gB \VB

Q V
4 gB\VB Q V 5

x[
gB \VB
V >B Vu!
""gB \VB'' D E _, V[
V |BVF Vu!
\B ]B | >VzmD, >] J] Vu!
>V >D >kV Vu!
Ez V||D guQ[ gVFE
k k> Vu!
]D kl|m. \uV^^ k[ V>V Vu!
>|^. ( \|\B[ z sB V|\ zVV Vu!
VwB Vu! Vu!
s\VuD, > VD, \VuV[ BV^ \V Vu!
]Az \A >D _ mD |\VD AkVFVu!
E| x]|kVF Vu!
B[|D [ m[. Vz E]| B Vu!
VBV _ zD.) |s> uVF Vu!
cB ] ckVF Vu!
D D |>VF Vu!
~_V Vu!
E. [. Vm , >V Vu! Vu!
][ Vu! Vu!
> Vu ]V, Am\BV>V >!
>[ V^ ss_B! VD
kxD, \V | BzD zxBV
6 gB\VB Q V 7

Vukm \\B[V? a] kB> km\_! *|\V x V> Vu

>V]|km BVz\V? > >k[D, V> ^. yV! , >V V^,
VD \[D, B V> [D, AoB E g Vu^!!
ABkV[D, > V! BV
Avarice, Ambition, Cunning, Wily, Doubletongued Service,
BkV |BV, VkV
Insinuating, Injustice, Fraud, Dishonest, Oppression, Intrigue.
kVmVB Vu! Vu! [, m [ >V?
[ , [. B[ k>_ nB[*! M, > g Vuz >ta_ [
\m ] c^ ... s> \V[\D, V^ [> V]l[ c>sV| V^.
> VxD, M> c^xD, k^x z. V[ yB Vu VD BV, t|]
V "u]^'k^ >VVxD, gB V, >kV? [m u BVE^.
Vu kVV_kV? k^ Vu
>Vw! >B >V_ gB E
>V]|D "[' ]oBV z
]V. "g R V' D Q. [_ u_;
>V |mm^. BB k;
V VB[ x _; kzAkV>
ku >Vzm V >^ mD
>>V_; V > >V cm,
"Vu Vu' [ m, k]
VkV c>V. 1807_
kV cDtD >>m >V[! V[ gB
Vut_, Vu t_! mVk "Hindu Manners Customs and Ceremonies" [ _ Abbe
V[ k D _; E|D c J. A. Dubois [kV_, 1807gD g| kl
sD _. B |m [. m. ] V k kD E
]V! gB B_, t >kV
V> ]xD EzD [^
ylV! s> B_AB >>V[
"V >V! VD u, > g>V][ *m
[D >twu >Vm k[; cB V]
>k Bk[ V>|\VVm VF,
[ c[. "Vt' [ Vu[. [
|\VVV [ >uD VF,
k >D W.
VF, V JB \VF, Vs
kV] ]_ cwKkVF, V' [ . g RV, V]. z \V 150
cz [; #u_, V[ >Vz] g|z x[, >VD > c\B ]
V; [| Vz x[A D >V { k>V. ], V[ A u k
. > V[ [ kl|[. z kl, k BVm^ >B
DxB>_! _V>> |m V V[ Vu V\V V[. "k
8 gB\VB Q V 9

y^m >kVm; V\V mBk k' >k [, kV D\V V? gk g

[ BVD D xBVm. ~_V> ""m'' RV, gB [z > D E]
], g RVs[ Kz \]A V. gB \VBl_ k E VV>
>]m. m \|\V? [ V]BV B V>V_, c^m c^ y x>m.
> WlB z \^ [D c^ |D [! k y^
[D ""m'' ]u. kV m^ Eku C!
gB_ BVV { BVB, [V V^ ""V [m > V >k
> kV|V[ |s| Vm kVkzD B_A. k, k^ k>V]^
BV A_km \\B[V? VKD, > V[ s] Wl_ kVw xk]_!''
]KD BVB^ E ; >uV >
m g RVs[ kVD. [D ] x
\ >B B_ABm [ BDV\V?
c\ > cz D. \VBVk>D D
m xBV, wV? [ E! xBVVm
VV^, Vu__ kV Fkm [D
[ V[ xDx [. w_ [ g
>V m! k>V>xD s]D, smD,
>k k|\VlD V_[. { g[
kkx\V VEB> Vs_BV?
z> g>V\V V|, > g^ >
>>V[ g RV [ V.
>kV, > >B zuV|z
c^Vzkm \\>V[. >]D, BkD, Vz, _om
Wum x>oB kD BuBVk
gV_, g RV, xm g|^ z
[. BVkm >s
csV; V| xkmD uV; \[ [V
k> k^ VD [, g mV.
kVl m kM>V. gB ][
>uz >D V[ >m. AV
B_, c^m c^kV , _
]VV \[^ xD, xMkxD,
]V.
B] skVm[ m V; >\m \
, g RV V]; k V[ \Va xBD VBV >>; k^ m
l ]lV. > g\VBk l ] VKD kw; k^ VVo
] V>V? [ V E>^ . g kB >BV_ F> [_VD
RVs[ , g\VBk^ H.K. VD. ] V \[D \VD,
[V\ [D g >VD. gV_, > \u nB, nBVD, ]kV[VD, \]VD
Vk F>kV, C.V. xVt nB D ! kV>. >V [D ]s>Vz BV
10 gB\VB Q V 11

]kV[? .E.. nB>V, VVs . mV. [D ^l gEBV

T.V. i\VV, \kV . sBVkVV D, Vlo AkVV D,
[>V[ B_ VxD. \m \VV V \V V >V D, Eu
BV m, [ gVV k sukV D kxD \m >k
S.V. V\J] nB>V[! \m \VV x>_ k | c^ [> V^!
\]BV >k, { V VVVVBV >V[! V aV>! m "\V VkD' [ D
\m \VV WAV, k V \V[\ [D m. kzD k^
k. _V nB>V[! gRV 1807_ VB _, TD kz BVm, Vw
Bm, [D B c\BV, c^ c^D >k^ k^ [ RV V.
_oMBV mk_ V>\V kVD [V_ >V |zD D, T
AV m [ k[. m>V[ k]m >V_? gB \VBl D
V>\V c\VD!
\^ Tm >V[V? g RV V[
Vm \[ >s u z Q^ gB[ z] |m l>,
], \VD, BVB>D, V|\ x>oB |Wl[ W[ BVEk gB Vu
AB gB mk [, g. RV mV. E| kVkVV? [ [.
xm s|k], J|k] k^ >>
""[VF kVa k[ DJ
k^ [D V. _V\V >B
VB\V V >k[ c| [ >B V z\ V >Vx
k] gB \D D >>m? V> >VD z|t >B \[
> EV\_kV k^! VzD > |\ V> \Vk!''
[! \m ][ >l km sm! (nz)
]\Vo^ [>uV V V]
""D\V, k z] *> kV D\V!''
^ >sl_ \] [m \|\_; \u
\D cB V] [ \ E, k ""BV kkm?''
||mD ""]''B gB u>V_,
""B \^ > V|B >k
k kl F>V_ V>V
*> kV.''
\[ ^ Vm [>uVk k>^
k k]B [ c\BD g RV "" ][ sBA V[VF?''
12 gB\VB Q V 13

