x
-
Cos x
-1
-1 x 1 2 2

-1 0
Tan x (-,) 2
-1
Cot x (-,) -
-1
2 2
Sec x (-1,1) except o 0< <

Cosec x
-1 0 < < ,
(-1,1) except o 2

- < < , 0
2 2
Properties
Property (1)
-1
(a) sin (sin x) = x
-1
(b) cos (cos x) =x
144
-1
(c) tan (tan x) = x
-1
(d) cot (cot x) = x
-1
(e) sec (sec x) =x
-1
(f) cosec (cosec x)= x
Proof:
(a) let sin x= y x =sin (y)

-1
(1)
-1
Put sin x= y in sin (sin x)
Sin (sin x)= sin (y)
-1 -1
(2)
-1
From (1) and (2), sin (sin x) =x
Similarly other results can be proved
Property (2)
-1 1 -1
(a) sin = cosec x
x
-1 1 -1
(b) cosec = sin x

x
-1 1 -1
(c) cos = sec x
x
-1 1 -1
(d) sec = cos x
x
-1 1 -1
(e) tan = cot x
x
-1 1 tan 2 -1
(f) cot 2
= tan x
1 + tan
Proof:
-1 1
(a) Let sin = y -------------- 1
x
145
1
Sin y =
x
1
x = = cosec y
sin y
y = cosec x
-1
------------------- 2
-1 1 -1
(1) and (2) sin =cosec x

x

Property (3)
-1 -1
(a) sin (-x) =-sin x
= -cos x
-1 -1
(b) cos (-x)
-1 -1
(c) tan (-x) =-tan x
-1 -1
(d) cot (-x) =-cot x
-1 -1
(e) sec (-x) =-sec x
-1 -1
(f) cosec (-x) =-cosec x
Proof:
-1
(a) Let y= sin (-x) (1)
sin y = -x
i.e. x = -sin y
x = sin (-y)
-1
i.e. sin x= -y
y
-1
= -sin x (2)
-1 -1
From (1) and (2) sin (-x) = -sin x
-1
(b) Let y = cos (-x) (1)
Cos y = -x
i.e. x = -cos y
146
x = cos (180-y)
cos x = 180-y
-1
y = 180-cos x
-1
y = -cos x
-1
(2)
From (1) and (2) cos (-x) = -cos x

-1 -1

Property (4)
-1 -1
(i) sin x+cos x =
2
-1 -1
(ii) tan x+cot x =
2
-1 -1
(iii) sec x+cosec x =
2
Proof:
(i) Let = sin x . (1)
-1
sin = x
i.e. x = sin
x = cos (90-)
cos x = 90-
-1
cos x = 90-sin x
-1 -1
(using (1))

sin x + cos x = 90 =
-1 -1
2
Property (5)
-1 x + y
If xy < 1 Prove that tan x + tan y = tan
-1 -1
1 xy
x = tan A
-1
Let A = tan x
y = tan B
-1
Let B = tan y
tan A + tan B
We know tan (A+B) =
1 tan A tan B
147
x+y
tan (A+B) =
1 xy
x+y
A+B
-1
= tan
1 xy
x+y
-1
i.e tan x + tan y
-1
= tan
-1

1 xy
Property (6)
-1 -1
Sin x + sin y = sin
-1
[x 1 y 2 +y 1 x 2 ]
Proof:
Let A = sin x x = sin A
-1
Let B = sin y y = sin B

-1
We know sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= sin A 1 sin2 B + 1 sin2 A sin B
= x 1 y 2 + 1 x 2 y
-1
A+B= sin [x 1 y 2 +y 1 x 2 ]
-1 -1 -1
i.e sin x + sin y = sin [x 1 y 2 +y 1 x 2 ]
5.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART-A
1) Find the principal value of
3 1
(i) cos
-1 -1
(ii) sin
2 2

-1 1 -1 1
(iii) tan (iv) cos
3 2
-1
(v) cosec (-2)
148
Solution:
-1 3
i) Let x = cos
2
3
cos x =
2
cos x = cos 30
x = 30
3
cos
-1
= 30
2
-1 1
ii) Let x = sin
2
1
sin x =
2
sin x= sin 45
x= 45
-1 1
sin = 45
2
1
iii) Let x = tan
-1

3
1
tan x = -
3
tan x =-tan 30
tan x = tan (-30)
x = -30
1

-1
iv) Let x = cos
2
1
cos x =
2
cos x = -cos 60
149
cos x = cos (180-60) = cos 120
x = 120
-1
v. Let x = cosec (-2)
cosec x = - 2
cosec x = -cosec 30
cosec x = cosec (-30)
x = -30
cosec (-2) = -30
-1
-1 1 -1 2 -1 11
2) Prove that tan + tan = tan

3
5 13
Solution:
x+y
-1
We know tan x + tan y = tan
-1 -1

1 xy
1 2
1 -1 2 3+5
tan (
-1 -1
) + tan ( ) = tan
3 5 1 ( 1 )( 2 )
3 5
5+6
-1 15
= tan
15 2
15
-1 11
= tan
13
= RHS
-1 -1 1
3) Show that tan x+tan =

x 2
Solution:
-1 1 -1
LHS = tan x + tan ( )
x
-1 -1
= tan x + cot x using properity (2)

= using properity (4)
2
150
PART-B
-1 -1 1 x 2
1) Show that 2tan x = cos 2
1 + x
Solution:
Let x = tan = tan x
-1
-1 1 x 2
LHS = cos 2
1 + x
-1 1 tan 2
= cos 2
1 + tan
-1
= cos [cos2]
= 2
-1
= 2tan x
= LHS
-1 3x x3 -1
2) Show that tan 2
= 3tan x
1 3 x
Solution:
Let = tan = tan x
-1
-1 3 x x
3
LHS = tan 2
1 3 x
-1 3 tan tan3
= tan
1 3 tan
2
-1
= tan [tan 3]
=3
-1
= 3 tan x = R.H.S
151
-1 2 -1 12
3) Show that 2 tan = tan

3 15
Solution:
-1 2
LHS = 2tan
3
-1 2 -1 2
= tan )+ tan

3 3
2 2
-1 3+3
= tan using properity (5)
1 ( 2 )( 2 )
3 3
4

= tan 3
-1
94
9
4 9

-1
= tan
3 5
-1 12
= tan = R.H.S
15
8
4) Evaluate tan cos 1
17
Solution:
-1 8
Let cos = (1)
17
8
Cos =
17
opp AB
tan = =
adj BC
152
15
=
8
15
= tan
-1
(2)
8
AB = 17 2 8 2
-1 8 -1 15 = 289 64
From (1) and (2) cos = tan
17 8 = 225
= 15
8 -1 15 15
tan cos 1 = tan [tan ]=
17 8 8
EXERCISE
PART-A
Find the value of the following:
3
1. 3sin 10 - 4sin 10
3
2. 4sin 20 - 3cos 20
3 tan 20 tan3 20
3.
1 3 tan2 20
4
4. If sin A = (A being acute) find sin3A
5
3
5. If cos = (being acute) find cos3
5
6. If tan = 3, find tan3
7. Express in the form of a sum or difference.
I. 2sin 4 cos 2
II. 2cos 8cos 6
153
III. 2cos 6A sin 3A
IV. 2sin 6 sin 2
3A A
V. cos sin
2 2
7A 5A
VI. sin cos
2 2
VII. cos (60+) sin (60- )
8. Express is the form of a product.
I. sin 13 A + sin 5A
II. sin 13 A - sin 5A
III. cos 13 A + cos 5A
IV. cos 13 A - cos 5A
o o
V. sin 52 sin 32
o o
VI. sin 50 + cos 80
o o
VII. sin 20 + cos 50
0 0
VIII. cos 35 + sin 72
Prove the following :
o o o
9. sin 10 + sin 50 sin 70 = 0
o 0 o
10. sin 20 + sin 40 sin 80 = 0
o o o
11. sin 78 sin 18 + cos 132 = 0
o o o
12. Cos 80 + cos 40 cos 20 = 0
o o o
13. Cos 52 + cos 68 + cos 172 = 0
o o o
14. Cos 40 + cos 80 + cos 160 = 0
o o o
15. Sin 50 + sin 10 = cos 20
o o o
16. Cos 10 + cos 70 = 3 cos 40
0 o
17. Sin A + sin (120 +A) sin (120 -A) = 0
154
0 o
18. Sin A + sin (120 +A) + sin (240 +A) = 0
o o
19. Cos A + cos (240 -A) + cos (240 +A) = 0
sin 3 A sin A
20. = cot 2A
cos 3 A cos A
sin 7 A sin 5 A
21. = tan A
cos 7 A + cos 5 A
sin 3 A + sin A
22. = tan 2 A
cos 3 A + sin A
cos B cos A A +B
23. = tan
sin A sin B 2
24. Find the principal value of
1
i) Sin1
2

ii) Sin1 3
2

iii) Sin1( 1)
iv) Sin1 1
2
v) Cos (0 )
1
1
vi) Cos1

2
vii) tan 1 3( )
2
viii) sec 1
3
ix) cos ec 1 2( )
155
1
=
-1 -1
25. Sin (x) + sin
x 2
-1 3 -1 1 -1
26. tan + tan = tan (1)
4 7
-1 1 x 2 = cos-1 x
27. Sin

-1 1 + x 2 = tan-1 x
28. Sec

PART B
sin 3 cos 3
1) + = 4 cos 2
sin cos
cos 3 A sin 3A
2) = 1-2 sin 2A
cos A + sin A
sin 3A + sin3 A
3) cos 3 A cos 3A = cot A
1 cos 3 A 2
4) Prove that = (1+2 cos A)
1 cos A
cos 3A
5) Prove that = cos A and hence
2 cos 2A 1
0
deduce the value cos15
3 o 3 o o o
6) Prove that 4 (cos 10 +sin 20 ) = 3 (cos 10 + sin 20 )
o o
7) Prove that 4 sin A sin (60 + A) sin (120 +A) = sin 3A
o o o 3
8) Prove that sin 20 sin 40 sin 80 =
8
156
o o o 1
9) Prove that sin 10 sin 50 sin 70 =
8
10) Prove that 4 cos cos (60 -) cos (60 +) = cos3
o o
o o o o 1
11) Prove that sin 10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70 =
16
o o o o 3
12) Prove that sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80 =
16
o o o o 3
13) Prove that Cos 10 cos 30 cos 50 cos 70 =
16
o o o o 1
14) Prove that cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80 =
16
15) Prove that tan tan (60 +) tan (60 -) = tan 3
o o
o o
16) Prove that tan 20 tan 40 tan 80 =
o 3
sin 2A + sin 5 A sin A

cos 2A + cos 5 A + cos A
cos 2A + cos 5 A + cos A
18) Prove that = cot 2A
sin 2A + sin 5 A sin A
sin A + sin 3A + sin 5 A + sin 7A
cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7A
+
20) Prove that (Cos + cos ) + (sin -sin ) = 4 cos
2 2 2
2
+
21) Prove that (Cos - cos ) + (sin + sin ) = 4 sin
2 2 2
2

22) Prove that (Cos - cos ) + (sin - sin ) = 4 sin
2 2 2
2
23) If sinx + siny = a and cos x + cos y = b , prove that
2 xy 4
sec = 2
2 a +b
2
157
24) If sinx - sin y = a and cos x - cos y = b , prove that
2 xy 4
sec =
2 4a b
2 2
25) If sin x-sin y = a and cos x cos y = b, prove that
2 xy a2 + b2
tan =
2 4a b
2 2
3
26) Prove that sin + sin (120+0) + sin (120-0) =
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 3
27) Prove that cos A+cos (A+120) + cos (A-120) =
2
-1 -1 2x
28) 2 tan x = sin
1+ x
2
-1 -1 2x
29) 2 tan x = tan
1 x
2
xy
-1 -1
30) tan x tan y = tan
-1

1 + xy
-1 -1
31) sin x - sin y = sin
-1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2

-1 -1
32) cos x + cos y = cos
-1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2

-1 -1
33) cos x - cos y = cos
-1 xy + 1 x 2 1 y 2

1 cos x x
=
-1
34) tan
1 + cos x 2
-1 1 -1 3
35) 2 tan = tan
3 4
158
5
36) Evaluate cos sin1
13
4 12
37) Evaluate cos sin1 + sin1
5 13
ANSWERS
PART-A
1 1 44 117
1) 2) 3) 3 4) 5)
2 2 125 125
9
6)
13
7) (i) sin 6 + sin 2
(ii) cos 14 + cos 2
(iii) sin 9 A sin 3 A
(iv) cos 4 - cos 8
1
(v) [sin2A sinA]
2
1
(vi) [sin 6 A + sin A]
2
1 3
(vii) sin 2
2 2
8) (i) 2sin 9A cos 4A
(ii) 2cos 9A sin 4A
(iii) 2cos 9A sin 4A
(iv) -2sin 9A sin 4A
0 o
(v) 2cos42 sin 10
0 0
(vi)2sin30 cos20
159
0 0
(vii)2sin30 cos20
53 17
(viii) 2 cos cos
2 2

24) (i) ii) iii) iv) v)
4 3 2 3 2
3
vi) vii) viii) ix)
4 3 6 4
PART B
1 12 33
35) 36) 37)
6 2 13 65
160
MATHEMATICS I
MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Time : 3 Hrs (Maximum Marks: 75)
PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
I. Answer Any 15 Questions
1. x
Solve 3 2x = 0
2x
1 1 1
2. Find the Value a b c =0
b+c c +a a+b
1 4 4 5
3. If A = , B = FindAB
1 0 7 2
3 4
4. Find the adjoint Matrix of
1 2
5. Find the value of 10C7
8
6. Find the general term of (3x y)
Expand (1 + x) upto three terms when x < 1
-3
7.
x +1
8. Split into partial fraction without finding the constant
x( x + 1)
9. Find the value of m if the lines 2x+my = 4 and x + 5y-6=0 are
perpendicular
10. Find the combined the equation of the lines 2x + 5y = 0 and x +
3y = 0
2 2
11. Show that the pair of lines x - 8y + 16y = 0 are parallel
2 2
12. Write down the condition for the equation ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx
+ 2 fy + c = 0 to represent a pair of straight lines.
161
3
13. Show that sin (-330) x sin 420 =
4
14. Find the value of cos50 cos40 - sin50 sin40
1 1
15. If tan A = tan B = Find tan ( A + B)
2 3
16. Find the value of 2 sin 75 cos75
17. If sin = 1/3, findthe value of sin 3
3
18. Find the value of 4cos 10 - 3cos 10
sin 2A sin 2B
19. Showthat = -cot (A+B)
cos 2A cos 2B
2x
20. Show that tan
-1
= 2 tan 1 x
1 x 2
PART B
(Answer Any TWO subdivisions in each question)
All Questions carry Equal Marks
5x12=60
21a. Solve by using Cramers Rule
x+y+z=3, 2x-y+z=2 and 3x+2y-2z=3
1+ x 1 1
b Short that 1 1+ x 1 = x 2 ( x + 3)
1 1 1+ x
3 2 1
c. Find the inverse of 4 1 1
2 0 1
11
3 2
22.a Find the middle terms in the expansion of x + 3
x
2 12
b Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (2x +1/x)
x3
c. Resolve in to partial fraction
x( x + 5) ( x 6)
162
23.a. Find the angle between the lines 7x+ 2y = 1 andx-5y=0
b. Find the separate equation of the pair of straight lines
2 2
9x +12xy+4y =0 . Also prove that the lines are parallel.
2 2
c Show that the equations represented by2x 7xy + 3y + 5x
5y + 2 = 0 is a pair of straight lines
1 1
24.a.If sin A = and sin B prove that A + B =
10 5 4
b. If A+B = 45 Prove that (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2 and hence
1
deduce the value of tan 22
2
sin 2A + sin A
c.Prove that = tan A
1 + cos 2A + cos A
3
25.a.Prove that sin20sin40sin60sin80
16
2 2 2
b.Prove that (coscos) (sin sin) = 4 sin
2
-1 x y 1 1
c. Show that tan = tan x + tan y
1 + xy
163
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Time : 3 Hrs (Maximum Marks: 75)

PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
I. Answer Any 15 Questions
x2 0
1. Find x if =0
0 x2
x 2x 3 x
2. Prove that 4 x 5x 6x = 0
7x 8x 9x
3 4
3. If A = Find A 2
2 1
1 1
4. Find the inverse of
2 0
1
Find the 11 term of 3x 2 + 20
th
5.
x
9
6. How many middle terms are in the expansion of (5x-y)
-2
7. Write the first three terms in the expansion of (1-x)
x3 x
(x + 2) (x 2 + 1)
8. Without finding the constants split in to partial
fraction
9. Find the perpendicular distances from the point (2,1) to the
straight line 3x+2y+1=0
10. Write down the condition for the pair of lines given by
2 2
ax +2hxy+by = 0 to be parallel
2 2
11. Find a if the lines represented by3x +4xy+ay = 0 are
perpendicular
12. State the expression for angle between pair of line given by
2 2
ax +2hxy+by +2gx +2fy+c=0
164
13. Find the value sin 15 without using tables or calculator
14. Find the value of cos40cos 10 + sin 40 sin 10
tan 22 + tan 23
15. Simplify
1 tan 22 tan 23
sin 2A
16. Prove that = tan A
1+ cos 2 A
3
17. Find the value of 3sin10 - 4 sin 10
3
18. If Cos A = find the value of cos3A.
5
19. Show that Cos20 + Cos100 + Cos140 = 0
2x
= 2 tan 1 x
-1
20. Show that sin
1 + x2
PART- B
(Answer any two subdivision in each Question)
5x12=60
21 a) Solve the equations 4x+y+z=6,2x-y-2z = -6 and x+y+z=3,
using Cramers rule
x+a b c
b) Prove that a x+b c = x 2 (x + a + b + c)
a b x+c
3 5
c) If A = show that A2 5A 14I = 0
4 2
13
22.a) Find the middle terms in the expansion of (2x+1/x)
b) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
2 1
2x
12
x
7x 4
c) Resolve in to a partial function
( x + 2) ( x 1)
165
23.a) Derive the expression for angle between two lines y=m1x+c1
and y = m2x+c2
2 2
b) If the slope of one of the straight lines ax + 2hxy + by = 0 is
2
twice that of the other show that8h = 9ab
2 2
c) Find the value of so that the equation 3x +14xy+8y 8x
2y+ = 0 represents a pair ofstraight lines.
3 12
24.a) If sin A = , cos B = , find the values of sin (A-B) and cos
5 13
(A-B)
b) If A + B = 45 Prove that (cot A-1) (cot B -1)=2. Also find the
1
value of cot 22
2
1 + sin cos
c) Show that = tan / 2
1+ sin + cos
cos 3 A cos 3 A sin3 A + sin 3 A

