Linear integrated circuit

Assignment -1

(a). Characteristics of Inverting amplifier with variation in ‘-ve’ feed-back ‘R1’ from
1k to 10k :-
(1). R1=200 ohm , Vin =1V (max. amplitude)

Fig.(1)

As sown in figure , for inverting op-amp Vo/Vin = R1/R2 , so here R1/R2=(200/1k)=0.5 ,and here
we are getting a inverting Vo which value is equals to 0.5*Vin

(2). R1=10k ohm with Vin=1V max. amplitude and R2=1k

Here we get an inverting out-put with peak voltage of 10V

 Fig.(2)

(3). R1=20k ohm

 Fig.(3)

Because R1/R2=(20k/1k)=20, so our out-put peak value should be 20*Vin=20*1=20V, but here
we get peak value is near about 11V. this is because our +Vsupply and _-Vsupply is 12V and -12V, so
V0 get saturated at 11kV volt. (the 1V volt drop is the internal environment ).

(4). For different peak value of Vin (from .1V to 4V)

R1=5k ohm, Vin(peak)= 4V

Here in fig.(2) R1/R2 = (5k/1k)=5 ; so we will get an inverting out-put which value is equals to
5*Vin =5*4=20V, but we get the Vo is near about 11V, because here we provide the value of
Vsupply and -Vsupply is 12V and -12V respectively , so near about 11V (LTspice software have
some voltage drope with consideration of external factor) the out-put voltage wave form get
saturated, so get near about 11V instead of actual value 20V .

Fig.(4)
(5) Vin(peak) =0.1 with R1=5k & R2=1k

Fig. (5)

Here R1/R2=5, so Vo= 5*Vin , so max. value of Vo=500mV

(b). for non-inverting

(1). With the variable feed-back resistor R1=200 ohm, 5k ohm, and 20k ohm.
 Fig.(6) Fig.(7)

Fig.(8)

(2). For different value of input vltage(Vin=.1V and 4V )

 Fig.(9) Fig.(10)

Conclusion : here in non-inverting amplifier we get non-inverting out-put, and by increasing

feed-back resistor, our out-put get more amplified and at a limit (V0>12V), our output voltage
gate saturate. This is same for when we increasing input supply , our output get amplify and
above the limit get saturate.
 Assignment-2

Frequancy response of practical integrator and practical differentiator and its

comparison with ideal respectively.

(a). for integrator with time constant 1u sec.

(1). For ideal integrator

Fig.(1) frequency response of ideal integrater

For the ideal integrator we know the gain should follow 20log(Vo/Vin) , so the response should
be linear, because in ideal case Vo= -(1/(s*c1*R1))*Vin , so there is only one pole at origin. But in
simulation for the little frequency near about 200mHz, we are getting a constant gain of 118dB.
This is because our simulator software are design with including the effect of practical
environment effect of op-amp.
 Fig.(2) practical integrator frequency response

Conclusion: In practical integrator we get the bend-width (-3dB from max. dB value) is near
about 3kHz and the max. dB value is 34dB. After 3kHz our op-amp work as ideal integrator
(linear decreasing graph of bode plot). And we can say this integrator behave like a low-pass
filter, with bend-width of 3kHz. And we get initially we get very high gain (118dB) for low
frequency but for practical integrator initial gain have very less value (34dB), this is because
here the pole are in left side of coordinate axis. Gain = (-R2/R1)/(1+s.C1.R2)
(b).For differentiator with time delay 0.1 sec.

(1). For ideal differentiator

Fig.(3) ideal differentiator frequency response

In the ideal differentiator we find that up-to 1.4kHz it gain get increase linearly and for
frequency f>1.4kHz gain will get reduce. In ideal differentiator gain = (R1*C1*s), and
s=j.w=j.2*pi*f, so with increase in frequency increase gain must be increase and should be
infinite for very large frequency, in ‘LTspice’ our ideal op amp have resultant resistance in
parallel to capacitor, which work as feed-back to out-put or we can say it will add a pole in our
differentiator. And now gain = (R1.C1.s)/(1+(s.C1.Rseries)), and Rseries is very low, so for low
frequency its effect is zero .
(2).For practical differentiator

Fig.(4) practical differentiator frequency response

Conclusion: For practical differentiator, we get BW=(10kHz – 150Hz)=10kHz. The

gain = (R1.C1.s)/(1+(s.C1.R2)), the R2 resistor add a pole to left side of coordinate. So our practical
differentiator is more stable than ideal. By the simulation we get that differentiator can work as
a high pass filter.