Mathematics Extension 1

Preliminary Course

maths
Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course

maths
Margaret Grove
Text 2010 Grove and Associates Pty Ltd
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Author: Grove, Margaret.
Title: Maths in focus: mathematics extension preliminary course/Margaret Grove.
Edition: 2nd ed.
ISBN: 9780070278585 (pbk.)
Target Audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: MathematicsProblems, exercises, etc. MathematicsTextbooks.
Dewey Number: 510.76

Published in Australia by
McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
Level 2, 82 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113
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 v

Contents
PREFACE ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
CREDITS ix
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK ix
SYLLABUS MATRIX x
STUDY SKILLS xi

Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic 2

INTRODUCTION 3
REAL NUMBERS 3
DIRECTED NUMBERS 9
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES 12
POWERS AND ROOTS 19
ABSOLUTE VALUE 37
TEST YOURSELF 1 41
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 1 43

Chapter 2: Algebra and Surds 44

INTRODUCTION 45
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS 45
BINOMIAL PRODUCTS 51
FACTORISATION 55
COMPLETING THE SQUARE 69
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 71
SUBSTITUTION 73
SURDS 76
TEST YOURSELF 2 90
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 2 93

Chapter 3: Equations 94
INTRODUCTION 95
SIMPLE EQUATIONS 95
SUBSTITUTION 100
INEQUATIONS 103
EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUES 107
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS 114
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 118
FURTHER INEQUATIONS 125
QUADRATIC INEQUATIONS 129
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 132
TEST YOURSELF 3 138
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 3 139
vi

Chapter 4: Geometry 1 140

INTRODUCTION 141
NOTATION 141
TYPES OF ANGLES 142
PARALLEL LINES 149
TYPES OF TRIANGLES 153
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES 159
SIMILAR TRIANGLES 163
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 171
TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS 177
POLYGONS 184
AREAS 188
TEST YOURSELF 4 195
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 4 197

Practice Assessment Task Set 1 199

Chapter 5: Functions and Graphs 204

INTRODUCTION 205
FUNCTIONS 205
GRAPHING TECHNIQUES 216
LINEAR FUNCTION 224
QUADRATIC FUNCTION 228
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION 234
THE HYPERBOLA 242
CIRCLES AND SEMI-CIRCLES 246
OTHER GRAPHS 254
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 260
FURTHER GRAPHS 264
REGIONS 277
TEST YOURSELF 5 287
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 5 288

Chapter 6: Trigonometry 290

INTRODUCTION 291
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 291
RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE PROBLEMS 299
APPLICATIONS 308
EXACT RATIOS 318
ANGLES OF ANY MAGNITUDE 322
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 336
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 342
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE RESULTS 347
APPLICATIONS 358
AREA 362
TRIGONOMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS 365
SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF ANGLES 367
FURTHER TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 374
TEST YOURSELF 6 385
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 6 387
 vii

Chapter 7: Linear Functions 390

INTRODUCTION 391
DISTANCE 391
MIDPOINT 396
GRADIENT 398
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE 408
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES 412
INTERSECTION OF LINES 417
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE 422
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES 426
RATIOS 430
TEST YOURSELF 7 434
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 7 435

Chapter 8: Introduction to Calculus 438

INTRODUCTION 439
GRADIENT 440
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES 449
SHORT METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION 465
TANGENTS AND NORMALS 471
FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION AND INDICES 476
COMPOSITE FUNCTION RULE 478
PRODUCT RULE 482
QUOTIENT RULE 485
ANGLE BETWEEN 2 CURVES 487
TEST YOURSELF 8 490
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 8 491

Practice Assessment Task Set 2 494

Chapter 9: Properties of the Circle 498

INTRODUCTION 499
PARTS OF A CIRCLE 499
ARCS, ANGLES AND CHORDS 500
CHORD PROPERTIES 512
CONCYCLIC POINTS 519
TANGENT PROPERTIES 525
TEST YOURSELF 9 537
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 9 539

Chapter 10: The Quadratic Function 542

INTRODUCTION 543
GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION 543
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 549
THE DISCRIMINANT 555
QUADRATIC IDENTITIES 562
SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS 566
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATICS 571
TEST YOURSELF 10 575
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 10 576
viii

Chapter 11: Locus and the Parabola 578

INTRODUCTION 579
LOCUS 579
CIRCLE AS A LOCUS 587
PARABOLA AS A LOCUS 591
GENERAL PARABOLA 610
TANGENTS AND NORMALS 625
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS OF THE PARABOLA 627
CHORDS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS 634
PROPERTIES OF THE PARABOLA 643
LOCUS PROBLEMS 648
TEST YOURSELF 11 652
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 11 653

Practice Assessment Task Set 3 655

Chapter 12: Polynomials 1 662

INTRODUCTION 663
DEFINITION OF A POLYNOMIAL 663
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS 667
REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS 672
GRAPH OF A POLYNOMIAL 681
ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS 706
TEST YOURSELF 12 713
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 12 714