25.a) Prove that + =3
cos A sin A
b) If a=sinA + sinB, b = cosA + cosB, Show that
A B 4 (a 2 + b 2 )
tan
2
=
2 a2 + b2
3x x 3
c) Show that tan
-1
= 3 tan 1 x
1 3x 2
166
MATHEMATICS II
UNIT I
CIRCLES
1.1 Equation of circle given centre and radius. General Equation of
circle finding center and radius. Simple problems.
1.2 Equation of circle through three non collinear points concyclic
points. Equation of circle on the line joining the points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2) as diameter. Simple problems.
1.3 Length of the tangent. Position of a point with respect to a circle.
Equation of tangent (Derivation not required). Simple problems.
1.1 CIRCLES
Definition:
The locus or path of a point P(x,y) which is at a constant distance
r from a fixed point C(h,k) is called a circle.
The fixed point C(h,k) is called centre and the constant distance
is called the radius of the circle.
1.1.1 Eqution of a circle with centre (h,k) and radius r:

Let the given centre and radius are C(h,k) and r units. Let P(x,y)
be any point on the circle. From Fig (1.1.) CP= r
ie ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r (using distance formula)

167
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 (1)
Note: When centre is at the origin (0,0) the equation (1) becomes
2 2 2
x +y =r . i.e. the equation of the circle with centre at the origin and
2 2 2
radius r units is x +y =r .
1.1.2 General Equation of the circle.
The general equation of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (2)
Equation (2) can be re written as
x 2 + 2gx + g2 + y 2 + 2fy + f 2 = g2 + f 2 c (or)
( x + g)2 + ( y + f )2 = g2 + f 2 c
2
[x ( g)] 2 + [y (f )] 2 = g2 + f 2 c (3)

Equation (3) is in the form of equation (1)
The eqution (2) represents a circle with centre (-g,-f) and radius
g2 + f 2 c .
Note:
2 2
(i) Coefficient of x = coefficient of y
1 1
(ii) Centre of the circle = coefficient of x, coefficient of y
2 2
(iii) Radius = g2 + f 2 c
168
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
1) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (2,-1) and radius 3
units.
Solution:
Equation of the circle with centre (h,k) and radius r is
( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2 (h,k) =(2,-1) r=3
( x 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 3 2 x 2 + y 2 4 x + 2y 4 = 0
2) Find the centre and radius of the circle x 2 + y 2 6 x + 4 y + 2 = 0
Solution:
Here 2g = -6 and 2f = 4
g = -3 f=2
Centre is (-g,-f)
Centre (3,-2)
r= ( 3)2 + 22 2
r= 11 units
PART B
1) If 3x-y+5 = 0 and 4x+7y+15=0 are the equations of two diameters
of a circle of radius 4 units write down the equation of the circle.
Solution:
Given diameters are
3x-y+5=0 (1)
4x+7y+15 = 0 (2)
169
Solving (1) and (2) we get x=-2 and y = -1
centre (-2,-1) given radius r = 4
Equation of the circle is
( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x + 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 4 2
i.e. x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2y 11= 0
2) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (5,-7) and passing
through the point (3,-3)
Solution:
Let the centre and a point on the circle be C(5,-7) and A (3,-3)
Radius = CA = (5 3)2 + ( 7 + 3)2
r = 4 + 16 r = 20
170
Equation of circle is ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
r = 20
2
(h,k) = (5,-7) r = 20
( x 5)2 + ( y + 7 )2 = 20
x 2 10 x + 25 + y 2 + 14 y + 49 20 = 0
i.e. x 2 + y 2 10 x + 14 y + 54 = 0
1.2 CONCYCLIC POINTS

If four or more points lie on the same circle the points are called
concylic points.
1.2.1 Equation of circle with end points of a diameter
Let A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) be given two end points of a diameter.

Let P (x,y) be any point on the circle.
i.e APB = 90, ( Angle in a Semi circle is 90)
AP PB
(slope of AP) (slope of PB ) = -1

y y1 y y 2

x x x x =1
1 2
171
ie. ( y y1) ( y y 2 ) = ( x x1) ( x x 2 )
ie ( x x1) ( x x 2 ) + ( y y1) ( y y 2 ) = 0
is the required equation of the circle.
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
1) Find the equation of the circle joining the points (1,-1) and (-2,3)
as diameter
Solution:
( x x1) ( x x 2 ) + ( y y1) ( y y 2 ) = 0
( x1y1) = (1,1) ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( 2,3 )
( x 1) ( x + 2) + ( y + 1) ( y 3) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + x 2y 5 = 0
2) Find the equation of the circle joining the points (a,0) and (0,b) as
diameter
Solution:
( x x1) ( x x 2 ) + ( y y1) ( y y 2 ) = 0
( x1, y1) = (a,0) and ( x 2, y 2 ) = (0, b)
( x a) ( x 0) + ( y 0) ( y b) = 0
x 2 + y 2 ax by = 0
172
PART B
1) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1,1),
(1,0) and (0,1)
Solution:
Let the equation of the circle be
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (1)
(1,1) lies on (1) i.e
12 + 12 + 2g(1) + 2f (1) + c = 0
2g+2f+c = -2 (2)
(1,0) lies on (1)
i.e 12 + 0 2 + 2g(1) + 2f (0) + c = 0
2g+c = -1 (3)
(0,1) lies on (1)
i.e 0 2 + 12 + 2g(0) + 2f (1)+ c = 0
2f+c= -1 (4)
2g+2f+c = -2
2g+0+c=-1
(2) (3) 0 + 2f+0=-1
1
2f=-1 f=
2
1
Substitute f= in (4)
2
1
2 + c = 1
2
1 + c = 1 c= 0
173
Substitute c= 0 in (3)
2g + 0 = 1
1
g=
2
1 1
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 0 = 0

2 2
ie. x 2 + y 2 x y = 0
2) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (0,1) ,
(4,3) and having its centre on the line 4x-5y-5=0
Solution:
Let the Equation of the circle be
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (1)
(0,1) lies on (1)
i.e 0 2 + 12 + 2g(0) + 2f (1) + c = 0
2f+c = -1 (2)
(4,3) lies on (1)
i.e. 4 2 + 3 2 + 2g( 4) + 2f (3 ) + c = 0
8g + 6f + c = 25 (3)
Centre (-g,-f) lies on the line 4 x 5 y 5 = 0
i.e 4( g) 5( f ) 5 = 0 (4)
4 g + 5 f = 5
2f + c = 1
8g + 6f + c = 25
174
(2) (3) 8g 4f + 0 = 24
4g + 2f = 12 (5)
(4) + (5) gives;

4 g + 5 f = 5
4g + 2f = 12
0 + 7f = 7
7f = 7 f = -1
Substituting f=-1 in (5)
4g-2 (-1) = -12
10 5
4g+2 = -12 4g = -10 g= i.e., g=
4 2
5
Substituting g = , f=-1 in (3)
2
5
8 + 6( 1) + c = 25
2
20 6 + c = 25 c = 25 + 26 c=1
Equation of the required circle is

5
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2( 1)y + 1= 0
2
x 2 + y 2 5 x 2y + 1= 0
3) Show that the points (4,1), (6,5) (2,7) and (0,3) are concyclic
Solution:
Let the equation of the circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (1)
(4,1) lies on the circle (1)
4 2 + 12 + 2g( 4) + 2f (1) + c = 0
8g + 2f + c = 17 (2)
175
6 2 + 5 2 + 2g(6 ) + 2f (5 ) + c = 0
12g+10f+c = -61 (3)

22 + 7 2 + 2g(2) + 2f (7) + c = 0
4g+14f+c = -53 (4)

(3) (2) 4g +8f = -44 (5)
(3)-(4) 8g 4f = -8 (6)
Solving (5) and (6) we get g=-3 and f=-4
Substituting g = -3, f=-4 in (2)
8(-3) + 2(-4)+c = -17
C = -17 +32 = 15
Equation of circle passing through the three
points (4,1) (6,5) and (2,7) is
x 2 + y 2 + 2( 3)x + 2( 4)y + 15 = 0
x 2 + y 2 6 x 8 y + 15 = 0 (7)
Substituting the fourth point (0,3) in (7)
0 2 + 3 2 6(0) 8(3) + 15 = 0
9 24 + 15 = 0 24 -24 = 0
(0,3) also lies on (7)
Hence the given four points are concyclic.

1.3.1 Length of the Tangent to a circle from a point (x1,y1)
Let the equation of the circle be x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and

the point A(x1,y1) lies out side the circle.
176
We know that the centre is C(-g,-f) and radius
BC = r = g + f c
2 2
From the fig (1.3)

ABC is a right angled triangle.
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
AB2 = AC 2 BC2
AB2 = ( x1 + g)2 + ( y1 + f )2 (g2 + f 2 c )
AB2 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + C
AB = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Which is the length of the tangent from the point (x1,y1) to the
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Note:
(i) If AB > 0, A(x1,y1) lies out side the circle.
(ii) If AB < 0, A(x1,y1) lies inside the circle.
(iii) If AB = 0, A (x1,y1) lies on the circle.
177
1.3.2 Equation of the Tangent to a circle at the point (x1,y1) on
the circle (Results only):
Given equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

The point A (x1,y1) lies on the circle.
i.e x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0
From fig (1.4) AT is the tangent at A. We know that centre is
C(-g,-f).
y1 + f
Slope of AC =
x1 + g
Since AC is perpendicular to AT
( x + g)
Slope of AT = m = 1
( y1 + f )
Equation of the tangent AT at A(x1,y1) is
y y1 = m( x x1 )
x + g
y y1 = 1 ( x x1 ) on simplification, we get

y1 + f
xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Note: The equation of tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 at (x1,y1) is

2
obtained by substituting g=0, f=0 and c=-r in the above equation to
tangent
178
xx1 + yy1 + 0( x + x1) + 0( y + y1) r 2 = 0
ie xx1 + yy1 = r 2
1.3.2 RESULTS
1) Equation of the tangent to a circle at a point (x 1,y1) is
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1 ) + f (y + y1) +c=0
2) Length of the tangent from the point (x 1,y1) to the circle

x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is x12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c
Note:
2 2 2
(1) the equation of the tangent to the circle x +y = r at (x 1,y1) is
xx1 + yy1 = r 2
(2) If x12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c > 0 then the point (x 1,y1) lies outside the
circle.
(3) If x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 then the point (x 1,y1) lies on the
circle.
(4) If x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c < 0, then the point (x 1,y1) lies inside the
circle.
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
1) Find the length of the tangent from (2,3) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 2 x + 4 y + 1= 0
Solution:
Length of the tangent = x12 + y12 + 2gx 1 + 2fy1 + c
= 22 + 32 2(2) + 4(3) + 1
= 4 + 9 4 + 12 + 1
= 22 units
179
2) Show that the point (9,2) lies on the circle
x 2 + y 2 6 x 10 y 11= 0
Solution:
Substitute (9,2) on the circle x 2 + y 2 6 x 10 y 11= 0
92 + 22 6(9) 10(2) 11= 0
81 + 4-54-20-11=0. 85-85 = 0
the point (9,2) lies on the circle.
3) Find the equation of the tangent at (-4,3) to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25
Solution:
2
Equation of tangent is xx1+yy1=r
x(-4) + y(3) = 25
-4x+3y =25
4x-3y+25 = 0
PART B
1) Find the equation of the tangent at (4,1) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 8 x 6 y + 21 = 0
Solution:
Equation of the tangent at the point (x1,y1) is
xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
Given x 2 + y 2 8 x 6 y + 21 = 0
2g = -8, 2f = -6 c = 21 (x1,y1) = (4,1)
g = -4 f =-3
x( 4) + y(1) + ( 4)[ x + 4]+ ( 3)[ y + 1] + (21)= 0
4( x ) + y 4 x 16 3 y 3 + 21 = 0
-2y+2 = 0 2y-2 = 0 y-1 = 0
180
Equation of the tangent is y -1 = 0
2 2
2) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle (x+2) + (y-1) = 5 at
(-1,-1).
Solution:
Equation of the circle in ( x + 2)2 + ( y 1)2 = 5
i.e x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2y = 0
Here 2g=4 2f = -2
g=2 f=-1 c= 0
Equation of the tangent is xx1 + yy1 + g( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
i.e., x( 1) + y( 1) + 2( x 1) 1( y 1) = 0
x y + 2x 2 y + 1= 0 x-2y-1 = 0
EXERCISE
PART A
1. Find the equation of the circle whose centre and radius are given
as
(i) (3,2); 4 units (ii) (-5,7) , 3 units
(iii) (-5,-4); 5 units (iv) (6,-2), 10 units

181
2. Find the centre and radius of the following circles:
(i) x 2 + y 2 12 x 8 y + 2 = 0 (ii) x 2 + y 2 + 7 x + 5 y 1= 0
(iii) 2x 2 + 2y 2 6 x + 12y 4 = 0 (iv) x 2 + y 2 = 100
3. Write down the equation of circle whose centre is (h,k) and radius
r units.
4. Write down the centre and radius of the circle

x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2 2
5. Find the centre and radius of the circle ( x 2)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 16
6. Find the equation of the circle described on line joining the

following points as diameter:
(i) (3,5) and (2,7) (ii) (-1,0) and (0,-3)
(iii) (0,0) and (4,4) (iv) (-6,-2) and (-4,-8)
7. Write down the equation of the circle whose end points of the
diameter are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
8. Write down the expression to find the length of the tangent to the
circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 from the point (x1,y1)
9. Write down the equation of the tangent to the circle

x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at the point (x1,y1).
10. Find the length of the tangent from the point (2,1) to the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4 y + 3 = 0
11. Show that the point (-3,-4) lies inside the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + y 25 = 0
12. Show that the point (-1,-7) lies on the circle

x 2 + y 2 + 15 x + 2y 21 = 0
182
PART B
1) x+2y=1 and 3x-4y=3 are two diameters of a circle of radius 5

units. Find the equation of the circle.
2) Find the equation of the circle two of its diameters are 3x+4y=2
and x-y =3 and passing through (5,-1)
3) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (5,2),
(2,1), (1,4).
4) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (6,0)
and (-1,-1) and having its centre on x+2y+5=0
5) Prove that the points (3,4), (0,5),(-3,-4) and (-5,0) are concylic
6) Find the equation of the tangent at (2,4) to the circle

x 2 + y 2 + 2x 4 y 8 = 0
7) Find the equation of the tangent at (-7,-11) to the circle

x 2 + y 2 = 500
8) Show that the point (1,-4) lies on the circle

x 2 + y 2 12 x + 4 y + 11 = 0 Also find the equation of the tangent at
(1,-4).
ANSWER
PART A
(1) (i) x 2 + y 2 6 x 4y 3 = 0
(ii) x 2 + y 2 + 10 x 14 y + 65 = 0
(iii) x 2 + y 2 + 10x + 8 y + 16 = 0
(iv) x 2 + y 2 12x + 4 y 60 = 0
183
7 5 78
(2) (i) (6,4), 50 (ii) , ;
2 2 2
3 53
(iii) ,3 ; (iv) (0,0); 10.
2 2
(5) (2,-3), 4
(6) (i) x 2 + y 2 5 x 12y + 41= 0
(ii) x 2 + y 2 + x + 3 y = 0
(iii) x 2 + y 2 4 x 4 y = 0
(iv) x 2 + y 2 + 10 x + 10 y + 40 = 0
(10) 4 units
(11) 10
PART B
1) x 2 + y 2 2x 24 = 0 6) 3 x + 2y 14 = 0
2) x 2 + y 2 4 x + 2y 4 = 0 7) 7 x + 11y + 170 = 0
3) x 2 + y 2 6 x 6 y + 13 = 0 8) 5 x + 2y + 3 = 0
4) x 2 + y 2 6x + 8 y = 0
184
UNIT- II
FAMILY OF CIRCLES
2.1 Concentric circles contact of circles (internal and external
circles) orthogonal circles condition for orthogonal circles.
(Result only). Simple Problems
x n an
Lt
2.2 Limits:Definition of limits - = na n 1
x a xa
Lt sin Lt tan
= 1, =1 ( in radian)
0 0
[Results only] Problems using the above results.
Differentiation:
n
2.2 Definition Differentiation of x , sinx, cosx, tanx, cotx, secx,
u
cosecx, logx, e , u v, uv, uvw,
x
(Results only). Simple
v
problems using the above results.
2.1. FAMILY OF CIRCLES

2.1.1 Concentric Circles.
Two or more circles having the same centre are called concentric
circles.
Equation of the concentric circle with the given circle

2 2 2 2
x +y +2gx+2fy+c = 0 is x +y +2gx+2fy+k = 0
(Equation differ only by the constant term)
185
2.1.2 Contact of Circles.
Case (i) Two circles touch externally if the distance between their
centers is equal to sum of their radii.
i.e. c1c2 = r1 + r2
Case (ii) Two circles touch internally if the distance between their
centers is equal to difference of their radii.
i.e. c1c2 = r1 - r2 (or) r2 - r1
Orthogonal Circles
Two circles are said to be orthogonal if the tangents at their point
of intersection are perpendicular to each other.
186
2.1.3 Condition for Two circles to cut orthogonally.(Results only)
Let the equation of the two circles be
2 2
X + y + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
2 2
X + y + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
They cut each other orthogonally at the point P.