""> z] >B m V| A] \, gV iVD, \ Wi,

k>, m kBV z>D\V!' AVD. Vk > >twz
>D EVB>D >D [ >kV m
""][ k! \V k.''
>wm m! VD x F> > ^
""z] >B zDVm V>V, ]>VB, V ^ z \V
zD z|tD k >V|m. > >tw x>VB> y yFm k[!
V>V_ EAVm.''
gB VVD k, ]Vs VVD k
""z]z >l z|t gV_, EA k [m u gVFEBV^ >kVk ^
VD [?'' . \[ gVFEBV x>o_ gB
VD, \Va, gBku kVVk
""D\V! \m c^ V >l[
A>. \V x_ D \VMB,
cEz|t, k^ zDVm >V|>,
l ~|Vm z VD g>
> V _BV > VE? >V_>V[,
>Vu! ""k>D t] [kuz \VV
z EA cVlu!''
k \]A >[ VZ! \m A zD
""V zDAV!'' s C!'' [ E, >. g RV
V, gB ][ B_ m V\_,
T] kaB _KV[ z] T[! z]
Am EB \[ gVFEBV[ A_s
>B >[ z|t g|m. >bu
V A]B gVFEBV >V[Vl.
>Vaz V[ z|t Wsuz km.
]BVsB x>[ x>_ V> Az]Bk^
V^! >D V >D >sz
gB^ >V[ [ VF aB VD >m.
V^ w>tw]. m V
gB][ ml[ twV>V|
s>B, \ z]m, nz D
k\V VD {l> c\B, cz
K^m. |m Bm\_! ~V|
c VVl. >tw[ kV
z\_!
VmD, TD >mD, BVmD, W
VD >m. >tw^ gB AzB z>mD, gB][ |kV_ k]>V[
\V|D ckV ]B VD. gB D k D c\B cz x>o >m V^
[ D \V]> VD. gB> o s_. ]BVk gB k>\[ D, ]B
>V ]B VD! [V, gB V[ V>B gB VD [ \VamD cz
14 gB\VB Q V 15

>m. VEB . V[ \V_ ]Vs Azm s|>V > D a zaz k

A gVF>m BVm >V[, \VV k\V m [ >V[ V^.
[ o> D, ]o> \VD u.
""\ mkVF ]^ V
z gBD, ]Vs V> k V
w>VKD >V[''
|]u [ gVFE kVlu. Bu
[> Om, T> k, > {D [ EB ckVm V[ D sQ
kV> ]VsB, | > Az], A]D (V]>V[) V|V! >V[
Vw>> k>k gB [mD, gB [, c]D gkxD t > >D clsl[
VV|^ Azx[D ]Vs mlB c^]om | V| kDAm!
gkV>VB_V\_, bz ]z \BV \V[, V >D [
AVV>mD, V>mD, kV>]uz |V>mD, V. V VF [, ku^, k]
BD \Vmz mkV>m\V V^ zsB_, > VBV zsm [ ]
J s_ [mD, z gVFE k>VKD B, c[MD V[ kBV
BVV_ sm. gV_, kBVD > \V[ [ s V. V [ >m[,
sVBV >>B_V\_, TEu k V zzD >>D k
]uz ]^ EBV cBV >V_! [? [ V^ [ zmsV_,
s_. V>V _sD Vm D ]D k V^ >[ [ ]
kV> ]Vs x>VB]B, A]B gVFE x_kV? V V VF >[ [ ]
x^ k ka _V\uVFsm. gk >V[, V[; >tw[ k[ [ \V[.
gBD ak >km, ]VsD y km [ c >]x^ ] V kV[ >[ [
um [D D >kB As_. V\_kV? > s
V|s_. mkVkD |\FBV. V
_s ^su E>kD, gVFE k]
zs>VKD kVD [ xkV V.
W>k\Vkm, > ml u cwV
">V[' [ s B], lV_ >V[
VV_, ]Vs D cFB ka c|. _B_
[ V^ >Vlm. Vm \x
c ^ V| \m Vm V_
V^ > s>B.
V]_ c A kVF> ]Vs xD
a> >V[ VzD! > D >m wm, ""\ mkVF ]^V
B \B \m ]lD D w>VKD >V[.''
16 gB\VB Q V 17

> cED c]D, B> u m ]Vs kVV, T\ x>oD uzD!

WAD _V> \V[\D, ]uz gB D V| A ~B]_; [ A]
V|V> >[\D TxD [, V Vm>V[ gB[ VD kD!
~^ >tw[ \VAz VKD, ]
k_ xBV>! VVD > c]B? V> Bk[ _ >|BV, Vu >VV
kD VD >B T E? w TkV[. gBD, ]Vs >VB ]_
V> J Fm s| z w c
"\[' [ D BtD, "D\V_ s. ]Vs[ gB T>V_ T>s_.
gz\V?' [ D >V |D, "[ T gB ] >VzD \ >VBVV[.
kDA' [ V_KD VwD, "z m V>V[. V[. > \> cV>V
>t_' [ t|V D VD
>tw kV BV>V.
>tw] ck VVD!
""\V \V[ _kVk V| "nB[*! Vm s kzD ckV^ gB
kV> [ \k> u [ kV, \>Vs[ >D\
^ _, k kak>V V|^ >tw^ DAk]_; BV
AoW >t\V>!'' F[! >u|>VKD gB m, gB ],
A| [ ^ V^' [ > \>Vs
[ T xwD, [ >tw \>VD ^ [. \wBVD \w! \w D\ [
>V, [B ]D >tw c^D > W FD? [ \ k]_. >[ k,
>V, [ gB, sB _| >B W >B W \z
k> [ \ *|D >twVl; M \m V|m. >tw >> >VV c. VuVu
kVm [m >m __VD >B V \ >V! TV \
V Wu! k! k |m |>>[ V]BV_ E m V gB ]Vs [
V| B kV gBz BVm. >u[ [ D \Vz > |
B V, kB B D> VVKD m mzk]_. B
> BVm. AV ]V u
\BV>Vz >V[. gB[ TV mk
>V |D V^, kD Az [V]KD,
tm [ ]_ s|V^. B\BV>
]KD T>V_ ku >>V > BVm.
B D>\ _V>, ml ~||^
k^sV_ ku, \[ V_ D, \VB
VEB[ mz, [ zu xD?
]V_ ] >VuV[ [>V[ zD.
18 gB\VB Q V 19

gB, >B mD > gBD >tw >[, ObD

kDVm z k Vm\V? uk o Vm. TVk V
gVFEz ~| V|z\V? [ u kB kBVVKD, mA W] zal Tm
V^s_. g, \z VD sV_ V>V k|D! ^ kBD ]>VKD,
VVV? zw>B t wk^ \z W _ [ V|D \>twD,
nm uD, g V uD > gB \> |zal T>>V_ , gu_,
DVm, zw>^ tE[ | kVF g\, \VD D A w k
V] Vz\B[, ">V>V, > V[ m! ""]BVs_ gB gE'' [V _;
DxBVm' [ kmV? zw> kD Vk_ (Havell) [k ]^V. ] ""\>
\M> x>VB]uz >Vm >V[, >k[, z FszD AV> >Vao,
t[_ \V>V, \w \VV, y ^ V\^ V c\ u. >V_
>^ s. c mV wD, gV\V V|tV>\V
>V[B >^, k> kMBV J D D x>m. \]>V_
umD \BVl! gV_ z \|D gB gV>m [t_! V_ B\V B\V
> V^ gV> [D sVBV km \] cV>V V] xD! \>V[
Vm[ > m \B \mz ]l[ kVB z>uz, \
Ak>B >^ wV km V|^. zk>uz, k>uz, >uVVK B,
>VB, [B\ QV\[D, > \]>V_ [ c|! W]B \ViV
, \V> VB\V, u sB\V >uzD >
_B[ k> k>V>\[D, _V>>
\]D kEBD >k [ gB k>''
c| [ D Fk> \V\[D
[ gEB V. k ~V| kVEBV?
V]| sm. [ su kVk[, V>
BV[ V? B\BV> VV? [
Vm [ D AkVV?
w ""\]D'' [ \B\Va E
\u \z >BV>m >z > V kV> [> mV.'' "gB\VB'
\[D, \ukV_ V] xBV>> >V^ l E D\k *m ""mkD'' >V|zD >tw^
V] x\[ |k, gVFEBV > gVFEBV[ > u BVE
k[ A[ [ E mzk, gV V>V? ""k>VD x>uV| gB^ im
]uVV, "BV!' [ gB>V_ kVF k> BVD V\z, \uk V|\
W[ , Ak! > xl, |>D, \VuD sBV cBVm''
20 gB\VB Q V 21

[D Vk_ mV. \]D, BVD [k x>V[ \D, { \! k^ { \V|D

V A| [ >[ B>V VD! cz kV\V kD VD! c[
V_ VV^D "">V^' > |]|\ > VD!'; [ k k>V_
gVFEV[ c Vkm >D > kBV]> \m V|, k
\Vu V^ V>V? [ D s>BV_ >m k> kz
"gB gE' A D k^ >BkVV\_ Fm, x V V>
] kV k> kVBVzD. _ [>uz |D VlD V| sktwm, V\
>Vkm g>VD >V, BVVkm x[ kV^ >[ >Vwz m V>k[
kkVV? [ [! M[ A] V[!

