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Job Title
Software Consultants (Pty) Ltd Client
Internet: http://www.prokon.com
E-Mail : mail@prokon.com Calcs by Checked by Date

Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 2.5 C (m) 0.50 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 0.8 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 1.5 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.7 xl (m) Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 1 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.431

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 21.687 0.833 10.827 1.100
As a result of surcharge w 9.639 1.250 4.812 1.087
As a result of Point load P 0.213 2.150 0.032 0.952
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 2.500

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -27.385 0.267
Weight of the wall + base 52.800 0.941
Weight of soil on the base 45.431 1.544
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 1.000 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 13.000 1.550

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 148.43 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 123.41 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.203

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 127.90 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 65.17 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 27.38 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 92.55 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 75.54 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 75.54 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.225

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 1.50 ***

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 21.687 0.833 10.827 1.100
As a result of surcharge w 15.422 1.250 7.699 1.087
As a result of Point load P 0.341 2.150 0.051 0.952
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 2.500

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -27.385 0.267
Weight of the wall + base 52.800 0.941
Weight of soil on the base 45.431 1.544
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 1.000 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 13.000 1.550

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 148.43 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 193.75 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 0.766

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 127.90 kN

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Frictional resistance Pfric : 65.17 kN

Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 27.38 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 92.55 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 107.85 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 107.85 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 0.858

*** SAFETY FACTOR (ULS) IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :435.83 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.61 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 225.8 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 162.84 0.00 665.00 917.80

0.04 161.04 0.00 663.82 910.00
0.08 157.38 0.00 654.88 902.20
0.12 153.72 0.00 645.75 894.40
0.16 150.06 0.00 636.45 886.60
0.20 146.40 0.00 627.01 878.80
0.24 142.76 0.00 617.43 871.00
0.28 139.14 0.00 607.73 863.20
0.32 135.54 0.00 597.94 855.40
0.36 131.96 0.00 588.07 847.60
0.40 128.41 0.00 578.10 839.80
0.44 124.88 0.00 568.03 832.00
0.48 121.38 0.00 557.86 824.20
0.52 117.90 0.00 547.59 816.40
0.56 114.44 0.00 537.21 808.60
0.60 111.01 0.00 526.71 800.80
0.64 107.59 0.00 516.09 793.00
0.68 104.20 0.00 505.35 785.20
0.72 100.84 0.00 494.47 777.40
0.76 97.49 0.00 483.45 769.60
0.80 94.17 0.00 472.29 761.80
0.84 90.86 0.00 460.98 754.00
0.88 87.58 0.00 449.52 746.20
0.92 84.32 0.00 437.88 738.40
0.96 81.07 0.00 426.07 730.60
1.00 77.85 0.00 414.08 722.80
1.04 74.65 0.00 401.91 715.00
1.08 71.46 0.00 389.53 707.20
1.12 68.30 0.00 376.95 699.40
1.16 65.15 0.00 364.14 691.60
1.20 62.02 0.00 351.12 683.80
1.24 58.91 0.00 337.85 676.00
1.28 55.81 0.00 324.33 668.20
1.32 52.74 0.00 310.55 660.40
1.36 49.68 0.00 296.50 652.60
1.40 46.63 0.00 282.16 644.80
1.44 43.60 0.00 267.52 637.00
1.48 40.59 0.00 252.56 629.20
1.52 37.59 0.00 237.27 621.40
1.56 34.61 0.00 221.63 613.60
1.60 31.64 0.00 205.62 605.80
1.64 28.69 0.00 189.23 598.00
1.68 25.75 0.00 172.44 590.20
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1.72 22.84 0.00 155.28 582.40

1.76 19.94 0.00 137.71 574.60
1.80 17.06 0.00 119.67 566.80
1.84 14.18 0.00 101.13 559.00
1.88 11.32 0.00 82.07 551.20
1.92 8.48 0.00 62.47 543.40
1.96 5.64 0.00 42.28 535.60
2.00 2.82 0.00 21.48 527.80

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.04 -0.00 0.00 0.00 650.00

0.09 -0.37 0.00 2.24 650.00
0.13 -1.49 0.00 8.95 650.00
0.18 -3.36 0.00 20.14 650.00
0.22 -5.97 0.00 35.81 650.00
0.26 -9.33 0.00 55.95 650.00
0.31 -13.44 0.00 80.57 650.00
0.35 -18.29 0.00 109.66 650.00
0.40 -23.89 0.00 143.23 650.00
0.44 -30.23 0.00 181.28 650.00
0.48 -37.33 0.00 223.80 650.00
0.53 -45.16 0.00 270.80 650.00
0.57 -53.75 0.00 322.28 650.00
0.62 -63.08 0.00 378.23 650.00
0.66 -73.16 0.00 438.65 650.00
0.70 -83.98 0.00 503.56 650.00
0.75 -95.56 0.00 572.94 650.00
0.79 -107.87 0.00 646.79 650.00
0.84 -120.94 0.00 725.12 650.00
0.88 -134.75 0.00 807.93 650.00
0.92 -144.93 868.96 0.00 650.00
0.97 61.09 366.29 0.00 650.00
1.01 56.14 336.59 0.00 650.00
1.06 52.46 314.52 0.00 650.00
1.10 48.90 293.21 0.00 650.00
1.14 45.47 272.64 0.00 650.00
1.19 42.17 252.82 0.00 650.00
1.23 38.98 233.74 0.00 650.00
1.28 35.93 215.42 0.00 650.00
1.32 33.00 197.84 0.00 650.00
1.36 30.19 181.01 0.00 650.00
1.41 27.51 164.93 0.00 650.00
1.45 24.95 149.60 0.00 650.00
1.50 22.52 135.01 0.00 650.00
1.54 20.21 121.17 0.00 650.00
1.58 18.03 108.08 0.00 650.00
1.63 15.97 95.74 0.00 650.00
1.67 14.03 84.15 0.00 650.00
1.72 12.23 73.30 0.00 650.00
1.76 10.54 63.20 0.00 650.00
1.80 8.98 53.85 0.00 650.00
1.85 7.55 45.25 0.00 650.00
1.89 6.24 37.40 0.00 650.00
1.94 5.05 30.29 0.00 650.00
1.98 3.99 23.94 0.00 650.00
2.02 3.06 18.33 0.00 650.00
2.07 2.25 13.46 0.00 650.00
2.11 1.56 9.35 0.00 650.00
2.16 1.00 5.98 0.00 650.00
2.20 0.56 3.37 0.00 650.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 107.8 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.17 MPa OK
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Allowable shear stress vc = 0.34 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)

Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
2.50

0.50 0.70 1.00

0.80

0.50

1.50 Ka=0.43
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=107.8kN
435.8kPa v= 0.17MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.23 vc= 0.34MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 0.86
SFovt = 1.20
SFovt (ULS) = 0.77
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 163 kNm @ -.500m

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00
Height (m)

.800

.600

.400

.200
0.00

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100

120

140

160
-.200

-.400
Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = -145kNm @ .850m

60.0
40.0
20.0
Bending moment (kNm)

.100
.200
.300
.400
.500
.600
.700
.800
.900
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20

-20.0
-40.0

-60.0
-80.0
-100
-120
-140

Position (m)
 Job Number Sheet
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 3.05 C (m) 0.60 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 0.9 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 1.55 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.75 xl (m) 1 Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 1.05 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.427

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 32.105 1.017 15.749 1.133
As a result of surcharge w 11.696 1.525 5.737 1.118
As a result of Point load P 0.167 2.721 0.024 0.947
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 3.050

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -34.659 0.300
Weight of the wall + base 66.930 0.971
Weight of soil on the base 58.266 1.621
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.820 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 14.000 1.600

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 193.18 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 160.85 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.201

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 161.53 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 82.30 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 34.66 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 116.96 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 87.97 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 87.97 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.330

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 1.50 ***

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 32.105 1.017 15.749 1.133
As a result of surcharge w 18.713 1.525 9.180 1.118
As a result of Point load P 0.267 2.721 0.038 0.947
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 3.050

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -34.659 0.300
Weight of the wall + base 66.930 0.971
Weight of soil on the base 58.266 1.621
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.820 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 14.000 1.600

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 193.18 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 248.48 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 0.777

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 161.53 kN

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Frictional resistance Pfric : 82.30 kN

Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 34.66 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 116.96 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 121.49 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 121.49 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 0.963

*** SAFETY FACTOR (ULS) IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :537.93 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.70 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 327.9 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 207.91 0.00 786.93 984.10

0.05 205.72 0.00 786.55 975.00
0.10 200.79 0.00 775.58 965.90
0.15 195.87 0.00 764.41 956.80
0.20 190.97 0.00 753.07 947.70
0.24 186.09 0.00 741.58 938.60
0.29 181.24 0.00 729.99 929.50
0.34 176.44 0.00 718.32 920.40
0.39 171.68 0.00 706.58 911.30
0.44 166.96 0.00 694.76 902.20
0.49 162.29 0.00 682.86 893.10
0.54 157.66 0.00 670.87 884.00
0.59 153.07 0.00 658.78 874.90
0.64 148.53 0.00 646.60 865.80
0.69 144.02 0.00 634.31 856.70
0.73 139.55 0.00 621.91 847.60
0.78 135.13 0.00 609.38 838.50
0.83 130.74 0.00 596.73 829.40
0.88 126.39 0.00 583.95 820.30
0.93 122.08 0.00 571.02 811.20
0.98 117.80 0.00 557.94 802.10
1.03 113.56 0.00 544.70 793.00
1.08 109.35 0.00 531.29 783.90
1.13 105.18 0.00 517.71 774.80
1.18 101.05 0.00 503.93 765.70
1.22 96.94 0.00 489.95 756.60
1.27 92.87 0.00 475.76 747.50
1.32 88.84 0.00 461.35 738.40
1.37 84.83 0.00 446.70 729.30
1.42 80.85 0.00 431.80 720.20
1.47 76.91 0.00 416.63 711.10
1.52 72.99 0.00 401.19 702.00
1.57 69.11 0.00 385.45 692.90
1.62 65.25 0.00 369.40 683.80
1.67 61.42 0.00 353.02 674.70
1.71 57.62 0.00 336.28 665.60
1.76 53.84 0.00 319.18 656.50
1.81 50.09 0.00 301.69 647.40
1.86 46.36 0.00 283.78 638.30
1.91 42.66 0.00 265.44 629.20
1.96 38.98 0.00 246.63 620.10
2.01 35.33 0.00 227.32 611.00
2.06 31.70 0.00 207.49 601.90
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2.11 28.09 0.00 187.11 592.80

2.16 24.50 0.00 166.14 583.70
2.20 20.94 0.00 144.61 574.60
2.25 17.40 0.00 122.44 565.50
2.30 13.89 0.00 99.56 556.40
2.35 10.39 0.00 75.94 547.30
2.40 6.91 0.00 51.52 538.20
2.45 3.45 0.00 26.24 529.10

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.05 -0.00 0.00 0.00 780.00

0.09 -0.49 0.00 2.42 780.00
0.14 -1.98 0.00 9.67 780.00
0.18 -4.45 0.00 21.75 780.00
0.23 -7.92 0.00 38.67 780.00
0.28 -12.37 0.00 60.43 780.00
0.32 -17.81 0.00 87.01 780.00
0.37 -24.24 0.00 118.44 780.00
0.41 -31.66 0.00 154.69 780.00
0.46 -40.07 0.00 195.78 780.00
0.51 -49.47 0.00 241.71 780.00
0.55 -59.86 0.00 292.46 780.00
0.60 -71.24 0.00 348.06 780.00
0.64 -83.61 0.00 408.48 780.00
0.69 -96.97 0.00 473.74 780.00
0.74 -111.32 0.00 543.84 780.00
0.78 -126.65 0.00 618.77 780.00
0.83 -142.98 0.00 698.53 780.00
0.87 -160.30 0.00 783.13 780.00
0.92 -178.60 0.00 872.56 780.00
0.97 -186.24 909.89 0.00 780.00
1.01 78.53 383.66 0.00 780.00
1.06 70.79 345.84 0.00 780.00
1.10 66.15 323.16 0.00 780.00
1.15 61.66 301.26 0.00 780.00
1.20 57.34 280.13 0.00 780.00
1.24 53.17 259.76 0.00 780.00
1.29 49.16 240.16 0.00 780.00
1.33 45.30 221.34 0.00 780.00
1.38 41.61 203.27 0.00 780.00
1.43 38.07 185.98 0.00 780.00
1.47 34.69 169.46 0.00 780.00
1.52 31.46 153.70 0.00 780.00
1.56 28.39 138.72 0.00 780.00
1.61 25.48 124.50 0.00 780.00
1.66 22.73 111.05 0.00 780.00
1.70 20.14 98.37 0.00 780.00
1.75 17.70 86.46 0.00 780.00
1.79 15.42 75.32 0.00 780.00
1.84 13.29 64.94 0.00 780.00
1.89 11.33 55.33 0.00 780.00
1.93 9.52 46.50 0.00 780.00
1.98 7.87 38.43 0.00 780.00
2.02 6.37 31.13 0.00 780.00
2.07 5.03 24.59 0.00 780.00
2.12 3.85 18.83 0.00 780.00
2.16 2.83 13.83 0.00 780.00
2.21 1.97 9.61 0.00 780.00
2.25 1.26 6.15 0.00 780.00
2.30 0.71 3.46 0.00 780.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 121.5 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.18 MPa OK
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Allowable shear stress vc = 0.34 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)

Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
3.05

0.50 0.75 1.05

0.90

0.60

1.55 Ka=0.43
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=121.5kN
537.9kPa v= 0.18MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.33 vc= 0.34MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 0.96
SFovt = 1.20
SFovt (ULS) = 0.78
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 208 kNm @ -.600m

2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
Height (m)

1.00

.800
.600
.400
.200
0.00

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100

120

140

160

180

200
-.200
-.400

Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = -186kNm @ .875m

80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
Bending moment (kNm)

.100
.200
.300
.400
.500
.600
.700
.800
.900
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30

-20.0
-40.0

-60.0
-80.0
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180

Position (m)
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 3.6 C (m) 0.60 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 1 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 1.7 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.8 xl (m) 1 Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 1.20 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.422

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 44.402 1.200 21.269 1.167
As a result of surcharge w 13.704 1.800 6.564 1.140
As a result of Point load P 0.136 3.305 0.018 0.939
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 3.600

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -42.789 0.333
Weight of the wall + base 79.200 1.011
Weight of soil on the base 81.216 1.731
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.694 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 16.000 1.700

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 262.87 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 204.49 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.286

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 204.96 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 104.43 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 42.79 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 147.22 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 102.24 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 102.24 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.440

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 1.50 ***

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 44.402 1.200 21.269 1.167
As a result of surcharge w 21.927 1.800 10.503 1.140
As a result of Point load P 0.217 3.305 0.029 0.939
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 3.600

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -42.789 0.333
Weight of the wall + base 79.200 1.011
Weight of soil on the base 81.216 1.731
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.694 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 16.000 1.700

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 262.87 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 310.09 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 0.848

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 204.96 kN

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Frictional resistance Pfric : 104.43 kN

Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 42.79 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 147.22 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 136.95 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 136.95 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.075

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :479.67 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.65 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 269.7 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 268.32 0.00 946.36 1050.40

0.06 265.64 0.00 947.04 1040.00
0.12 258.98 0.00 933.40 1029.60
0.18 252.33 0.00 919.45 1019.20
0.24 245.68 0.00 905.25 1008.80
0.30 239.07 0.00 890.84 998.40
0.36 232.51 0.00 876.30 988.00
0.42 226.02 0.00 861.67 977.60
0.48 219.60 0.00 847.00 967.20
0.54 213.26 0.00 832.28 956.80
0.60 207.00 0.00 817.50 946.40
0.66 200.81 0.00 802.67 936.00
0.72 194.69 0.00 787.76 925.60
0.78 188.64 0.00 772.78 915.20
0.84 182.67 0.00 757.72 904.80
0.90 176.76 0.00 742.56 894.40
0.96 170.92 0.00 727.30 884.00
1.02 165.15 0.00 711.93 873.60
1.08 159.45 0.00 696.44 863.20
1.14 153.81 0.00 680.82 852.80
1.20 148.23 0.00 665.05 842.40
1.26 142.71 0.00 649.14 832.00
1.32 137.26 0.00 633.06 821.60
1.38 131.86 0.00 616.80 811.20
1.44 126.52 0.00 600.35 800.80
1.50 121.24 0.00 583.69 790.40
1.56 116.02 0.00 566.82 780.00
1.62 110.85 0.00 549.70 769.60
1.68 105.73 0.00 532.34 759.20
1.74 100.67 0.00 514.70 748.80
1.80 95.66 0.00 496.77 738.40
1.86 90.69 0.00 478.52 728.00
1.92 85.78 0.00 459.95 717.60
1.98 80.91 0.00 441.01 707.20
2.04 76.09 0.00 421.70 696.80
2.10 71.31 0.00 401.97 686.40
2.16 66.57 0.00 381.81 676.00
2.22 61.88 0.00 361.19 665.60
2.28 57.23 0.00 340.06 655.20
2.34 52.62 0.00 318.40 644.80
2.40 48.05 0.00 296.17 634.40
2.46 43.51 0.00 273.32 624.00
2.52 39.01 0.00 249.82 613.60
2.58 34.55 0.00 225.62 603.20
2.64 30.12 0.00 200.66 592.80
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2.70 25.72 0.00 174.89 582.40

2.76 21.36 0.00 148.26 572.00
2.82 17.03 0.00 120.78 561.60
2.88 12.74 0.00 92.30 551.20
2.94 8.47 0.00 62.75 540.80
3.00 4.23 0.00 32.04 530.40

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.05 -0.00 0.00 0.00 780.00

0.10 -0.65 0.00 3.18 780.00
0.15 -2.60 0.00 12.71 780.00
0.20 -5.85 0.00 28.60 780.00
0.25 -10.41 0.00 50.85 780.00
0.30 -16.26 0.00 79.46 780.00
0.35 -23.42 0.00 114.42 780.00
0.40 -31.88 0.00 155.74 780.00
0.45 -41.64 0.00 203.41 780.00
0.50 -52.69 0.00 257.44 780.00
0.55 -65.06 0.00 317.83 780.00
0.60 -78.72 0.00 384.57 780.00
0.65 -93.68 0.00 457.67 780.00
0.70 -109.94 0.00 537.13 780.00
0.75 -127.51 0.00 622.94 780.00
0.80 -146.37 0.00 715.11 780.00
0.85 -166.54 0.00 813.64 780.00
0.90 -188.01 0.00 918.52 780.00
0.95 -210.78 0.00 1029.76 780.00
1.00 -219.29 1071.37 0.00 780.00
1.05 111.25 543.50 0.00 780.00
1.10 100.35 490.25 0.00 780.00
1.15 93.98 459.13 0.00 780.00
1.20 87.82 429.04 0.00 780.00
1.25 81.87 399.96 0.00 780.00
1.30 76.12 371.90 0.00 780.00
1.35 70.59 344.86 0.00 780.00
1.40 65.26 318.84 0.00 780.00
1.45 60.15 293.85 0.00 780.00
1.50 55.24 269.87 0.00 780.00
1.55 50.54 246.91 0.00 780.00
1.60 46.05 224.98 0.00 780.00
1.65 41.77 204.06 0.00 780.00
1.70 37.70 184.16 0.00 780.00
1.75 33.83 165.29 0.00 780.00
1.80 30.18 147.43 0.00 780.00
1.85 26.73 130.60 0.00 780.00
1.90 23.49 114.78 0.00 780.00
1.95 20.47 99.99 0.00 780.00
2.00 17.65 86.22 0.00 780.00
2.05 15.04 73.46 0.00 780.00
2.10 12.63 61.73 0.00 780.00
2.15 10.44 51.01 0.00 780.00
2.20 8.46 41.32 0.00 780.00
2.25 6.68 32.65 0.00 780.00
2.30 5.12 25.00 0.00 780.00
2.35 3.76 18.37 0.00 780.00
2.40 2.61 12.75 0.00 780.00
2.45 1.67 8.16 0.00 780.00
2.50 0.94 4.59 0.00 780.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 136.9 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.19 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.34 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
3.60