The centers and radii of the circles are
A (-g1, f1) , B (-g2, f2)
AP = r1 = g1 + f1 c1 and BP = r2 = g2 + f2 c 2
2 2 2 2
From fig (2.4) APB is a right angled triangle,

2 2 2
AB = AP + PB
2 2 2 2 2 2
i.e. (-g1 + g2) + (-f1 + f2) = g1 + f1 c1 + g2 + f2 c2
Expanding and simplifying we get,
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2 is the required condition for two
circles to cut orthogonally.
Note: When the center of any one circle is at the origin then condition
for orthogonal circles is c1+c2=0
187
2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
1. Find the distance between the centre of the circles

2 2 2 2
x + y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 and x + y 10x - 6y + 14 = 0
Solution:
2 2 2 2
x + y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 and x + y 10x - 6y + 14 = 0
centre: c1 (2, -3) c2 (5,3)
Distance= c 1c 2 = (2 5)2 + ( 3 3)2
c 1c 2 = 45
2. Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle

2 2
x +y 25 = 0 and passing through (3,0).
Solution:
Equation of concentric circle with
2 2
x + y 25 = 0 is
2 2
x +y +k=0 which passes through (3,0)
2 2
i.e. 3 +0 +k=0
k = -9
Required Equation of the circle is
2 2
x +y 9=0
2 2
3. Find whether the circles x + y + 15 = 0 and
2 2
x + y 25 = 0 cut orthogonally or not.
Solution:
When any one circle has centre at origin, orthogonal condition is
c1 + c2 = 0
i.e. 15 - 25 0
Given circles do not cut orthogonally.
188
PART - B
2 2
x + y 4x + 8y + 4 = 0 and having radius 3 units.
Solution:
2 2
Centre of the circle x + y 4x + 8y + 4 = 0 is (2,-4).
Centre of concentric circle is (2,-4) and radius r = 3. Equation
of the required circle is
2 2 2
(x h) + (y - k) = r
2 2 2
(x 2) + (y + 4) = 3
2 2
x 4x + 4 + y + 8y + 16 = 9
2 2
x + y 4x + 8y +11 = 0
2 2
2. Show that the circles x +y 4x 6y + 9 = 0 and
2 2
x + y + 2x + 2y 7 = 0 touch each other.
Solution:
Given circles
2 2 2 2
x + y 4x 6y + 9 = 0 and x + y + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0
centre: c1 (2,3) c2(-1,-1)
radius:
r1 = 2 2 + 3 2 9 r 2 = ( +1)2 + 12 + 7
= 4 r2 = 9
r1 = 2 r2 = 3
Distance:
c 1c 2 = (2 + 1)2 + (3 + 1)2
= 32 + 42
= 25
c1c2 = 5
c1c2 = r1 + r2
The circles touch each other externally.
189
3. Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,1) and
cuts orthogonally each of the circles
2 2 2 2
x + y - 8x - 2y + 16 = 0 and x + y - 4x - 4y - 1 = 0.
Solution:
2 2
Let the equation of circle be x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 1
This passes through (1,1)
2 2
i.e. 1 +1 + 2g(1) + 2f(1) + c = 0
2g + 2f + c = -2 2
Equation (1) orthogonal with the circle
2 2
x + y - 8x - 2y + 16 = 0
2g1=2g 2f1=2f
c1=c
g1=g f1=f
2g2=-8 2f2=-2
c2=16
g2=-4 f2=-1
by orthogonal condition
2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2
i.e. 2g(-4) + 2f(-1) = c + 16
-8g -2f c = 16
8g + 2f + c = -16 3
Equation (1) orthogonal with the circle
2 2
x + y 4x -4y -1 = 0
i.e. 2g(-2) + 2f (-2) = c 1
-4g 4f c = -1
4g + 4f + c = 1 4
(3) - (2)
8g + 2f + c = - 16
2g + 2f + c = - 2
6g = -14
14
g=
6
7
g=
3
190
(4) - (2)
4g + 4 f + c = 1
2g + 2f + c = 2
5
2g + 2f = 3
7
i.e. put g = in (5 )
3
7
2 + 2f = 3
3
14
2f = 3 +
3
23
f=
6
7 23
Substitute g = and f = in (1)
3 6
7 23
2 + 2 + c = 2
3 6
15
Simplifying we get c =
3
Required equation of circle is
7 23 15
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y =0
3 6 3
14 23 15
x2 + y 2 x+ y =0
3 3 3
or
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 14 x + 23 y 15 = 0
2.2 LIMITS
Introduction
The concept of function is one of the most important tool in
calculus. Before, we need the following definitions to study calculus.
Constant:
A quantity which retains the same value throughout a
mathematical process is called a constant, generally denoted by
a,b,c,
191
Variable:
A quantity which can have different values in a particular
mathematical process is called a variable, generally denoted by
x,y,z,u,v,w.
Function:
A function is a special type of relation between the elements of
one set A to those of another set B Symbolically f: A B
To denote the function we use the letters f,g,h. Thus for a
function each element of A is associated with exactly one element in
B. The set A is called the domain of the function f and B is called co-
domain of the function f.
2.2.1. Limit of a function.
Consider the function f: A B is given by
x2 1
f (x ) = when we put x = 1
x 1
We get f (x ) = (Indeterminate form)

0
0
But constructing a table of values of x and f(x) we get
X 0.95 0.99 1.001 1.05 1.1 1.2
F(x) 1.95 1.99 2.001 2.05 2.1 2.2
From the above table, we can see that as x approaches (nearer)
to 1, f(x) approaches to 2.
Lt x2 1
It is denoted by =2
x 1 x 1
We call this value 2 as limiting value of the function.
2.2.2 Fundamental results on limits.
1)
Lt
[f (x ) g(x )] = Lt f (x ) Lt g(x )
xa xa xa
2)
Lt
[f (x )g(x )] = Lt
f (x )
Lt
g( x )
xa xa xa
192
Lt
f (x )
Lt f (x ) x a
3) =
x a g(x ) Lt
g(x )
xa
Lt Lt
4) Kf (x ) = K f (x )
xa xa
5) If f (x ) g(x ) then
Lt Lt
f (x ) g(x )
xa xa
Some Standard Limits.
Lt x n a n
1) = na n 1 (for all values of n)
x a xa
Lt sin
When is in radian 2) =1
0
Lt tan Lt sin n
Note: (1) =1 (2) =n
0 0
Lt tan n
(3) =n
0
2.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
1. Evaluate:
Lt 3 x 2 + 2x + 1
x 0 5 x 2 + 6x + 7
Solution:
3 x 2 + 2x + 1 3(0 ) + 2(0 ) + 1
2
Lt 1
= =
x 0 5x + 6x + 7 5(0 ) + 6(0 ) + 7
2 2 7
2. Evaluate:
Lt x 2 + 4 x 5
x 1 x2 + x 2
193
Solution:
Lt x 2 + 4 x 5 Lt (x + 5 )(x 1)
=
x 1 x2 + x 2 x 1 (x + 2)(x 1)
Lt (x + 5 ) Lt x + 5 6
= = = =2
x 1 (x + 2 ) x 1 x + 2 3
3. Evaluate:
Lt x n 2n
x 2 x2
Solution:
Lt x n 2n Lt xn an
= n2n 1 = na n 1
x 2 x2 x a x a
Ltx a
4.
x a xa
Solution:
1 1
Lt x a Lt x 2 a 2
=
x a xa x a x a
1 1
1 2 1 1 2
= a = a
2 2
5. Evaluate:
Lt sin 5 x
x 0 3x
Solution:
Lt sin 5 x 1 Lt 5 sin 5 x 5 Lt sin 5 x 5 Lt sin
= = = =1
x 0 3x 3 x 0 5x 3 x 0 5x 3 0
194
PART - B
1. Evaluate:
Lt x 3 64
x 4 x 2 16
Solution:
x 3 43
Lt x 64
3
x 4
Lt 3 3
Lt
x4
= =
x 4 x 2 16 x 4 x 2 4 2 x 4 x 2 4 2
x4
Lt x 3 43
3(4 )
2
x 4 x4
= =
Lt x 2 4 2 2(4 )
x 4 x4
= 48 = 6
8
2. Evaluate:
Lt sin a
0 sin b
Solution:
sin a
Lt sin a Lt
=
0 sin b 0 sin b

Lt sin a
0 a Lt sin n
= = =n
Lt sin b b 0
0
3. Evaluate:
Lt 1 cos ax
x 0 1 cos bx
195
Solution:
2 x
Lt 1 cos ax Lt 2 sin a 2
= 1 cos 2 = 2 sin2
x 0 1 cos bx x 0 x
2 sin2 b
2
2
Lt a
sin x
x 0 2
= 2
Lt b
sin x
x 0 2
2
a
sin x 2
Lt 2 a

x 0 a 2 2 a2

2 a2
= 2
= 42 = 2
b b b
sin x 2
Lt 2 b 4

x 0 b 2 2

2
2.3. DIFFERENTIATION
Consider a function y = f(x) of a variable x. Let x be a small

change (positive or negative) in x and y be the corresponding
change in y.
The differentiation of y with respect to x is defined as limiting
y
value of , as x 0
x
dy Lt y Lt f ( x + x ) f ( x )
i.e = =
dx x 0 x x 0 x
The following are the differential co-efficient of some simple
functions:
196
1.
d
(cons tan t ) = 0 8.
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx dx
2.
d n
dx
( )
x = nx n 1 9.
d
dx
(cot x ) = cos ec 2 x
3.
d
(x) = 1 10.
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx
4.
d
( x) =
1
11.
d
(cos ecx ) = cos ecx cot x
dx 2 x dx
5.
d 1 n
n = n +1 12.
dx
( )
d x
e = ex
dx x x
13.
d
(log x ) = 1
6.
d
(sin x ) = cos x dx x
dx
7.
d
(cos x ) = sin x
dx
The following are the methods of differentiation when functions
are in addition, multiplication and division.
If u,v and w are functions of x
(i) Addition Rule :
d
(u + v ) = d (u) + d (v )
dx dx dx
d
(u + v + w ) = (u) + (v ) + (w )
d d d
dx dx dx dx
d
(u v ) = d (u) d (v )
dx dx dx
(ii) Multiplica tion Rule :
d
(uv ) = u d (v ) + v d (u)
dx dx dx
d
(uvw ) = uv d (w ) + uw d (v ) + vw d (u)
dx dx dx dx
(iii) Quotient Rule : (division )
d u
v
d
(u) u d (v )
= dx dx
dx v v2
197
2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
dy 3 2 1
1. Find if y = 2 + +
dx x x 4
Solution:
1
y = 3x - 2 + 2x -1 +
4
dy
= 6 x 3 2 x 2 + 0
dx
6 2
=
x3 x2
dy
2. Find if y = e x sin x
dx
Solution: y = e x sin x

dy
dx
= ex
d
dx
(sin x ) + sin x d e x
dx
( )
= e x cos x + sin x e x
dy x 1
3. FInd if y =
dx x+3
Solution:
x 1
y=
x+3
dy
(x + 3 ) d
(x 1) (x 1) d (x + 3)
= dx dx
dx (x + 3)2
=
(x + 3 )1 (x 1)(1) = 4
(x + 3 )2 (x + 3)2
198
y = (x 1)(x 5 )(x 3 )
dy
4. Find if
dx
Solution:
y = (x 1)(x 5 )(x 3 )
= (x 1)(x 5 ) (x 3 ) + (x 1)(x 3 ) (x 5 )
dy d d

dx dx dx
+(x 5 )(x 3 ) (x 1)
d
dx
= (x 1)(x 5 )(1) + (x 1)(x 3 )(1) + (x 5 )(x 3 )(1)
dy
dx
= (x 1)(x 5 ) + (x 1)(x 3 ) + (x 5 )(x 3 )
dy 1 1
5. Find if y = x 4 +
dx sin x 3
Solution:
1 1 1
y = x4 + = x 4 + cos ecx
sin x 3 3
dy
= 4 x 3 cos ecx cot x
dx
PART - B
1. FInd
dy
dx
( )
if y = x 2 + 3 cos x log x
Solution:
( )
y = x 2 + 3 cos x log x

dy
dx
(
= x 2 + 3 cos x )d
dx
(
(log x ) + x 2 + 3 log x )
d
dx
(cos x )
+ cos x log x
d 2
dx
x +3 ( )
( ) 1
( )
= x 2 + 3 cos x + x 2 + 3 log x[ sin x ] + cos x log x[2 x ]
x
=
(x 2
+ 3 )cos x
(x + 3 )log x sin x + 2x cos x log x
2
x
199
dy x 3 tan x
2. Find if y = x
dx e +1
Solution:
x 3 tan x
y=
ex + 1
u = x 3 tan x v = ex + 1
du
dx
[
= x 3 sec 2 x + tan x 3 x 2 ] dv
dx
[ ]
= ex
du dv
v u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v

dy
=
( )[
e + 1 x 3 sec 2 x + 3 x 2 tan x x 3 tan x e x
x
] ( )[ ]
dx ex + 1
2
( )
dy 1+ x + x 2
3. Find if y =
dx 1 x + x2
Solution:
1+ x + x2
y=
1 x + x 2
u = 1+ x + x2 v = 1 x + x 2
du dv
= 0 + 1 + 2x = 0 1 + 2x
dx dx

( ) (
dx 1 x + x 2 [1 + 2x ] 1 + x + x 2 [ 1 + 2 x ]
=
)
dy 1 x + x2
2
( )
dy
=
2 1 x [ 2
]
(
dx 1 x + x 2 )
2
if y = (1 + sin x )(3 cos x )

dy
4. Find
dx
Solution:
y = (1 + sin x )(3 cos x )
200
= (1 + sin x ) (3 cos x ) + (3 cos x ) d (1 + sin x )
dy d

dx dx dx
= (1 + sin x )[sin x ] + (3 cos x )[cos x ]
EXERCISE
PART - A
1. Write down the equation of the concentric circle with the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2. State the condition for two circles to touch each other externally.
3. State the condition for two circles to touch each other internally.
4. State the condition for two circles to cut each other orthogonally.
x 2 + y 2 2 x + 5 y + 1 = 0 and passing through the point (2,-1).
6. Find the constants g, f and c of the circles

x + y 2x + 3 y 7 = 0 and x + y + 4 x 6 y + 2 = 0
2 2 2 2
7. Show that the circles x 2 + y 2 8 x + 6 y 23 = 0 and

x 2 + y 2 2x 5 y + 16 = 0 are orthogonal
8. Evaluate the following:
Lt x 2 + 3 x
(i)
x 0 x 2 + 2x
7
Lt x 3 1
(ii)
x 1 x 1
Lt sin 3
(iii)
0
Lt x 4 2 4
(iv)
x 0 x2
9. Differentiate the following with respect to x:
2 1 3
(i) y = x 3 + 2 +
x x 2
(ii) y = (x + 1)(x 2 )
201
(iii) y = sin x e x
(iv) y = (x + 3 ) tan x
(v) y = x log x
x
(vi) y = e
sin x
(vii) y = sin x cos x
x7
(viii) y =
x+3
PART - B
1. Find the equation of the concentric circle with the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 3 x 7 y + 1 = 0 and having radius 5 Units.
2. Show that the following circles touch each other.
(i) x 2 + y 2 2x + 6 y + 6 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 5 x + 6 y + 15 = 0
(ii) x 2 + y 2 + 2x 4 y 3 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 8 x + 6 y + 7 = 0
(iii) x 2 + y 2 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 10 x 6 y + 14 = 0
3. Prove that the two circles x 2 + y 2 25 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 18 x
+24 y + 125 = 0 touch each other.
4. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points
(4,-1) and (6,5) and orthogonal with the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 8 x 4 y 23 = 0
5. Find the equation of the circle through the point (1,1) and cuts
orthogonally each of the circles x 2 + y 2 8 x 2y + 16 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 4x 4 y 1 = 0
6. Evaluate the following:
Lt x 5 3 5 Lt 5 sin 6
(i) (ii)
x 3 x 2 32 0 3Sin2
Lt x 2 3 x + 2 Lt 1 Cosx
(iii) (iv)
x 1 x 2 + 5x 6 x 0 xSinx
202
7. Differentiate the following:
(i) y = (3 x 2 + 2x + 1) e x tan x
(ii) y = (2x + 1) (3 x 7) ( 4 x + 5)
(iii) y = x 3 cot x log x
(iv) y = e x x cos ec x
(v) y = (3 x + 1) cos ec x sec x
1 cos x
(vi) y =
1 + sin x
x 2 sin x
(vii) y =
2x + 1
2e x + tan x
(viii) y =
ex + 1
( x + 2) ( x + 1)
(ix) y =
( x 2) ( x 1)
1
(x) y =
sec x tan x
ANSWER
PART - A
5.) K=-4
g 1 = 1 g2 = 2
3
6.) f1 = f2 = 3
2
c1 = 7 c2 = 2
3 7
8.) (i) (ii) (iii) 3 (iv) 32
2 3
4 1
9.) (i) 3 x 2 3
+
x x2
(ii) 2x-1
(iii) sin x e x + cos x e x
203
(iv) (x + 3 )sec 2 x + tan x
x log x
(v) +
x 2 x
sin xe x e x cos x
(vi)
sin 2 x
(vii) cos 2 x sin 2 x