""m | ztzD m c[ \] ""[ DV [! kM\

\V] FD. wz[ szD >_, [, >uz \m [!'' [ , VxV
c\l >m! tz >xD ] s k[, ""VV c\BV> c[\>V! [V
VKD, kB ]D, c[ V\zD VF? > aKBV[ [V_o[
m cz \B J|m! kBD, \m>][ \VD, \\s
VE|D V s> ]>D, k
"k>\ ] D\V, \> V\V' [ t_V> VBVo ! V[ D [>
Em V|VB, u > m s| > m[\[ VF; Wk s_VF;
x> cu Vz! _ >t_V>>V_ km, >[ >^ [ VF; MB A
V][ _^ W> Vx[ ]V_ [VF; V> V_ [ V_KVF;
zD \VxD, > \Vu k^ m^ c_V> cuV>\[ cVF; x_B
kxD AVzD!
x^ \VaVF; J, V! V! V[ u
> E VzVF. m E]l[ [D x[D, V[ V
\Va! kTD VD;. > | \VVF! c zD?'' [ D V>
c[ kVk kms kz mm s| V \>>, [ AD
k|VF! c[ k azD c>>! [ k|V[! kB k
g>D VVF! c[ VwVB m! z|k, k[
VkB, Vz [ VF! > \Ml[ VlBV^ [ DAV[. k >|
A, kD \_ ! > A[ xBKD BV FV[.
22 gB\VB Q V 23

gV_, E> k]B #D V|m Km, gB ]>VV >V_, c\

> V|m Bm, VBD VFE \m. Vm >V[, >t \VkB saA
V|mD BM_V>m | k V|, "|z u|m. saA kD, E ]D, g]
mkBV, mk kBV, k VV Vom mk gBD F> aB>
s>, nBV! V[ [ Fk[? | \V] kVo^ cD FB k|D.
BV_ xBVm. ]B Mm' [ DVm
gBmz x[A ]BVs[ W [? gB
>V[, Vx[ |, >, ""]BV''
xBV_ ]Vsmz > k], ]Vs^
[ | s "M[ [ V[VB
]> kV, k^ kV W, ku
V, [ V[ M_B! k D
B gVFE JD Em VkB[,
Wu! ^l[ |kV_ !'
w Vm. k ] gEBV
[ (A] B) >s kV[.
>Vw P.T. MkV FBV kV_ >|,
mV >V[ gBD >m >V V> 1923_ ]|^m. ""]B ]D''
\ V] Vk >mV| x>uV]_ |^ sB^.
k> k>V_ kz >BkVVm
.x. 5000 k ]BVs[ W :
>|m, V> D mz xm[
|m! > E cVy [ D ""gBD k>uz x[ ]BVs_ V[z k
B\BV>V, gB \VBl V >^ BV. \ sB]_ gB[ BQ
swm zD [^ [! D x is_. k ]BVs_
[! gB>V_ a cVzD > V^ VD V\V \>
\B], ".\. V[ V[m ]_ [ kVB>VVKD, >[ ]BV \>
BV>V V! [ k BV mz \s_. ]BVs_ gD V]_
F>VD! >V [ gB][ VB> E k> V Vm V>Vk, kD, sV
V\!' [ V^ >V[ y k|D. D x>oB _ kEzD ] _sB
s_V> \^ D VBV ] k|D.
>t \Vk^ \]_ ]B kB > g>V^
>B V ck>V[ >t [m.''
w >|^. >tw [ cE^
k^ > g>VD kV[ k DAs VD, .x. 5000 x>_ 3000 k :
g>VD >t \Vkz >B FB
""\>D ]BVs_ g]D Km x[A >t
k|D. [B _s WB DVKD
Vlom > V[ B kVB
24 gB\VB Q V 25

E>m sVD. V]_ V_k W (x_, ""\BV], V\ VM (zBuD)D

F>_, \>D, zE) \ kV>V^. m cVlu. V\VB V]_ (.x. 2000) >[
V>D gD\Vk>uz glD kz ]BV, >R[ _m V>[ (]Vs)
x[, >[M]BVsom zBBk^>V[ \V VBV >m. k^ gB
(]Vs), V_]B[ (>uVm ~V |D xMk[ BV ]Bz sV>\V
>^) Vmz g]>V^ [ >V^. > V>^ (]Vs) k ]B
VV V>^ WV^. >> zD s > s>]KD >V>kVl_. V]_
kwD gBD sB>uz z um. D\^ >[M]BVs_ V VB^ >.
(gB_V>V) \BD x>_ z\ klKD, Em ku^ Bm V>Vk ^>Vo> V
(]) x>_ D\A]V (]) klKD s >. >VV [ VB\VzD. V[ V|[D
> VB]_ (s]B\z >uD, ]
gB VV|, .x. 3000 x>_ 1500 k;
k \z kx^ V]B\V
""V]_>V[ >Fk kaV| A]B x V^VD). gB[ V^^ k>
BV[ >m. [ JD >R^ k>.
>V> Dx. > A Vk^
kVE\ V^BV V\[ ]B[,
gB^ [D, AV^V>k^ >R^
kEB[, ][ [k BVV u|>
(]Vs^) [D gV^. >kVBVB
k. s]B\z k^ z]B
VVV (\>D) VB>V[ >V
AB tBV ], >uz gB ^ gB
nVB VB V^.
k>D [ B. kz sV>\Vk
> M kaVD A]B VBD >^ >V>Vz (gB g]
k\uz kVF kaBVF ]BVsuz k> t_V> >VB >z) m].
[MB>VD (gB) V| k> nVB >[ ]BVsK^ >R^ (]Vs), u
>^ V_KV^. gV_ k, BV sBVV^, k ^, [
(VV)l_ cVlu [ >V[ >m. w>. gB kz> V[z kD
V>k^ >R^ |k.
.x. 3000 x>_ 2000 k :
\VV> V]uz [ .x. 1409 750 :
kV, ]B [ gB AV>
z|D^>V[, >[M]BVz gB "".x. 1500_, V\[ V[z gE\
V| km k F>. (D\VB, >, kV>, BV W)
26 gB\VB Q V 27

V^ > Bm. V\z \|\ k^ [m kM>m) A]>V >

A A u \V>VD c| [ >\ \>V_ V\z \]A
V^D sBm. cBD [ zD, x>_ zB >m.
J[ k>Vz \|D>V[ [ glu.
V\ AV>VD, z \]\V .x. 320 x>_ 230 k :
VD >>|. k^ >V[
g]D F>V^. ""]BV VD \B ^ gE K]
VKD, >tw D \|D, > k][
""z >[A] { D c|. ]_ g]]B]_ ks_. Jk>^ gEl_
>V[ \[[ >V zD. > ]_ >tw kVD, gB\B\V k ]B
VV[ m|. x>_ J[ k>V VBD, \u VD (EBV) m,
\|>V[ z sBV \]|kV^. BV, Z, (>ta_ Bk V|) gB >D,
.x. 750 x>_ 320 k : w \V (k t [ k) \BV,
VkV (VkD [D B) \]V, D, D
""V]_ \>D \M> kVs_ xB >VD (BVD [V^ g]_) gB >D
m Wm, ^ A]B \>D um.
cV V k\Vmz k >V^.
WBVE^, ]KD V\ WBVE^ J\V>V[ ""[ VD V\V >t \[^
\VD z\[ A]B VV| cVm. \_, V\^ _kVB
>[ gD>V[ oD, VV\D [ s gD>V^. V\[ BV x_ g
k\VzD. ]B^ WBVE^ gk>uV, >[, k^ cVB ] B kD]_
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28 gB\VB Q V 29