Chapter 13: Permutations and Combinations 716

INTRODUCTION 717
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE 717
PERMUTATIONS 730
COMBINATIONS 740
TEST YOURSELF 13 746
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 13 747

Practice Assessment Task Set 4 749

Answers 756
 ix

PREFACE
This book covers the Preliminary syllabus for Mathematics and Extension 1. The extension material
is easy to see as it has green headings and there is green shading next to all extension question and
answers. The syllabus is available through the NSW Board of Studies website on www.boardofstudies.
nsw.edu.au. You can also access resources, study techniques, examination technique, sample and
past examination papers through other websites such as www.math.nsw.edu.au and www.csu.edu.
au. Searching the Internet generally will pick up many websites supporting the work in this course.
Each chapter has comprehensive fully worked examples and explanations as well as ample sets
of graded exercises. The theory follows a logical order, although some topics may be learned in any
order. Each chapter contains Test Yourself and Challenge exercises, and there are several practice
assessment tasks throughout the book.
If you have trouble doing the Test Yourself exercises at the end of a chapter, you will need to
go back into the chapter and revise it before trying them again. Dont attempt to do the Challenge
exercises until you are confident that you can do the Test Yourself exercises, as these are more difficult
and are designed to test the more able students who understand the topic really well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to my family, especially my husband Geoff, for supporting me in writing this book.

CREDITS
Fairfax Photos: p 327
Istockphoto: p 101, p 171
Margaret Grove: p 37, p 163, p 206, p 246, p 260, p 291, p308 (bottom), p 310, p 311, p 313, p 316,
p 391, p 499, p 543, p 591, p 717, p 719, p 726, p 729, p 730, p 739
Photolibrary: p 205
Shutterstock: p 74, p 164, p 229, p 308 (top), p 580

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

This second edition retains all the features of previous Maths in Focus books while adding in new
improvements.
The main feature of Maths in Focus is in its readability, its plentiful worked examples and
straightforward language so that students can understand it and use it in self-paced learning. The
logical progression of topics, the comprehensive fully worked examples and graded exercises are still
major features.
A wide variety of questions is maintained, with more comprehensive and more difficult questions
included in each topic. At the end of each chapter is a consolidation set of exercises (Test yourself)
in no particular order that will test whether the student has grasped the concepts contained in the
chapter. There is also a challenge set for the more able students.
The four practice assessment tasks provide a comprehensive variety of mixed questions from
various chapters. These have been extended to contain questions in the form of sample examination
questions, including short answer, free response and multiple-choice questions that students may
encounter in assessments.
The second edition also features a short summary of general study skills that students will find
useful, both in the classroom and when doing assessment tasks and examinations. These study skills
are also repeated in the HSC book.
x

A syllabus matrix is included to show where each syllabus topic fits into the book. Topics are
generally arranged in a logical order. For example, arithmetic and algebra are needed in most, if not
all other topics, so these are treated at the beginning of the book.
Some teachers like to introduce particular topics before others, e.g. linear functions before more
general functions. However, part of the work on gradient requires some knowledge of trigonometry
and the topic of angles of any magnitude in trigonometry needs some knowledge of functions. So
the order of most chapters in the book have been carefully thought out. Some chapters, however,
could be covered in a different order, such as geometry which is covered in Chapter 4, and quadratic
functions and locus, which are near the end of the book.

SYLLABUS MATRIX
This matrix shows how the syllabus is organised in the chapters of this book.

Mathematics (2 Unit)
Basic arithmetic and algebra (1.1 1.4) Chapter 1: Basic arithmetic
Chapter 2: Algebra and surds
Chapter 3: Equations

Real functions (4.1 4.4) Chapter 5: Functions and graphs

Trigonometric ratios (5.1 5.5) Chapter 6: Trigonometry

Linear functions (6.1 6.5, 6.7) Chapter 7: Linear functions

The quadratic polynomial and the parabola (9.1 9.5) Chapter 10: The quadratic function
Chapter 11: Locus and the parabola

Plane geometry (2.1 2.4) Chapter 4: Geometry 1

Tangent to a curve and derivative of a function (8.1 8.9) Chapter 8: Introduction to calculus

Extension 1
Other inequalities (1.4E) Chapter 3: Equations

Circle geometry (2.6 2.10E) Chapter 9: Properties of the circle

Further trigonometry (5.6 5.9E) Chapter 6: Trigonometry

Angles between two lines (6.6E) Chapter 7: Linear functions

 xi

Internal and external division of lines into given ratios (6.7E) Chapter 7: Linear functions

Parametric representation (9.6E) Chapter 11: Locus and the parabola

Permutations and combinations Chapter 13: Permutations and combinations

(18.1E)