10
(viii)
(x + 3)2
PART - B
21
1. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 12 x 28 y =0
2
2. (i) Internally (ii) Externally (iii) Externally
4. x + y 6 x 8 y + 15 = 0
2 2
5. 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 14 x + 23 y 15 = 0
405 1 1
6. (i) (ii) 5 (iii) (iv)
6 7 2
7. (i) (3 x 2 + 2x + 1)e x sec 2 x + (3 x 2 + 2x + 1)e x tan x + (6 x + 2)e x tan x
(ii) (2 x + 1)(3 x 7)4 + (2x + 1)( 4 x + 5)3 + (3 x 7)( 4 x + 5 )2
1
(iii) x 3 Cotx( ) + x 3 log x( coec 2 x ) + Cotx log x(3 x 2 )
x
1
(iv) e x x ( cos ecx cot x ) + e x cos ecx
2 x
(v) (3 x + 1) cos x(sec x tan x ) + (3 x + 1) sec x( sin x ) + 3 cos x sec x
(vi)
(1 + sin x )sin x (1 + sin x )Cosx
(1 + sin x )2
(vii)
(2x + 1)(x 2 cos x + 2x sin x ) 2x 2 sin x
(2x + 1)2
204
(viii)
[ ] (
(e x + 1) 2e x + sec 2 x 2e x + tan x (e x ))
(e x + 1)2
(ix)
(x 2
) ( )
3 x + 2 [2x + 3] x 2 + 3 x + 2 (2x 3 )
( x 3 x + 2)
2 2
(x) cos x cos ec 2 x cot x sin x
205
UNIT- III
DIFFERENTIATION METHODS
3.1 Differentiation of function of functions and Implicit functions.
Simple Problems.
3.2 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions and parametric
functions Simple problems.
3.3 Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form
not included) Definition of differential equation, formation of
differential equation. Simple Problems.
DIFFERENTIATION METHODS
3.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTION OF FUNCTIONS
Function of Functions Rule:
If y is a function of u and u is a function x then
dy dy du
= . It is called Function of function Rule. This rule
dx du dx
can be extended.
Chain Rule:
If y is a function of u and u is a function of v and v is a
dy dy du dv
function of x then = . .
dx du dv dx
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
dy
Find if
dx
1) y = Sin (3 x + 4 ) 2) y = Cos (2 x + 3 )
3) y = tan (4 x + 3 ) 4) y = log(sec x + tan x )
(
5) y = tan x + 7 x + 3
2
)
11
206
Solution:
1.) y = Sin (3 x + 4 )
Put u= 3x+4
y = sin u u = 3 x + 4
dy du
= Cos u =3
du dx
dy dy du
= . = Cosu(3 ) = 3Cos(3 x + 4 )
dx du dx
2.) y = Cos (2 x + 3 )
Put u = 2 x + 3
y = Cos u u = 2 x + 3
dy du
= Sin u =2
du dx
dy dy du
= . = ( sin u)2
dx du dx
= 2Sin( 2 x + 3 )
3.) y = tan (4 x + 3 )
Put u = 4 x + 3
y = tan u u = 4 x + 3
dy du
= Sec 2u =4
du dx
dy
= 4 sec 2 u = 4 sec 2 ( 4 x + 3 )
dx
4.) y = log(sec x + tan x )
Put u = sec x + tan x

y = log u u = sec x + tan x
du
dy 1 = sec x tan x + sec 2 x
= dx
du u
= sec x(tan x + sec x )
sec x (sec x + tan x )
= [sec x (sec x + tan x )] =
dy 1
= sec x
dx u sec x + tan x
207
(
5.) y = x 2 + 7 x + 3 )
11
Put u = x + 7 x + 3
2
y = u11 u = x 2 + 7x + 3
dy du
= 11 u10 = 2x + 7
du dx
dy
dx
( 10
)
= 11 u10 (2 x + 7 ) = 11 x 2 + 7 x + 3 (2 x + 7 )
PART - B
Differentiate the following w.r.t.to x
(
1.) Sin x 2 + 1 ) 2.) e Sinx
3.) Sin 3 x 4.) logsinx
Sin 2 x
5.) e 6.) log(sin5x)
tan 1 2 x
7.) e 8.) sin 4 3 x
(
9.) log sec 2 x ) 10.) cos e5 x( )
Solution:
1.) Let y = sin x 2 + 1 ( )

Put u = x + 1 2
y = sin u u = x 2 + 1
dy du
= cos u = 2x
du dx
dy dy du
= . = cos u( 2 x )
dx du dx
= 2xCos( x 2 + 1)
2.) y = e Sinx
Put u = sin x
y = eu u = sin x
dy du
= eu = cos x
du dx
dy dy du
= = eu . cos x = e sin x . cos x
dx du dx
208
3.) y = sin3 x
Put u = Sinx
y = u3 u = sin x
dy du
= 3u 2
= cos x
du dx
dy
= 3u2 .Cosx = 3 Sin 2 x.Cosx
dx
4.) y = log(sin x )
Put u = Sinx
y = log u u = sin x
dy 1 du
= = cos x
du u dx
dy 1 Cosx
= Cosx = = Cotx
dx u sin x
2
5.) y = e sin x
Put u = Sin x
2
u
y=e
dy
dx
= eu .
du
dx
= eu .
d
dx
(
sin 2 x )
= e sin x (2 sin x Cosx )
2
6.) y = log(sin5x)
dy
=
1 d
(sin 5 x )
dx sin 5 x dx
=
1
(5 cos 5 x ) = 5 cot 5 x
sin 5 x
y = e tan (2 x )
1
7.)
dy
dx
1
= e tan 2 x
d
dx
(
tan 1 2 x )
1
(2)
1
= e tan 2 x .
1 + (2 x )
2
1
2e tan 2 x
=
1+ 4x 2
209
8.) y = Sin4 3 x = (sin 3 x )4
= 4(sin 3 x ) (sin 3 x )
dy 3 d
dx dx
= 4 sin3 3 x(3 Cos3 x )
= 12 sin3 3 x Cos3 x
(
9.) Y= log sec 2 x )
dy 1 d
= 2
(sec 2 x )
dx sec x dx
=
1
(2 sec x )(sec x tan x ) = 2 tan x
sec 2 x
( )
10.) y = Cos e5 x
= sin(e ) (e )
dy d5x 5x
dx dx
= sin(e ).5e5x 5x
= 5e sin(e )
5x 5x
3.1.2. Differentiation of implicit functions

If the variables x and y are connected by the relation of the form
f(x,y)= 0 and it is not possible to express y as a function of x in the
dy
form y=f(x) then y is said to be an implicit function of x. To find in
dx
this case, we differentiate both sides of the given relation with respect
to x. keeping in mind that derivative of (y )
d dy
w.r.t x as . i.e
d
((y )) = d . dy
dy dx dx dy dx
For Example
d
dx dx dx
( )
(sin y ) = Cosy dy and d y 2 = 2y dy
dx
210
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART A
dy
Find for the following functions
dx
2
1) xy = c 2) y = cos (x + y)
2 2 2 2
3) y = 4ax 4) x + y = a
2
5) xy = k
Solution:
2
1) xy = c
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
dy
x +y=0
dx
dy
x = y
dx
dy y
=
dx x
2) y = cos (x + y)
dy
= sin(x + y )1 +
dy

dx dx
= sin(x + y ) sin(x + y )
dy
dx
+ sin(x + y ) = sin(x + y )
dy dy
dx dx
[1 + sin(x + y )] dy = sin(x + y )
dx
dy sin(x + y )
=
dx 1 + sin(x + y )
2
3) y = 4ax
dy
2y = 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
= =
dx 2y y
211
2 2 2
4) x +y =a
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
dy
2y = 2 x
dx
dy x
=
dx y
2
5) xy = k
dy
x 2y + y2 = 0
dx
dy
2xy = y 2
dx
dy y2
=
dx 2xy
y
=
2x
PART - B
dy
Find of the following
dx
x2 y2
1) + =1 2) x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
a2 b2
3) x 3 + y 3 = 3axy 4) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
5) y = x sin(a + y )
Solution:
x2 y2
1) 2
+ =1
a b2
2x 2 y dy
+ =0
a 2 b2 dx
2 y dy 2x
= 2
b2 dx a
212
dy 2x b 2
= .
dx a 2 2y
b2 x
=
a2 y
2) x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
dy dy
2x + 2y + 2g + 2f =0
dx dx
(2y + 2f ) dy = 2x 2g
dx
dy 2(x + g)
=
dx 2(y + f )
x + g
=
y+f
3) x 3 + y 3 = 3axy
dy dy
3x 2 + 3y 2 = 3a x + y
dx dx
dy
= 3ax + 3ay
dx
dy dy
3y 2 3ax = 3ay 3 x 2
dx dx
(
3 y 3ax
2 dy
dx
)
= 3ay 3 x 2
dy (
3 ay x 2 )
3(y ax )
= 2
dx
ay x 2
=
y 2 ax
213
4) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
dy dy
2ax + 2h x + y + 2by =0
dx dx
dy dy
2ax + 2hx + 2hy + 2by =0
dx dx
(2hx + 2by ) dy = 2ax 2hy
dx
dy 2ax 2hy
=
dx 2hx + 2by
=
(ax + hy )
hx + by
5) y = x sin(a + y )
= x cos(a + y ) + sin(a + y )
dy dy
dx dx
x cos(a + y ) = sin(a + y )
dy dy
dx dx
[1 x cos(a + y )] dy = sin(a + y )
dx
dy sin(a + y )
=
dx 1 x cos(a + y )
3.2.1. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
If x = siny then
-1
y = sin x
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
sin x, cos x, tan x, cosec x, sec x and cot x are inverse
trigonometric functions.
Example: (1)
dy
If y = sin-1x, find
dx
y = sin 1 x
sin y = x
214
dy
cosy =1
dx
dy 1 1 1 1
= = = =
dx cos y cos2 y 1 sin2 y 1 x2
Example: (2)
-1
Find the differentiation of cos x
-1
Let y = cos x
cosy = x
dy
- siny =1
dx
dy 1 1 1 1
= = = =
dx sin y 2
sin y 1 cos y
2
1 x2
Example: (3)
-1
Find the differentiation of tan x.
-1
Let y = tan x
tany = x
dy
sec 2 y =1
dx
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx sec y 1 + tan y 1 + x 2
2 2
Example: (4)
-1
Find the differentiation of cot x.
-1
Let y = cot x
coty = x
dy
-cosec 2 y =1
dx
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx 2
cos e y 1 + cot y
2
1 + x2
215
Example: (5)
-1
(Differentiation of sec x)
-1
Let y = sec x
secy = x
dy
secy tany =1
dx
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx sec y tan y sec y sec 2 y 1 x x 2 1
Example: (6)
-1
Differentiation of cosec x
-1
Let y = cosec x
cosecy = x
dy
- cosec y cot y =1
dx
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cos ecy cot y cos ecy cos ec y 1
2
x x2 1
FORMULA
1)
d
dx
( )
sin 1 x =
1
1 x2
2)
d
dx
( )
cos 1 x =
1
1 x2
3)
d
dx
( )
tan 1 x =
1
1 + x2
4)
d
dx
( )
cot 1 x =
1
1 + x2
5)
d
dx
(
sec 1 x =) 1
x x2 1
6)
d
dx
(
cos ec 1x = ) 1
x x2 1
216
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
Differentiate the following w.r.t x
( )
(1) sin 1 x (2) cos 1 x ( ) 1
(3) cot 1
x
(4) (sin x )
1 2
(5) x 2 sin1 x
(6) 1 x 2 sin 1 x (7) e x tan 1 x ( )
(8) tan 1 x
Solution:
1) y = sin1 x ( )
dy
=
1 d
( x)
dx
1 ( x) 2 dx
1 1 1 1
= = =
1 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 x(1 x )
2) y = cos 1 x ( )
dy
=
1 d
( x)= 1 1
=
1
dx
1 ( x) 2 dx 1 x 2 x 2 x(1 x )
1
3) y = cot 1
x
dy 1d 1 1 1
= =2
2
dx 1 dx
x 1 x
1+ 1+ 2
x x
2
x 1 = 1
x 2 + 1 x 2 x 2 + 1

4) (
y = sin1 x )
2
dy
dx
= 2 sin1 x
d
dx
sin 1 x ( )
1 2 sin 1 x
= 2 sin 1 x =
2
1 x 1 x2
217
5) y = x 2 sin1 x
dy 1
= x2 + 2x sin 1 x
dx
1 x
2

x2
= + 2x sin1 x
1 x 2
6) y = 1 x 2 sin1 x
x sin1 x
dy
= 1 x2

1 + sin1 x

1
( 2x ) = 1
dx 1 x
2
2 1 x2 1 x2
7) y = e x tan 1 x
dy 1
= ex + tan 1 x e x ( )
1+ x
2
dx
1
= ex + tan 1 x
1 + x
2

8) ( )
y = tan 1 x
dy
=
1 d
( x ) = 1 +1 x 2 1x = 2 1
dx 1 + x ( ) 2
dx x (1 + x )
PART - B
Differentiate the following w.r.t x
2x 2x 1 x2
1) sin 1 2) tan 1 3) cos1
1+ x
2
1 x
2 1 + x2

Solution:
2x
1.) Let y = sin 1
1+ x
2
Put x = tan = tan-1x

2 tan 2 sin A
y = sin-1 sin 2A =
1 + tan +
2
1 sin2 A
218
= sin-1(sin 2 )
= 2
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy 2
=
dx 1 + x 2
2x
2.) Let y = tan 1
1 x
2
Put x = tan = tan -1x

2 tan
y = tan -1
1 tan
2
= tan -1(tan 2) 2tan A

tan2A =
= 2 1 tan 2 A
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy 2
=
dx 1 + x 2
1 x2
3.) Let y = Cos 1
1 + x2

Put x = tan = tan -1x
1 tan 2
y = Cos -1
1 + tan 2

1 - tan 2 A
= Cos-1(Cos2) Cos2A =
= 2 1 + tan2 A
y = 2 tan 1 x
dy 2
=
dx 1 + x 2
219
3.2.2. Differentiation of parametric function:
Sometimes x and y are functions of a third variable called a
dy
parameter without eliminating the parameter, we can find as
dx
follows.
Let x = f () and y = F() so that is a parameter.
dy
dy dy d d
= . =
dx d dx dx
d
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART-A
dy
1.) If x = a Cos and y = b Sin , find
dx
Solution:
dx
= a sin
d
dy
= b cos
d
dy dy d b cos b
= = = cot
dx dx d a sin a
dy
2.) Find if x = at 2 and y = 2at
dx
Solution:
dx
= 2at
dt
dy
= 2a
dt
dy dy dt 2a 1
= = =
dx dx dt 2at t
220
dy
3.) Find if x = a sec and y = b tan
dx
Solution:
dx
= a sec tan
d
dy
= b sec 2
d
dy dy d b sec 2 b sec
= = =
dx dx d a sec tan a tan
1
b
Cos
=
b b
= = Co sec
sin a sin a
a
Cos
dy c
4.) Find if x= ct and y =
dx t
Solution:
dx
=c
dt
dy c
= 2
dt t
dy c t2 1
= = 2
dx c t
PART - B
dy
1.) Find if x= cost + tsint and y=sint- tcost
dx
Solution:
dx
= sin t + t cos t + sin t = t cos t
dt
dy
= cos t + t sin t cos t = t sin t
dt
dy t sin t
= = tan t
dx t cos t
221
dy
2.) Find if x = sin 2t and y = cos 2t
dx
dx 1 cos 2t
= cos 2t(2) =
dt 2 sin 2t sin 2t
dy
=
1
( sin 2t )2 = sin 2t
dt 2 cos 2t cos 2t
sin 2t

dy cos 2t sin 2t sin 2t
= =
dx cos 2t cos 2t cos 2t

sin 2 t
=
(sin 2t ) 2
3
= (tan 2t )
3
2
(cos 2t )3 2
if x = a( + sin )andy = a(1 cos )
dy
3.) Find
dx
Solution:
= a(1 + cos )
dx
d
= a(0 + sin ) = a(sin )
dy
d
dy a sin sin
= =
dx a(1 + cos ) 1 + cos
2 sin 2 cos 2
= = tan
2 cos 2
2
2
if y = log(sec + tan ) and x = sec

dy
4.) Find
dx
Solution:
dy
=
1
d sec + tan
(
sec tan + sec 2 )
sec (tan + sec )
= = sec
sec + tan
222
dx
= sec tan
d
dy sec 1
= = = cot .
dx sec tan tan
3.3.1 Successive differentiation:
dy
If y = f ( x ), then , the derivative of y w.r. to x is a function of x
dx
dy
and can be differentiated once again. To fix the idea, we shall call
dx
as the first order derivative of y with respect to x and the derivative of
dy
w.r. to x as a second order derivative of y w.r. to x and will be
dx
d2 y d2 y
denoted by . Similarly the derivative of w.r.t x will be called
dx 2 dx 2
d3 y
third order derivative and will be denoted by and so on.
dx 3
Note: Alternative notations for
dy
= y1 = y ' = f ' ( x ) = D( y )
dx
d2 y
= y 2 = y '' = f ' ' ( x ) = D2 ( y )
dx 2
dn y
= y n = y(n ) = f (n ) ( x ) = Dn ( y )
dx n
223
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
d2 y
1.) If y = tan x, find
dx 2
y = tan x,
dy
= sec 2 x
dx
d2 y
= 2 sec x(sec x tan x )
dx 2
= 2 sec 2 x tan x
2.) If y = log(sin x ) , find y2