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32 gB\VB Q V 33

m. s>\V KD, ]VsD [ VB> VV ]Vs mz

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36 gB\VB Q V 37

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38 gB\VB Q V 39

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40 gB\VB Q V 41

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42 gB\VB Q V 43

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44 gB\VB Q V 45

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46 gB\VB Q V 47

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48 gB\VB Q V 49

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50 gB\VB Q V 51

[MB kV>. m^ [ V]BVz V_ cB> V]BV [k^, \u V]BV

VmkV VV| [ [> V_KkVV? \m V^V\[D, _m
A>^, ^, B^, [D \l_ kVBVF km V^V\[D,
kVD FD Q^ _VD s]BV V]BV, \_V]BV \m V^
t_V\_ m^ [ V_KV. _VD V>[D, VV_
k k >V^V\_ > >s kz V\V > s]
k [t_. A>D, D, k|\[D, m WBVB\[D V_V^.
V\zB k>>D >[ BD m [ WBVBD? g|V >t\^
V mV^k]_. sBVV xBVKD, s>\V VVKD,
V]V mD, kVk
V\ \>]uz cs\V^ V] s]BVD
cB>k^ [D k> m V^k]_.
A>zD zD BVm.
mD, k m \>>^ [ gB [ V_oV^kV, ckm
V_KV. >s c\l_V>mD, Vk\[D, akV >Va_ [D WV^.
BVB> _V>mD, >t_V>m\V kV> gV_ >tw^, m>V[ cBB \mk\V >Va_
>Vkm cV? m>VV >[M]BVsK^ [ WV^.
[ Vm \>D [ V_KD BVB>?
B]uzD \B]uzD >z>VuV
Vm >Vw V]BV[ \u ]B >D, >tw^ kD V\
u kMVD. ^ V^.
]>VD c w kwKD gB^ t]_ cl kVk>uz
DKD \u sBKD, V\_ \BV>B s| sV\[ V_ol>VD
V>VzD V\zD s]BV V_KV. gV_ cls \BV>B Bm
x|. V\^, >VD V cB>k[D, [ >tw^ mV^.
\u _VD >V>k^ [D, V]
V\^, B]uz >z>VuV
s]BV>V_ V_o V^V^.
| z|DD B\[V^. >tw^
\u J[ kzA V]BD V\ [Az _BVD FBk|\[ >D
_Vs>]KD E>k[ AV^ zw> > [A[ VmVV^.
k|\[D V_KV^. V\ _m gB, ]_ >D V]BV
52 gB\VB Q V 53

x[V_ kk|\[D >uVk zw> \VV\_, s]B \z >u [ kV {

k|\[D _BVD FV^. s>VD, gB k> ]BVs_ VD
\uD >D kz s] FBk|\[ u>[D, gB^ >]\V Fm k>
mD, >D ^ VVu VD V\]_ VzD s k[
g^ k|\[ mD sm. DV[\lV \^, [D >
_BVD FV^. > c\B D VV^.
>t AkKD , > VF >
m, >twV_ akV >
c\V |m ^ Fm
|m. gV_, V\^ |D gB^
kV^. mD V>V>[ [ uV[
m>V[ E>m [ bV^. >uz
E V]_, nVB Q E ]B
c>V^ V_VD. m>VV gBzD
AV> > c\V D, gB [
gB_V> >t \zD s]BVt_V>
kzV \]B gEBVsom D nVV
VmkV [ V_Bm.
x>oB z [ [D, k_
VF u^, > gVFEl[\BV_ s ]BVzD B|m km ]BVk
x[. VV[ V VEB V |] [D Am\ Am Am>
V]BV Bm V[ gVFE^ \KD F>. > z^ gB kz >^ z
Eku >VD. \B WV|k>uV kz V\]B\V
VD Fm k]V^.
V]_ >t \^ sKD
guoKD >Va_ sBVVKD, EB_ gB B|m km ]BVkD ]Vs
V]KD > Em sV^ [m kD \D V|] [ > u
\ xBV> c\. V| ]_ >z BV g>VD m\ BVm. "koz
>uz g>V|. glD, V]_ {V[ VE' [mV_ gB ] k>
gB >tw V> ]] \Vu > AV >uz g>V\V V|m.
\ cV> s>\V s> k> gV_ Q, >Vw .. MkV nBV D..
AV ] >tw E c >BV\_ > |VFB BV| \m, >_VD
\VusV^. kD u [ |m V.
DkD D>\V k, (]B AV> gVFE
gB, B|m k> >tw V_
kX| 42gD g| A>D 77gkm ]_)
k[>VD, >tw^ gB ]m Wu
]^ gVFE |l[ VD k\V:
54 gB\VB Q V 55

"">uV ]VEB^ DVVz ]> kV \V|] >V_,

EB_ V^uD, \>uD > B A]BV_ >Vm[ B >V
k][. c>V\V ]VEBV V\VB >> ]B a>m >^
NR\D, \VBD kM>V_, ] \]zD c\ z>[ |
c\ >Vz]KD, ku km m kl k|D.
k]KD, NRD >\m ""[k'' E gB ]BV *m B|m ku u
V^D, \V >\m ""o_'' E VzD g]D K]V^ [ uB
V^D \ VF V kl z> kVlV gVFE F>_ k|D.
> VVD. AV> ] sB]KD
>V[. k ]BV, VD, *MBV DV[\
BV nVB V|^ gB >_ |D
gB V>u \u u gD _k V^, V >Vz]B
\V Vm, gB cB> ckxD >D >kB[ \Va gVFEVV_
wB \Mx^k[D, k^ >V[ |m. >Vz]z, ]B \[
\Ml[ J>V>^ [D, \[ V^ [ B V|>V^. >[ \_
gVFEV^ V^. >V_VD >VF\Va ]
k|D [D, > VB EBk^
>uz \VV ""g_['' kz (>Vkm gB^) mzi \z VK^
J\V>V[ gB VxD \VaD nVV >]_ kV]>V[D, ]
z^ Az>m [ kuA]V^ Q^. Vmzx[ k_ E s VD, ]BV,
g_[ ] V_ DVVVF nVV x>oB V|z [ zBV
> >uz VD. [D wV u Fm ]D
]V^.
>VoB gEB lm. s>
mz xuD \VVm. nVVs_ u \_ ztaV ckV u > "gB
VD VD, \]B >_ ]K^ VD, gB B|A' [ ztaB \M>
{ ]V_ V|k >[D nVV cu] _ k_k^ >^ gVFEBV_
*m B|m k> gB^ V|tV^ E>msV^. B[V_ gEBVsKD
[D lV k. nVVsKx^ \^ _k kzA
>k [D, gB E kzV >V[
56 gB\VB Q V 57

[D \M> cu] gVFEBV^ V^. V]V^' >V[ s> gVFEB \VF

>V_ gEBVsKD nVVsKD sl> gV^.
\VD gB kz EB \V
k>, gB ]BV *m B|m
zm sV^. gB[ T V u
k>>V zD Vs_. \KD
V [ gVFEBV V_ VD [D,
>R^ >Vkm ]Vs^ KD
>Vo gEB gEB > >k
KD \]V_ u \V\V_
[D, k^ nVV *m B|zD
kV]>. >^, z]^, g|, \V|^
Vm V|tVVl>V[D V.
x>oB kD V\Vl>. gB^
gV_ \M> cu] V] k_KV V
>u VV\|, ]Vs
V[, nVB \[ k kVu u
V^B W>m| [ k>_
1991_ ]B o_ > ""gB'' [ B
zm.
|s_. k nVVk V>k
"gB VD, gBB|A' [ u ]Vs V| WB cV>Vz 1940_
A>| s>VD. ]]l_ u 10km ]B V|
\VV[ kkuA z>kV >,
kVk V^s V| _V>
]kV T.A. V\o BV k[
> kzA V >uV m
VuVa s\zD [ D[
J]_ cB> V]^ |kV > gB
k[ sB w [VD.
[ V^V^. gB B|m km
]B \ V|]V[ nVB ""\Ml_ [ gB^ cB>k^ [D,
gVFEBV^ u Fm BVm, m cm k^ V> u|> Vk>V
>z \ >k>[ > \_ V] D, \uk^ >z |k[D
V^ > uB cuVm[ g> V_o kkm BVkzD >D. >V_ tD
xu. > gB [ B x u|D []_ >t_.
V_oV^ > \_ kz >^
m \k >]KD, \V>VV
DA_ V>V EkA >\_, W\V gB
>]KD k | Vm
>\ {|>[ Wm VV^.
E[om, gB V]uz x[ V
m c\BV [> >uV x gVFE
tm [z szD.
FBV\? [V_ \u_VD s > "\_
58 gB\VB Q V 59

