Fizika 10

giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili
maswavleblis
sarekomendacio
wigni
fizika
X klasi
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

erovnuli centris (brZaneba ##375, 18.05.2012) mier
gamomcemloba inteleqti
2012
giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili
fizika X
maswavleblis sarekomendacio wigni
Giorgi Gedenidze, Eter Lazarashvili

PHYSICS X
Teacher's Book
INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS
Tbilisi 2012
redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

naTia mamulaSvili
Editor Gvantsa Gedenidze

Natia Mamulashvili
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
faqsi: 225-05-22
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge
INTELEKTI Publishers
5 Ilia Chavchavadze ave., Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel.: 225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
ISBN 978-9941-439-40-7 gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, 2012

X klasis saxelmZRvanelo
Sinaarsi
X klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma...........................................................................................................6

X klasis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka......................................................................................................9
I Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka..........................................................................................................10
II Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka.........................................................................................................11
III Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka........................................................................................................12
IV Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka.......................................................................................................13
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia.
sagnis swavlebis specifika. meToduri orientirebi. ....................................................................... 14
saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis axsna-ganmarteba...................................................................... 16
komentarebi moswavlis wignis TiToeul struqturul elementTan
(Tavi, paragrafi, Tema) da mis Semadgenel nawilebTan dakavSirebiT......................................... 17
sxvadasxva saxis informacia maswavleblisTvis zogierTi komponentis Sesabamisi
unarebi da aqtivobebi.....................................................................................................................................18
aqtivobebis Sefasebis nimuSebi...................................................................................................................19
Sefasebebi.............................................................................................................................................................22
niSnebis da doneebis Sesabamisoba..............................................................................................................22
mcire komentari interaqtiuri swavlebis Sesaxeb.............................................................................. 23
kritikul azrovnebaze gamiznuli gakveTilis dagegmva................................................................... 24
zogierTi meTodis da strategiis mokle mimoxilva.......................................................................... 25
sxvadasxva saxis unar-Cvevebi.......................................................................................................................29
rCevebi maswavleblisTvis..............................................................................................................................32
problemuri amocanebis Sesaxeb...................................................................................................................34
gakveTilis gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................35
proeqtis Sesaxeb...............................................................................................................................................36
saSinao cdis Sesaxeb........................................................................................................................................38
samuSao rveulis daniSnuleba.....................................................................................................................38
saWiro informacia...........................................................................................................................................40
gakveTilebis scenarebi
gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi................................................................................................41
gakveTili 1.1. eleqtruli muxti da elementaruli nawilakebi. ................................................ 41
damatebiTi gakveTili ...................................................................................................................................46
gakveTili 1.3. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. kulonis kanoni................................... 49
gakveTili 1.8. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba................................ 53
gakveTili 2.7. saSualo winaRobis gansazRvra ampermetrisa da voltmetris meSveobiT... 57
gakveTili 2.11 . erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze
gaangariSebuli naTurebis SeerTeba.........................................................................................................62
gakveTili 2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva (I gakveTili)...... 67
gakveTili 2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva (II gakveTili)..... 70
Semajamebeli gakveTili..................................................................................................................................73
sakontrolo weris variantebi..................................................................................................................77
3
saxemZRvanelo
I Tavi. eleqtrostatika.................................................................................................................................6
1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................. 8
1.2. eleqtruli muxti da elementaruli nawilakebi.................................................................... 10
1.3. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. kulonis kanoni.................................................... 13
1.4. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba....................................................................................................... 16
1.5. eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi...................................................................................... 19
1.6 gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi.................................................................................................. 21
1.7. dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi. ori saxis dieleqtriki..................................... 24
1.8. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba................................................. 26
1.9. damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri energia erTgvarovan
eleqtrostatikur velSi.......................................................................................................................... 28
1.10. eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali da potencialTa sxvaoba.................................. 31
1.11. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. potencialTa sxvaobis gazomva.......................................... 34
1.12. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi................................................................................................................ 36
1.13. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori............................................................................. 38
1.14. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba .......................................................................... 40
1.15. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia. kondensatoris gamoyeneba..................................... 42
1.17. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................................................................. 47
II Tavi. mudmivi eleqtruli deni..........................................................................................................48

2.1. eleqtruli wredi da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi.................................................................. 49
2.2. eleqtruli deni. denis Zala.......................................................................................................... 52
2.3. gamtaris winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba............................................................................................. 55
2.4. winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze............................................................................... 58
2.5. zegamtaroba........................................................................................................................................... 61
2.6. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................. 63
2.7. saSualo winaRobis gansazRvra ampermetrisa da voltmetris
meSveobiT......................................................................................................................................................... 66
2.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.................................................................................................................. 68
2.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna .................................................................................................................. 70
2.10. jibis farnisa da binis gasanaTebeli naTurebis
SeerTebis gamokvleva ............................................................................................................................... 72
2.11. erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze gaangariSebuli
naTurebis SeerTeba .............................................................................................................................. 74
2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva.................................................... 77
2.13. denis wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala ........................................................................... 79
4
2.14. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis.................................................................................................. 81

2.17. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi................................................................................................................ 87
2.18. eleqtruli deni airSi.................................................................................................................... 90
2.19. TavisTavadi ganmuxtvis sxvadasxva tipi.................................................................................. 92
2.20. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarSi............................................................................................... 95
2.21. eleqtruli deni p da n tipis naxevargamtarTa kontaqtSi............................................ 98
III Tavi. magnituri veli.............................................................................................................................105

3.1. denis magnituri veli. denebis magnituri urTierTqmedeba.............................................. 106
3.2. magnituri velis induqciis moduli. amperis Zala............................................................... 109
3.3. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav muxtze. lorencis Zala............................................. 112
3.4. nivTierebis magnituri Tvisebebi.................................................................................................. 114
3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................................................................... 118
IV Tavi. eleqtromagnituri induqcia...............................................................................................119

4.1. magnituri nakadi. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena................................................. 120
4.2. induqciuri denis mimarTuleba. lencis wesi. grigaluri
eleqtruli veli.................................................................................................................................. 123
4.3. eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanoni.......................................................................................... 125
4.4. TviTinduqcia........................................................................................................................................ 128
4.5. induqciuroba. magnituri velis energia................................................................................... 131
4.7. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................................................................... 135
5
X klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma
X klasis bunebismetyvelebis standartis mixedviT wlis bolos

misaRwevi Sedegebia:
-a
. X.1. . X. 5.
. .
. X.2. . X. 6.
/
. .
. X.3.

.
. X.4.
.
: -
.X.1. .
, :
;
;
/;
(., , ,
, );
(, ) ;
;
//, ;
(, , , ,
).
.X.2. / .
, :
;
/
;
/ , ;
6
;
, , -
(.,
);
.
.X.3.
.
, :
(, , , ) ;
-
.
. X.4. .
, :
,
;
(.,
), , ,
;
, ( )
;
, ;
,
;
, ;
;
.
.X. 5. .
:
;
(,
). ;
, , .
;
;
;
,
;
;
,
;
, .
7
.X.6. .
:

, ,
;

, .
am Sedegebis misaRwevad saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi warmodgenilia 4 TaviT.
I. eleqtrostatika;
II. mudmivi eleqtruli deni;
III. magnituri veli;
IV. eleqtromagnituri induqcia.
pirvel oTx Sedegs mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba faravs oTxive TavSi mocemuli saSinao
da saklaso cdebi. konkretulad romel Sedegs romeli cda faravs miTiTebulia
maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignSi _ `standartTan kavSirSi~ da X klasis Sinaarsisa
da miznebis rukaSi.
mexuTe Sedegs faravs oTxive Tavi;
meeqvse Sedegs ZiriTadad faravs meore Tavi.
8
X klasis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
66 saaTi
(6 sT sarezervo dro)
.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

in 5. raodenoba
di
ka
Si to
na re /
ar
si bi .
. . .
. .
I. eleqtrostatika 19
II. mudmivi 26
eleqtruli deni
III. magnituri veli 7
IV. eleqtromagnituri 8
induqcia.
60
9
10
I Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
akademiuri saaTebis raodenoba 19 saaTi
bi .X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. 5. .X.6. saaTebis

ore
si . / . raodenoba
i kat
aar . . . .
ind Sin
1.1. ra da rogor iswav-
leT, SeamowmeT Tqveni
1
codna
1.2. eleqtruli muxti da

elementaruli nawilakebi
1
1.3. damuxtuli sx-
eulebis urTierTqmedeba.
1
kulonis kanoni
1.4. eleqtruli velis

daZabuloba
1
1.5. eleqtruli velis
daZabulobis wirebi
1
1.6 gamtari eleqtrosta-
tikur velSi
1
1.7. dieleqtriki ele-
qtrostatikur velSi.
1
ori saxis dieleqtriki
1.8. dieleqtrikis po-

larizacia. dieleqtri-
1
kuli SeRwevadoba
1.9. damuxtuli sxeulis

potenciuri energia
1
erTgvarovan eleqtro-
statikur velSi
1.10. eleqtrostatikuri
velis potenciali da
1
potencialTa sxvaoba
1.11. ekvipotenciuri
zedapirebi. potencialTa
1
sxvaobis gazomva
1.12. amocanis amoxsnis

nimuSi
1
1.13. eleqtrotevadoba.
brtyeli kondensatori
1
1.14. brtyeli kondensa-
toris eleqtrotevadoba
1
1.15. damuxtuli konden-
satoris energia. konden-
1
satoris gamoyeneba

nimuSi
2
1.17. SeamowmeT Tqveni 2
codna 19
II Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
t orebi .X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. 5. .X.6. saaTebis

indika i
Sinaars . / . . raodenoba
. . .
2.1. eleqtruli wredi da misi Semadgeneli

nawilebi
1
2.2. eleqtruli deni. denis Zala
1
2.3. gamtaris winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba
1
2.4. winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze
1
2.5. zegamtaroba
1
2.6. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni
codna
1
2.7. saSualo winaRobis gansazRvra amperme-
trisa da voltmetris meSveobiT
1
2.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi
1
2.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
2
2.10. jibis farnisa da binis gasanaTebeli
naTurebis
1
SeerTebis gamokvleva
2.11. erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze

gaangariSebuli
1
naTurebis SeerTeba
2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis

gamokvleva
1
2.13. denis wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala
1
2.14. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis
1
1
2.16. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
2
2.17. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi
1
2.18. eleqtruli deni airSi
1
2.19. TavisTavadi ganmuxtvis sxvadasxva tipi
1
2.20. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarSi
1
2.21. eleqtruli deni p da n tipis naxevargam- 1
tarTa kontaqtSi