1
y1 = cos x = cot x
sin x
y 2 = cos ec 2 x.
3.) If y = a cos x + b sin x, find y 2

y 1 = a sin x + b cos x
y 2 = a cos x b sin x.
4.) If y = Ae3 x + Be 5 x , find D2 ( y )
D( y ) = 3 A e3 x 5 B e 5 x
D2 ( y ) = 9 A e3 x + 25 B e 5 x
1
5.) If y = , find y 2
x
1
y1 = 2
x
2
y2 = 3
x
224
PART - B
1.)
2 2 2
(
If y = x sin x, prove that x y 2 4 xy1 + x + 6 y = 0 )
Solution:
y = x 2 sin x
y 1 = x 2 (cos x ) + 2 x sin x = x 2 cos x + 2x sin x
y 2 = x 2 ( sin x ) + 2x cos x + 2x cos x + 2 sin x
2
= -x sinx + 4xcosx + 2sinx
[
x 2 y 2 4 xy1 + ( x 2 + 6)y = x 2 x 2 sin x + 4 x cos x + 2 sin x ]
4 x( x cos x + 2x sin x ) + ( x + 6)x 2 sin x
2 2
= x 4 sin x + 4 x 3 cos x + 2x 2 sin x 4 x 3 cos x

8 x 2 sin x + x 4 sin x + 6 x 2 sin x
=0
2.) If y = a cos log x + b sin log x , show that x y 2 + xy1 + y = 0,
2
Solution:
y = a cos log x + b sin log x
1 1
y1 = a sin log x + b cos log x
x x
Multiply by x on both sides
xy1 = a sin log x + b cos log x
Differentiate both sides w.r.to x
1 1
xy2 + y1 = a cos log x b sin log x

x x
Again multiply by x on both sides
x 2 y 2 + xy1 = a cos log x b sin log x
= (a cos log x + b sin log x )
= y
x 2 y 2 + xy1 + y = 0
225
3.) If y = e sin
1
x
( )
, prove that 1 x 2 y 2 xy1 y = 0
1
y = e sin x
1 1
y1 = e sin x
.
1 x2
1
1 x 2 y1 = e sin x

1
( 2x ) = e sin x
1
1
1 x 2 y 2 + y1
2 1 x 2
1 x2
Multiply by 1 x 2 on both sides

(1 x )y xy = y
2
2 1
If y = (tan x ) , prove that (1 + x ) y ( )

1 2 2 2
4.) 2 + 2 x 1 + x 2 y1 = 2
Solution:
(
y = tan 1 x )
2
1
y1 = 2 tan 1 x
1+ x
2
(
Multiply by 1+ x 2 on both sides )
(1 + x )y2
1 = 2 tan 1 x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t.x
(1 + x )y2
2 + y1(2x ) = 2
1
1+ x2
(
Multiply by 1+ x 2 on both sides )
(1 + x ) y
2 2
2 (
+ 2 x 1 + x 2 y1 = 2 )
226
3.3.2 Formation of differential equation:
Definition: An equation involving differential coefficients is called
differential equation.
Examples:
dy
1.) = 2xy
dx
dy
2.) + 2xy = x 2
dx
d2 y dy
3.) 2
5 + 6y = x 2
dx dx
2
d3 y dy
3
4.) 3 + 1 + dx = 0
dx
Order of the differential equation:
The order of the differential equation is the order of the highest
derivative appearing in the equation, after removing the radical sign
and fraction involved in the equation.
d2 y dy
e.g: 1.) +3 + 2y = e x (order is 2)
dx 2 dx
2
d3 y dy
2.) 3
+ 6 4 y = 0 (order is 3)
dx dx
Degree of the differential equation:
The degree of the differential equation is the power (or) degree of
the highest derivative occuring in the differential equation.
Example:
d2 y dy
1.) 5 +7 + 5y = ex (degree 1)
dx 2 dx
2
d2 y dy
5
7
2.) 2 + 5 + 7 y = sin x (degree 2)
dx dx
227
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART - A
If xy = c , form the differential equation by eliminating the
2
1.)
Constant c
xy = c 2
dy
x +y=0
dx
PART - B
1.) If y= A Cos 2x+ Bsin2x, form the differential equation by
eliminating the constants A and B.
y=A Cos 2x + B sin 2x
dy
= 2 A sin 2x + 2 BCos2x
dx
d2 y
= 4 A Cos2x 4 B sin 2x
dx 2
= 4[ ACos2x + B sin 2 x ]
= 4 y
d2 y
+ 4 y = 0 is the required differential equation
dx 2
2) Form the differential equation by eliminating the constant a and
b from the equation.
xy = ae x + be x
Solution:
Given xy = ae x + be x
Differentiate both sides w.r.to x
x y1 + y = ae x be x
Differentiate again w.r. to x,
x y 2 + y1 + y1 = ae x + be x
x y 2 + 2y1 = xy
x y 2 + 2y1 xy = 0
is the required differential equation.
228
EXERCISE
PART - A
I. Differentiate the following w.r. to x
1.) (3 x + 5 ) (2.) sin2 (5 x + 3 )

3
10
(3.) e cos x
(
4.) tan 1 3 x )
2
(5.) e sin
1
2x
(6.) log(tan 2 x )
dy
II. Find if
dx
1.) x 2 + y 2 = 0 (2.) x sin y = 0
3.) xy = k (4.) xy2 = x + y
III. 1.) sin 1 5 x (2.) sin1(cos x )
3.) sin 1 3 x (
(4.) tan 1 4 x )
3
PART - B
I) Differentiate the following w.r.t x
5x
1.) e cos 2x sin 3 x (
2.) x 2 + 1 Cos5 x)
1 1
3.) e sin x
cos 6 x 4.) e tan 2x
tan 5 x
2 1
5.) x tan x 6.) xCos ( x )
(
7.) 1 + x tan x 2
) 1
8.) x sin1 x
dy
II) Find of the following
dx
1.) 2x 2 + 6 xy + y 2 = 1
2.) x 2 sin y = C
3.) y = a + xey
4.) x 2 + 3 xy + 2y 2 = 4
5.) xm yn = am+ n
229
III) Differentiate the following w.r.t x
3x x3 x
1.) y = tan 1 2.) y = sin 1
1 3x2 2
x +a
2

(
3.) y = sin1 3 x 4 x 3 ) (
4.) y = cos 1 4 x 3 3 x )
1 x2 4
5.) y = 6.) y = sin1 2x 1 x 2
x
1 1
7.) y = sec 1 2 8.) y = sin1
2x 1 1 2x
2
dy
IV) Find if
dx
1.) x = 3 sin t sin3 t and y = cos t - cos3 t
2.) x = a( sin ) and y = a(1 cos )
3.) x = cos3 and y = sin3
V) 1.) If y = x 2 cos x, Pr ove that (1 x )y 4x y + (x + 6)y = 0
2
2 1
2
2.) If y = sin1( x ) , Show that (1 x )y x y 2 = 0

2 2
2 1
, Pr ove that (1 x )y + (2x 1)y = 0

1
3.) If y = e tan x 2
2 1
(1 + x )y
2
4.) If y = log x + x 2 + 1 , Show that 2
+ xy1 = 2
2
5.) If y = ea cos
1
x
, Pr ove that (1 x )y
2
2 x y1 a 2 y = 0
ANSWER
PART - A
1.) 30(3 X + 5 ) 2.) 10 sin(5 x + 3 ) cos(5 x + 3 )
9
I
6 tan 1 3 x
3.) 3ecos 3 x Cos2 x sin x 4.)
1 + 9x 2
1
2e sin (2x )
5.) 6.) Cosec x secx
1 4x 2
230
x tan y y 1 y2
II. 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)
y x x 2 xy 1
5 1
III. 1.) 2.) -1 3.)
1 25 x 2
x 9x2 1
4.)
(
12 tan 1 4 x )
2
1 + 16 x 2
PART - B
I 1.) e5 x [3 cos 2x cos 3 x ] 2 sin 2x sin 3 x + 5 cos 2x sin 3 x
2.) 2x cos 5 x 5 x 2 + 1 sin 5 x ( )

cos 6 x
3.) esin 1x 6 sin 6 x +
1 x2
1
2x 2 tan 5 x
4.) e tan 5 sec 5 x +
2

1 + 4x 2
x2 x
5.) + 2x tan 1 x 6.) + cos 1 x
1+ x 2
1 x 2
x sin1 x
7.) 1 + 2x tan 1 x 8.) +
1 x2 2 x
2x + 3 y 2 ey
II. 1.) 2.) tan y 3.)
3x + y x 1 xey
2x + 3 y my
4.) 5.)
3x + 4y nx
3 a 3 3
III. 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)
1+ x 2
a +x
2 2
1 x 2
1 x2
1 2 2 2
5.)
(
2 1+ x 2
) 6.)
1 x2
7.)
1 x2
8.)
1 x2

1.) tan t 3.) tan
3
IV. 2.) cot
2
231
UNIT- IV
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATIONI
4.1 Derivative as a rate measure-simple Problems.
4.2 Velocity and Acceleration-simple Problems
4.3 Tangents and Normals-simple Problems
4.1. DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURE:

Let y=f(x) is a differentiable function of x in any interval of x. Let
x be a small increment in x and the corresponding increment in y
y
is y . Then represents the average change in the interval x and
x
y
x+ x . When x tends to zero, the average rate of change will
x
become nearer and nearer to the actual rate of change of y at x. Thus
Lt y dy
= represents the actual rate of change of y at x.
x 0 x dx
dr dv
Note: If r, v and s are radius volume and surface area, then ,
dt dt
ds
and are their rate of change with respect to time t.
dt
4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - B
1. The radius of a metal plate is increasing uniformly at the rate of
0.05 cm per second on heating. At what rate the area is
increasing when the radius is 10cm.
Solution:
Let r be the radius
dr
Given : = 0.05
dt
dA
To find when r=10.cm.
dt
232
We know that area = A = r 2
dA dr
= 2r
dt dt
dr
Put r = 10 and = 0.05.
dt
dA
= 2(10)(0.05) = sq.cm. / sec
dt
The Area is increasing at the rate of sq.cm / sec
2. The area of a square is increasing at the rate of 4 cm / sec. How
fast its side is increasing when it is 8cm long?
Solution:
Let x be the side of the square .
dA
Given : = 4 cm / sec
dt
dx
To find when x = 8cm.
dt
A=x
dA dx
= 2x
dt dt
dx
4 = 2(8)
dt
dx 4 1
= = cm / sec.
dt 16 4
1
cm / sec.
The side is increasing at the rate of
4
3. The radius of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 2cm. per
second How fast its volume is increasing when the radius is
20cm?
Solution:
Let r be the radius of the sphere and V be the volume.
dr
Given : = 2 cm /sec
dt
233
dv
To find : when r = 20 cm.
dt
4 3
V= r
3
dV 4 dr
= 3r 2
dt 3 dt
dr
= 4r 2 = 4(20 )2 2
dt
= 3200 cm3 / sec .
The volume is increasing at the rate of 3200 cm3 / sec
4. The radius of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 3cm/sec. Find
the rate at which its surface area is increasing when the radius is
10cm.
Solution:
Let r be the radius and S be the surface area
dr
Given : = 3 cm /sec
dt
dS
To find : when r = 10cm
dt
S = 4r 2
dS dr dr
= 4 2 r = 8r = 8(10 ) 3
dt dt dt
= 240 cm2 / sec
The surface area is increasing at the rate of = 240 cm2 / sec
5. A balloon which remains spherical is being inflated by pumping in
10 cm of gas per second Find the rate at which the radius of the
balloon is increasing when the radius is 15cm.
Solution:
Let r be the radius and V be the volume.
dV
Given : = 10 cm3 /sec
dt
dr
To find : when r = 15cm
dt
234
4 3
V= r
3
dV 4 dr dr
= 3 r 2 = 4r 2
dt 3 dt dt
dr
10 = 4(15 ) 2
dt
dr 10 1
= =
dt 900 90
1
The radius is increasing at the rate of cm / sec
90
6. A stone thrown in to still water causes a series of concentric
ripples. If the radius of the outer ripple is increasing at the rate of
2 meter / sec, how fast is the area is increasing when the outer
ripple has a radius of 10 meters.
Solution:
Let r be the radius
dr
Given : = 2 meter /sec
dt
dA
To find : when r = 10
dt
A = r 2
dA dr
= 2 r = 2(10) 2 = 40 m2 / sec
dt dt
The outer area of the ripple is increasing at the rate of
40 m2 / sec
7. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of
5cm/sec. Find the rate of change of its area when the side is
8cm.
Solution:
Let x be the side of the equilateral triangle
dx
Given : = 5 cm /sec
dt
dA
To find : when x = 8cm
dt
235
3 2
Area = A = x
4
dA 3 dx 3
= 2x = 2(8)5 = 20 3 cm2 / sec
dt 4 dt 4
The rate of change of its area is 20 3 cm /sec.
8. A rod 10 m long moves with its ends A and B always on the axes
of x and y respectively. If A is 8 m from the origin and is moving
away at the rate of 2 m per sec. Find at what rate the end B is
moving.
Solution:
Let AB be the rod.

At time t sec the rod may be the above position.
Let OA = x and OB = y.
dx
Given: =2
dt
dy
To find when x =8 m
dt
We know that x 2 + y 2 = 102
236
y 2 = 100 x 2
y = 100 x 2
dy 1 dx
= ( 2x )
dt 2 100 x 2 dt
dy x dx
=
dt 100 x 2 dt
8
= ( 2)
100 64
16 8
= = m sec
6 3
8
The end of the rod is moving at the rate of m sec
3
9.) A man of height 6 feet walks away from a lamp post of height 15
feet at a constant speed of 2 feet per second
Find the rate at which his shadow on the ground is increasing
when the man is 10 feet from the lamp post.
Solution:
Let AB = Lamp post CD= man,

CE = length of the shadow
Let x be the distance between the lamp post and man and y be
the length of the shadow.
237
dx
Given: =2
dt
dy
To find: when x=10 feet
dt
Here ABE similar to CDE
AE AB
=
CE CD
x + y 15
=
y 6
6 x + 6 y = 15 y, 9 y = 6 x, 3 y = 2x
dy dx
3 =2
dt dt
dy 2 dx
=
dt 3 dt
dy 2 4
= ( 2) =
dt 3 3
4
The shadow is lengthening at the rate of feet / sec
3
4.2 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Let the distance s be a function of time t
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
ds
Velocity v =
dt
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
dv d ds d2 s
acceleration is a = = = .
dt dt dt dt 2
Note:
1. At time t=0, we get the initial velocity.
2. When the particle comes to rest, then velocity v=0
3. When the acceleration is Zero, velocity is Uniform.
238
4.2 WORKED EXAMPLE
PART - A
1.) If s = 5t 3 3t 2 + 10 t find the velocity and acceleration after t
seconds.
Solution:
s = 5t 3 3t 2 + 10 t
ds
Velocity = v = = 15 t 2 6t + 10
dt
dv
acceleration = a = = 30t 6
dt
2.) The distance s travelled by a particle in t sec is given by
s = 4t 3 5t + 6 Find the velocity at the end of 10 seconds.
Solution:
s = 4t 3 5t + 6
ds
v= = 12t 2 5
dt
When t = 10, v = 12(10 )2 5
= 1200 5 = 1195 m / sec
3.) The distance time formula of a moving particle is given by
s = 7t 3 5t 2 + 12t 13 Find the initial acceleration
Solution:
s = 7 t 3 5t 2 + 12t 13
ds
v= = 21t 2 10 t + 12
dt
dv
accelerati on = a = = 42t 10
dt
2
Initial acceleration =42(0) -10=-10 Unit /sec .
239
4.) If the distance s meters travelled by a body in t seconds is
given by s = 5t 2 20 t + 12 .Find at what time the velocity
vanishes.
Solution:
s = 5t 2 20 t + 12
ds
v= = 10 t 20
dt
Velocity vanishes, v=0
10 t 20 = 0, 10t = 20
t = 2 sec s
5.) Find the initial velocity of the body whose distance time relation
is s = 8 cos 2t + 4 sin t
Solution:
s = 8 cos 2t + 4 sin t
ds
v= = 16 sin 2t + 4 cos t
dt
Initial velocity = 16 sin 0 + 4 cos 0
=0+4=4
s = ae t + be t . Show that the acceleration is always equal to the
distance travelled.
Solution:
s = ae t + be t
ds
Velocity = v = = ae t be t
dt
dv
Acceleration = a = = ae t + be t
dt
= s.
Acceleration = distance travelled.
240
PART - B
1.) The distance s meters at time t seconds travelled by a particle
is given by s = t 3 9t 2 + 24 t 18 1) Find the velocity when the
acceleration is zero. 2) Find the acceleration when the velocity is
zero.
Solution:
s = t 3 9t 2 + 24 t 18
ds
v= = 3t 2 18 t + 24
dt
d2 s
a= = 6t 18
dt 2
(i) Find velocity when acceleration is zero
d2 s
i.e., =0
dt 2
6t 18 = 0, 6t = 18 t = 3 sec
2
Velocity = 3 (3) 18(3) + 24
= 27 54 + 24
= 51-54 = -3 m/sec
(ii) Find the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
v=0
2
3t 18t + 24 = 0
2
t 6t + 8 = 0
(t 2) (t -4) = 0
t = 2 or t = 4.
At t = 2 sec,
Acceleration = 6(2) 18
= 12 18
2
= -6 m/sec
At t = 4 secs,
Acceleration = 6(4) 18
= 24 18
2
= 6 m/ sec
241
4.3 TANGENTS AND NORMALS:
Let the graph of the function y=f(x) be represented by the curve AB,
Let P(x,y) be any point on the curve let Q( x + x, y + y ) be
neighbouring point to P on the curve. Let the chord PQ makes an
angle with x axis. Let the tangent at P makes an angle with X
axis.
y + y y y
Slope of the Chord PQ = =
x + x x x
Now let the point Q moves along the curve towards the point P and
coincide with P, so that x and y and in the limiting
position PQ become the tangent at P.
Slope of the tangent at P=slope of the chord when Q P
Lt Lt y dy
tan = tan = =
Q P x 0 x dx
dy
The geometrical meaning of is the Slope of the tangent at
dx
a point (x,y) on it and it is denoted by m
Note:
1. Equation of the line passing through (x1, y1 ) and having slope
m is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
242
2. If the slope of the tangent is m the slope of the normal is
1