\uz gEBVs_, \]B >_ {\VD k gB^>V[ z, \> \Va>V[ cB>

]BVsKD >V[ B Vl_ E> V \Va [ V>V_>V[, \uk J\V >Vkm
\> \m k> [ V_|\VV_, u V^VD [m BV| Am.
]BVs_ gB^ kkV_ VD Az>
> zm >V, Vk Vk
>[ V_k]_ >D >D x\V?
gVB_Vm, * VD k BVD
[m BVE kB>VzD.
\V >^ g >sk
VD >ulm kz VBV, _m l_. ]BVs_ c^ ] V]^ m
wom \uz ] VBV _m >uz sk[VKD, V]l_ c^ cB >V
]VkV sl|D. E >V^>V[ >\V gB kD] [D,
\>D>V[ cB> \VaB[D \u
wB V WB _ VD V>V_,
\VazD, zD, VZ]uzD >V^>V[
gB^ ]BVz t ]B V]
VmVV [D V_KD Fm k[m.
k]V^ [ V_ kB>Vlm.
> WB B s|V| VV_,
>[M]BVs[ w kw DV_
>V_ kD [ t B\VlzD []_
>u { ct>>VD, >[ D
>D _.
V> _ V|s>VD. V_
c > E>>V >|D VD m >[M]BVs_ \>> Az> F>
k>>VD >B km. xBuE^ _VD, i gE WzD k
ku s_.
>t ^, \^ >]>V| m
k>>VD, \^ >B m[>D i gE V_ k[ gD>
BV^ [D [. z>V[, \> \VaBV^ (gB^)
WkVVD, kwQVD, ]]VD
wB \B zm k]_ M_
kx>m; kV_, >^ t]B Az>
[ VD mVD.
x>m. >[ [>V[ t]l_ >
\m x[V^ BVV> z>V, \Vlu.
\VaB z>V EmD kD K]B]_
>V_ V[ >Vkm mkD u>V
>u zD, wB V> B B
V^VVm.
kD |s_.
60 gB\VB Q V 61

V[ wkw^, z x^ >V_ x>VB |V| ]Vlu.

[k[m kz >Bs_. E \B \> w kw [u sDAk
_ >V^ AzmD x^ E>k [ D JD m >^ gD>m.
s|kmD c|.
[ uV_ m Vz^D km
t] Az>]V_ k> B Vz^D um.
c>VD VmD [ m[. >Vkm
wB VV_ uBk^ _VD
Vmz c\ VV|k>uz EV>D
^B [ 18 V]lV kzm
[> [ [ >BV> \z V|D
V| z]lV sV^.
(EV>]_ k z) |> g>V\V
km ] kw|m. [D sV>D > V\^, ]B^, kEB^
[k[V_, V[ V_V> [ Vk^ _VD m VV
_BVD Fm VV_ _ kzm V.
>>[D, V_V>V[ V
m V^ k| k>V^. \u
_BVD Fm VV_ _>V
k]_ VF > >tw^ k |
>[D k>VzD.
k>V^. Vl__ kz t_.
V[z k^, \^ kVz cB \V
gV_ [ V>[? V[z k
>|m. x>VB kKD m
uzD V] \V >
BV|m. V[z k^ > V_
V[VD. >V_ >t V]B >k^
[t>]_B[> D\k^ \m
> kEB^ [ V_oVV_,
s|[. >t gEB_ E, t]B,
x>VB]_ cB> >m zD.
>Vkm V[z k >> Az> xBuE
F>V^. gV_, kB VzV V|V ]_ E kEB^ [D
>twD AV^s_. V_o V^[.
\> Q^ (gB^) >\[[ gk V_ \B BV
\]V k> V _m g]D uB u\D nB \VVkxD u
V >V[ I_ m V| > k|\VV_, >[M]B B BV
V\^ [D ]B^ kEB^ [D cm V^k]V_ >V[ xD.
V^ gD>.
62 gB\VB Q V 63

""gBVkm! ]VsVkm! V>V ] [ 5241 _ [ cB]\[ ]]^

k> wB ]> k>uz m V\V? k F> xB\V y Vm
Vm gB [V [ BVV_ z |m V|VD.
xD? JxD kkV g|z x[A __ kV > VV\J] [
[V ms. \mV k V 16926_ V k D\V [
cl xkm V|z \[; EB_ ]Vs [l_ \>V.
x[u]uzD |Vm'' [ VV { gD ^ cV]BVlM. kzD
[. \u V\J]zD zw>^ c|. k
"" V_ c^k^ _VD ]Vs^ Vkm \s. x>_ \s V \Vm.
>VD; gB^ [k^ V_ zBV^ V V\J] >[ kB ]Vs
[ V_Kk> >k; m c\BV ]\_; \s >[ 2 zw>zD >zD kVDD
V|z\V V \s *m kwz
]B \ m k k^VV_
>V>V^. _V ]], ]Vs \szD
FB VF>^'' [ k \m
zw>zD \V>V \V>D 20 VF kVDD
V ] QVM^.
V|z\V yA F>V. V \s
k^ |V| D\kKD y ]m, cB ]\[]_ kwz
E "g\VD' V|k. >^ z>z EmD >V|>V. kw V|V, V\BV
k V|V\_, gB^V^ V_K gB V ]]D sV>. ]l_
k> B AV|, ED > ]VsgB A \ _Vm [
B\BV> ED, E[ >kVB ym s. m V[ A\
BVD, kB >VwD, gB]Vs kw_ V_V> ]] kV
[ kzA s VD F[ [ ^ yD >kVm [ z|
V^. kz > x gB s.
]Vs VV c\B sVKD, V_ gB]Vs ku\ _
k^ \\l_ c\ zAzk>l_. B[ D Vmz, V>Vkm A] k\V
glD \_ >V_ DtD D [m \z >>V[. > yA VWB
[> ], VxD m D>\V c\ g>V\V V| BmD _; g>k
|m V kVD. V| yV z\VV_, _V
64 gB\VB Q V 65

x[[ yAzD, \uV kw_ ]] V \D Am V| | zw>

kV ^ yuzD xV| D u ]Vs \V> Vu[
uVm. \[V_ _VzD >s s| s!
[V>V[ \] k|D.
>>l[ \]uz cBk A]VkV[.
gB k> t] g>kV V| >B c\^ A]z>V[ >>l[
yA m. gB k> t]V _k]_ c\|. D\V] \ FD
DVKD ]Vs V^z \Vk, c\ _V>]V_ >V[, kz
]Vs \|> k|\[D >> V]_ c\l_. m m\>
Vm[ >k. k ]Vs V]^ [. >VB, [D D
QV_ AV^ xBV>k. > gB \^ JD, Vm\l[ \|
>k t] xB kwz x Fk]_ [m. mD gBV|\B.
[D g>kV z\VV_ gB]Vs
\ VD |mVB \>\]_ ]
>D am s>V km kV VmD.
\sl[ \[ \ Fk>uz c\ >k[
t]_ |D ]^ c\l_ ]^ _[ [m >kV m.
[. k xkmD ]VzD. ][ *m>V[, ]\sl[ ^zD
Vm\l_B[m \>\]_ >
""V\V_ ] uz ^ >V_
|^m.
kz >>l[ V]_ c\l_.'' (\
. 9 155) [m \>\ V]D. > |m, [ \m^ m xD DVKD gB
\uV[ |^>D cu V k|D. t] g>V\V V| >kB.
g>V_, > > \VuB\ k|D [,
""V\z ] \sl]_ m^
Vm ED xBuED u
A][ FD EV>\Vm V cBV
k[.
\VV>>V_, >B ^ clV>VKD
]uz VkV['' (\ 9. . 178) [ V_V>V[, { gB BV
\>\D m. _m ]Vs BV \m VVKD
, \V\_ m km VVKD ,
> \>\ ]B, [ gB ]Vs A
kz zD ^z >> V]_
\> _V\>>uz VD gzD.
c\| [m D. yA^
m kl|D gB V], [
66 gB\VB Q V 67