1
2
2.23. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna 26
11
12
III Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

5. raodenoba
in
di
Si ka /
to
na
ar re .
si bi . . .
. .
3.1. denis magnituri 1

veli. denebis mag-
nituri urTierTq-
medeba
3.2. magnituri velis 1
induqciis moduli.
amperis Zala
3.3. magnituri velis 1
moqmedeba moZrav
muxtze. lorencis
Zala
3.4. nivTierebis mag- 1
nituri Tvisebebi

nimuSi
3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni

2
codna
7
IV Tavis Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

5. raodenoba
in
di
Si ka /
to
na
ar re .
si bi . . .
. .
4.1. eleqtromag- 1
nituri induqciis
movlena
4.2. induqciuri 1
denis mimarTuleba.
lencis wesi. griga-
luri
eleqtruli veli
4.3. eleqtromagnitu- 1
ri induqciis kanoni
4.4. TviTinduqcia 1
4.5. induqciuroba. 1
magnituri velis en-
ergia
4.6. amocanis amoxsnis 1
nimuSi
4.7. SeamowmeT Tqveni 2

codna
8
13
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia.
sagnis swavlebis specifika. meToduri orientirebi.
saSualo skolaSi moswavle iRrmavebs sabazo safexurze SeZenil codnas, Seiswavlis

da aanalizebs Tanamedrove fizikis miRwevebs, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
ganviTarebis dadebiT da uaryofiT gavlenas garemoze, iZens mecnieruli kvlevis
unar-Cvevebs da eqmneba myari safuZveli momavali saqmianobisaTvis. am safexuris
bolos moswavlem
unda SeZlos damoukideblad dagegmos da warmarTos martivi eqsperimenti,
gamoTqvas hipoTeza da Seamowmos cdiT;
sxvadasxva wyarodan moiZios informacia mecnieruli kvlevebis Sesaxeb, Seadaros
maT sakuTari kvlevis Sedegebi.
airCios monacemebis warmodgenis formebi da saSualebebi da gaakeTos
prezentacia.
X klasis fizikis saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da mizanic swored es aris.
programiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sinaarsis aTvisebis procesSi moswavles gauRvivos
interesi mecnieruli kvlevisa da siaxleebis mimarT. ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-
Cvevebi. moswavle miaCvios fiqrs da azrovnebas, Camouyalibos sakuTari azris
gamoxatvis, sxvisi mosmenis da jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebi. gaumaxvilos dakvirvebis,
aRqmisa da warmosaxvis unari. aswavlos sxvisi azris gaTvaliswineba da pativiscema.
miznis miRwevisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmZRvanelos struqturas,
Sinaarss da meTodikas.
wigni imgvarad aris agebuli, rom cnebebi, kanonebi, debulebebi pirdapir ki ar
Semogvaqvs, aramed cdebiT, dakvirvebiT, SemCneuli movlenebis analiziT gamogvaqvs
daskvnebi.
masalis miwodebis ZiriTadi meToduri orientiria problemuri Txroba.
Sin da gakveTilze Catarebuli cdebis analiziT, arsebuli codnis safuZvelze
mosalodneli Sedegebis prognozirebiT, logi
kuri dasabuTebiT nabij-nabij
mivdivarT yovel axal cnebamde da debulebamde.
miznis misaRwevad erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebad gve
saxeba saSinao cda. maswav
lebeli, saSinao davalebis micemisas, gakveTilis bolo ramdenime wuTs dauTmobs moma
vali saSinao cdis Sesaxeb komentars. gaacnobs cdis mizans. aCvenebs cdisaTvis saWiro
xelsawyoebs da masalebs. moswavle saSinao cdis mixedviT, saTanado terminologiis
gamoyenebiT amzadebs masalas gakveTilze warsadgenad da Semdeg gakveTilze akeTebs
zepir prezentacias. saSinao cdis analizs eyrdnoba axali masala da xdeba misi
gaRrmaveba. moswavle aris gakveTilis procesis aq
tiuri monawile.
saSinao cdebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mivaqcioT. amiT gak
v eTili ufro
saintereso gaxdeba da mizansac mivaRwevT.
saSinao cdebi martivia da advilad Casatarebelia.
cdebis dros usafrTxoebis wesebi maqsimalurad unda iyos daculi.
cdis winaswar Catareba moswavles mocemuli Temis Sesaxeb fiqris dros
uxangrZlivebs. gakveTilis axsnisas misi goneba momzadebulia im aqtivobebze samuSaod,
14
romelic axali masalis aTvisebas da azrovnebis ganviTarebas maqsimalurad uwyobs
xels.
meti Tvalsa
Cino
ebisaTvis saSinao cda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gakveTilzec
Cava
taroT moswavleTa gamokiTxvisa da analizis procesis paralelurad. es im
moswavleebisTvisac sasargebloa, vinc saSinao cda Caatara. gamoikveTeba, ramdenad
emTxveva TiTo
euli moswavlis mier SemCneuli movlenebi da miRebuli das
kvnebi
sinamdviles. analizic ufro naTeli da gasagebi gaxdeba.
gakveTilis meti nawili davuTmoT diskusias. axali masala mivawodoT etapo
brivad, cnebebis TandaTan SemotaniT, TiToeul etaps unda mohyves misi praqtikuli
ganmtkiceba. mocemul paragrafSi etapebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia aqtivobebiT.
swored am aqtivobebiT xdeba axali masalis aTvisebis Semowmeba da ganmtkiceba.
gakveTilze aqtivobebiT masalis axsna da ganmtkiceba rom movaswroT, Zalian
gvexmareba moswavlis samuSao rveuli, rome
lSic moswavlisaTvis samuSao masala
winaswar gamzadebulia. moswavle gakveTilze gamudmebiT, aqtiur, muSa mdgomareobaSi
unda iyos. man zogierT SekiTxvas zepirad unda upasuxos, zogierTs _ werilobiT.
amiT gakveTilze SevinarCunebT aqtiur, uwyvet process da uzrunvelvyofT
sagakveTilo procesSi mos
wavlis CarTulobas. garda amisa, werilobiT pasuxis
gacemas sxva dadebiTi mxareebic aqvs. am gziT moswavle 1. problemas, sakiTxs ufro
Rrmad Cas
wvdeba; 2.euf
leba weris kulturas.
moswavlem, romelmac samuSao rveulSi yvela davalebis Ses
ruleba gakveTilze
ver moaswro, Sin daamTavros.
gakveTilis procesSi CarTulobis, saklaso da saSinao davalebebis Sefasebis
kriteriumebs gakveTilebis scenarebSi gavecnobiT.
gakveTili warmatebuli rom iyos, unda SevqmnaT iseTi garemo, rom moswavleebma
keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba igrZnon rogorc erTmaneTis mimarT, ise
maswavleblis mxridan; gakveTilze mravlad unda iyos interesis gamomwvevi
faqtorebi da garemoebebi (vizualuri mxare, materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa);
saswavlo procesi mizanmimarTulad unda warvmarToT da vixelmZRvaneloT gunduri
muSaobis principiT.
saSinao cda, xSirad, moicavs martiv SekiTxve
bsac da problemursac. ase rom,
moswavles mxolod cda ki ar aqvs Casatarebeli, kiTxvebze pasuxic unda daweros
da moam
zados masala gakveTilze warsadgenad.
moswavles samuSao rveulSi gamzadebuli aqvs Sin samuSao masala. rveulSi
advilad gavarCevT, sad mTavrdeba sak
laso da iwyeba Sin samuSao.
klasis donis mixedviT, an Tundac gamorCeuli individe
bis
Tvis diferencirebis
saSualebac gvaqvs. damatebiT masalas SevarCevT krebulidan, romelSic
ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva tipis amocanebi da zogadi unarebis testebi.
maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignSi ganxilulia aqtivobebis mizani, daniSnuleba,
savaraudo da swori pasuxebi.
maswavleblis wignSi mocemulia damatebiTi masala, savar
j iSoebi, agreTve,
sakontrolo weris nimuSebi da maTi amoxsna.
sakontrolo werisTvis mosamzadebeli da savarjiSo masala mos
wavlesac aqvs
samuSao rveulSi.
15
sarezervo saaTebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, Cven mier miTiTebuli gakveTilebis garda
sxva romelime gakveTilsac ori saaTi davuTmoT, Tuki amis saWiroeba iqneba.
rogor moemzados moswavle gakveTilisTvis da ra unda icodes?
Tu swavlobs gakveTilSi moyvanil wesebs, faqtebs, formulebs da SeuZlia mxo
lod martiv SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, maSin es dabali donea.
Tu pasuxobs SekiTxvebis umetes nawils, atarebs saSinao cdebs, magram zogjer
uWirs damoukideblad daskvnebis gamotana _ saSualo donea.
Tu gakveTilSi mocemul yvela savarjiSos asrulebs damoukideblad, asabuTebs
logikurad, amzadebs saWiro xelsawyoebs, atarebs saSinao cdebs da srulyofilad
waradgens masalas gakveTilze _ maRali donea.
migvaCnia, rom Tu maswavleblebi moswavlis samuSao rveuls winaswar SevavsebT,
maSin ufro kargad davgegmavT gakveTils. naT
lad warmovidgenT gakveTilis mizans
da mis msvlelobas, advilad da swrafad gadavWriT gakveTilze warmoqmnil winaswar
gauT
valiswinebel problemebs da gakveTils, dasaxuli miznis gansa
xorcieleblad,
CvenTvis sasurvel gezs mivcemT.
gakveTilebi, rac ufro mravalferovani iqneba, miT ufro izrdeba moswavlis
interesi. amitom sasurvelia, sxvadasxva meTodiT warvmarToT gakveTilis procesi.
moswavlis motivacia izrdeba, Tu man winaswar icis, mis ama Tu im namuSevars ra
kriteriumebiT Seafaseben.
calkeuli komponentebis mixedviT Sefasebis kriteriumebs gakveTilebis
scenarebSi SemogTavazebT.
winaswar gavacnoT niSnis Semadgeneli kompo
nentebis ganawileba da TiToeuli
komponentis Sesabamisi unarebi.
saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis axsna-ganmarteba
sasurvelia da aucilebelic gakveTilisTvis moswavleTa motivireba. moswavleTa