m
3. Slope of the line parallel to x axis is zero
4. Slope of the line parallel to y axis is
4.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART - A
1.) Find the slope of the tangent at the point (1,1) on the curve
x 2 + 2y 2 = 3
x 2 + 2y 2 = 3
dy
2x + 4 y =0
dx
dy
4y = 2x
dx
dy 2x x
= =
dx 4y 2y
dy 1
At x = 1, =
dx 2
1
slope of the tangent at (1,1) is
2
2.) Find the slope of the tangent at the point x=2 to the curve
y = 5 2x 3 x 2
Solution:
y = 5 2x 3 x 2
dy
= 2 6 x
dx
dy
At x = 2, = 2 12 = 14
dx
Slope of the tangent at x=2 is -14
243
2
3.) Find the slope of the normal at (1,-1) on the curve y = 3x 4x
Solution:
y = 3 x 2 4x
dy
= 6x 4
dx
At (1,1)
dy
= 64 = 2
dx
Slope of the tangent = 2
1
Slope of the normal =
2
4.) Find the gradient of the curve y 2 = 4 x at (1,2)
Solution:
y 2 = 4x
dy
2y =4
dx
dy 4 2
= =
dx 2 y y
dy 2
At (1,2) = =1
dx 2
Gradient of the curve = 1
5.) Find the point on the curve y = 2 x x 2 at which the tangent is
parallel to x axis
Solution:
y = 2x x 2
dy
= 2 2x
dx
dy
Since the tangent is parallel to x axis =0
dx
2-2x=0 2x=2 x=1
When x=1, y=2-1=1
The point is (1,1)
244
6.) Find the slope of the tangent at the point (at ,2at )
2
on the
parabola y 2 = 4ax
Solution:
y2 = 4ax
dy
2y = 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
= =
dx 2y y
( )
At at 2 ,2at
dy
dx
=
2a 1
=
2at t
1
The slope of the tangent is
t
PART - B
1.) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
y = 6 + x x 2 at (2,4).
Solution:
y = 6 + x x2
dy
= 1 2x
dx
dy
At (2,4) = 1 4 = 3
dx
Slope of the tangent =-3
Equation of the tangent at (2,4) is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
y 4 = 3(x 2)
y 4 = 3 x + 6
3 x + y 10 = 0
1
slope of the normal =
3
Equation of the normal is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
245
y4=
1
(x 2)
3
3 y 12 = x 2
x 3 y + 10 = 0
2.) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
x+3
y= 2 at (2,1)
x +1
Solution:
x+3
y=
x2 + 1
dy
=
( )
x 2 + 1 (1) (x + 3 )2x
=
x 2 + 1 2x 2 6x
dx (x 2
)
+1
2
(x 2
)
+1
2
1 6x x 2
=
+1 (x 2
)2
dy 1 12 4 15 3
At (2,1) = = =
dx 25 25 5
Equation of the tangent is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
3
y 1 = (x 2)
5
5( y 1) = 3( x 2)
5 y 5 = 3 x + 6
3 x + 5 y 11 = 0
5
Slope of the normal =
3
Equation of the normal is y y 1 = m(x x1 )
y 1=
5
(x 2)
3
3 y 3 = 5 x 10
5x 3y 7 = 0
246
3.) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x 2 + 2x + 5 at
the point where the curve cuts the y-axis.
Solution:
The curve cuts y-axis x=0
y = 3 x 2 + 2x + 5
y =0+0+5 =5
The point is (0,5)
y = 3 x 2 + 2x + 5
dy
= 6x + 2
dx
dy
At (0,5) =0+2=2
dx
Slope of the tangent =2
y 5 = 2(x 0 )
y 5 = 2x
2x y + 5 = 0
4) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = (x 3 )(x 4 ) at
the point where the curve cuts the x-axis.
Solution:
If the curve cuts the x axis then y=0
0 = (x 3 )(x 4 )
x = 3 and 4
The points are (3,0) and (4.0)
y = (x 3 )(x 4 )
= (x 3 ) + (x 4 ) = 2x 7
dy
dx
dy
At (3,0) = 6 7 = 1
dx
247
Slope of the tangent at (3,0) is -1 Equation of the tangent at (3,0)
y 0 = 1(x 3 )
is y = x + 3
x+ y3 =0
dy
At ( 4,0) = 87 =1
dx
Slope of the tangent at (4,0) is 1.
Equation of the tangent at (4,0) is
y 0 = 1(x 4 )
y = x4
xy4=0
5.) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola
(
y 2 = 4ax at at 2 ,2at )
Solution:
y 2 = 4ax
dy
2y = 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
= =
dx 2 y y
dy 2a 1
At (at 2 ,2at ) = =
dx 2at t
1
Is slope of the tangent =
t
y 2at =
1
t
(x at 2 )
yt 2at 2 = x at 2
x yt + 2at 2 at 2 = 0
x yt + at 2 = 0
Slope of the normal =-t
Equation of the normal is
248
y y 1 = m(x x1 )
(
y 2at = t x at 2 )
y 2at = xt + at 3
xt + y 2at at 3 = 0
6.) Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola y 2 = 4ax which
makes an angle 45 with X - aixs.
Solution:
y 2 = 4ax 1
dy
2y = 4a
dx
dy 4a 2a
slope of the tan gent = = =
dx 2y y
Tangent makes an angle 45 with X - axis.
Slope of the tangent = tan45 = 1
2a
=1
y
Put y=2a in (1)
4a2 = 4ax
x=a
The point is (a,2a)
Slope =1
Equation of the tangent is y y1 = m(x-x1)
y 2a = 1(x a )
y 2a = x a
xy+a=0
7.) Find the Equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3 x 2 6 x + 1 at
the point where the tangent is parallel to the line 6 x y + 2 = 0 .
Solution:
y = 3 x 2 6x + 1 ..(1)
dy
= 6x 6
dx
249
a 6
Slope of the given line = = =6
b 1
If the tangent is parallel to the given line then
6x 6 = 6
6 x = 12 x=2
Put x=2 in (1)
y = 3(2)2 6(2) + 1
= 12 12 + 1 = 1
The point is (2,1)
y 1 = 6(x 2)
y 1 = 6 x 12
6 x y 11 = 0
EXERCISE
PART - A
dx dA
1.) If A=x, x=2 cm., = 0.6 cm Find
dt dt
dA dr
2.) Find if r=3 c.m =0.2 c m and A= r
dt dt
ds dr
3.) If S=4 r , r=1 cm , =4 c.m Find
dt dt
4 dr dV
4.) If V= r 3 , r=4c.m =0.1 c.m Find
3 dt dt
PART - B
1.) The area of a square is increasing at the rate of 4 cm/sec. How
fast its side is increasing when it is 8cm long?
2.) The radius of a circular plate is increasing at the rate of 0.03
cm/sec. At what rate the area is increasing when the radius
10cm.
250
3.) The circular path of oil spreads on water. The area is increasing
at the rate of 16 cm/sec. How fast is the radius increasing when
the radius is 8cm.
4.) The distance s meters travelled by a body in t sec is given by
s=80t-16t. Find the velocity and acceleration after 2 seconds.
s=2cos3t +3sin3t. Prove that the acceleration varies as its
distance.
6.) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve xy=16 at the point
(2,8).
7.) Find the slope of the normal to the curve y=3x-4x at (1,-1).
8.) The radius of a sphere is expanding uniformly at the rate of
2cm/sec. Find the rate at which its surface area is increasing
when the radius is 10cm.
9.) The radius of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of
5cm/sec. Find the rate of increasing in the volume of the balloon,
when its radius is 30cm.
10.) A stone thrown in to still water causes a series of concentric
ripples. If the radius of outer ripple is increasing at the rate of
5m/sec how fast is the area increasing when the outer ripple has
a radius of 12m
11.) An inverted cone has a depth of 10cm and a base of radius 5cm.
Water is poured into it at the rate of 1.5 c.c/sec. Find the rate at
which the level of the water in the cone is rising when the depth
is 4.cm.
12.) A. man 2m tall, walks directly away from a light 5m above the
2
ground at the rate of m/sec. Find the rate at which his shadow
3
lengthens.
13.) The distance travelled by a particle in time t seconds is
s = t 3 6t 2 + 12 + 8 . Find the velocity when the acceleration
vanishes. Find also the acceleration when the velocity vanishes.
s = 2t 3 + 3t 2 72t + 1 . Find the acceleration when the velocity
vanishes. Find also the initial velocity.
251
15.) A Particle is moving in a st. line. Its distance at time t is given by
s = 2t 3 15 t 2 + 36 t 70
a) Find the initial velocity
b) Find the time when the velocity is zero
c) Find the time when the acceleration is zero
16.) The Velocity v of a particle moving along a straight line when at
a distance s from the origin is given by s=m+nv. Show that the
s
acceleration of the particle is
n
1
17.) A body moves in a straight line in such a manner that s = vt s
2
being the space travelled in time t and v is the velocity at the
end of time t prove that the acceleration is a constant.
18.) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the following
curves.
a.) y = 2 3 x + 4 x 2 at x = 1
b.) y = 6 x + x 2
at (2,8)
c.) y = 6 + x x 2
at (2,4)
6x
d.) y = at ( 2,4)
x 1
2
x+3
e.) y = at (2,1)
x2 + 1
x2 y2
f.) 2 + 2 = 1 at (a Cos, b sin )
a b
x2 y2
g.) 2
=1 at (a sec , b tan )
a b2
19.) Find the equation of the tangents at the points where the curve
y = x 2 x 2 meets the x-axis.
20.) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
y = x 2 + 5 x + 7 where it cuts the y axis.
252
ANSWERS
PART - A
1
1.) 2.4cm 2.) 1.2cm2 3.) cm 4.) 6.4cm3
2
PART - B
1
1.) 0.25 2.) 0.6cm2 / sec 3.)

1
4.) 16m/s,-32m/sec 6.) -4 7.) 8.)160
2
9.) 18000 cm/sec 10.) 120 m/sec
1.5 4
11.) cm/sec 12.) m/sec 13.) 0
4 9
14.) 42,-72 15.) (a) 36 (b) t=2 or 3 (c) 5 2
18.) a.) 5 x y 2 = 0 , x + 5 y 16 = 0
b.) 3 x y + 2 = 0 , x + 3 y 26 = 0
c.) 10 x + 3 y + 32 = 0 , 3 x 10 y 34 = 0
d.) 3 x + 5 y 11 = 0 , 5 x 3 y 7 = 0
x y ax by
e.) cos + sin = 1, = a 2 + b2
a b sec tan
x y ax by
f.) sec tan = 1, + = a2 + b2
a b sec sec
19.) 3 x y 6 = 0 , 3 x + y + 3 = 0
20.) 5 x y + 7 = 0
253
UNIT- V
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION II
5.1 Definition of Increasing function, Decreasing function and turning
points. Maxima and Minima (for single variable only) Simple
Problems.
5.2 Partial Differentiation
Partial differentiation of two variable up to second orders only.
Simple problems.
5.3 Definition of Homogeneous functions Eulers theorem Simple
Problems.
5.1 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION-II

Increasing function:
A function y = f(x) is said to be increasing function if value of y
increases as x increases or value of y decreases as x decreases
In the above figurey = f(x) is a increasing function and

x > 0, y > 0
dy Lt y +
= = = + ve
dx x 0 x +
dy
At every point on the increasing function the value of is positive
dx
254
Decreasing function:
A function y=f(x) is said to be decreasing function if the value of y
decreases as x increases or value of y increases as x decreases
In the above figure y=f(x) is a decreasing function and

x > 0 and y < 0
dy Lt y
= = = ve
dx x 0 x +
At every point on the decreasing function the
dy
value of is negative
dx
Turning points:
A function need not always be increasing or decreasing . In most
cases the function is increasing in some interval and decreasing in
some other interval.
255
In the above figure the function is increasing in the interval [a,b]
and [c,]
It is decreasing in the interval[b,c]
Definition of turning points:

Turing point is the point at which the function changes either from
decreasing to increasing or from increasing to decreasing.
In the above figure P and Q are turning points.
Since at the point P, the function changes from increasing to
dy
decreasing, valueof changesfrom positive to negative. Hence at the
dx
dy
point P, =0
dx
dy
Similarly at the point Q, =0
dx
Maximum of a function:
The maximum value of a function y =f(x) is the ordinate (y
coordinate) of the turning point at which the function changes from
increasing to decreasing function.
dy
At maximum, =0
dx
256
Minimum of a function:
The minimum value of a function y =f(x) is the ordinate (y
coordinate) of the turning point at which the function changes from
decreasing to increasing function.
dy
At minimum, =0
dx
Conditions for maximum:
dy d2 y
At maximum, =0and is negative
dx dx 2
Conditions for minimum:
dy d2 y
At minimum, =0and is positive
dx dx 2
5.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART-A
1.) Write the Condition for the function y=f(x) to be maximum
Solution: At x = a,
dy
(i) =0
dx
d2 y
(ii) <0
dx 2
2.) Write the condition for the function y=(x) to be minimum
Solution:At x = a,
dy
(i) =0
dx
d2 y
(ii) >0
dx 2
257
3.) For what value of x the function y = x 2 4 x will have maximum or
minimum value
Solution:
y = x 2 4 x
dy
= 2x 4
dx
dy
= 0 2x 4 = 0
dx
2x = 4 x = 2
At x =2, the function will have maximum or minimum value.
4.) For what value of x the function y = x 2 10 x will have maximum or
minimum value
Solution: Let y = x 2 10 x
dy
= 2x 10
dx
dy
= 0 => 2x 10 = 0
dx
2x = 10 x = 5
At x = 5, the function will have maximum or minimum value.
5.) For what value of x the function y = sin x will have maximum or
minimum value
Solution:
dy
y = sin x, = cos x
dx
dy
= 0 cos x = cos 90
dx
x = 90 or / 2
At x = 2 the function will have maximum or minimum value.
,
258
6.) Find the minimum value of y = x 2 4 x
Solution:
y = x 2 4 x
dy
= 2x 4
dx
dy
Put =0
dx
2x 4 = 0
2x = 4
x=2
d2 y
When x=2, =2>0
dx 2
at x = 2 the function is min imum
Put x = 2 in y
y = x 2 4 x = (2)2 4(2) = 4 8 = 4
y=-4 is the minimum value.

7.) Find the maximum value of y = x x 2
Solution:
y = x x2
dy
= 1 2x
dx
dy
Put =0
dx
1 2x = 0
2x = 1
x = 1/ 2
1 d2 y
When x = , = 2
2 dx 2
1
when x = the function is maximum
2
259
1
Put x = in y,
2
y = x x2
2
1 1 1 1 1
= = =
2 2 2 4 4
1
y = is the maximum value.
4
8.) Find the maximum or minimum value of y = 4 x 2x 2
Solution:
y = 4 x 2x 2
dy
= 4 4x
dx
d2 y
= 4
dx 2
dy
Put =0
dx
4 4x = 0
4x = 4
x =1
d2 y
when x = 1, 2 = 4
dx
At x = 1, the function is maximum.
When x = 1, y = 4 x 2x 2
= 4(1) 2(1)2 = 2 is the max imum value
9.) Find the maximum or minimum value of y = 2 x 3 x 2
Solution:
y = 2x 3 x 2
dy
= 2 6x
dx
d2 y
= 6
dx 2
260
dy
Put =0
dx
2 6x = 0
2 = 6x
1
x=
3
1 d2 y
x= , = 6
3 dx 2
When x = 1/ 3, the function is max imum.
1
Put x = in y,
3
y = 4 x 2x 2
2
1 1
=4 2
3 3
4 1 12 2 10
= 2 = = is the max imum value.
3 9 9 9
PART - B
1.) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function
2x 3 3 x 2 36 x + 10
Solution:
y = 2x 3 3 x 2 36 x + 10
dy
= 6 x 2 6 x 36
dx
d2 y
= 12 x 6
dx 2
dy
Put =0
dx
6 x 2 6 x 36 = 0
i.e., x 2 x 6 = 0
(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
261
x3=0 x+2=0
x=3 x = 2
d2 y
When x = 3, = 12x 6 = 12 3 6 = 36 6 = 30
dx 2
When x=3, the function is minimum
Put x = 3 in y,
y = 2(3 ) 3(3 ) 36 3 + 10
3 2
= 54 27 108 + 10 = 71
y = 71 is the min imum value
d2 y
When x = 2, = 12( 2) 6 = 30
dx 2
When x = 2, the function is max imum
Put x = 2 in y,
y = 2x 3 3 x 2 36x + 10
2( 2) 3( 2) 36( 2) + 10
3 2
= 16 12 + 82 = 54
y = 54 is the min imum value
Find the maximum and minimum values of (x 1) (x 2)
2
2.)
Solution:
Let y = (x 1) (x 2)
2
= (x 1) (1) + (x 2)2(x 1)(1)

dy 2
dx
= (x 1) + 2(x 1)(x 2)
2
= (x 1)[x 1 + 2(x 2)]
= (x 1)(3x 5)
dy
dx
d2 y
= (x 1)(3 ) + (3 x 5 )(1)
dx
= 3x 3 + 3x 5
= 6x 8
262
dy
Put =0
dx
(x 1)(3x 5 ) = 0
x 1 = 0 3x 5 = 0
5
x =1 x=
3
d2 y
(i) When x = 1, = 6(1) 8 = 2
dx 2
when x = 1 the function is maximum
Put x = 1 in y,
y = (1 1) (1 2) = 0
2
y = 0 is the max imum value
5 d2 y 5
(ii) When x = , = 6 8 = 10 8 = 2
3 dx 2 3
5
when x= the function is minimum
3
5
Put x = in y,
3
2
5 5
y = 1 2
3 3
( )
2
2
= . 1
3 3
4 1
=
9 3
4
=
27
4
y= is the min imum value
27
263
log x
3.) Find the maximum value of for positivevalue of x.
x
Solution:
log x
Let y =
x
1
x log x.(1)
1 log x
= 2
dy x
=
dx x x2
1
x 2 ( ) (1 log x )(2x )
d2 y x
=
dx 2 x4
x 2x + 2x. log x 2 log x 3
= =
x4 x3
dy
Put =0
dx
1 log x
=0
x2
1 log x = 0
log x = 1
log e x = 1
x = e1 = e
x = e
d2 y 2 log e 3
When x = e, =
dx 2 e3
2 3 1
= =
3 3
When x = e the function is max imum
Put x = e in y,
log x log e 1
y= = =
x e e
1
y= is the max imum value
e
264
4.) Find the minimum value of xlogx.
Solution:
Let y = x log x
1
= x + log x.(1) = 1 + log x
dy
dx x
d2 y 1
=
dx 2 x
dy
Put =0
dx
1 + log x = 0
log x = 1; loge x = 1
x = e 1
1
=x=
e
1 d2 y 1 1
When x = , = = =e
e dx 2 x 1
e
1
At x = , the function is min imum
e
1
Put x = in y,
e
1 1
y = x. log x = log
e e
y=
1
[log1 log e]
e
1
= [0 log e] = [ 1] =
1 1
e e e
1
y= is the min imum value
e
265
5.) Show that the function f (x ) = sin x(1 + cos x ) is maximum

at x =
3
Solution: Lety= sinx(1+cosx)
= sin x( sin x ) + (1 + cos x ) cos x

dy
dx
= sin2 x + cos x + cos 2 x
= cos2 x sin2 x + cos x
= cos 2x + cos x
d2 y
= 2 sin 2x sin x
dx 2
dy
Put =0
dx
cos 2x + cos x = 0
3x x C+D C D
2 cos . cos = 0 (cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos )
2 2 2 2
3x x
cos = cos cos = cos
2 2 2 2
3x x
= =
2 2 2 2

x= x=
3
d2 y
When x = , 2 = 4Sin Cos Sin
3 dx 3 3 3
3 1 3
= 4
2 2 2
3 3
= 3 = 3
2 2