Polynomials (16.1 16.3E) Chapter 12: Polynomials 1

STUDY SKILLS
You may have coasted through previous stages without needing to rely on regular study, but in this
course many of the topics are new and you will need to systematically revise in order to build up your
skills and to remember them.
The Preliminary course introduces the basics of topics such as calculus that are then applied in
the HSC course. You will struggle in the HSC if you dont set yourself up to revise the preliminary
topics as you learn new HSC topics.
Your teachers will be able to help you build up and manage good study habits. Here are a few
hints to get you started.
There is no right or wrong way to learn. Different styles of learning suit different people. There
is also no magical number of hours a week that you should study, as this will be different for every
student. But just listening in class and taking notes is not enough, especially when learning material
that is totally new.
You wouldnt go for your drivers licence after just one trip in the car, or enter a dance competition
after learning a dance routine once. These skills take a lot of practice. Studying mathematics is just
the same.
If a skill is not practised within the first 24 hours, up to 50% can be forgotten. If it is not practised
within 72 hours, up to 8590% can be forgotten! So it is really important that whatever your study
timetable, new work must be looked at soon after it is presented to you.
With a continual succession of new work to learn and retain, this is a challenge. But the good
news is that you dont have to study for hours on end!

In the classroom
In order to remember, first you need to focus on what is being said and done.
According to an ancient proverb:

I hear and I forget

I see and I remember
I do and I understand

If you chat to friends and just take notes without really paying attention, you arent giving yourself a
chance to remember anything and will have to study harder at home.
xii

If you have just had a fight with a friend, have been chatting about weekend activities or myriad
other conversations outside the classroom, it helps if you can check these at the door and dont keep
chatting about them once the lesson starts.
If you are unsure of something that the teacher has said, the chances are that others are also not
sure. Asking questions and clarifying things will ultimately help you gain better results, especially
in a subject like mathematics where much of the knowledge and skills depends on being able to
understand the basics.
Learning is all about knowing what you know and what you dont know. Many students feel like
they dont know anything, but its surprising just how much they know already. Picking up the main
concepts in class and not worrying too much about other less important parts can really help. The
teacher can guide you on this.
Here are some pointers to get the best out of classroom learning:

Take control and be responsible for your own learning

Clear your head of other issues in the classroom
Active, not passive, learning is more memorable
Ask questions if you dont understand something
Listen for cues from the teacher
Look out for what are the main concepts

Note taking varies from class to class, but there are some general guidelines that will help when you
come to read over your notes later on at home:

Write legibly
Use different colours to highlight important points or formulae
Make notes in textbooks (using pencil if you dont own the textbook)
Use highlighter pens to point out important points
Summarise the main points
If notes are scribbled, rewrite them at home

At home
You are responsible for your own learning and nobody else can tell you how best to study. Some
people need more revision time than others, some study better in the mornings while others do better
at night, and some can work at home while others prefer a library.
There are some general guidelines for studying at home:

Revise both new and older topics regularly

Have a realistic timetable and be flexible
Summarise the main points
Revise when you are fresh and energetic
Divide study time into smaller rather than longer chunks
 xiii

Study in a quiet environment

Have a balanced life and dont forget to have fun!

If you are given exercises out of a textbook to do for homework, consider asking the teacher if you
can leave some of them till later and use these for revision. It is not necessary to do every exercise at
one sitting, and you learn better if you can spread these over time.
People use different learning styles to help them study. The more variety the better, and you will
find some that help you more than others. Some people (around 35%) learn best visually, some (25%)
learn best by hearing and others (40%) learn by doing.
Here are some ideas to give you a variety of ways to study:

Summarise on cue cards or in a small notebook

Use colourful posters
Use mindmaps and diagrams
Discuss work with a group of friends
Read notes out aloud
Make up songs and rhymes
Do exercises regularly
Role play teaching someone else

Assessment tasks and exams

Many of the assessment tasks for maths are closed book examinations.
You will cope better in exams if you have practised doing sample exams under exam conditions.
Regular revision will give you confidence and if you feel well prepared, this will help get rid of nerves
in the exam. You will also cope better if you have had a reasonable nights sleep before the exam.
One of the biggest problems students have with exams is in timing. Make sure you dont spend too
much time on questions youre unsure about, but work through and find questions you can do first.
Divide the time up into smaller chunks for each question and allow some extra time to go back
to questions you couldnt do or finish. For example, in a 2 hour exam with 6 questions, allow around
15 minutes for each question. This will give an extra half hour at the end to tidy up and finish off
questions.
Here are some general guidelines for doing exams:

Read through and ensure you know how many questions there are
Divide your time between questions with extra time at the end
Dont spend too much time on one question
Read each question carefully, underlining key words
Show all working out, including diagrams and formulae
Cross out mistakes with a single line so it can still be read
Write legibly
xiv

And finally
Study involves knowing what you dont know, and putting in a lot of time into concentrating on
these areas. This is a positive way to learn. Rather than just saying, I cant do this, say instead, I cant
do this yet, and use your teachers, friends, textbooks and other ways of finding out.
With the parts of the course that you do know, make sure you can remember these easily under
exam pressure by putting in lots of practice.
Remember to look at new work

today
tomorrow
in a week
in a month

Some people hardly ever find time to study while others give up their outside lives to devote their
time to study. The ideal situation is to balance study with other aspects of your life, including going
out with friends, working and keeping up with sport and other activities that you enjoy.

Good luck with your studies!