motivireba niSnavs iseTi argumentebis moyvanas, romelic moswavles ganawyobs axali
masalis Sesaswavlad.
motivirebisTvis sxvadasxva xerxi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. magaliTad, paragrafis win
damaintrigebeli fraza, cda, ilustracia, problemis dasma, wina dRes Sesrulebuli
saSinao cda da sxva.
warmodgenil saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebuli gvaqvs sxvadasxva xerxi. upiratesoba
mivaniWeT wina dRes saSinao cdis Sesrulebas. moswavlis motivireba saSinao davaleb-
is momzadebisas iwyeba. maswavlebeli gakveTils iwyebs saswavlo miznebis ganmartebiT
da sakiTxis dasmiT. agreTve acnobs moswavleebs, ra aqtivobebs gamoiyeneben masalis
Seswavlisas. es iqneba eqsperimenti, ilustraciis ganxilva, diskusia Tu ubralod in-
formaciis damuSaveba.
warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos TiToeul paragrafSi masala isea dalagebuli, rom
jer mocemulia sawyis etapze Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi anu iseTi SekiTxvebi, romle-
bze pasuxi moswavlis gonebas amzadebs axali masalis asaTviseblad. xSirad es saSinao
cdis analizis paralelurad xdeba. zogjer ki saSinao cdis analizi gamoyenebulia
axali masalis realizaciis dros da ara sawyis etapze (gaaCnia masalas da saSinao cdas).
16
Sinaarsis realizebis procesSi moswavleebi muSaoben an individualurad, an wyvile-
bad, an jgufebad. asruleben teqstur davalebebs. es davalebebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
kvleviTi xasiaTisaa da maTi meSveobiT etapobrivad midian cnebamde. am etapze gamo
iyeneba ZiriTadi saswavlo masala: teqsti, ilustracia, TvalsaCinoeba, wina dRes mice-
muli saSinao cda.
Sinaarsis realizaciis Semdeg ganvixilavT damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrulebel
savarjiSoebs. es savarjiSoebi emsaxureba masalis Sejamebas, analizs.
bolo etapze tardeba damoukidebeli samuSao. amiT irkveva, rogor gaiges da Seu-
ZliaT Tu ara gamoiyenon axali masala Tvisebrivi an gamoTvliTi amocanebis amoxsnisas
an raime problemis gadaWrisas.
komentarebi moswavlis wignis TiToeul struqturul elementsa

(Tavi, paragrafi, Tema) da mis Semadgenel nawilebTan dakavSirebiT
X klasis saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi dayofilia Tavebad.

Tavebi dayofilia paragrafebad.
TiToeuli Tavi iwyeba am TavSi Sesaswavli sakiTxebis CamonaTvliT da mTavrdeba
Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg SeZenili codnis SemowmebiT.
TiToeuli paragrafi moicavs ZiriTad saswavlo masalas teqstis da ilustraciebis
saxiT, Sesabamis aqtivobebs, damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrulebel savarjiSoebs da
saSinao davalebas, rac `lupis~ Semdeg aris mocemuli.
`lupiT~ gamoyofilia konkretuli paragrafis ZiriTadi terminebi da daskvnebi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebulia, savarjiSoebi damouki
deblad unda Seasrulon,
wyvilebad Tu jgufebad.
saxelmZRvaneloSi aris cxrilebi da saganTa saZiebeli.
saxelmZRvaneloSi 53 paragrafia.
17
sxvadasxva saxis informacia maswavleblisTvis
zogierTi komponentis Sesabamisi unarebi da aqtivobebi
fasdeba Semdegi unarebi: unari fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:
prezentacia _ auditoriasTan urTierToba

_ azris Camoyalibebis da mowodebis _ Sesabamisi terminebis floba da adeqvaturi
unari gamoyeneba
_ komunikaciis (monacemebis _ monacemebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebiT (grafiki
organizebisa da warmodgenis) unari sqema cxrili diagrama CamonaTvali naxazi naxati
_ SemoqmedebiTobis unari fotosuraTi) warmodgena
_ kvlevis Sedegebis prezentacia
_ proeqtis prezentacia
_ individualuri/jgufuri namuSevris prezentacia
_ saSinao davalebis prezentacia
sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba _ gansaxilvel sakiTxebze kiTxvebis dasma, pasuxis gacema
da dasabuTeba
_ yuradRebis mobilizebis unari _ Sesaswavli sakiTxebis Taobaze varaudis gamoTqma
_ problemis dasmisa da misi gadaWris _ dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis SeTavazeba
unari _ eqsperimentebis Catareba
_ kvleviTi unar-Cvevebi _ eqsperimentuli monacemebis Cawera
_ TanamSromlobis unari _ usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva
_ jgufur muSaobaSi monawileoba
_ ganxiluli movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sakuTari
damokidebulebis gamoxatva
_ saklaso diskusia
_ eqsperimenti
_ savele samuSao
_ modelis Seqmna
_ proeqti (moklevadiani da grZelvadiani
Semajamebeli samuSo _ testuri davalebebis Sesruleba

(individualuri) _ damoukidebeli weriTi davalebebis Sesruleba
_ Temis konceptualuri rukis Sedgena
_ miRebuli codnis Sejamebis,
analizisa da daskvnebis gamotanis
unari.
_ miRebuli codnis konkretul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebis unari.
_ weriTi unar-Cvevebi
_ drois limitis dacvis unari
_ namuSevris organizebis unari
saSinao davaleba _ sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba

_ Sesabamisi informaciis moZieba da analizi
_ informaciis moZiebis unari _ saSinao davalebebis Sesrulebis sistematuroba
_ dakvirvebisa da aRweris unari _ weriTi samuSao
_ klasifikaciis unari _ martivi kvleva
_ modelirebis unar-Cveva _ modelis Seqmna
_ weriTi unar-Cveva _ proeqti (moklevadiani da grZelvadiani)
_ namuSevris organizebis unari
_ SemoqmedebiTobis unari
SeniSvna: prezentacia ar aris moswavlis mier gakveTilis teqstis moyola. prezentacia SeiZleba gakeTdes
kvlevis, proeqtis, cdis Sedegebis, raime Sesrulebuli samuSaosi da sxv.
18
aqtivobebis Sefasebis nimuSebi:
informaciis moZieba
sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba (eqsperimenti)
19
20
saSinao davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumi
Sefasebis sqema prezentaciisaTvis
21
Sefasebebi
swavlis procesSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba Sefasebis ori tipi: ganmsazRvreli

da ganmaviTarebeli.
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba gansazRvravs konkretul komponentSi moswavlis
miRwevis dones. am dros fasdeba ara marto informacia, aramed SeZenili unar-
Cvevebic.
fasdeba gakveTilis procesSi CarTuloba, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxi
saklaso davalebebis Sesruleba.
es yvelaferi mimdinare Sefasebebia.
Semajamebeli ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba aris raime Temis damTavrebis bolos,
proeqtis bolos miRebuli niSani.
ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT igive komponentebi fasdeba, oRond sityvierad,
komentariT. rekomendaciebis micemiT _ rogor gaaumjobesos moswavlem Sedegebi.
niSnebis da doneebis Sesabamisoba