0.50 0.80 1.20

1.00

0.60

1.70 Ka=0.42
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=136.9kN
479.7kPa v= 0.19MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.44 vc= 0.34MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.08
SFovt = 1.29
SFovt (ULS) = 0.85
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 268 kNm @ -.600m

3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
Height (m)

1.40

1.20
1.00
.800
.600
.400
0.00

50.0

.200
100

150

200

250
-.200
-.400

Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = -219kNm @ .900m

120
100
80.0
60.0
40.0
Bending moment (kNm)

20.0
.200

.400

.600

.800

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

-20.0
-40.0

-60.0
-80.0
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
-200
-220
Position (m)
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 4.7 C (m) 0.7 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 1.1 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 2.25 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.90 xl (m) Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 1.75 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.418

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 75.193 1.567 35.263 1.233
As a result of surcharge w 17.776 2.350 8.336 1.194
As a result of Point load P 0.098 4.472 0.012 0.928
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 4.700

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 115.320 1.178
Weight of soil on the base 151.586 2.107
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.532 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 22.500 2.025

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 520.29 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 313.36 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.660

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 333.55 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 169.95 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 221.73 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 137.07 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 137.07 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.618

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 75.193 1.567 35.263 1.233
As a result of surcharge w 28.442 2.350 13.338 1.194
As a result of Point load P 0.157 4.472 0.020 0.928
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 4.700

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 115.320 1.178
Weight of soil on the base 151.586 2.107
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.532 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 22.500 2.025

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 520.29 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 456.79 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.139

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 333.55 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 169.95 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 221.73 kN
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Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 174.19 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 174.19 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.273

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :358.43 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.29 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 148.4 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 399.44 0.00 1239.76 1183.00

0.08 395.31 0.00 1241.54 1170.00
0.16 384.18 0.00 1221.13 1157.00
0.24 373.11 0.00 1200.41 1144.00
0.32 362.14 0.00 1179.50 1131.00
0.40 351.32 0.00 1158.54 1118.00
0.48 340.66 0.00 1137.63 1105.00
0.56 330.19 0.00 1116.79 1092.00
0.64 319.89 0.00 1096.00 1079.00
0.72 309.76 0.00 1075.28 1066.00
0.80 299.81 0.00 1054.59 1053.00
0.88 290.02 0.00 1033.94 1040.00
0.96 280.39 0.00 1013.32 1027.00
1.04 270.93 0.00 992.71 1014.00
1.12 261.62 0.00 972.10 1001.00
1.20 252.46 0.00 951.49 988.00
1.28 243.46 0.00 930.86 975.00
1.36 234.61 0.00 910.20 962.00
1.44 225.90 0.00 889.50 949.00
1.52 217.33 0.00 868.73 936.00
1.60 208.91 0.00 847.89 923.00
1.68 200.61 0.00 826.96 910.00
1.76 192.46 0.00 805.92 897.00
1.84 184.43 0.00 784.76 884.00
1.92 176.53 0.00 763.45 871.00
2.00 168.75 0.00 741.98 858.00
2.08 161.09 0.00 720.31 845.00
2.16 153.55 0.00 698.44 832.00
2.24 146.13 0.00 676.33 819.00
2.32 138.81 0.00 653.95 806.00
2.40 131.61 0.00 631.29 793.00
2.48 124.51 0.00 608.30 780.00
2.56 117.51 0.00 584.95 767.00
2.64 110.62 0.00 561.20 754.00
2.72 103.82 0.00 537.03 741.00
2.80 97.11 0.00 512.38 728.00
2.88 90.49 0.00 487.21 715.00
2.96 83.96 0.00 461.47 702.00
3.04 77.52 0.00 435.10 689.00
3.12 71.15 0.00 408.06 676.00
3.20 64.86 0.00 380.27 663.00
3.28 58.65 0.00 351.67 650.00
3.36 52.51 0.00 322.17 637.00
3.44 46.44 0.00 291.71 624.00
3.52 40.43 0.00 260.18 611.00
3.60 34.49 0.00 227.49 598.00
3.68 28.61 0.00 193.53 585.00
3.76 22.78 0.00 158.17 572.00
3.84 17.01 0.00 121.28 559.00
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3.92 11.30 0.00 82.80 546.00

4.00 5.64 0.00 42.48 533.00

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.06 -0.00 0.00 0.00 910.00

0.13 -0.99 0.00 4.07 910.00
0.19 -3.95 0.00 16.27 910.00
0.25 -8.88 0.00 36.61 910.00
0.32 -15.79 0.00 65.09 910.00
0.38 -24.67 0.00 101.70 910.00
0.44 -35.53 0.00 146.44 910.00
0.50 -48.36 0.00 199.33 910.00
0.57 -63.16 0.00 260.35 910.00
0.63 -79.93 0.00 329.50 910.00
0.69 -98.68 0.00 406.79 910.00
0.76 -119.41 0.00 492.22 910.00
0.82 -142.10 0.00 585.78 910.00
0.88 -166.78 0.00 687.47 910.00
0.94 -193.42 0.00 797.31 910.00
1.01 -222.04 0.00 915.28 910.00
1.07 -233.46 0.00 962.36 910.00
1.13 259.92 1071.43 0.00 910.00
1.20 236.83 976.24 0.00 910.00
1.26 223.10 919.66 0.00 910.00
1.32 209.79 864.76 0.00 910.00
1.39 196.88 811.56 0.00 910.00
1.45 184.38 760.05 0.00 910.00
1.51 172.29 710.22 0.00 910.00
1.57 160.62 662.09 0.00 910.00
1.64 149.35 615.64 0.00 910.00
1.70 138.49 570.88 0.00 910.00
1.76 128.04 527.81 0.00 910.00
1.83 118.00 486.43 0.00 910.00
1.89 108.38 446.74 0.00 910.00
1.95 99.16 408.74 0.00 910.00
2.02 90.35 372.42 0.00 910.00
2.08 81.95 337.80 0.00 910.00
2.14 73.96 304.86 0.00 910.00
2.21 66.38 273.62 0.00 910.00
2.27 59.21 244.06 0.00 910.00
2.33 52.45 216.19 0.00 910.00
2.39 46.10 190.01 0.00 910.00
2.46 40.15 165.52 0.00 910.00
2.52 34.62 142.72 0.00 910.00
2.58 29.50 121.61 0.00 910.00
2.65 24.79 102.18 0.00 910.00
2.71 20.49 84.45 0.00 910.00
2.77 16.59 68.40 0.00 910.00
2.83 13.11 54.05 0.00 910.00
2.90 10.04 41.38 0.00 910.00
2.96 7.38 30.40 0.00 910.00
3.02 5.12 21.11 0.00 910.00
3.09 3.28 13.51 0.00 910.00
3.15 1.84 7.60 0.00 910.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 174.2 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.21 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.34 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
4.70