gl[. gV_ V[ \V]D, \u Vk^ BVVl>VKD, k^

m D u ^z V]_ z >B y>V[ |D.
V| kB]_BVD. [ ]! mkV,
MBD ]Vs^ c\B ckVV?
]Vs gB ku\ _ [>uz BVD?
gB]Vs ku\ V]]_ m.
gB ] [D >s>V|m [>uz, gB ]Vs ku\ AV_, k>
1939gD g| u kV kwD t]_ m. gB ]Vs ku\
Vm E]mV^. ]Vs, ]V \m V| w kw_ m. ]KD
s J[ \V>D uzDV> W]m. > BV _ [ \xD?
>BV\_ \m VV. z c\ k ktmD, gB]Vs ku\ _
mD skV s|>V ]\[]_ kwz BVV_ s|m [V_, > >
>V|>V. gV_ ]], ] sV zuD ^ ]VsVkm D x\V?
um \sB s c\l_ [ y
msV. m gB ]Vs >t[\B "VD\V VB' [ \Val[
V|>V? c\B V k. gB \>V >D >k
V|Vm w kakzm V| k>
>B ] a>uV>V[ [ V, \VV> x>oBku Fkm \V
gB ]Vs E m; gB[ VDVBmz c>D [ ums.
g]D aB k|D; gB[ \\V ^\u c^]V ]Vs \^, > gB
t]^ aBk|D; Vm >V[ >
>Vmz BV > VwV
V_ VD \ ]B V xD;
V^[. D >k k czD
c]BV_ ]Vsz kB
kal[ kV|km u |mD VV>k^,
BV z k|D [m \]
E_ *m E[ VF VB, >[*m ]
k>uz>V[.
E[ VFm B ][D
c\l_ \u V k D\V^ V uB >V cE V^s_.
[D \V][ kwz, ]Vs ] "V\ Z]' ">k>V Z]' [ ul_
]]V_ sV FBz\VV_, V V\z kl A >
x kV z\[ VD ]VVD. mk. [V, z>kV >V_ m
gV_ t]D k>D D z\V? { D V|| k>m; \uV D
68 gB\VB Q V 69

VV\_ kVm; Fm wm. m > [MBV gB[ gVD, \> V^

V] BVm [ >kVB k. D D [uk>VKD, gB
cB> kzVD zVD AV^
]k_o c]V]\]_ >Vk
k>VKD, gB^ \M y\_VD V^
\VlzD p ]B QVy> kVtz s
V|m gB V>D k>VKD, gB g]]u
VV]^ Fm # y k]BD
z Vl_z V|| >B >
Fm, z 2000 z V\ >
z>s_V\_ ^ V|>VK\, gB
>m [ ], "">t]['' 1941 k 11gD
g]D kKD ]Vs \^ E\ W F>D
>] >a_ m. m V_ F]^
| sm.
kkkm|.
>u ED ]D, kVD, D
[t|km \[ B V|D B_
Kms>[ V_ k|D.
M_, [ V\z \|D |[? w
mD, >[ E\ WV ]Vs
Bk _VzD [t|kVD [, [
\z >V[V>mu k>
>s_? ]sV[ gB[,
klm.
V\z >V[ \VV> > k|D. m
>V[ k V> >D [, \V> DVV ]Vs \^, ] W,
V^, [D > D a[. yV\ x>oB gB |za_ Tm
cw_k>uzD, s_s| B E
]Vs V| ]VsVV_, V|V>
kzVB gB kV kVk>uzD
kaz AD VBxD, V||D \z
g>V\Vl gB w kw [
DA D zD WBV zD?
S [ V_, uV]om u
""cwmkVw, V FV>'' [>[V
k > w kw
]BV zD? > VD k>V_ gB[ kV
s|k>[ ]Vs \ [.
|\ [ ]VB ]Vs V|
> zD Vm ]Vs V][
sB gB ][. Fm c|
\\EB V|D [ \D mBVF
VVD [ b[.
mzD []_ >t_. k^ V_K
""EBV E'' >D \^, V|Vm BVkm > gB V^D kwD
kVk zD ]z V ]DV_, [ c\BVk xuVD x>_ u| m
gzD? V^ kkm [V? k[kV [ V>V_, D _.
70 gB\VB Q V 71

xuV ]Vs \^ s> gV\V, akB sl> \>[ kV [VF A|[.

>D, >[\V> |zD \> zD V]_ > \ \>^ sl>.
V] |VD BV]_.
Vm \>WB u VD xB\VF
V]B ]Vs VD \mk>D
kM kB sBD [|. >Vkm
V>mk>D BV V { cB
>uV]_ z|D]ozD k[ \>>
>M V\Vl>m. kB_VD ]
s| k \>> >sV_, k V]l_
gVFEl_ k|^ c\^.
m V^km kwt_. V]_
gB VEB ED, > c\B kV l_, kVkD >D \VEz
|m lV^. sV>t_V\_ > \>> k|\VVKD
VD. >V_ kz BV>V zuxD
ku^, EB >VEB |m
uVm. z|D>V k zkmD _. m
sDAVD.
V >twB s> \V[\BD
sB D \VVV _ ] > V cBkD V|m''.
>Vw D.. V\Vt nBV ]^ (\m
m VD k>_. gB gEB k |m
_V k) o_ [ k\V lV.
lzD c\. V]_ Vm\^ >^
g]V] ]Vs^ V] >t[ u\ sD V_ _k >Fk ka|
BV kVm k>V^. [A gB, ]Vs V_ k>VKD, >V_ kz^ kVV,
km zB ]Vs \[[ >Bk uV kV, sBV _V\_ _VD
^. gB_ E > \[z zkVV^. z|D]V, \V u\D
>[ [>V[ >tV_ gB "VD' k V> VkmD w k>. m >t
>Vu. gB \>xD >FkD gVD V][ \VA. gB k> [>V[ \
V] s]BVD >t V_ k[s. z >tV_ V] s]BVD \>
ku\D \>mkxD km >uV
.x. x>Vkm uV| x>_ J[Vkm _m
E\ W um. >_VD gB BV_
V[Vkm uV| kl_ Au ^
>twz u|^ \>V |! > |D
>. BB sQD smkV[D
E\ WD Dx[V V]_ c^>_
_ ]Vl>V^. k^ ]
[mD, V] gB kkV_ cV
k> _[ J\V V]_ >tV_
>[mD, \uz |mVV_ >u
72 gB\VB Q V 73

szm. >uz g>V\V m V[ u kaB[D, VEB \V[\BD

V V[ ]]om |m >D^ k^ Bm \ \
VVD. gk, x[V kwD [ >kV xBV>>V c\BVzD. ]B kVu[
V| gB E\ Wz AV_, kVu V]_ kVwV>
V| kB]_. ]Vs V| kV[ V\[ V| kV
\V >k ~.k.V.s[ sV> mV|, >V|m
xBuEBV_, >tw *m \>u gB a W^, Bu >[V| [ Vk a>
kV[V Tm k[! > B F], ]V BV_ BD|m.
>], >t \^ gB ElV_ VkB > VD, uk nkB
\mV, \m zD w>t V> > WBVBxD |m. gV_ V>V_
[V kVl_ xz V|k, V> uB zA V
kV kalKD xu k|D. ]Vs>t |k]_.
V \\EB, ]Vs[ x[u]uzD
VD uV (.. 114) [V_
]Vs V[ s|>zD kaV k_m.
g [ z|k[. kV_ [, sB[
>[M]B \Va [V gVF> Q [ k s] A[ V>V\Va
V_|k_, k k\ValM[ >V[Bk |, z uE | Bm[,
_k[D k\Va ]Vs]M[ [ gBzD >D ko\ V ], kV| [
|^>[D ^V. "]Bl[ kV k \B]_ uV| sB
, ]VsB' [ V _ >*m u m V[ m, \ m,
kD ]B gVFm >[V| V| k> F], [ kVu_ D
kl|^V. s_? kVu V]_ u
z|kM[ c[ > k_ "V'
M ]VsD >u_ E>[, [>
E]VD [ x>t VB V]_ |
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>> c\ WEB[V m?
kV, k>V k]B EmlKD
lKD kV>]om >Vzkm \V >ta_ |^>VKD, >[VV k
k, Vk, VV gB guV_ \> VV k[m [>VK\ m kVu_ D
[ w\lom >V k|D s_ [> cmD, MD ]Vs D
[D, mk c\BV kVu c >MlD >uz >Bz\V? ]\VkkD
74 gB\VB Q V 75