10-9-8 _ maRali done
7-6 _ saSualo
5-4 _ damakmayofilebeli
3-2-1 _ susti
22
mcire komentari interaqtiuri swavlebis Sesaxeb
interaqtiuri swavlebis anu swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebis umTavres Rirsebad

iTvleba is, rom moswavleebi saswavlo procesSi siamovnebiT da aqtiurad
TanamSromloben pedagogebTan, eCvevian damoukidebel da erTobliv muSaobas,
azrovnebas, metyvelebas, moqmedeben ufro aqtiurad da laRad, maswavlebelSi
xedavan Tanamdgom megobars, romelic mzad aris daexmaros TiToeul moswavles
problemis gadawyvetaSi.
aqtiuri swavlebis meTodebi xels uwyobs kritikuli azro
vnebis ganviTarebas.
kritikuli azrovneba aris damoukidebeli azrovneba. kritikuli azrovneba aris
aqtiuri procesi, romelic iwyeba informaciis miRebiT, gaazrebiT da mTavrdeba
informaciis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gamotaniT.
moswavle azrovnebs kritikulad niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia informaciis moZieba da
gaanalizeba, codnis sinTezireba da axlebur situaciaSi misi gamoyeneba. sakuTari
aqtiuri poziciis gamomuSaveba, praqtikuli problemebis gadaWra.
kritikulad moazrovne adamiani axdens sakuTari ideebis, Sefasebebis
formulirebas, amdenad, kritikuli azrovneba individualuri xasiaTisaa. moswavles
unda hqondes dro da Tavisufleba imisaTvis, rom ifiqros da damoukideblad
gadaWras urTulesi sakiTxebi.
maswavlebelma unda misces saSualeba moswavles, aqtiurad Caebas saswavlo
procesSi, unda daafasos moswavlis gansxvavebuli azri, gamoxatos pativiscema,
waaxalisos. kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom moswavles ganuviTardes
sakuTari Rirsebis rwmena.
kritikuli azrovnebis dawyeba xdeba problemis SemCneviT, dasmiT da ganxilviT.
gakveTilze problemis wamoWra da problemuri situaciis Seqmna ganapirobebs
swavlebis maRal dones. aseT gakve
Tilze xSirad ismis SekiTxvebi: ratom? Tqven
rogor fiqrobT? riT SegiZliaT misi dasabuTeba? kidev rogor SeiZleboda sakiTxis
gadawyveta? ra moxdeba, Tu ...?
moswavleebi maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT adgenen faqtebs Soris mizez-
Sedegobriv kavSirebs, SeZenili codnis safuZvelze gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebis
gamoyenebiT wyveten problemebs. gamoaqvT daskvnebi.
swavlebis samfaziani modeli

I gamowveva (provocireba)
II Sinaarsis realizeba (wvdoma)
III gaazreba (refleqsia)
I etapze, sworad SerCeuli kiTxvebis meSveobiT, moswavleebi aqtiurad ixseneben,

rac ician gansaxilveli sakiTxis, movlenis Sesaxeb. maT informacia unda gaiazron da
naazrevi sakuTari sityvebiT, weriT da zepiri metyvelebiT gamoxaton. am procesSi
aqtiuri Cabmisas moswavleebi axals da ukve cnobils akavSireben erTmaneTTan da
gamoimuSaveben axal cnebebs. gansazRvraven sakiTxis an problemis kvlevis mizans.
23
(es SeiZleba moxdes maswavleblis meSveobiT, an teqstiT iyos nakarnaxevi, an TviT
moswavlis mofiqrebuli).
II etapze moswavleebi ecnobian axal informacias. am fazaze unda moxdes Temis
arsSi siRrmiseuli wvdoma. miznis misaRwevad saWiroa diskusiis warmarTva, sxvadasxva
Tvalsazrisis Sedareba, kritikuli analizi.
III etapze mTavaria, moswavlem sakuTari sityvebiT gamoxatos, gadmosces, rac
gaigo Seswavlis procesSi. am fazaze aucilebelia moswavleTa Soris azrebis gacvla-
gamocvla. diskusiis wyalobiT maTi azrovneba ufro moqnili da mizandasaxuli
xdeba, leqsika _ ufro mdidari. ase vTqvaT, isini iZenen axal codnas.
kritikul azrovnebaze gamiznuli gakveTilis dagegmva.
fiqrebi gakveTilis dawyebamde.
motivacia _ riT aris Rirebuli es gakveTili? ra kavSiri aqvs imasTan, rac me

ukve vaswavle da imasTan, ris swavlebasac vapireb? rogor uwyobs gakveTili xels
kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas?
miznebi _ ra saxis konkretul codnas gadavcemT moswavleebs; rogor moixmaren

moswavleebi am codnas?
winapirobebi _ ra safuZveli unda hqondes moswavles imisaTvis, rom warmatebiT

SeZlos codnis miReba aseTi tipis gakveTilidan?

Sefaseba _ rogor davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebi warmatebiT iRebdnen codnas.

dajgufeba _ rogor davajgufoT moswavleebi?

dro _ rogor unda ganawildes dro sxvadasxva RonisZiebebze?
fiqrebi gakveTilis procesSi

mexsierebis provocireba _ rogor SevuwyoT xeli moswavleebs kiTxvebisa da
saswavlo miznebis CamoyalibebaSi? rogor SevamowmoT maTi codna?
Sinaarsis realizacia _ rogor Caswvdebian moswavleebi Sinaarss (strategia)?
rogor gaakontroleben isini SinaarsSi Cadebul gegma-mizans?
gaazreba _ rogor gamoiyeneben moswavleebi gakveTilze SeZenil codnas? rogor

gamoiyeneben isini axlad SeZenil codnas _ gascemen pasuxs darCenil kiTxvebs da

gadaWrian damoukideblad sakamaTo sakiTxebs?
fiqrebi gakveTilis Semdeg

ganvrcoba _ rogori codnis SeZenas Seuwyobs xels es gakveTili SemdgomSi?
ra unda qnan moswavleebma gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdgom?
zogadad yovel gakveTilze maswavlebelis mizania, moswavlem

1. miiRos informacia. 2. gaigos. 3. gamoiyenos. 4. SeZlos analizi.
5. SeZlos sinTezi. 6.Seafasos.
24
blumis taqsonomiis ZiriTadi doneebi
I done _ codna (ukve SeZenili), am doneze xdeba Seswavlili masalis gaxseneba.

II done _ gageba (masalis, naswavlis, SeZenili codnis arsSi wvdomis unari).
III done _ naswavli masalis axal da konkretul situaciebSi gamoyenebis unari.
IV done _ analizi.
V done _ nawilebis dakavSirebis da erT mTlianobad Camoyalibebis unari.
VI done _ Sefaseba (ramdenad Rirebulia masala mocemuli miznisTvis).
I done IV done
I faza _ gamowveva II done II faza _ Sinaarsis
III done realizacia V done
III faza _ refleqsia VI done
zogierTi meTodis da strategiis mokle mimoxilva
kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi meTodi aris is, rac moicavs

samive fazas. strategia aris is, rac gaTvlilia mxolod erT fazaze.
1. meTodi _ `vici, viswavle, minda vicode.~
vici viswavle minda vicode
am meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Temis dasawyisSi, konkretul gakveTilze da Temis

Sejamebisas.
Temis dasawyisSi gamoyenebisas viqceviT Semdegnairad:
axali Temis dawyebisas maswavlebeli yovelTvis acnobs moswavleebs Sesaswavli
sakiTxebis CamonaTvals. xSirad, moswavleebs am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb raRac garkveuli
warmodgena aqvT xolme. moswavleebi ixseneben, rac ician da weren pirvel grafaSi.
mesame grafaSi weren, risi Seswavla surT, ram daainteresaT.
rac Seexeba meore grafas, ivseba yoveli axali gakveTilis Seswavlis Semdeg, Temis
dasrulebamde. bolos moxdeba Sejameba, iswavles Tu ara is, risi Seswavlac surdaT.
Tu am meTods iyenebT Temis Sejamebisas, maSin sjobs, pirvel grafaSi eweros
`vicodi~. moswavle pirvel grafaSi afiqsirebs, ra icoda sanam Temis Seswavlas
daiwyebda, II grafaSi _ ra iswavla gzadagza da III grafaSi Cawers, kidev risi
Seswavla undoda am TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
25
am meTodiT mimdinare gakveTilis Catarebisas maswavlebeli asaxelebs konkre-
tul sakiTxs, romelsac ganixilaven gakveTilze. moswavle cxrilis pirvel grafaSi
daafiqsirebs, ra icis am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Semdeg kiTxulobs teqsts. maswavlebeli
axdens teqstze muSaobis organizebas. maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvebs axali gakveTi-
lis irgvliv. moswavle monawileobas iRebs diskusiaSi. jgufTan erTad msjelobs
Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb.
Semdeg avsebs cxrilis me-2 grafas.
bolos moswavleebi afiqsireben, kidev risi Seswavla surT am sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
2. meTodi _ `pauzebiT kiTxva~.

es meTodi gulisxmobs masalis Seswavlas pauzebiT. Sinaarsi iyofa azrobriv
erTeulebad (nawilebad). TiToeuli nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg maswvalebeli awyobs
mis ganxilvas winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT. moswav
leebi maswav
leblis
xelmZRvanelobiT teqstSi aRniSnaven axal cnebebs, ZiriTads gamoyofen meorex-
arisxovanisagan, ayalibeben wakiTxulis ZiriTad ideas.
am SemTxvevaSi teqstis pirveli nawilis refleqsia aris gamowveva teqstis mom-
devno nawilisTvis. Semdeg meordeba iseve, rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. yvela nawilis
wakiTxvis Semdeg xdeba Sejameba da diskusia wakiTxulis irgvliv.
3. strategia _ T sqema.
T-sqema aris sqemis meSveobiT informaciis organizebis mravalmxrivi savarjiSo.
T-sqema saSualebas iZleva problemis gadaWrisas warmoSobili kontrastuli
argumentebi (ki _ ara) garkveviT iyos warmodgenili.
ixazeba cxrili
damadasturebeli (momxre) uarmyofeli (sawinaaRmdego)

argumentebi argumentebi
cxrilSi Camoiwereba problemis gadasawyvetad gamoTqmuli azris momxre da

sawinaaRmdego argumentebi. Semdeg moxdeba am argumentebis ganxilva, gaanalizeba.
TsqemiT advildeba moswavleTaTvis analizis Catareba da moswavleebi swavloben
erTi da imave sakiTxis analizisas argumentebisa da kontr
argumentebis moyvanas,
analizs da gadawyve
tilebis damoukideblad miRebas.
strategiaa _ Venn-is diagrama