0.50 0.90 1.75

1.10

0.70

2.25 Ka=0.42
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=174.2kN
358.4kPa v= 0.21MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.62 vc= 0.34MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.27
SFovt = 1.66
SFovt (ULS) = 1.14
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 399 kNm @ -.700m

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50
Height (m)

2.00

1.50

1.00

.500
0.00

50.0

100

150

200

250

300

350

400
-.500
Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = 260 kNm @ .955m

250
200
150
Bending moment (kNm)

100
.200
.400
.600
.800
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00

50.0

-50.0
-100
-150
-200

Position (m)
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 4.15 C (m) 0.65 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 1.1 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 1.85 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.85 xl (m) 1 Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 1.35 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.420

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 58.788 1.383 27.822 1.200
As a result of surcharge w 15.740 2.075 7.449 1.167
As a result of Point load P 0.114 3.889 0.015 0.934
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 4.150

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 94.620 1.059
Weight of soil on the base 105.826 1.848
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.602 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 18.000 1.800

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 347.90 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 254.94 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.365

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 254.33 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 129.59 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 181.36 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 118.64 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 118.64 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.529

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 58.788 1.383 27.822 1.200
As a result of surcharge w 25.184 2.075 11.919 1.167
As a result of Point load P 0.183 3.889 0.024 0.934
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 4.150

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 94.620 1.059
Weight of soil on the base 105.826 1.848
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.602 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 18.000 1.800

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 347.90 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 379.14 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 0.918

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN 1.00 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 254.33 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 129.59 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
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Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN

=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 181.36 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 154.55 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 154.55 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.173

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :463.89 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.60 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 253.9 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 329.95 0.00 1089.43 1116.70

0.07 326.73 0.00 1091.10 1105.00
0.14 318.13 0.00 1074.62 1093.30
0.21 309.53 0.00 1057.76 1081.60
0.28 300.96 0.00 1040.59 1069.90
0.35 292.44 0.00 1023.21 1058.20
0.42 284.00 0.00 1005.70 1046.50
0.49 275.68 0.00 988.15 1034.80
0.56 267.47 0.00 970.61 1023.10
0.63 259.38 0.00 953.05 1011.40
0.70 251.41 0.00 935.49 999.70
0.77 243.55 0.00 917.90 988.00
0.84 235.81 0.00 900.29 976.30
0.91 228.17 0.00 882.63 964.60
0.98 220.65 0.00 864.93 952.90
1.05 213.23 0.00 847.18 941.20
1.12 205.91 0.00 829.35 929.50
1.19 198.70 0.00 811.45 917.80
1.26 191.58 0.00 793.45 906.10
1.33 184.57 0.00 775.35 894.40
1.40 177.65 0.00 757.14 882.70
1.47 170.82 0.00 738.79 871.00
1.54 164.09 0.00 720.30 859.30
1.61 157.45 0.00 701.66 847.60
1.68 150.90 0.00 682.83 835.90
1.75 144.43 0.00 663.81 824.20
1.82 138.05 0.00 644.58 812.50
1.89 131.74 0.00 625.12 800.80
1.96 125.52 0.00 605.40 789.10
2.03 119.38 0.00 585.41 777.40
2.10 113.31 0.00 565.11 765.70
2.17 107.32 0.00 544.49 754.00
2.24 101.40 0.00 523.52 742.30
2.31 95.55 0.00 502.16 730.60
2.38 89.77 0.00 480.39 718.90
2.45 84.06 0.00 458.17 707.20
2.52 78.40 0.00 435.46 695.50
2.59 72.81 0.00 412.23 683.80
2.66 67.29 0.00 388.43 672.10
2.73 61.81 0.00 364.01 660.40
2.80 56.40 0.00 338.94 648.70
2.87 51.04 0.00 313.14 637.00
2.94 45.73 0.00 286.57 625.30
3.01 40.47 0.00 259.16 613.60
3.08 35.26 0.00 230.83 601.90
3.15 30.10 0.00 201.53 590.20
3.22 24.98 0.00 171.15 578.50
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3.29 19.90 0.00 139.62 566.80

3.36 14.87 0.00 106.89 555.10
3.43 9.88 0.00 72.83 543.40
3.50 4.93 0.00 37.27 531.70

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.05 -0.00 0.00 0.00 845.00

0.11 -0.82 0.00 3.69 845.00
0.16 -3.30 0.00 14.75 845.00
0.22 -7.42 0.00 33.18 845.00
0.27 -13.19 0.00 58.99 845.00
0.32 -20.61 0.00 92.17 845.00
0.38 -29.68 0.00 132.73 845.00
0.43 -40.40 0.00 180.65 845.00
0.49 -52.77 0.00 235.96 845.00
0.54 -66.79 0.00 298.63 845.00
0.59 -82.45 0.00 368.68 845.00
0.65 -99.77 0.00 446.11 845.00
0.70 -118.73 0.00 530.90 845.00
0.76 -139.34 0.00 623.07 845.00
0.81 -161.61 0.00 722.62 845.00
0.86 -185.52 0.00 829.54 845.00
0.92 -211.08 0.00 943.83 845.00
0.97 -238.29 0.00 1065.49 845.00
1.03 -251.71 1125.51 0.00 845.00
1.08 152.83 683.39 0.00 845.00
1.13 139.22 622.53 0.00 845.00
1.19 130.66 584.23 0.00 845.00
1.24 122.36 547.15 0.00 845.00
1.30 114.34 511.28 0.00 845.00
1.35 106.59 476.63 0.00 845.00
1.40 99.11 443.19 0.00 845.00
1.46 91.91 410.97 0.00 845.00
1.51 84.97 379.96 0.00 845.00
1.57 78.31 350.17 0.00 845.00
1.62 71.92 321.60 0.00 845.00
1.67 65.80 294.24 0.00 845.00
1.73 59.96 268.10 0.00 845.00
1.78 54.38 243.18 0.00 845.00
1.84 49.08 219.47 0.00 845.00
1.89 44.05 196.97 0.00 845.00
1.94 39.29 175.70 0.00 845.00
2.00 34.81 155.63 0.00 845.00
2.05 30.59 136.79 0.00 845.00
2.11 26.65 119.16 0.00 845.00
2.16 22.98 102.74 0.00 845.00
2.21 19.58 87.54 0.00 845.00
2.27 16.45 73.56 0.00 845.00
2.32 13.60 60.79 0.00 845.00
2.38 11.01 49.24 0.00 845.00
2.43 8.70 38.91 0.00 845.00
2.48 6.66 29.79 0.00 845.00
2.54 4.89 21.89 0.00 845.00
2.59 3.40 15.20 0.00 845.00
2.65 2.18 9.73 0.00 845.00
2.70 1.22 5.47 0.00 845.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 154.6 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.20 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.34 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
4.15