V_kkD, gB > |aBD, El[ ] , VsB][ \A. B][

Vu]B[ V>D, D kV[ Vz, V_oM\, V^ BD [ u
kV>> VD kVD. g>Vx|. V>[ \B|D \zD, k>>D ss.
> V. kV_ kVB gBz DV\VBxD, B AVxD B
>tw k k kVFz kVFA >>V_ BV_ \>> \z xu|, gB
kVz kVFA >>[ >[V| OwB \ |VF >tw >*m >VzD W u,
#B>V [ nBxD c|. k^u[\ >tw s V|m kVzD ck
>tw[ kVk VwVkV B[ k|D? VAD VF \m^. \>\D
[ k>xD c|. VV VwM[ kuD, x^_, BD [ \>BVm
V]M[ \V B|AD V ck ] k] [, ka gB
VwM[ kVD \>Vt_. kB_VD #ou E kVs V|[ >tw.
V ku^! u k_^ VF>>V_ w>t bkVD AVu_, gBxD
s> kV^! gV_ [om [k Owm^m [m kD \ xBVm.
gB >VV_ >tw[ ku DV> gB > |aB[ ku EA
V D xBV> V _, D V|D AD. _ BVV xmz|t
>z]Bu suz >tw swm^. k]B uBV_ \uV AD. [D
gB kD uk, >tw BVkD _V>k u VE^ c|. ku VuG
(100z 95) [ W. >\u \xD, V>_ MD, B[ [D VV[ k^sB EzD
TxD~xD W> V> s gk[ VEx|. kB[ kV|k[
V_ z km s]l[ sBV ~|. z|kD, \V\BV[ [D V[
V_o u k^s Fm^V[ [
V xl kV[ kV^ , ~
E]V]_ (V> 28) |uV>l_ s\V
z> B >|, >] ko m
|^m. k^s gBzB>[mD,
]l[ cl V m V
k^ kVz mB[mD cV_,
k\[ ku V >tw, V
gB gB V_ k[, ]Vs]_ gBmz
x[ \l|, k]BD {]Bku D
\BVF kV>V[ [ [> kV \
> A_ouz > k W[.
xD? >[ uV[ >tw[ \
M B[D BV_, gBD TEB \BD >[\BVF kVk>uz k
kl_ T]|D >tw WD, {sB][ wz kaBm? gB gE gD V|>m>V[ >V_?
76 gB\VB Q V 77

]Vs V[ >t z]l_ VEA> larly the celebrated Vajabeya and Aswamedhe... Thus new
>V V| . (300 x>_ 700) 7gD villages were founded and Brahmana settlements established."
uV|k g _k u D
] xD. k\VaD VK k>xD \VV> J[ \[ TA>>[ [k[,
V_ V k|k>uz m (.. 218239) >[ V]_ gB OwkV_ >[
A>V^ [>[ kVom Vuz k> cm >
\V V wm >tw]_ xuV[. k[ A>\> >sB>[ >[ _
_ zBu, \VD, >kVD \> A> sV[ Vk k_
x>oB BV_ V\ xuGuV VB> k> V { o ck>
(kl[) kwV>o[, >tw][ z]D c>m >Vmkm V_ o][ cEl_ >D
[ mk] \V VEB[. z]V km V|^ Wl_
um\^ m ]B k]>k [D
]Vs]_ >tw kV[ >K k V|[. ku_ B | E
Vu VKD m szD. z V[Vkm ck^ \u o_ \|mD
uV_ Ow> D g] V_ 2gD V[.
uV_ Owm^m. g] V g
kVz, V>kV [ DlD "The Ikshavahu king who was till then a follower of vedic
> cB> V]BV V^ gB], Brahmanism and a worshipper of Siva in the form of linga re-
D Azm^. kVz kalV nounced faith and became a true convert to Buddhism. (P.58)
\VV>J .. 200218 k g Vm, In this panel there is a representation of monarch crushing
V kVom wm >V^ with his right heel, a stone linga, which is encircled by many
Am, BV^ ] ]Vs> headed serpant. The linga and the serpent apparently symbolise
gB\V \VuV. (P.44 Early Dynasties of Andra Brahmanism and worship of Maheswara. The Brahamanism
Desa By B.V. Krishna Row M.A., B.L.)
is denounced by the king in the presence of his ministers and
"His regin was responsible for a greatwave of a immigra- hig diginitaries of State...
tion particularly of Brahmana settlers in Andhra desa from the
It is probable that "Sri Virapurushadatha" attempted to crush
north and north west. The immigrants came in all probability, at
the tide of Brahmanism which received great impetus and re-
the invitation of the Emperer Santamula who after a lapse of
vival under the aegis of his llustrious father Santhamula the
more than a century revived the Vedic sacrifices and particu-
great, only, two decades ago" (pages 59-60)
78 gB\VB Q V 79

g]VkVVKD zD, gBB|A .. Vm xw|D c\mD, ]KD

200_ >V[ ku u>[mD QV[D V_k V]BV? clmD \FBmD
kz ]A >>[mD >Bk[m. cl\FD VAD ][ kBVD [
]Vs V| sz g] kV g>VD | gl\Vl\V|VF kwB c\z
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ss_ u k|D. BtBuD >V u \_ gB
Ak_V^xD gB mD \\V,
B u J D^ Azm
k^ |D oD, VD gB>
VF\ \om, \^ > VwVzm [m
kl|D W\B cV sm. x
At Ak \ cB [
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] |m g|[m.
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V \>k. gV_ uV V kD [D, |> g\F^
_, ""n>>V_ V kD [D, V[z \F^ kEB kD [D,
BD Vbk \^'' [ Vm |D ] kD [D |m.
VtV> >E [ z >t a>m gBB V\ ]B kEB ] [
>V_, k\Va ]_ gm >t\Va V]^ \B Ws[, V_
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[|D Ak kw|D VsKD ]KD
Bmz u mB[VKD
k V>D kzm^V. ", k, , ' [
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l_ g>>VD ]u VkV>>VD \
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D kEB ] \V \|^.
[ > BV\ ck|mk> B_ |,
k\Va ", ' kVD o]|\VVKD >t
_ w_ V\VF \>_ k|D?
EV >M >V^ "' "w' k\Val_
>V_ >Vkm BM x\V? V_k
_. k ] m |k>[
V]B VM_ V, [ gB
V[?
80 gB\VB Q V 81