Venn-is diagrama Sedgeba ori an meti erTmaneTze gadafaruli wrisgan. is gamodgeba
informaciebis Sedarebis sademonstraciod.
gadakveTaSi iwereba msgavseba

aqeT-iqiT gansxvaveba
es strategia rom gamoiyenos, moswavlem unda icodes, ras niSnavs ori sagnis
Sedareba. Sedareba niSnavs:
26
1. davadginoT 1-li sagnis arsebiTi niSnebi.
2. davadginoT meore sagnis arsebiTi niSnebi
3. orive sagnis arsebiT niSnebSi movZebnoT urTierTmsgavsi.
4. Sedarebis Sedegebi CamovayaliboT sityvierad an werilobiT.
5. orive sagnis arsebiT niSnebSi movZebnoT urTierTgansxvavebuli.
6. Sedarebis Sedegebi CamovayaliboT sityvierad an werilobiT.
problemuri Txroba
am meTodiT masalis axsnas Tan sdevs kiTxvebi: ratom? Tqven rogor fiqrobT?
am dros moswavleebs evalebaT damoukideblad, msjelobis gziT, kritikulad gaiaz-
ron movlenis arsi, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri.
maswavlebeli aRwers faqtebs, movlenebs. moswavleebs ki gamoaqvT daskvnebi adre
miRebuli codnisa da logikuri msjelobis safuZvelze.
ra Tqma unda, maswavleblis mier dasmuli problemis sirTule unda Seesabame-
bodes moswavleTa SesaZleblobebs.
masalis Tanmimdevrulad da logikurad gaazrebisTvis, agreTve, imis gasarkevad,
rogor gaiges moswavleebma miwodebuli masala, maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvebs.
SekiTxvis tipi moswavlis qmedeba
hipoTezuri moswavle swavlobs varaudis gamoTqmas, uviTardeba war-

mosaxvis unari.
Semajamebeli moswavle arkvevs, ramdenad sworad gaigo masala.
moswavle azrovnebs damoukideblad, fiqrobs, msjelobs.

gansjiTi axdens informaciis interpretacias.
moswavles uviTardeba analizis, informaciis klasifi-

kvleviTi kaciis da sakuTari azris dasabuTebis unari.
ufro dawvrilebiT azrovnebis doneebis Sesaxeb
codna
. faqtebis, wesebis principebis, Teoriebis, TariRebis, procesebis, obieqtebis,
stilis, movlenebis cnoba da dasaxeleba
. konkretuli monacemebis, terminologiis, procedurebis codna
. informaciis moZiebis procedurebis codna
. konkretul monacemebTan muSaobis xerxebis da saSualebebis codna: a) wesebis
da kanonebis codna; b) klasifikaciebisa da kategoriebis codna; g) kriteriume-
bis codna; d) meTodebis codna;
. smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis damaxsovreba da gaxseneba
msgavsi an zusti formiT
27
gageba
. faqtebis, wesebis, principebis, Teoriebis, procesebis, obieqtebis, stilis, mov-
lenebis sakuTari sityvebiT aRwera
. teqstis ZiriTadi azris sakuTari sityvebiT axsna mSobliur enaze
. teqstis Sinaarsis gagebaze mimarTul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
. smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis erTi formidan meoreSi gada-
tana
. Sesabamisi magaliTis moyvana
. obieqtebis, movlenebis, procesebisa da stilis TvalsaCino niSniT daxarisxeba
da dajgufeba.
gamoyeneba
. codnis sxvadasxva situaciaSi (konteqstSi) moxmareba
. modelis mixedviT (naswavli wesis mixedviT) davalebis, samuSaos Sesruleba
. proceduris ganxorcieleba
. kanonzomierebis moqmedebis farglebis gansazRvra
analizi
. masalis (struqturis) Semadgenel nawilebad dayofa, nawilebis Sedareba-
Sepirispireba, nawilebs Soris kavSiris an struqturis danaxva
. movlenis mizezis axsna (dafaruli azris aRmoCena)
. procesis kanonzomierebis gamovlena
. mizezebsa da Sedegs Soris kavSirebis dadgena
sinTezi
. nawilebis SeerTeba axali struqturis (mag. teqstis) Sesaqmnelad
. hipoTezis wamoyeneba
. kvlevis an referatis dagegmva
. SemoqmedebiTi produqtis Seqmna
. problemis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebis wamoyeneba
. problemis gadaWrisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebis dagegmva
. axali produqtis (inteleqtualuri an materialuri) Seqmna an gamogoneba
Sefaseba
. sakuTari poziciis (arCevanis) argumentirebuli dasabuTeba
. garkveul kriteriumebze an standartebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotana
. poziciisa da misi kontrargumentebis ganxilvis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotana
. problemis gadaWris ramdenime gzidan erT-erTis arCevis marTebulobis dasa-
buTeba
. modelis (sistemis) moqmedebis Sefaseba
. mtkicebulebis (Teoriis, prezentaciis) Rirebulebis (mniSvnelovanebis) da-
zusteba
. ramdenad Seesabameba miRebuli daskvna im monacemebs, romelTa safuZvelzec
daskvna gakeTda (monacemebisa da daskvnebis Sesabamisobis dadgena).
28
sxvadasxva saxis unar-Cvevebi
saazrovno unar-Cvevebi
1. codnis (informaciis) gacnoba

. specifiuri faqtebis, ideebisa da leqsikonis moZieba da msgavsi formiT damax-
sovreba
2. informaciis gageba
. naswavli masalis mniSvnelobis wvdoma
. naswavlis wardgena da interpretacia
3. gamoyeneba
. adre aTvisebuli codnis gamoyeneba praqtikuli da axali gziT
4. analizi
. codnis an ideebis mcire nawilebad dayofa
. kavSirebis danaxva
. damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis moZebna
5. sinTezi:
. nawilebis SeerTeba mTelis Sesaqmnelad
. Seqmna, ageba, ganviTareba, axlis danaxva
6. Sefaseba
. arCeul kriteriumebze, standartebze da pirobebze dayrdnobiT msjeloba an
gadawyvetilebis miReba
7. kritikuli azrovneba
. erTdroulad or an met gansxvavebul mosazrebaze fiqri
. orive mosazrebis gageba
. raime Sexedulebis sasargeblo argumentebis ageba sxva Sexedulebis safuZv-
elze
. imis gacnobiereba, rom sxvasac SeiZleba Tavisi mosazreba hqondes.
8. SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba
. problemis aRmoCena da Camoyalibeba
. produqtiuloba _ didi raodenobiT ideebis generireba
. moqniloba _ gansxvavebuli ideebis generireba
. originaluroba _ arastandartuli pasuxebis gacema
. obieqtis srulyofa, detalebis damateba
9. TviTSemecneba
. sakuTari da sxvisi saazrovno procesebis analizi
. azrovneba azrovnebis procesis Sesaxeb da azrovneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
vfiqrobT da rogor vswavlobT
kvlevis unar-Cvevebi
1. sakiTxis (hipoTezis) dasma

. saWiroebebis identifikacia, Sesatyvisi kiTxvebis dasma da pasuxis moZieba
2. dakvirveba
. saWiro detalebis SemCneva yvela SesaZlo gziT
3. dagegmva
29
. aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevrobis ganviTareba
. zogadi sqemis Seqmna
. aucilebeli informaciis moZiebis gzebis gamokveTa
4. monacemebis Segroveba
. informaciis Segroveba sxvadasxva wyaroebidan, rogorcaa gazeTi,
ruqa, gamokiTxva, kvleva, pirdapiri dakvirveba, wignebi, filmebi
adamianebi da gamofenebi
5. monacemebis Cawera
. dakvirvebebis Cawera sxvadasxva saSualebebiT: Caxatva, SeniSvnebis gakeTeba,
cxrilebi da gaangariSeba.
6. monacemTa organizeba
. informaciis daxarisxeba da kategorizacia
. informaciis gasagebi formiT daxarisxeba: TxrobiTi aRwera, drois cxrili,
grafebi da diagramebi.
7. monacemTa interpretacia
. daskvnebis gamotana organizebuli monacemebis safuZvelze
8. kvlevis Sedegebis prezentacia
. Seswavlilis efeqturad wardgena
. Sesatyvisi sainformacia saSualebis SerCeva
SegrZnebis organoebis da martivi

dakvirveba, aRwera xelsawyoebis saSualebiT obieqtebis da
movlenebis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra
aRricxva dakvirvebis Sedegis Cawera, Caxatva, sxv.
obieqtebis da movlenebis dajgufeba maTi

klasifikacia
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
Sesabamisi sazomi erTeulebis gamoyenebiT

raodenobrivi aRwera
gazomva/sidideebis gamoyeneba sivrciTi da droiTi urTierTobebis
gansazRvra
cvladi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena
weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis, grafikebis,

cxrilebis, diagramebis da prezentaciis
komunikacia
sxva saSualebaTa (maT Soris teqnologiaze
damyarebuli) gamoyeneba
mosalodneli Sedegebis Taobaze varaudis

ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma
gamoTqma
dagegmva qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvra
meTodikis SerCeva da eqsperimentuli

cdis Catareba
monacemebis Segroveba
sakuTari an sxvis mier miRebuli monacemebis
monacemebis interpretacia
analizi, ganzogadeba
modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba movlenis modelireba
30
komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi
1. mosmena
. instruqciis mosmena
. sxvebis mosmena
. informaciis mosmena
2. laparaki
. naTlad saubari
. mcire da didi jgufebisTvis zepiri angariSis micema
. ideebis naTlad da logikurad gamoxatva
. sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqma
3. kiTxva
. sxvadasxva wyaroebis kiTxva informaciis miRebis mizniT
. wakiTxulis gageba
. gadawyvetilebis miReba da daskvnebis gamotana
4. wera:
. informaciis da dakvirvebebis Cawera
. SeniSvnebis da parafrazis gakeTeba
. saboloo daskvnis dawera
. angariSis dawera
. sakuTari azris werilobiT gadmocema
. Canawerebis rveulis Seqmna
5. araverbaluri komunikacia
. mxedvelobiTi da taqtiluri (SexebiTi) komunikaciis mniSvnelobis cnoba
6. informaciis transformacia
. mxedvelobiTi, taqtiluri (SexebiTi) da smeniTi informaciis vgardaqmna
. sxvadasxva saxiT mocemuli werilobiTi informaciis gardaqmna (magaliTad,
TxrobiTi formidan cxrilSi da sqemaSi an piriqiT)
7. specifiuri enis floba

. sxvadasxva mecnierebebis sametyvelo aparatis floba da simboloebiT operi-
reba
31
rCevebi maswavleblisTvis
klasSi yovelTvis arian moswavleebi, romlebsac gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi da

unari gaaCniaT. amis mixedviT maT sxvadasxvanairi midgoma esaWiroebaT. savaraudod,
moswavleebi ase SeiZleba dayoT: (es xdeba mxolod sakuTar fiqrebSi da CanawerebSi).
Znelad aRsazrdeli bavSvebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi
raime mizeziT saswavlo programas CamorCenili bavSvebi.
gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli bavSvebi
bavSvebi, romlebic met interess iCenen fizikis Seswavlisadmi.
yoveli gakveTilis win unda dafiqrdeT, rogor moaxerxebT gakveTilis warmarTvas
ise, rom yvela tipis moswavle iyos CarTuli gakeveTilis procesSi.
yoveli gakveTilis win gansazRvreT am gakveTilis saswavlo miznebi, romelic
moicavs im codnas da unarCvevebs, romelic unda SeiZinon moswavleebma.
gansazRvreT, romeli Sedegisa da indikatoris miRwevas uwyobs xels mocemuli
gakeveTili.
dagegmeT gakveTilis procesi. anu CamoyalibdiT, ra aqtivobebs gamoiyenebT
gakveTilze da ra dros dauTmobT TiToeuls. rogor moaxdenT moswavleTa
organizebas.
winaswar gansazRvreT Sefasebis ra tipebs gamoiyenebT.
winaswar gansazRvreT ra dagWirdebaT da gaamzadeT cdisTvis saWiro inventari
da TvalsaCinoeba.
winaswar gansazRvreT, romeli savarjiSoebi unda Sesruldes gakveTilze, romeli
_ Sin.
dafiqrdiT, sakmarisia Tu ara saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli savarjiSoebi miznis
misaRwevad.
yovelTvis SegiZliaT SecvaloT an moifiqroT damatebiTi savarjiSo, aseve
aqtivobebi.
Tqvni ZiriTadi mizania, xeli SeuwyoT àqtiur~ swavlas anu swavlas moqmedebiT,
rac unar-Cvevebis SeZenasac gulisxmobs.
unari aris individis mier ama Tu im moqmedebis maRalxarisxovnad, efeqturad
Sesruleba SesaZleblobebis, garkveuli pirobebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad.
Cveva swavla-aRzrdis procesSi yalibdeba da moqmedebis mravalgzis gameorebis
Sedegia. unaris CvevaSi gadasvla codnis SeTvisebis maRali donis maCvenebelia.
ai, im arsebiTi unar-Cvevebis CamonaTvali, romelic àqtiuri~ swavlis procesSi
gamomuSavdeba.
. komunikacia (kiTxva, wera, grafika, laparaki)
. sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
. problemis gadaWra-gadawyvetilebis miReba
. kritikuli azrovneba
. urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi (jgufuri muSaoba)
. personaluri unar-Cvevebi (swavlis procesisa da Tavis warmoCenis gaumjobeseba).
32
TiToeuli paragrafi Seicavs sxvadasxva donis teqstur davalebebs _ SekiTxvebs
an savarjiSoebs. gakveTilis axsnis procesSi yvela moswavle rom iyos CarTuli
sasurvelia, martivi SekiTxvebi sust moswavleebs misceT xolme. ra Tqma unda es ar
niSnavs imas, rom Tu maT ufro rTul SekiTxvaze surT azris gamoTqma, ar misceT
amis saSualeba.
saklaso davalebebis micemisas, Tu aSkarad iciT, rom konkretuli moswavlisTvis
Zalian rTulia es davaleba, SeurCieT ufro martivi, is dakavebulic iqneba da
stimulic miecema, ar gauCndeba is SegrZneba, rom mainc ver gaakeTebs.
saSinao davalebebis micemisas gaiTvaliswineT Cveni amocanaTa krebulis
mravalferovneba da moswvaleTa donis Sesabamisad SearCieT davalebebi.
moswavleebi erTmaneTisgan swavlis stilis mixedviTac gansxvadebian. daafaseT da
SeafaseT imis mixedviT, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT, aucilebelia da Zalian kargad
moqmedebs ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebebi.
Tu moswavle acdenda gakveTilebs, saWiroa aRadginos gacdenili gakveTilebi. mas
damoukidebelad mouxdeba mecadineoba. urCieT, samuSao rveulSi Seavsos TiToeuli
paragrafis Sesabamisi masala. Tqven ki SeamowmeT xolme, ramdenad sworad akeTebs.
miuTiTeT Secdomebze da auxseniT. paragrafis bolos mocemuli daskvnebi daexmareba
gansazRvros TiToeuli paragrafidan ra codna unda mieRo. ecadeT, aseTi moswavle
gakveTilis axsnis procesSi umoqmedod ar iyos. mas Sefasebisas dausviT SekiTxvebi
wina masalidan.
samwuxarod, moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis internetiT sargebloba miuwvdomelia.
arsebobs enis barieric.
moswavleebma ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb saWiro informacia SeiZleba moipovon
sxvadasxva saxis enciklopediebSi, magaliTad, bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobis,
`mecnierebis enciklopedia~ (enciklopedia + interneti), qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia da sxva. agreTve fizikis saxelmZRvaneloebis wina gamocemebSi.
im moswavleebma ki, visac aqvs survili da SesaZlebloba, isargeblon intrnetiT,
urCieT gamoiyenon vebgverdebi:
www. en. wikipedia. org, www. geogle.com, www.yahoo.com, www.rambler.ru, www.yandex.ru
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli davalebebis Sesasruleblad gTavazobT TiTo-TiTo

variants:
kulonis kanoni _ http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_balance#Torsion_balance
rezistorebi _ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
kondensatorebi _ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_()
zegamtarebi _ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
naxevargamtarebi _ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
diodi _ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
33
problemuri amocanebis Sesaxeb
mokle informacia masalidan `problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba~, romelic

momzadebulia erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis da Sefasebis centris mier.
bunebismetyvelebaSi amocana problemuria, Tu

1. moswavles uxdeba arCevanis gakeTeba (magaliTad, mravalpasuxiani testidan
swori pasuxis SerCeva an Tu arsebobs problemis gadaWris gzis ramdenime
alternatiuli pasuxi, erT-erTis amorCeva.
2. moswavles uxdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba.
3. moswavles evaleba obieqtebis da movlenebis aRwera da daxasiaTeba, monacemebis
analizi.
4. moswavles evaleba struqturebsa da movlenebs Soris kavSiris damyareba.
5. Teoriuli codnis realur situaciaSi gamoyenebiT moswavles moeTxoveba
kanonzomierebidan gadaxris aRmoCena.
6. moeTxoveba garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena SemCneuli movlenis, faqtebis
an monacemebis safuZvelze.
problemuri amocanis amoxnisas, dasmuli problema ubiZgebs moswavles moiZios

informacia da problemis gadaWris procesSi SeiZinos axali codna.
codnis SeZena xdeba Semdegnairad: saTanado, misaxvedri kiTxvebis daxmarebiT
moswavle jer axdens problemis interpretirebas, Semdeg agrovebs saWiro
informacias, gamoTqvams varauds, afasebs da adarebs SesaZlo Sedegebs da gamoaqvs
daskvna.
maswavlebeli exmareba, xels uwyobs moswavles am proceduris ganxoricelebaSi
_ problemis gadaWraSi.
problemuri amocanebis amoxsna aviTarebs jgufuri muSaobis, TanamSromlobis,

komunikaciis, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs.
SeiZleba gamovyoT problemis gadaWris safexurebi
1. problemis moZebna, gageba da gamokvleva
2. strategiis povna
3. strategiis gamoyeneba problemis gadasaWrelad
4. Sedegebis Semowmeba da Sefaseba.
SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi strategia aris orgvari: kritikuli azrovneba da
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba.
kritikul azrovnebas agreTve uwodeben logikur an analitikur azrovnebas.
kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs erTdroulad or an met ganxvavebul mosazrebaze
fiqrs, sxvadasxva mosazrebis gagebas, raime Sexedulebis dasabuTebas sxvadasxva
midgomebis safuZvelze. kritikuli azrovnebis dros xdeba mTliani situaciis
gaaanalizeba da arsebuli mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze mosazrebis Secvla an axali
mosazrebis miReba...
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba niSnavs raimes axali gziT keTebas an danaxvas.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba xasiaTdeba ideebis mravalricxovnebiT,
mravalferovnebiT (moqniloba, sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT danaxva) maTi siaxliT
(originalobiT) da gardaqmnis unariT (Zveli ideebis safuZvelze axlis SeqmniT).
originaloba niSnavs araCveulebrivi pasuxebis Seqmnis unars.
moqniloba niSnavs obieqtis funqciis gamoyofas da axleburi gamoyenebis unars.
obieqtis formis Secvlas da masSi axali SesaZleblobebis gamoyofis unars.
ganusazRvrel situaciaSi mravalferovani ideebis generirebas.
34
gakveTilis gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb
xSirad mSobeli, moswavle da, xandaxan, maswavlebelic svamen SekiTxvas _ unda