0.50 0.85 1.35

1.10

0.65

1.85 Ka=0.42
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=154.6kN
463.9kPa v= 0.20MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.53 vc= 0.34MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.17
SFovt = 1.36
SFovt (ULS) = 0.92
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 330 kNm @ -.650m

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00
Height (m)

1.50

1.00

.500
0.00

50.0

100

150

200

250

300
-.500
Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = -252kNm @ .925m

150

100
Bending moment (kNm)

50.0
.200

.400

.600

.800

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

-50.0

-100

-150

-200

-250
Position (m)
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 5.3 C (m) 0.8 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 1.1 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 2.7 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) 0 At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 0.90 xl (m) Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 2.2 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.411

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 94.572 1.767 42.781 1.233
As a result of surcharge w 19.826 2.650 8.969 1.194
As a result of Point load P 0.086 5.104 0.010 0.922
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 5.300

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 139.320 1.317
Weight of soil on the base 206.890 2.352
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.472 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 27.000 2.250

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 750.37 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 389.77 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.925

*** SAFETY FACTOR IS LOWER THAN SPECIFIED MINIMUM OF 2.0 ***

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 425.44 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 216.77 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 268.55 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 158.48 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 158.48 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.694

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 94.572 1.767 42.781 1.233
As a result of surcharge w 31.722 2.650 14.350 1.194
As a result of Point load P 0.137 5.104 0.015 0.922
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 5.300

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 139.320 1.317
Weight of soil on the base 206.890 2.352
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.472 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 27.000 2.250

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 750.37 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 555.04 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.352

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 425.44 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 216.77 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 268.55 kN
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Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 196.83 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 196.83 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.364

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :334.62 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 1.06 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 124.6 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 476.27 0.00 1478.22 1183.00

0.09 469.95 0.00 1475.96 1170.00
0.18 455.86 0.00 1448.95 1157.00
0.27 441.95 0.00 1421.88 1144.00
0.36 428.28 0.00 1394.91 1131.00
0.45 414.87 0.00 1368.11 1118.00
0.54 401.71 0.00 1341.48 1105.00
0.63 388.79 0.00 1315.01 1092.00
0.72 376.13 0.00 1288.68 1079.00
0.81 363.70 0.00 1262.50 1066.00
0.90 351.51 0.00 1236.45 1053.00
0.99 339.55 0.00 1210.51 1040.00
1.08 327.81 0.00 1184.69 1027.00
1.17 316.30 0.00 1158.96 1014.00
1.26 305.00 0.00 1133.32 1001.00
1.35 293.92 0.00 1107.74 988.00
1.44 283.05 0.00 1082.23 975.00
1.53 272.38 0.00 1056.76 962.00
1.62 261.92 0.00 1031.32 949.00
1.71 251.64 0.00 1005.88 936.00
1.80 241.56 0.00 980.45 923.00
1.89 231.67 0.00 954.98 910.00
1.98 221.96 0.00 929.48 897.00
2.07 212.43 0.00 903.91 884.00
2.16 203.07 0.00 878.25 871.00
2.25 193.88 0.00 852.49 858.00
2.34 184.86 0.00 826.58 845.00
2.43 175.99 0.00 800.52 832.00
2.52 167.29 0.00 774.26 819.00
2.61 158.73 0.00 747.78 806.00
2.70 150.32 0.00 721.04 793.00
2.79 142.06 0.00 694.02 780.00
2.88 133.93 0.00 666.66 767.00
2.97 125.94 0.00 638.93 754.00
3.06 118.07 0.00 610.78 741.00
3.15 110.34 0.00 582.17 728.00
3.24 102.72 0.00 553.05 715.00
3.33 95.22 0.00 523.35 702.00
3.42 87.83 0.00 493.01 689.00
3.51 80.55 0.00 461.98 676.00
3.60 73.38 0.00 430.17 663.00
3.69 66.30 0.00 397.51 650.00
3.78 59.31 0.00 363.91 637.00
3.87 52.42 0.00 329.28 624.00
3.96 45.61 0.00 293.51 611.00
4.05 38.89 0.00 256.49 598.00
4.14 32.24 0.00 218.09 585.00
4.23 25.66 0.00 178.17 572.00
4.32 19.16 0.00 136.58 559.00
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4.41 12.71 0.00 93.16 546.00

4.50 6.34 0.00 47.79 533.00

BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.07 -0.00 0.00 0.00 1040.00