gBtm m VB >Mm x[Ml_ VVVaB, ]Vs

kV> ]Vs>V[ gB, ""]'' (>VE cED VzD _V clzD [
\^) [ V[VD k>VVF kw mD \D Ws x\V?
[>[ sk[V? k>B a gB V^^ _ ks_ D, gB
sDA\Q^ s> Ws s| k BV y kzD k^s x BV
x\V? ol|D V D\ VD c> VVzD. [D
VB_ kw|D V>B_VD Vm
V kVkVKD, gEB
>tV Buk>[m, BM_V> BVzD.
VkVKD, k oVkVKD, ] kE
\V>D, x>uV_, m >D, V_
VkVKD V k|\VD. m B kwum.
c, kD, V^, ], D gB _V
gV_ ]_ s]BV Azm^m.
V>D, >t \Val_ c^ _V stB
V_ E> kVkD V V VuD B[|], wB m W>
z, V gEBV V z s BuD Bu xl_ \||mD
>u|> gEBV, kEBz k z> \Vukl_ \m^m. [D
o. ] [ ]Vsz gB ck|m VuD B[|> xBVm V>^
kwB kEV! >tV But]KD > Fk>V_, k\Va VuD
gBmz x>_ >VD\V? [D D]_ (\Va VVm) Ak^ BVD
(V m V|D x) >kz 100 FD, W\B u|]Bm. >M>t, cB >M
Vz 96D, z 90D \z 70D, D\Va, >[ B_ wkV [ w>
kz 50D \ukz 30 FD Vk| WB VkV VB_ B[
\[m VB_ s]VD. gkM[ k>VD x\B[, > xlKD >t \Vaz
[ [ l> VB, s u>_; V>\Vm\[ [m kD \
AV> VV[ cBk[ ] ]\V xBV>>VzD. gBD aB >[ u|>_
F^ Fkm x [ ]B Bk, [B\BV>m. >[ k >t wM
\ a|mD xl_ B]V ]>|>_ k|D. B VkVVKD
]V lm gB\[. gV_ s W\VVKD gB ^ xm
ku Ak^ >V Wum>V[ \z k][, >[ y\B c> ]Vs
k>> >[m. \]B s VB_ > y k>D a] >BV. gk
kl_ \V[m? m \^ >Vw! \VkVB VD \m \B
82 gB\VB Q V 83

cm, _KD kB_VD ]Vs D E > Wl_ Vm z w k>

D, kV D xB_kV\V. gB^, c^V| ]_ mV|, >V^
gV El_ m D
""gB^ ]BVz k>> u A.K. Saunders VD kBVk >V \D
C. S. I. I. C. S. [ { gVFEV \V 20 D zDD F>.
kz x[ ]BVs[ \>D [D gVFE
o_ ]l>Vkm: x>_ x>_ gBz kVy\V V|
k\uz \VV\VzD. z, lm
\V 5000 kz x[ ]BVs[ >Vi >Vm ]Vs V|\|],
W, Vm > s u z> zD ku u V k>V^ gB^.
c^>V >m. ]BVs_ \^ \V ]BVs_ >kl_ \V km
_VD ]VsVk >V^ [VKD, l>k_! g]l_ k^ >M>M
k^ Vk gVz m k>V^. \B_ >M >M V km >M
k^ AWxBk^; u cBD z> >MBV V|D >M>MB ku VV^.
k^. V>Vk _ i Bk g]l_ k^ k>s>D V_k|\VV_,
VD, _ Vkx^kVD, k kV VD, ][ Azm >VD,
_V>kVD m k>V^. k l_ >> u V|D, z W>
^ gB^ B|V_ Wz>V^. g]xD > VV^.
gB[ g]]V_, \ V] \V E \[\BV D, BxD
gV^. gB^ >^ V_ A_> xD c^ D, >D FmD
_V>>VKD \VoB k s >] ]Vs V[D, \|]D
VKD wAV D | >u[ E kVyD Fm VV^.
E \V k>V^.
k >z Vm\V >>V_
k^ k> \B]_ ]BVs_ ]Vs^ k^ z W>kV VzD >^
V, gVz >M>MB EE Vmz , wkw >^ BmzD
]VV m gE K] k>. >V_ \[\zD u V^ gD>V
k_ kVk D, Fm ^. z k> gB[ V> >[\D
V>V^. ]D V_ \z V]B ]D
_; [VKD k>D gBkuVKD km
84 gB\VB Q V 85

>[\, \>D, V gBkuVKD kV [l_ 1939 _ 21 \V 6 \z

>BVD. >[M]B \\V][ g>s_ [
V^ >sK^ \\V
kz AV>xD, z\ >V \> ]_ VmD um.
VB\VzD. kB V >D
][ x>oBkD m k>. (m g]l_ ]uz Q S. V\> V]BV MABL
VD, Z x>oB nVB V|KD >m >\ km ""w>tw \x'' [ V^
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W]V. >[ >VzA k\V:
[ gB^ ^V kzD V\[,
i[ [k^, gB g]> W W> "">t V>! V>! V]\>
k F> T^. V\[ ]Vs k[, kV| >Vm. >tw >VF\VaBV V
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k>Vm z k[ ]Vs_.
u|]Bk[. gB AV>^ >T^
] k|\ | V
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w>tw VD m? >Vkm gB g]>
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amsV^ [D; V]>t_V> >^ gB]KD, gB >^ E >taKD
\>>D, JD _V> kD, ^ >VB VD. [ >t V_ gB
x>oBkuD u|]B m, xD\m, g]D _. >[ [ 3gD uV_>V[,
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D, V^D am > \>D, E]V]uz x]B VD, [? E]V]B
\>> > \D a |] k gBD > x kmsm. k E]
Fm gB \M> J]_ \Dk^; V]uz x[A^ w>tw[ \xB
k \V^, z\V^, AV>^, uB ~| |m. gB V]uzD,
V^, cB> V]BV^ [ g \u >tw V]uzD z|DD uB B
x>VBD >B|kVV\_ FmsV^. km. z|DD uB kw_ gB xB
86 gB\VB Q V 87

[ yV kmsm. >> V> sD. ^^ > Vk\D

(_k>) ^^ m _>[ gB. ]. k >uVA ]B>V[ k^ [
> x [ \zD kmsm. Vm z|D m |kV kVw k k>m.
x gBz kEB\Vm [? gB WB
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VV. z km zB. zBB D
kVF kaBV z km zBV E
k^ wkwz xuKD \Vm. >
J^ [. m >k. cD >V[B
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V_ zBB Vm > k VVD kVm >Mm kVD EB kV[
>VkV > gD>. k Vo>kD >tw[. g] x>_ >Mz>D mk> >tw[
sV \Vl>>V_, > akV kwD. >> V> sDV_ >VD \sD
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kz >uVA kEB\Vlu. V\VB]_ ""c[ xBuEBV_ V^ >VBV? >> VV_
_ ^ c>>V^ [ kVw sDAD VDB V[ sD['' [V^
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kVB^ >^ V_ k\V V^k>uz x[ V^> _k> >tw[
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c>>. m>V[ c\. m V[ k>_;
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^. k[ [ s_A| kzD
sam >uVA Fm V; ][
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>>B V_ V| \VVV? _m
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\V\[ \Vt[ V|
k^ >z g ^^ > ]\V
88 gB\VB Q V 89

VVV? \BD V^ cVm! DD, V\ >s_

>ValD, ""V[ >[ [ \VtlD V>. s_ >z x[A [A cVm. [
V_ \sz kB> V| V|m nB|V^ [ >s[V. V\zD
xVVm km kVw >BV> D { kV nBD >V[m. nBD Wkm kEBD.
g\V? [ [ VB VV^ \Vt'' m B_V>. gV_ kV_*, V\D >D
[ [V^. >V_ z \VtlD kBVk V>>Vk >ss_. [?
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[ [ Vk[ \m [V[? >> VV_ kwt_. > nBD gbz \|\_; b
kV[V[ [ >[ cD az\ zD cVzD. gV_ >V_VB]uz
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uV k >MB km s|[. [? s[m'' [ [V. gV_ >t
k| ]s[ T Vk. >>l[ \VB wVV, B AV]_ >J]
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k >> >V_, *] km s| VV_ kzD nBD >V[B>V >s[V.
m \ VD. gV_ V> V_ >> m>V[ E>m. bzD \ c\ V|>
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[ BVm. >V_VB. Vm k[ k^
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kD kBVk BVsm, [A k^ s]uzk; [_ cl
90 gB\VB Q V 91

s|kV >s kV gk \]_ WBV^. z^ kz>. m>V[ ""VD'' [m.

gkD B. k mD \\VF wB x_ [D E DtB m
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VVD. E \BD [ uV D\>D M, \Bm V BV, ""Hospital-
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92
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k, cB> > cBm cB]
gB\VB Q V 93
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94 gB\VB Q V 95

[ wV s|, \V D\ g gBVkm ]VsVkm [ E|D so

k]|km gBD. gVBmD, VVKD B. gB [ FB xD
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