The function is maximum at x =
3
266
6.) AB is 8cm long, find a point C on AB so that 3 AC 2 + BC 2 may be
a minimum
Solution:
Let: AC = x so that BC=8-x
i.e y = 3 AC2 + BC2

= 3 x 2 + (8 x )
2
=3 x 2 + 16 16 x + x 2
=4 x 2 16x + 16
dy
= 8 x 16
dx
d2 y
=8
dx 2
dy
Put =0
dx
8 x 16 = 0 => 8 x = 16 => x = 2
d2 y
when x = 2, =8
dx 2
When x = 2 the function y is the minimum
The point C is at 2cm fromA
7.) A rectangle sheet of metal is 30 cm by 14 cm. Equal squares are
cut off at the four corners and the remainder is folded up to form
an open rectangular box. Find the side of the square out off
theso that the volume of the box may be maximum.
267
Solution:
Let the side of the square be x
Length of the box =30-2x
Breadth of the box=14-2x
Height of the box=x
Volume of the box = V=(30-2x)(14-2x)(x)
(
V = 420 60 x 28 x + 4 x 2 x )
[ volume = l b h]
(
= x 4 x 88 x + 420
2
)
V = 4 x 88 x + 420 x
3 2
dV
= 12 x 2 176 x + 420
dx
d2 V
= 24 x 176
dx 2
dV
Put =0
dx
12 x 2 176 x + 420 = 0
3 x 2 44 x + 105 = 0
i.e.,
3 x 2 9 x 35 x + 105 = 0
3 x(x 3 ) 35(x 3 ) = 0
x 3 = 0 3 x 35 = 0
35
x=3 x=
3
2
d V
when x = 3, 2 = 24(3) 176
dx
= 72 176 = 104
At x = 3the volume is maximum
Hence the volume is maximum when the side of the square cut
from each of the corner is 3 cm.
268
8.) Find two numbers whose sum is 10 and whose product is
maximum.
Solution: let the numbers be x and y
Given, sum = 10
i.e., x + y =10, y=10-x
Let p be the product of the numbers
p = xy = x(10 x ) = 10 x x 2
dp d2p
= 10 2x, 2 = 2
dx dx
dp
Put = 0,10 2x = 0, x = 5
dx
d2p
At x = 5, 2 = 2
dx

P is maximum when x=5
The Numbers are 5,5
9.) The bending moment at B at a distance x from one end of beam
1 1
of length L uniformly loaded is given by M = wL x wx 2
2 2
where x=load per unit length. Show that the maximum bending
moment is at the centre on the beam.
Solution:
1 1
Bending moment M = wL x wx 2
2 2
dM 1
= wL wx
dx 2
d2M
= w
dx 2
dM
Put =0
dx
1
wL wx = 0
2
1
wx = wL
2
269
L
x=
2
L d2M
When x = , = w
2 dx 2
L
at x = , M is max imum.
2
The maximum bending moment is at the centre of the beam.
10.) A body moves so that its distance from a given point at timet
3 2
seconds, is given by S = 4t + t 2 t 3 Find when the body
2 3
attains its maximum velocity.
Solution:
3 2 2 3
S = 4t + t t
2 3
ds 3 2
Velocity v = = 4 + .2t .3t 2
dt 2 3
ds
velocity v = = 4 + 3 t 2t 2
dt
dv
= 3 4t
dt
d2 v
= 4
dt 2
dv
put =0
dt
3 4t = 0
3
t=
4
3 d2 v
When t = , = 4
4 dt 2
3
At t = seconds v is maximum
4
3
The body attains its maximum velocity when t = sec.
4
270
5.2. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Functions of two or more variables
In many applications, we come across function involving more
than one independent variable. For example, the area of rectangle is a
function of two variables, the length and breadth of the rectangle.
Definition: Let u= f(x, y) be a function of two independent variables x
and y. The Derivative of u with respect to x when x varies and y
remains constant is called the partial derivative of u with respect to x
u
and is denoted by
x
u Lim f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
=
x x 0 x
u f (x, y ) f
= is also written as or
x x x
Similarly when x remains constant and y varies, the derivative of
u with respect to y is called the partial derivative of u with respect to y
u
and is denoted by .
y
u Lim f ( x, y + y ) f ( x, y )
=
y y 0 y
u f (x, y ) f
is also written as or
y y y
Second order Partial derivatives
u u
In General, and are also function of x and y. They can be
x y
further differentiated partially w.r.t.x and y as follows.
u 2u 2f
Hence (i) = 2 (or ) 2 (or )fxx
x x x x
271
u 2u 2f
(ii) = (or ) (or )fxy
x y xy x y
u 2u 2f
(iii) = (or ) (or )fyx
y x yx y x
u 2u 2f
(iv) = 2 (or ) 2 (or )fyy
y y y y
Generally, for all ordinary functions,
2f 2f
=
xy y x
5.2 WORKED EXAMPLES

PART A
u u 2u 2u 2u
1.) If u = x 4 + y 3 + 3 x 2 .y 2 + 3 x 2 y, Find , , , , ,and
x y x 2 y 2 xy
2u
yx
u
a.) = 4 x 3 + 6 xy 2 + 6 xy
x
u
b.) = 3y 3 + 6x 2 y + 3x 2
y
c.)
2u
x 2
=
u
=
x x x
( )
4x 3 + 6xy 2 + 6xy = 12x 2 + 6y 2 + 6y
d.)
2u
y 2
=
u
=
y y y
( )
3y 2 + 6x 2 y + 3x 2 = 6y + 6x 2
e.)
2u
=
u
=
xy x y x
( )
3 y 2 + 6 x 2 y + 3x 2 = 12xy + 6 x
f.)
2u
=
u
=
yx y x y
(
4x 3 + 6xy 2 + 6xy = 12xy + 6x )
272
2.) If u =x. sin y + y. sin x, find all second order partial derivatives .
Solution: u =x. sin y + y. sin x,
u (x ) (sin x )
= sin y. + y.
a.) x x x
= sin y.1 + y Cosx
u (sin y ) (y )
= x. + sin x.
b.) y y y
= x. cos y + sin x .1
2u u
= = (x. cos y + sin x )
c.) xy x y x
= cos y + cos x
2u u
= = (sin y + y cos x )
d.) yx y x y
= cos y + cos x
2u u
= = (sin y + y cos x )
e.) x 2 x x x
= y. sin x
2u u
= = (x cos y + sin x )
f.) y 2 y y y
= x. sin y
u u 2u
3.) If u = x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy, find (i) ( ii.) . ( iii.) . 2
x y x
2u 2u 2u
(iv) (v) (vi)
y 2
xy y.x
Solution:
u = x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy,
273
u
(i) = 3x 2 + 3y
x
u
(ii) = 3y 2 + 3x
y
2u
(iii) = 6x
x 2
2u
(iv) = 6y
y 2
2u 2u
(v) = 3 (vi) =3
xy yx
4.) Find
u
x
When u = log x 2 + y 2 ( )
(
u = log x 2 + y 2 )
u 1 2x
= .2 x = 2
x x 2 + y 2 x + y2
u x
5.). Find When u = sin1
x y
u 1 1 y 1 1
= . .1 = =
x 2 y y2 x2 y y2 x2
x
1
y
u u
6.) If u =sin 3x. cos 4 y Find and
x y
If u =sin 3xcos 4 y
u
= cos 4 y cos 3x 3
x
u
= sin 3 x ( sin 4y.4) = -4sin3xsin4y
y
274
2
+ y2 u u
7.) If u= e x Find and
x y
u= e x + y
2 2
u u
= e x + y 2y
2 2
= e x + y 2x ,
2 2
x y
u y
8.) Find if u= tan1
y x
y
Solution:u= tan1
x
u 1
1
= .
y y x
2
1+
x
x2 1 x
= . =
x2 + y2 x x2 + y2
2u 2u
9.) If u= x 3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 , find and
y 2 x 2
u
= 3 x 2 + 3 y.2x + 3y 2
x
= 3 x 2 + 6 xy + 3 y 2
2u
= 6x + 6y
x 2
u
= 3y 2 + 3 x 2 + 3x.2y
y
2u
= 6y + 6x
y 2
2u 2u
Here =
x 2 y 2
275
PART - B
2u 2u
1.) If x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 , Show that =
xy yx
Solution: u = x 2 + 4 xy + y 2
u
=
x x
2
( )
x + 4xy + y 2 = 2x + 4 y
u
=
y y
2
( )
x + 4xy + y 2 = 4 x + 2y
2u u
= = (4x + 2y ) = 4 ...1
xy x y x
2u u
= = (2x + 4y ) = 4 ...2
yx y x y
u u
2.) If u= x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy 2 , Show that x +y = 3u
x y
Solution: u = x + y + 3 xy
3 3 2
u 3
=
x x
( )
x + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3 x 2 + 3 y 2
u 3
=
y y
( )
x + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3 y 2 + 6 xy
x
u
x
+y
u
y
( ) (
= x 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + y 3 y 2 + 6 xy )
= 3 x 3 + 3 xy2 + 3 y 3 + 6 xy2
= 3 x 3 + 3 y 3 + 9 xy2
( )
= 3 x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy 2 = 3u
276
5.3 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS:
An expression in which each term contains equal powers is
called a homogeneous expression.
A function of severable variables is said to be homogeneous of
degree nif multiplying each variable by t(where t>0) has the same
effect as multiplying the original function by t n Thus f(x,y) is
.
n
homogeneous function of degree n if f(t x, t y)= t f(x, y).
Example:
1
If u = find the degree
x + y2
2
Solution:Put x= t x, andy= t y
1 1 1
u= = =
(tx ) + (ty )
2 2
t x +t y
2 2 2 2
t x + y2
2
t 1
=
x2 + y2
u is a homogeneous function of degree -1.
Eulers theorem on homogeneous functions:
If u is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n, then
u u
x. + y. = n.u
x y
Proof: If u is a homogeneous function of x,y
y
u = f (x, y ) = xn .
x 1
Differentiating (1) Partially wrt x

u y y y
= nxn 1 + xn' 2
x x x x
u y y
= nxn 1 xn 2 y' 2
x x x
277
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t y
u y1
= x n'
y xx
y
= xn 1' 3
x
Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and adding.

u u y y y
x. +y = nxn x n 1y' + xn 1y
x y x x x
u u
x +y = nu by (1)
x y
5.3 WORKED EXAMPLES

PARTA
x3 y3
1.) Find the degree of the function u =
xy
Solution:
x3 y 3
u=
xy
Put x=tx,y=ty
u=
(
t 3 x3 t 3 y3 t 3 x3 y3
=
)
tx ty t (x y )
=
(
t 2 x3 y3 )
xy
degree of the function is 2
278
2.) Find the degree of the function u = x 3 + 9 xy 2 + y 3
Solution:
u = x 3 + 9 xy 2 + y 3
Putx = t x, and y= t y
u = (tx ) + 9(tx )(
. ty ) + (ty )
3 2 3
= t 3 x 3 + 9 xt 3 y 2 + t 3 y 3
[
= t 3 x 3 + 9 xy 2 + y 2 ]
degree of the function is 3
PART-B
1.) Verify Eulers theorem when u = x 3 2 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3

Solution:
u = x 3 2 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3
u(tx, ty ) = t 3 x 3 2(tx ) ty + 3 ( tx ) ( ty )2 + ( ty )3
2
= t 3 x 3 2t 2 x 2 ty + 3 txt 2 y 2 + t 3 y 3
[
= t 3 x 3 2x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3 ]
Therefore u(x,y) is homogeneous function of degree 3.
By Eulers theorem
u u
x +y = nu
x x
To prove that
u u
x +y = 3u
x x
u
= 3 x 2 4 xy + 3 y 2 + 0 = 3 x 2 4 xy + 3 y 2
x
u
= 0 2x 2 + 3 x2y + 3 y 2 = 6 xy 2x 2 + 3 y 2
y
u u
x +y = 3 x 3 4 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + 6 xy 2 2x 2 y + 3 y 3
x y
[
= 3 x 3 2xy 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3 = 3 u ]
Hence Eulers theorem is verified.
279
1
2.) Verify Eulers theorem for u( x, y ) =
x + y2
2
1
u( x, y ) =
x + y2
2
1 1 1
u( tx, ty ) = = =
( tx )2 + (ty ) t2x2 + t2y2 t x2 + y2
2
1
= t 1
x + y2
2
u is a homogeneous function of order -1.

u u
By Eulers theorem x + y. = ( 1)u
x y
Verification: u =
1
(
= x2 + y2 )
1
2
x2 + y2
u 1 3
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 2x
x 2
3
= x( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
u 1 2 3
= ( x + y 2 ) 2 2y
y 2
3
= y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
u u 3 3
x. + y. = x. x( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + y y( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
x y
3 3
= x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 y2(x2 + y2 ) 2
3
= ( x 2 + y 2 ).( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
3 1
1 1
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = = u ( 2)
x + y2
2
From (1) and (2 ) Eulers theorem is verified
280
x2 + y2
3.) Using Eulers theorem, for u = sin 1
x+y

u u
prove that x + y. = tan u.
x y
Solution:
U is not a homogeneous function. But sinu is a homogeneous
function.
x2 + y2
Define sinu =
x+y
x2 + y2
f(x, y) = sinu =
x+y
f(tx, ty) =
(tx )2 + (ty )2
tx + ty
=
(
t x2 + y2
2
)
t (x + y )
x2 + y2
= t
x + y
= t f ( x, y )
sinu is a homogeneous function of degree 1.
By Eulers theorem
(sin u) (sin u)
x +y = 1 sin u
x y
u u
x cos u. + y cos u = 1 sin u
x y
u u
cos u x + y = sin u
x y
u u
x. + y. = tan u
x y
281
x3 + y3
4. Using Eulers theoremif u = tan 1 ,
x y
u u
prove that x. + y. = sin 2u.
x y
Solution:
u is not a homogeneous function. But tanu is a homogeneous
function.
x3 + y3
tan u =
xy
tan u =
(tx )3 + (ty )3 =
t3 x3 + t3 y3
tx ty tx ty
=
(
t3 x3 + y3
= t2
)x3 + y3
t (x y ) xy
tanu is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
By Eulers theorem,
(tan u)
x. (tan u) + y. = 2 tan u
x y
u u
x. sec 2 u + y sec 2 u = 2 tan u
x y
u u
sec 2 u x + y = 2 tan u
x y
u u 2 tan u
sec 2 u, x +y =
x y sec 2 u
u u 2 sin u cos2 u
x +y = = 2 sin u cos u = sin 2u
x y cos u
u u
x +y = sin 2u
x y
u u 1
5.) Using Eulers theorem Prove that x +y = tan u
x y 2
xy
If u = sin1
x+ y