0.14 -1.08 0.00 3.86 1040.00
0.22 -4.33 0.00 15.43 1040.00
0.29 -9.74 0.00 34.73 1040.00
0.36 -17.32 0.00 61.73 1040.00
0.43 -27.06 0.00 96.46 1040.00
0.50 -38.96 0.00 138.90 1040.00
0.58 -53.03 0.00 189.06 1040.00
0.65 -69.27 0.00 246.94 1040.00
0.72 -87.66 0.00 312.53 1040.00
0.79 -108.23 0.00 385.84 1040.00
0.86 -130.96 0.00 466.87 1040.00
0.94 -155.85 0.00 555.61 1040.00
1.01 -182.90 0.00 652.07 1040.00
1.08 -196.03 0.00 698.86 1040.00
1.15 404.27 1441.26 0.00 1040.00
1.22 371.75 1325.31 0.00 1040.00
1.30 351.38 1252.71 0.00 1040.00
1.37 331.59 1182.15 0.00 1040.00
1.44 312.37 1113.63 0.00 1040.00
1.51 293.73 1047.16 0.00 1040.00
1.58 275.65 982.74 0.00 1040.00
1.66 258.16 920.36 0.00 1040.00
1.73 241.23 860.02 0.00 1040.00
1.80 224.88 801.73 0.00 1040.00
1.87 209.11 745.49 0.00 1040.00
1.94 193.90 691.29 0.00 1040.00
2.02 179.28 639.14 0.00 1040.00
2.09 165.22 589.03 0.00 1040.00
2.16 151.74 540.97 0.00 1040.00
2.23 138.83 494.95 0.00 1040.00
2.30 126.50 450.98 0.00 1040.00
2.38 114.74 409.05 0.00 1040.00
2.45 103.55 369.17 0.00 1040.00
2.52 92.94 331.33 0.00 1040.00
2.59 82.90 295.54 0.00 1040.00
2.66 73.43 261.79 0.00 1040.00
2.74 64.54 230.09 0.00 1040.00
2.81 56.22 200.43 0.00 1040.00
2.88 48.48 172.82 0.00 1040.00
2.95 41.31 147.26 0.00 1040.00
3.02 34.71 123.74 0.00 1040.00
3.10 28.68 102.26 0.00 1040.00
3.17 23.23 82.83 0.00 1040.00
3.24 18.36 65.45 0.00 1040.00
3.31 14.06 50.11 0.00 1040.00
3.38 10.33 36.81 0.00 1040.00
3.46 7.17 25.57 0.00 1040.00
3.53 4.59 16.36 0.00 1040.00
3.60 2.58 9.20 0.00 1040.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 196.8 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.23 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.35 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
5.30

0.50 0.90 2.20

1.10

0.80

2.70 Ka=0.41
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=196.8kN
334.6kPa v= 0.23MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.69 vc= 0.35MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.36
SFovt = 1.93
SFovt (ULS) = 1.35
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 476 kNm @ -.800m

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50
Height (m)

2.00

1.50

1.00

.500
0.00

100

200

300

400
-.500

Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = 404 kNm @ .955m

400
350
300
Bending moment (kNm)

250
200
150

100
.200
.400
.600
.800
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60

50.0

-50.0
-100
-150
-200
Position (m)
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Retaining Wall Design : Ver W2.0.04 - 23 Mar 2004

Title :
C14
Input Data

Wall Dimensions Unfactored Live Loads General Parameters Design Parameters

H1 (m) 5.9 C (m) 0.9 W (kN/m) 10 Soil frict () 27 SF Overt. 2
H2 (m) 1.1 F (m) 0.00 P (kN) 5 Fill slope () 5 SF Slip 1.5
H3 (m) 0 xf (m) 3.3 xp (m) 0.63 Wall frict () 18 DL Factor 1.0
Hw (m) 0 At (m) 0.4 L (kN/m) Conc kN/m3 24 LL Factor 1.6
Hr (m) 0 Ab (m) 1 xl (m) Soil kN/m3 18 Pmax (kPa) 210
B (m) .5 Cov wall mm 50 Lh (kN/m) -44 fcu (MPa) 20 Soil Poisson 0.2
D (m) 2.8 Cov base mm 50 x (m) fy (MPa) 420 DL Factor Ovt. 1.0

Seepage allowed
Active pressure applied on back of shear key for sliding

Theory : Coulomb
Wall type : Cantilever

SEISMIC ANALYSIS SETTINGS:

Seismic Analysis ON/OFF:OFF

Hor Accel. (g)

Vert Accel. (g)
Include LL's

VALUES OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS:

Active Pressure coefficient Ka :0.415

Passive Pressure coefficient Kp :4.754
Base frictional constant :0.510

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT SLS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 118.027 1.967 54.643 1.300
As a result of surcharge w 22.227 2.950 10.291 1.254
As a result of Point load P 0.075 5.734 0.009 0.920
Applied horiz. Line Load 44.000 5.900

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 176.880 1.543
Weight of soil on the base 289.902 2.743
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.424 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 34.000 2.600

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT SLS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
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Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)

where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 1175.93 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 473.77 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 2.482

2.Force Equilibrium at SLS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 566.15 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 288.47 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 340.24 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 184.33 kN

Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN
=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 184.33 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.846

FORCES ACTING ON THE WALL AT ULS:

All forces/moments are per m width

FORCES (kN ) and their LEVER ARMS (m )

Description F Horizontal Lever arm F Vertical Lever arm
left (+) down (+)
Destabilizing forces:
Total Active pressure Pa 118.027 1.967 54.643 1.300
As a result of surcharge w 35.564 2.950 16.465 1.254
As a result of Point load P 0.120 5.734 0.014 0.920
Applied horiz. Line Load 70.400 5.900

Stabilizing forces:
Passive pressure on base Pp -51.775 0.367
Weight of the wall + base 176.880 1.543
Weight of soil on the base 289.902 2.743
Point load of 5.00 kN on backfill 0.424 1.130
UDL of 10.0 kPa 34.000 2.600

EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS AT ULS

All forces/moments are per m width

1.Moment Equilibrium

Point of rotation: bottom front corner of base.

For Overturning moment Mo calculate as follows:

Mo = Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) - Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
For Stabilizing moment Mr calculate as follows:
Mr = -Sum(hor. forces x l.a.) + Sum(vert. forces x l.a.)
where l.a. = lever arm of each force.

Stabilizing moment Mr : 1175.93 kNm

Destabilizing moment Mo : 661.39 kNm

Safety factor against overturning = Mr/Mo = 1.778

2.Force Equilibrium at ULS

Sum of Vertical forces Pv : 566.15 kN

Frictional resistance Pfric : 288.47 kN
Passive Pressure on shear key : 0.00 kN
Passive pressure on base : 51.77 kN
=> Total Horiz. resistance Fr : 340.24 kN

Horizontal sliding force on wall Fhw : 224.11 kN

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Horizontal sliding force on shear key Fht : 0.00 kN

=> Total Horizontal sliding force Fh : 224.11 kN

Safety factor against overall sliding = Fr/Fh = 1.518

SOIL PRESSURES UNDER BASE AT SLS

Maximum pressure :304.32 kPa

Minimum pressure : 0 kPa at 0.58 m from right hand side of base.
Maximum pressure occurs at left hand side of base

*** MAXIMUM PRESSURE EXCEEDS SPECIFIED ALLOWABLE PRESSURE BY 94.3 kPa ***

WALL MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Front Reinforcing Back Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

base top (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.00 563.16 0.00 1560.63 1315.60

