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High Input Resistance Circuits:: PDF Created With Fineprint Pdffactory Trial Version
High Input Resistance Circuits:: PDF Created With Fineprint Pdffactory Trial Version
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High Input Resistance circuits:
The ideal voltage amplifier should have infinite input impedance and zero output impedance.
The CC and CE with Re basic amplifiers have these properties.
The Input impedance of these amplifiers is
Ri = hie+(1+hfe)Re using the simplified model (assuming that hfeRe << 0.1)
However, as Re the assumption hfeRe << 0.1 is no longer valid. And the more accurate
equation is
1. As Re increases the bias current causes a larger voltage drop across it. For middle of operating
range
VCE = VRe = VCC/2. We thus require larger impractical power supply voltage
2. In integrated circuits Re occupies chip area. Larger the value, greater is the chip area occupied,
leaving less for other components.
3. Bias resistance appear in parallel with the Ri and with typical values of a few 100K the parallel
combination RI is now decided by the bias resistance, and is hence lower.
Solutions:
The problems (1) and (2) are due to the fact that we are thinking of Re as Ohmic physical
resistance.
If Re is an equivalent resistance, created by a relatively smaller physical resistance in another CC
circuit, this problem can be solved. (The DARLINGTON PAIR circuit). The bias resistance
problem (3) may be solved by the BOOTSTRAPPING technique.
DARLINGTON PAIR:
Had we used a physical resistance of 500K as R e for the first stage, and omitted the second stage,
theVE1 would have been 500K0.1mA = 50V, requiring a power supply of 100 V if V ce =Vre =
Vcc/2.
The RI for the given parameters is (1+100)2 5K / (1+ 2510-6 1005K) @ 50M
The Darlington pair has a drawback that emitter current of first stage is amplified by the current
gain of the second stage, and so first stage drift gets amplified, making the circuit drift- prone.
In general the second stage has a higher collector current (hfe2 Ie1) and so the h parameters of the
two transistors cannot be considered as the same.(h parameters depend on bias point)
for the CC and Darlington circuits, Av @ 1 thus Reff = R3/ e where e = 1 Av and is a very small
number.
This means effective resistance of the bias combination is increased greatly.
e.g. If Av is 0.95 and R3 is 50K , R1 = 100K and R2 = 100K then without bootstrapping, bias
combination would give 50K + (100K parallel with 100K) = 50 + 50 = 100 K resistance.
With Bootstrapping, the resistance is 50K / (1 0.95) = 50K 20 = 1000K = 1M.
Current Sources:
The requirement for high effective (equivalent) resistance can also be met by the CURRENT
SOURCE. The ideal current source has an infinite impedance, and so it may be used in place of Re ,
ensuring correct bias current and providing high resistance simultaneously. Current sources may
also be used as loads in high gain circuits (Active Loads)
Q1
Q1
WILSON SOURCE:
This is also a three-transistor circuit,
IC
And VBE of the Q2 and Q3 being equal, I B2 = IB3= IB and IC2 = IC3=
IR R
IC
Now, Q1
IR = IB1+IC3 = IB1+ hfeIB = IE1/(1+hfe) + hfeIB
= (2IB+ IC)/ (1+hfe) + hfeIB
=(2IB+ hfeIB)/ (1+hfe) + hfeIB
=IB[(2+ hfe)/ (1+hfe) + hfe] Q3 Q2
IC1 = hfe IB1 = hfe IE1/(1+hfe) = hfe (2IB+ IC)/ (1+hfe)
= hfe (2IB+ hfeIB)/ (1+hfe)
= IB[hfe(2+ hfe)/ (1+hfe)]
Then
IC1/IR = hfe(2+ hfe)/( hfe2 + 2hfe + 2) and IR is given by (VCC - 2VBE )/ R
Again this is useful when hfe of the transistors are low.
I c1
= e (VBE1 -VBE 2 ) / VT
I c2
Hence VBE1-VBE2 = VTln (IC2/IC1)
VT I
Thus Re = ln c 2
1 I c1
I c1 1 +
h fe
The reference current IR1 = IC2 + IB2 + IB1 = IC2(1+(1/hfe)) + (Ic1/hfe)
The last term an be neglected as IC1 << IC2
From this IC2 is determined, and Using desired value of IC1 , Re can be found
Thus much smaller resistor values are required for the same current.
VOLTAGE SHIFTERS
The differential voltage at the input of a differential amplifier may be AC or DC. and the
corresponding output too may be AC or DC. Therefore Coupling capacitors and transformer
coupling cannot be used to interconnect stages.
It is also required that for 0 input output should be 0.
In the normal differential amplifier circuit the output is taken from the collector and this has a DC
component equal to the bias VC. with 0 input this is the quiescent voltage at the collector. To make
the final output voltage 0, capacitors and transformers cannot be used, so the standing VC has to be
shifted down to 0V. For this VOLTAGE SHIFTER circuits are used.
DIODE SHIFTER:
If the VC is an integral multiple of 0.7 V, say 3.5 V, then 5 diodes may be connected in series with
the collector to give a drop of 3.5 V
This method is used only when the drop required is K 0.7 with K an integer.
VBE MULTIPLIER
In the circuit shown, The voltage VBE = 0.7 V = VR2. Hence current in R2 =
0.7/R2 If we neglect base current, then voltage across R 1 and R2 = (R1+
A R2)(0.7/R2). Thus voltage drop from A to B = (R1+ R2)(0.7/R2).
R1 This can now be any multiple of VBE,, as decided by R1 and R2 ,hence the circuit
is a VBE MULTIPLIER
R2
Common Collector with Split resistor A
B The CC circuit shown in figure below has its emitter R1
resistance split into two.i.e. R1 and R2 Here output is B
taken from the junction of the resistors (B)
R2
Vi
Q
Vee
Vee
Vee