282
Solution:
u is not homogeneous and hence take the function sinu
xy
u = sin 1
x+ y

xy
sin u =
x+ y
Put x = xt, y = yt
xt yt
f ( tx, ty ) =
xt + yt
t (x y ) 1 (x y )
=
( ) =t 2
t x+ y x+ y
1
Sinu is a homogeneous function of order
2
Using Eulers theorem.
(sin u) (sin u ) 1
x. + y. = sin u
x x 2
u u
x(cos u) + yCosu) = 1 sin u
x y 2
u u 1
cos u, x +y = tan u.
x y 2
x
6.) Using Eulers theorem if u = xy 2 sin show that
y
u u
x. + y. = 3u
x y
Solution:
x
u = xy2 sin
y
Put x =tx, y =ty
283
tx
u = tx (ty ) sin
2
ty
x
u = t 3 xy 2 sin
y
u homogeneousfunction of order 3.
Using Eulers theorem, we have
u u
x. + y. = 3u
x y
3
+y3 z z
7.) If z = e x Prove that x. + y. = 3z log z
x y
Solution:
3
+y3
z = ex
3
+y3
log z = log e x
(
= x 3 + y 3 log e )
log z = x + y = f ( x, y )
3 3
(
f (tx, ty ) = t 3 .x 3 + t 3 .y 3 = t 3 x 3 + Y 3 )
= t 3 (x, y ) = t 3 [f (x, y )]
f is a homogeneous function of order 3.
(i.e) logz is a homogeneousfunction of order 3.
By Eulers theorem
(log z ) (log z )
x. + y. = 3 log z
x y
1 z 1 z
x. . + y. . = 3 log z
z x z y
z z
x. + y. = 3z. log z
x y
284
x5 y5
8.) If u = log 2 show that x. u + y. u = 3
x + y2 x y

Solution:
x5 y5
u = log 2
x + y2

x 5 y 5
eu = 2 =z (say )
x + y2

x5 y5
z( x, y ) =
x2 + y2
z( tx, ty ) =
(tx )5 (ty )5 =
t2 (x5 y5 )
(tx )2 + (ty )2 t2(x2 + y2 )
x5 y5 3
= t3 2 = t z(x, y )
x + y2

z(x, y ) is a homogeneous function of order 3.
By Eulers Theorem,
z z
x. + y. = 3z
x y
i.e, x.
x
( )
u
e + y.
u
y
( )
e = 3eu
u u
i.e, x.eu + y.eu = 3eu
x y
Dividing by eu
u u
x. + y. =3
x y
285
EXERCISE
PART-A
1.) Find maximum (or) minimum Point of y = 4 x 2 x 2
2.) Find maximum (or) minimum Point of y = x 2 10 x
3.) Find maximum (or) minimum Point of y = Cosx
d2 y
4.) When x=3 and = 4 x 3 verify the point is maximum or
d2 x
minimumpoint
dy 2
5.) When x=2 and = 2 x + 1 verify the point is maximum or
dx 2
minimum point
6.) If x=-1 is the minimum point of y = x 2 + 2 x + 3 what is the
minimum value?
1
7.) If x = is the minimum point of y = x x 2 what is the minimum
2
value?
8.) Find the maximum value of y = 2 x x 2
9.) Find the maximum value of y = x x
10.) Find the maximum value of y = x x 2
11.) Write down the conditions for maximum value of y = f (x ) at x = a
12.) Write down the conditions for maximum value of y = f (x ) at x=a
u u
13.) Find and for the following .
x y
a.) u = 5 x 3 2 x + 6 y 2 18
b.) u = 5 sin x + 4 tan y
c.) u = 4e x + 7. sin y + 8
d.) u = x 2 . sin y
e.) u = y 2 . sec x
f.) u = sin 4 x.Cos2y
286
g.) u = tan 1 y
x
(
h.) u = log eu + e y )
i.) u = xy + sin xy
x
j.) u = x 2 .Cos
y
14.) Find the order of the following homogeneous equation
1 1
x 2 +y 2
a.) u = x + y + z (b) u =
3 3 3
1 1
x 4 +y 4
c.) u =
(
x2 x2 y2 )3
(d) u = 3 x 2 + 6 xy + y 2
(x 2
y )
2 3
1
e.) u =
x + xy + y 2
2
PART-B
1.) Find the maximum and minimum values of the following
functions:
(a) y = 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 36 x + 1
(b) y = 2 x 2 15 x 2 + 36 x + 18
(c) y = 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x + 5
(d) y = 2 x 3 21x 2 + 72 x + 1
(e) y = x 3 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1
(f) y = 4 x 3 18 x 2 + 24 x 7
(g) y = x 3 3 x 2 9 x + 2
(h) y = (x 1)(x + 1)
2
4
(i) y = x +
x+2
1 x + x2
(j) y =
1+ x + x2
287
2.) Find the numbers whose sum is 10 and whose product is the
maximum.
3.) Find two numbers whose product is four and the sum of square
is a minimum.
4.) ABCD is a rectangle in which AB= 9cm and BC=6cm Find a point
P in CD such that PA 2 + PB 2 is a minimum
5.) The perimeter of a rectangle is 100 meters. Find the side when
the area is maximum.
6.) A square sheet of metal has each edge 8 cm long. Equal
squares are cut off at each of the Corner, and the flaps are then
folded up to form an open rectangular box. Find the side of the
square cut off so that the volume of the box may be a maximum.
log x
7.) Find the maximum value of for positive value of x.
x
8.) Find the minimum area of a rectangle inscribed is a semicircle.
9.) Show that the maximum rectangle inscribed in a circle is a
square.
10.) Find the fraction, the difference between which and its square is
a maximum
11.) Find 2 numbers whose product is four and the sum of their
square is a minimum.
2u 2u
12.) Verify that = for the following functions
xy yx
x y y
(a.) u = 2
2 ( b.) u = tan 1
y x x
(c.) u = x 3 + 3 xy 2 + y 3 (d.) u = x.Siny + y.Sinx
13.) Verify Eulers theorem for the functions.
1
y xy 2
(a.) u = x log (b.) u = sin
x x+y
1
(c.) u = (d.) u = x 3 2 x 2 y
x + xy + y 2
2
288
1 1
x3 + y 3 x +y 3
3
(e.) u = 2 (f.) u = 2
x + y2 x + xy + y 2
1 y
(g.) u = (h.) u = x 3 . sin
x +y
2 2 x
x2 + y2
(i) u =
y+x
u u
14.) If u = x 2 + y 2 , Show that x. + y. =u
x y
y u u
15.) If u = sin1 and x 0 Prove that x. + y. =0
x x y
x y
16.) If u = sin1 , Prove that x. u + y. u = 0
x+ y x y

x3 + y3 u u
17.) If u = log , Prove that x. + y. =2
x+y x y

x y u u
18.) If u = sin 1 + tan 1 , Prove that x. + y. =0
y x x y
x2 + y2
19.) If u = sin 1 , Prove that x. u + y. u = tan u
x+y x y

x2 + y2 u u 3
20.) If u = , Prove that x. + y. = u
x+y x y 2
x+ y
21.) If u = sin1 , Prove that x. u + y. u = 1 tan u
x+y x y 2

x2 + y2 u u 1
22.) If u = tan 1 , Prove that x. + y. = sin 2u
xy x y 2

x3 y3 u u
23.) If u = , Show that x. + y. = 3u
x +y
3 3
x y
289
x3 y3 u u
24.) If u = sin 1 , Show that x. + y. = 2 tan u
x+y x y

x4 + y4 u u
25.) If , Show that x. + y. = 2u
x +y
2 2
x y
y u u
26.) If u = x 2 + y 2Sin , Show that x. + y. = 4u
x x y
y u u
27.) If u = tan 1 , Show that x. + y. =0

x x y
ANSWERS
PART-A
(1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 0 (4) 2
1 1 1
(5) (6) 1 (7) (8)
2 4 4
u u
(13) (a) = 15 x 2 2, = +12 y
x y
u u
(b) = 5 cos x, = 4 sec 2 y
x y
u u
(c) = 4.e x , = 7 cos y
x y
u u
(d) = sin y.2x, = x 2 . cos y
x y
u u
(e) = y 2 sec . tan x, = sec x.2y
x y
u u
(f) = cos 2 y. cos 4 x.4, = sin 4 x sin 2 y.2
x y
290
u 1 1
(g) = .y.
x y2 x2
1+
x2
u 1
(h) = .e x
x e x + e y
u
(i) = y + cos xy.y
x
u x 1 x
(j) = x 2 sin . + cos 2x
x y
y y
1
(14) (a) 3 (b) (c) 2
4
(d)2 (e) -2
PART-B
1) a) 82,- 43 b)46,45
(c)12, - 15 (d) 82, 81
(e)5,1 (f)3, 1
500 7
(g)-25,7 (h) ,
27 3
1
(i) -6, 2 (j)3,
3
2) 5,5 3) 2,2 4) 4,5 5) 25
4 1
6) 7) 8) a2 9) Nil
3 e
1
10) 11) 2,2
2
291
MATHEMATICS II
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1

Time : 3 Hrs Max Marks : 75
PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)
1. ANSWER ANY 15 QUESTIONS:
2 2
1) Find the centre and radius of the circle x + y + 4x - 2y + 3 = 0
2) Find the equation of the circle with centre (-2, -4) and radius 5
Units.
3) Write down the equation of the circle with end points of a
diameter (x1, y1) and (x2,y2)
4) Show that the point (5, -12) lies outside the circle
2 2
x +y -2x+2y-60=0
5) State the condition for two circles to cut orthogonally
Lt sin 2x
6) Evaluate
x 0 3x
d 1
7) Find + 7 cos x
dx x 3
8) Find
d 4
dx
{
x tan x }
9) Find
d
[cos (log x)]
dx
10) Find
d
dx
[
sin1 x ( )]
d2 y
11) Find if y = tan x
dx 2
12) Find the differential equation by eliminating constant r, from
2 2 2
x +y =r
292
d dA
2
13) If A = x and = 2 find when x = 5
dx dt
2
14) If the distance s given by s = 3t +5t+7, find the velocity when
t=3 seconds.
2
15) Find the slope the tangent to the curve y=x -5x+2 at the point
(1 ,-2).
16) Find the slope of normal to the curve y = x at (4,-2).
2
17) Show that the function y=4x-x +7 is the maximum at x=2.
3 2 3 u u
18) If u = x + 5x y+y find ,
x y
2 u
2
19) If u = log (x +y ) find
x
20) State Eulers Theorem.
PART B
(Answer Any TWO subdivisions in each question)
5x12=60
21 a) Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (-9,1)
and having centre at (2,5)
b) Find the equation of the circle passing through the points
(0,1),(2,3)and (-2,5)
2 2
c) Find the equation of the tangent at (5, -2) to the circle x + y -
10x - 14y - 7 = 0
2 2 2 2
22.a) Show that the circles x +y 4x + 6y + 8 = 0 and x + y
10x- 6y + 14 =0 touch each other.
Lt x 5 243
b) Evaluate
x 3 x 3 27
c) Differentiate the following:-
x 2 + sin x
(ii) y =
x
(i) y = e log x sinx.
x Cos x
293
dy 2 2
23.a) Find if (i) y = log (secx+tanx) (ii) ax +2hxy+by = 0
dx
-1 1 x
2
dy
b) Find if (i) y = cos (ii) x=a (t+cost), y=a (1+sint)
dx 1 x 2
2 2 2
c) if y = x Cos x, prove that x y2 - 4xy1+(x +6)y=0
24.a) The radius of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 1cm/sec.
How fast the volume will be increasing when the radius is 4cm
b) A missile is fired from the ground level rises x meters vertically
25 2
upwards in time 3 seconds and x =100t - t .Find the
2
initial velocity and maximum height of the missile
c) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve
2
y=x -x+1 at (2,3).
25.a) Find the maximum and minimum values of
3 2
2x - 15x + 36x + 18
3 2 2 3 2u 2u
b) If u = x 2x y + 3xy + y , Find and
x 2 y 2
x3 y3 u u
c) If u = Prove that x + = 2u
x+y x y
294
MATHEMATICS - II
MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2

Time: 3 Hours max. Marks: 75
PART - A
I. Answer any 15 Questions:
1. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2,0) and radius 10
units
2 2
2. Find the centre and radius of the circle x + y = 4
3. Find the equation of the circle with the points (1, -1) and (2, 2)
joining as diameter.
4. Find the length of tangent from the point (5,7) to the circle
2 2
x +y -6x+10y-11=0.
2 2 2 2
5. Show that this circles x +y -10x+4y-13=0 and x +y -10x+4y-19=0
are concentric circles.
Lt x3 33
6. Evaluate
x3 x3
d 1 2 3
7. Find if y = 2 + +
dx x x 2
d
8. Find If y = e x log x
dx
d
9. Find If y = cos 4 x
dx
dy -1 2
10. Find if y = tan (x )
dx
d2 y
11. Find if y = sin (2x)
dx 2
12.. Find the differential equation by eliminating the constants from y
2
= ax +b
3 da dy
13. If V=a and =1, find when a = 5
dt dt
295
t -t
14. If S=ae +be , show that acceleration is always equal is to
distance
3 2
15 If the distance time formula is given bye s=2t -5t +7t-4, find the
initial velocity.
2
16. Find the slope of the normal to the curve y = x + 7x at (1,8)
2
17. Find the minimum value of y = x + 4x + 1
3 2 2 3 u
18. If u = x +x y+2xy -y find
y
u
19. If u = tan (ax+by) find
y
x2 + y2
20. Show that is homogeneous. State the order of the
xy
function.
PART - B
Answer any TWO sub division from each question:
5 X 12 = 60
21.a) Find the equation of the circle, two of whose diameters are
x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 4 and whose radius is 10 Units.
b) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 1) and
(4, 3) and having its centre on the line 4x - 5y - 5 = 0
c) Find the equation of the tangent at (4, 1) on the circle
2 2
x + y - 2x + 6y - 15 = 0
22 a) Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin
2 2
and cuts Orthogonally with circles x + y 8y + 12 = 0 and
x2 + y2 4x 6y 3 = 0
Lt sin10x
b) Evaluate
x0 sin 7 x
dy a b c
c) Find if (i) y= 2
+ 3
+
dx x x x
2
(ii) Y = (X -5) Cos x log x
296
dy x
23 a) Find if (i) y = sin (e log x)
dx
3 3
(ii) x +y = 2axy
dy -1 2 x
b) Find if (i) y = tan
dx 1 x 2
2
(ii) x = at , y = 2at
2
c) if y = a cos (logx) + b sin (logx) prove that x y2+xy1+y=0
24 a) The base radius and height of a conical funnel are 4cm and
20cm respectively. Water is running out of the funnel at
2cc/sec. Find the rate at which the level of water is decreasing
when the level is 10cm.
3 2
b) If the distance time formula is given by s=2t -15t +36t+7, find
the time when the velocity becomes zero.
c) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y = 6
2
+ x - x at (2, 4)
3 2
25 a) Find the maximum and minimum value of y = 4x -18x +24x- 7.
u u
b)
2 2
If u = log (x +y ) find x +y
x y
x3 + y3 u u
+y = sin 2u
-1
c) If u = tan show that x
xy x y
297

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MATHEMATICS I & II

DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper

Determinant of second order:

If the elements of one column say C1 ,m times the element of

Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramers rule:

Expanding the determinant along, R1 we have

m(0-6)-2 (0+14) +1 (9+28) = 0

= 1 (1+2) -2 (-2+2) +1 (2+1)

= 1(-1-2) -1 (2+1) +2 (-4+1)

2. Using Cramers rule solve: -2y+3z-2x+1=0

= -1(-2+1) +2 (10+4) +3 (-5-4)

= -2 (10+4) +1 (2-4) +3 (-4-20)

= -2 (4+5) +2 (-4-20) -1 (-1+4)

= (a+b+c) (0) = 0, since C1 C2

=(x-y) (y-z) [1(y+z) 1(x+y)]

(expanded along the first row )

3+a 3+a 3+a

A has two rows and three columns. We say that A is a matrix of

A is a square matrix of order 3

Here I3 is a unit matrix of order 3.

Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if order of

Multiplication of two matrices:

Here the number of columns of matrix A is equal to the number

a1x1 + b1x2 + c1x3 a1y1 + b1y2 + c1y3 a1z1 + b1z2 + c1z3

Adjoint matrix (or) adjugate matrix:

The given matrix A is singular

1) Find the determinant of A

The order of the matrix is 2x3

Substitute matrix X in (1)

Expanding through first row

= 1(3-0) -1 (6-0) -1 (4+1)

2. Find the value of the determinant sin cos

2.2 BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial means an expression, which consists of two numbers or

2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES

116 = (10 + 1)6

= 10 6 + 6c1.10 5 + 6c 2 .10 4.12 + 6c 3 .10 3.13 + 6c 4 .10 2.14

= 10 6 + 6.10 5 + 15.10 4 + 20.10 3 + 15.10 2 + 6.10 + 1

= 15 + 5c1.14 (0.01) + 5c 2 .13.(0.01)2 + 5c 3 .12.(0.01)3

= 1 + 0.05 + 0.001 + .......... .... = 1.051,

Correct to 3 decimal places.

nx n(n 1)x 2 n(n 1)(n 2)x 3

( 2)(2 1) 2 ( 2)( 2 1)( 2 2 )x 3

( 2)( 3)x 2 ( 2)( 3)( 4) 3

2. Find the expansion of (1 - x )

( 3)( 3 1)( x )2 ( 3)(3 1)( 3 2)

= 15c r .( 1)r .x 60 7r (1)

i.e., t 5 = 15c 4 .1.x 32 . so, co-efficient of x is 15c4.

= 10c r .( 1)r x10 2r

t 5 +1 =10c 5 .( 1)5 x10 10

2.3 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Definition of Polynomial Fraction:

are constants which are not both zeros.

The first factor of the denominator (x-1) is of first degree, so we

and C and are constants.

Equating the co-efficient of the like powers of x,

1 2 = A(1 1)2 + B(1 + 2)(1 1) + C(1 + 2)

To find A put x= -2 in (1)

2x + 1= A( x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)( x + 1) (1)

To Find A, put x = -1 in (1)

To find C, put x = 0 in (1)