0.10 556.42 0.00 1561.64 1300.00
0.20 538.81 0.00 1531.76 1284.40
0.30 521.54 0.00 1502.09 1268.80
0.40 504.63 0.00 1472.68 1253.20
0.50 488.07 0.00 1443.52 1237.60
0.60 471.86 0.00 1414.60 1222.00
0.70 455.99 0.00 1385.91 1206.40
0.80 440.45 0.00 1357.44 1190.80
0.90 425.23 0.00 1329.18 1175.20
1.00 410.34 0.00 1301.13 1159.60
1.10 395.76 0.00 1273.26 1144.00
1.20 381.48 0.00 1245.57 1128.40
1.30 367.52 0.00 1218.05 1112.80
1.40 353.84 0.00 1190.69 1097.20
1.50 340.46 0.00 1163.46 1081.60
1.60 327.36 0.00 1136.36 1066.00
1.70 314.54 0.00 1109.36 1050.40
1.80 301.99 0.00 1082.46 1034.80
1.90 289.70 0.00 1055.64 1019.20
2.00 277.68 0.00 1028.87 1003.60
2.10 265.90 0.00 1002.14 988.00
2.20 254.38 0.00 975.42 972.40
2.30 243.09 0.00 948.69 956.80
2.40 232.04 0.00 921.93 941.20
2.50 221.22 0.00 895.11 925.60
2.60 210.62 0.00 868.21 910.00
2.70 200.24 0.00 841.18 894.40
2.80 190.06 0.00 814.00 878.80
2.90 180.10 0.00 786.63 863.20
3.00 170.32 0.00 759.03 847.60
3.10 160.75 0.00 731.16 832.00
3.20 151.35 0.00 702.98 816.40
3.30 142.14 0.00 674.44 800.80
3.40 133.10 0.00 645.47 785.20
3.50 124.23 0.00 616.03 769.60
3.60 115.51 0.00 586.05 754.00
3.70 106.96 0.00 555.45 738.40
3.80 98.55 0.00 524.17 722.80
3.90 90.28 0.00 492.12 707.20
4.00 82.16 0.00 459.20 691.60
4.10 74.16 0.00 425.30 676.00
4.20 66.28 0.00 390.33 660.40
4.30 58.53 0.00 354.15 644.80
4.40 50.89 0.00 316.61 629.20
4.50 43.35 0.00 277.57 613.60
4.60 35.91 0.00 236.85 598.00
4.70 28.57 0.00 194.24 582.40
4.80 21.31 0.00 149.53 566.80
4.90 14.14 0.00 102.46 551.20
5.00 7.05 0.00 52.81 535.60
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BASE MOMENTS (ULS) AND REINFORCEMENT TO BS8110 - 1997

Position from Moment Top Reinforcing Bot Reinforcing Nominal (0.13%)

left (m ) (kNm ) (mm/m ) (mm/m ) (mm/m )

0.09 -0.00 0.00 0.00 1170.00

0.17 -1.21 0.00 3.80 1170.00
0.26 -4.84 0.00 15.21 1170.00
0.34 -10.90 0.00 34.22 1170.00
0.43 -19.37 0.00 60.84 1170.00
0.52 -30.27 0.00 95.06 1170.00
0.60 -43.58 0.00 136.88 1170.00
0.69 -59.32 0.00 186.31 1170.00
0.77 -77.48 0.00 243.35 1170.00
0.86 -98.06 0.00 307.99 1170.00
0.95 -121.07 0.00 380.23 1170.00
1.03 -146.49 0.00 460.08 1170.00
1.12 -170.30 534.87 0.00 1170.00
1.20 557.01 1749.38 0.00 1170.00
1.29 525.04 1649.00 0.00 1170.00
1.38 497.77 1563.35 0.00 1170.00
1.46 471.23 1479.98 0.00 1170.00
1.55 445.41 1398.91 0.00 1170.00
1.63 420.33 1320.11 0.00 1170.00
1.72 395.96 1243.60 0.00 1170.00
1.81 372.33 1169.37 0.00 1170.00
1.89 349.42 1097.43 0.00 1170.00
1.98 327.24 1027.77 0.00 1170.00
2.06 305.79 960.39 0.00 1170.00
2.15 285.07 895.30 0.00 1170.00
2.24 265.07 832.49 0.00 1170.00
2.32 245.80 771.97 0.00 1170.00
2.41 227.25 713.73 0.00 1170.00
2.49 209.44 657.77 0.00 1170.00
2.58 192.35 604.10 0.00 1170.00
2.67 175.98 552.71 0.00 1170.00
2.75 160.35 503.61 0.00 1170.00
2.84 145.44 456.79 0.00 1170.00
2.92 131.26 412.25 0.00 1170.00
3.01 117.81 370.00 0.00 1170.00
3.10 105.08 330.03 0.00 1170.00
3.18 93.08 292.34 0.00 1170.00
3.27 81.81 256.94 0.00 1170.00
3.35 71.27 223.82 0.00 1170.00
3.44 61.45 192.99 0.00 1170.00
3.53 52.36 164.44 0.00 1170.00
3.61 44.00 138.18 0.00 1170.00
3.70 36.36 114.20 0.00 1170.00
3.78 29.45 92.50 0.00 1170.00
3.87 23.27 73.09 0.00 1170.00
3.96 17.82 55.96 0.00 1170.00
4.04 13.09 41.11 0.00 1170.00
4.13 9.09 28.55 0.00 1170.00
4.21 5.82 18.27 0.00 1170.00
4.30 3.27 10.28 0.00 1170.00

SHEAR CHECK AT WALL-BASE JUNCTION TO BS8110 - 1997

Shear force at bottom of wall V = 224.1 kN

Shear stress at bottom of wall v = 0.24 MPa OK
Allowable shear stress vc = 0.35 MPa (based on Wall tensile reinf.)
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Sketch of Wall

Design code: BS8110 - 1997

5.00kN
0.63 10.00
-44.00kN 0.40
5.00
18.00

27.00
5.90

0.501.00 2.80
1.10

0.90

3.30 Ka=0.42
Kp=4.75
=0.51
V=224.1kN
304.3kPa v= 0.24MPa
Wall type: Cantilever SFslip = 1.85 vc= 0.35MPa
Theory: Coulomb SFslip (ULS) = 1.52
SFovt = 2.48
SFovt (ULS) = 1.78
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Wall Bending Moments

Wall Moments

Moment max = 563 kNm @ -.900m

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00
Height (m)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

.500
0.00

100

200

300

400

500
-.500

Bending moment (kNm)

Base Bending Moments

Base Moments Moment max = 557 kNm @ 1.00m

600

500
Bending moment (kNm)

400

300

200

100
.200
.400
.600
.800
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
4.00
4.20

-100

Position (m)