moyves Tu ara moswavle gakveTils da ras an rogor moyves?
Cveni azriT, gakveTilis Tavidan bolomde moyola saWiro ar aris.
icis Tu ara moswavlem gakveTili, sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba Semowmdes.
gakveTilis axsnis procesSi calkeul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT da sxvadasxva
aqtivobebiT moswavle swavlobs konkretul sakiTxze azris gamoTqmas, msjelobas
da daskvnebis gamotanas.
gamokiTxvis procesSi man unda iswavlos SekiTxvebze pasuxebis, maswavleblis
komentarebis, teqstis Sesabamisi nawilis da daskvnebis gaerTianeba, erT sakiTxad
Camoyalibeba da logikurad gadmocema.
yoveli paragrafi aseTi sakiTxebis èpizodebis~ erTobliobas warmoadgens.
moswavlis samuSao rveulSi yovel paragrafSi mocemulia maTi CamonaTvali.
gamovkiTxoT calkeuli epizodebi. ase ufro meti moswavle miiRebs monawileobas.
magaliTad, 1.2. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. kulonis kanoni
aseT sakiTxebad SeiZleba davyoT
1. rogor daasabuTebT, rom damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli

damokidebulia maT muxtze.
2. kulonis kanoni. urTierTqmedebis Zalebis buneba da mimarTuleba.
3. kulonis kanonis formulaSi k-s fizikuri Sinaarsi da misi mniSvneloba.
4. mgrZnobiare sasworis gamoyenebiT rogor SeamowmebT kulonis kanonis
marTebulobas.
5. moiyvaneT magaliTi, romliTac warmodgena SegeqmnebaT kulonis Zalis sidideze.
sxvadasxva paragrafebidan:
magaliTad: 1. ganmxoloebuli gamtaris eleqtrotevadioba.
2. aRwereT rogor davadginoT, razea damokidebuli brtyeli
kondensatoris tevadoba.
3. daasabuTeT msjelobiT, rom gamtarSi gamavali deni
pirdapirproporciulia gamtaris boloebze modebuli Zabvisa.
4. axseniT naxevargamatarSi eleqtronuli gamtarobis meqanizmi.
5. axseniT naxevargamtarSi xvreluri gamtarobis meqanizmi
da sxva.
35
proeqtis Sesaxeb
gansakuTrebiT maRali donis kvleviTi unarebis formirebisaTvis xSirad

gamoiyeneba `proeqtiT swavlebis forma~.
`proeqtiT swavlebis forma~ moicavs eqvs etaps:
momzadeba

dagegmva

gamokvleva

Sedegebi da daskvnebi

Sedegis warmodgena

Sedegisa da procesis Sefaseba

ganvixiloT TiToeuli etapis Sinaarsi, misi Taviseburebebi da etapis

organizebisaTvis saWiro meTodika.
1. momzadeba:
proeqtis es stadia gulisxmobs Temisa da proeqtis miznis gansazRvras.
maswavlebeli acnobs moswavleebs zogadad proeqtis arss da exmareba konkretuli
proeqtis miznis gansazRvraSi. Semdeg ki xdeba proeqtis Sinaarsis mimoxilva
moswavleebTan erTad. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi maswavleblisagan iReben damatebiT
informacias.
2. dagegmva.
es stadia ramdenime etaps moicavs:
a) informaciis wyaros gansazRvra.
b) informaciis mopovebis xerxebisa da informaciis analizis saSualebebis
gansazRvra.
g) Sedegebis warmodgenis xerxis gansazRvra (angariSis forma).
d) proeqtis Sefasebis procedurisa da kriteriumebis dadgena.
e) amocanebis (movaleobebis) ganawileba momuSave jgufis wevrebs Soris.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs awodebs ideas (cxadia, umjobesia, Tu ideis avtori
iqneba moswvale), gamoTqvams varaudebs. moswavleebi ki SeimuSaveben moqmedebis
gegmas, saxaven amocanebs, gamoTqvamen hipoTezebs. romelic dadasturdeba an iqneba
uaryofili muSaobis Semdgom etapze.
3. gamokvleva
es aris informaciis Segrovebis da Sualeduri amocanebis gadaWris stadia.
is SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad. jer mimdinareobs Teoriuli samuSao, rac
aucilebeli momentia mecadineobis praqtikuli nawilis dasawyebad; zogjer saWiro
informacias moswavles awvdis maswavlebeli, ufro xSirad ki moswavleebi moipoveben
damoukideblad. am informaciis ganxilvis Semdeg (mini konferencia, diskusia ama
Tu im Teoriuli problemebis irgvliv) moswavleebi iwyeben kvlevas da wyveten
Sualedur amocanebs. kvlevis ZiriTadi instrumentia _ azris gamokiTxva, dakvirveba,
eqsperimenti da a. S. eqsperimentis Catareba sagangebo momzadebas moiTxovs.
36
saWiroa: eqsperimentis dagegmva, eqsperimentuli masalis damuSaveba, procesebisa
da obieqtebis modelireba. maswavlebeli akvirdeba moswavleTa qmedebebs, iZleva
rCevebs, xelmZRvanelobs maT qmedebebs.
4. Sedegebi da daskvnebi:
moswavleebi aanalizeben Sekrebil informacias (Teoriuls an eqsperimentuls),
aformeben kvlevis Sedegebs, ayalibeben daskvnebs.
5. Sedegebis warmodgena.
Sedegebis warmodgenis forma SesaZloa iyos sxvadasxva: zepiri angariSi masalis
gaTvalsaCinoeba (sqema, grafiki, cxrili) romelime xerxis gamoyenebiT, weriTi
angariSi. modelis wardgena da a.S. maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad msjelobs
proeqtis irgvliv, svams SekiTxvebs.
6. Sedegis Sefaseba.
proeqtis SefasebaSi monawileoben moswavleebi: msjeloben da axdenen
TviTSefasebas, maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs saqmianobaSi, sainformacio
wyaroebis xarisxis gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis SefasebaSi, aanalizeben proeqtis
gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas da potencials, warmodgenili angariSis xarisxs.
proeqtis Sefasebis kriteriumebi
1. problemis identificireba;
2. Teoriuli codnis praqtikul saqmianobaSi gamoyeneba:
3. informaciis moZiebis unari;
4. kvlevebis dagegmvisa da Catarebis unari;
5. sazogadoebasTan da Sesabamis samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan
urTierTobis unari;
6. jgufis SemoqmedebiTi unari;
7. moZiebuli informaciis klasifikaciisa da interpretaciis unari;
8. kvlevis Sedegebis analizis unari;
9. problemis gadaWris analizis unari;
10. gadawyvetilebebis miReba;
11. warmodgenili namuSevris organizeba;
37
saSinao cdis Sesaxeb
erovnuli saswavlo gegmisa da standartis mixedviT Tanamedrove saxelmZRvanelos

daniSnulebaa moswavles ganuviTaros kritikuli azrovneba da kvleva-Ziebis unar-
Cvevebi. ra Tqma unda orive komponentis ganviTarebas dro sWirdeba da TandaTan
fizikis mTeli kursis Seswavlis procesSi, etapobrivad miiRweva kidec. Tumca, unda
vaRiaroT, rom arcTu ise advilia. mxolod gakveTilis procesi miznis misaRwevad
sakmarisi ver iqneba. moswavlem rom iazrovnos, ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro
didxans unda ifiqros.
Cveni azriT, saSinao cdebi da Semdeg gakveTilze maTi analizi dasaxuli miznebis
misaRwevad, erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa.
warmodgenil saxelmZRvaneloSi saSinao cdas sami funqcia akisria.
pirveli _ Semdegi gakveTilisaTvis motivaciis erT-erTi forma.
meore _ yoveli saSinao cda emsaxureba momdevno gakveTilze axali masalis axsnas.
moswavle wina dRes cdis Catarebisas ukve iwyebs fiqrs da azrovnebas mocemuli
sakiTxis irgvliv. is ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi fiqrobs mocemul sakiTxze,
vidre amas gakveTilze moaxerxebda. Tu moswavle cdas namdvilad Caatarebs da
Seasrulebs Canawers, Tundac, araswori daskvnebi gamoitanos, SeZlebs aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRos gakveTilis axsnis procesSi.
mesame _ yoveli saSinao cda aris mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba. am dros moswavles

uyalibdeba yvela is Cveva da iZens unars, rac standartis am mimarTulebiT aris
gaTvaliswinebuli.
SeniSvna: maswavlebelis wignis im nawilSi, sadac saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli

paragrafis struqturuli nawilebis gaswvriv pasuxebi da komentarebia
dafiqsirebuli, yoveli saSinao cdis gaswvriv miTiTebulia, romeli cda kvlevis
nawilis romel Sedegs da indikatorebs faravs.
samuSao rveulis daniSnuleba
samuSao rveulSi moswavle muSaobs rogorc klasSi, ise Sin. samuSao rveulSi
Setanilia SekiTxvebi, rasac moswavlem damoukideblad unda upasuxos gakveTilis
axsnis procesSi. Setanili saklaso davalebebi, agreTve saSinao davaleba, romelic
moicavs yvela sakiTxs, rac moswavles gakveTilis momzadebaSi daexmareba.
miTiTebulia instruqciebi da saWiro cxrilebi saSinao cdis Sesaxeb. (zogjer
cxrilebs TviTon adgenen) maSasadame, samuSao rveulis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT
gakveTilze, izogeba rogorc moswavlis, ise maswavleblis dro.
samuSao rveuli maswavlebels aZlevs saSualebas rveulSi warmodgenili Canawerebis
da masze kontrolis mixedviT Seafasos samive komponenti: gakveTilze CarTuloba,
saklaso davaleba da saSinao davaleba.
38
imis gasarkvevad, rogor gamoviyenoT samuSao rveuli gakveTilis axsnis procesSi,
modiT paragrafSi mocemul SekiTxvebs, aqtivobebs da savarjiSoebs davarqvaT
saxelebi da aRvniSnoT maTi daniSnuleba.
pirveli _ damxmare SekiTxvebi. es aris SekiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxis gaxsenebac
aucilebelia axali masalis axsnisaTvis fonis Sesaqmnelad.
meore _ SekiTxvebi da aqtivobebi, romlebic emsaxureba axali masalis axsnas.
mesame _ savarjiSoebi axali masalis gansamtkiceblad (gagebisa da gamoyenebis
done yovelTvis da xSirad analizis donec).
meoTxe _ savarjiSoebis ufro maRali donis (sinTezi da Sefaseba) azrovnebis
gansaviTareblad. aseTi savarjiSoebi yvela paragrafSi ar aris.
damxmare SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaSi mTeli klasi Rebulobs monawileobas. aseTi
SekiTxvebi rveulSi Cawerili ar aris.
yvela is SekiTxva, romelic axali gakveTilis axsnas emsaxureba da iTxovs
azrovnebas Setanilia samuSao rveulSi. sasurvelia da misaRwevi miznisTvis
aucilebelic, TiToeulma moswavlem SekiTxvas pasuxi damoukideblad, werilobiT
gasces. amiT moswavle ar eqceva sxvisi pasuxis gavlenis qveS. gamoxatavs sakuTar
azrs; eCveva nafiqris, naazrevis werilobiT gadmocemas.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs pasuxis gasacemad aZlevs garkveul dros. Semdeg
moismens ramdenime pasuxs. Seajerebs da daafiqsirebs swor pasuxs. moswavlem swori
pasuxi unda Seitanos rveulSi (rveulSi fanqriT muSaobs Tu moswavle swor pasuxs
ar Cawers, gakveTilis momzadeba gauWirdeba.
maSasadame, gakveTilis am etapze moswavle dakavebulia, fiqrobs azrovnebs,
wers. dainteresebulia moaswros swori pasuxis Cawera, ris gamoc damokidebulia
maswavlebelze.
rac Seexeba saklaso davalebas. xSirad saklaso davaleba ramdenime savarjiSos
moicavs. maswavlebels SeuZlia es savarjiSoebi moswavleebs misces amosaxsnelad
donis mixedviT. Tundac erTs-erTi. imis mixedviT dro rogor eyofa. Tu klasSi aris
an arian gansakuTrebiT niWieri da maRali donis moswavleebi, maT SeurCieT ufro
rTuli davaleba, raTa met xans dakavdnen da sxva moswavleebs xeli ar SeuSalon.
yvela moswavle valdebulia momdevno gakveTilisTvis rveuli mTlianad hqondes
Sevsebuli.
praqtikam aCvena: Tu maswavlebeli gakveTils atarebs im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc
teqstSia mocemuli, winaswar amzadebs yvela aqtivobas da SekiTxvebze pasuxs,
aseve winaswar dagegmavs moswavleebTan samuSao rveulSi muSaobis etapebs, aseTi
maswavleblebi aRweven warmatebebs.
39
saWiro informacia
silabusi warmoadgens saswavlo kursis programas. masSi mocemulia kursis

saTauri, swavlebis safexuri, mizani da amocanebi. swavlebis formati (swavlis
meTodi) kursis saaTobrivad gawerili Sinaarsi. rogori gegmaa gamoyenebuli
saxelmZRvaneloebis gverdebis an sxva resursebis detaluri miTiTebiT, aseve
kursis Sefasebis principi (Sualeduri, Semajamebeli, gansazRvruli da sxva)
mosalodneli Sedegebi, kerZod, im codnisa da unar-Cvevebis CamonaTvali,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs kursis damTavreba.
moqmedebaTa saxelebis qvemoT mocemuli klasifikacia dagexmarebaT, mixvdeT

ama Tu im SekiTxvis dasmisas an aqtivobis Sesrulebisas azrovnebis romel dones
aaqtiurebT
codnis gagebis
gamoyeneba analizi sinTezi Seafaseba
done done
moyevi axseni gamoiyene gaanalize dagegme gansaje
sakuTari
Tqvi
sityvebiT gamoTvale axseni ZiriTadi ganWvrite daasabuTe
CamoTvale principi
ras niSnavs Seamowme ivaraude arCevani
daasaxele
gamoyavi gaakeTe
moiyvane
dawere funqcianaluri Seqmeni
magaliTi
kavSirebi modeli daskvna
Camowere
gamohyavi gamoitane
aRwere Seadare arsebiTi moifiqre
moZebne niSnebiT gadawyvite
moZebne
ganazogade
Seajame
daakavSire
Seusabame
daajgufe
40
gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi
yoveli gakveTilis dagegmvisas maswavlebeli unda dafiqrdes:
1. risTvis vaswavli amas? ra ecodinebaT da ra SeeZlebaT moswavleebs am gakveTilis Seswavlis Semdeg?
2. rogor vaswavli? ra meTodebi unda gamoviyeno? ra qmedebebs ganaxorcieleben moswavleebi?
3. rogor movaxden moswavleebis organizebas? ra formebs gamoviyeneb?
4 . ra resursebi damWirdeba saswavlo miznis miRwevaSi?
5. rogor Sevamowmo saswavlo Sedegebi?
gTavazobT ramdenime gakveTilis scenaris nimuSs

gakveTili 1.1. eleqtruli muxti da elementaruli nawilakebi.
gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
saswavlo moswavleebis or- drois ga- Sefasebis

Tema aqtivobebi resursebi
miznebi ganizeba nawileba forma
. saazrovno eleqtruli eleqtrostatikis Seswavlis mTeli klasi 10 wT

unar-Cvevebis urTierTqmedebebi miznis gacnoba
_ informaciis
gacnobis, gagebis,
gamoyenebis, testuri davalebebis saxelmZRva
wyvilebi 18 wT dakvirveba
analizis- Sesruleba nelo
ganviTareba
kiTxva-pasuxi mTeli klasi 8 wT dakvirveba

. eleqtruli
urTierTqmedebebis
Sesaxeb sawyisi ilustraciaze dakvirveba
mTeli klasi 7 wT dakvirveba
cnobebis gaxseneba.
saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT

41
standartTan kavSiri
moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.
saswavlo miznebi:
. saazrovno unar-Cvevebis informaciis gacnobis, gagebis, gamoyenebis da analizis
ganviTareba
. eleqtruli urTierTqmedebebis Sesaxeb sawyisi cnobebis gaxseneba.
pirveli gakveTili
procedura
eleqtrostatikis Seswavlis miznis gacnoba

uTxariT moswavleebs, rom eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi maT VIII
klasSi Seiswavles da damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis sakiTxebi Tvisebrivad
ganixiles. axla ki am urTierTqmedebebis raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebs da kanonebs
ganixilaven.
uTxariT, saxelmZRvaneloebi gadaSalon me-6 gverdze da jer gaecnon CamonaTvals,
ras Seiswavlian am TavSi. miuweron `+~ im sakiTxebs, ris Sesaxebac aqvT warmodgena
`_~ im sakiTxebs, rac ar ician da `V~ im sakiTxebs, rac gaugiaT, magram arsi ar
ician.
savaraudod, klasifikacia aseTi iqneba:^
ician: damuxtuli nawilakebi da sxeulebi.
damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.
gaugiaT: Zabva (ar ecodinebaT, rom potencialTa sxvaoba hqvia) kondensatori.
eleqtruli velis energia.
ar ician: kulonis kanoni,

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
superpoziciis principi
eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba
eleqtruli velis potenciali
uTxariT: imisaTvis, rom warmatebiT SeviswavloT, rac ar viciT, saWiroa,

gavimeoroT is, rac viciT.
_ daxedeT pirvel suraTs da gamoTqviT mosazreba suraTze gamosaxuli
buStebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.
pasuxi: b suraTze buStebi izidaven erTmaneTs. g. suraTze _ ganizidaven. a
suraTze, savaraudod, arc izidaven, arc ganizidaven, amitom SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom a suraTze gamosaxuli buStebi ar arian damuxtuli. b da g suraTebze ki _
damuxtulia.
_ rogoria Tqveni varaudi, aqvs Tu ara sxeulTa damuxtul sistemas energia?
pasuxi: damuxtuli sxeulebi miizidaven an ganizidaven erTmaneTs, maSasadame,
erTmaneTze moqmedeben ZaliT. amave dros gadaadgildebian, e. i. asruleben muSaobas.
maSasadame, aqvT energia.
mosalodnelia, aseTi pasuxi ver gagcen. ki an ara meqanikuradac SeiZleba Tqvan.
42
Tu ver gipasuxeben Tanmimdevrulad dasviT SekiTxvebi:
_ ra aris energia?
pasuxi: sxeulis an sxeulTa sistemis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis unari.
_ rodis sruldeba muSaoba?
pasuxi: Tu sxeulze moqmedebs Zala da Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad sxeuli gadis
raRac manZils _ gadaadgildeba, sruldeba muSaoba.
_ b da g suraTebze gamosaxul buStebze moqmedebs Tu ara Zala?
pasuxi: moqmedebs.
_ gadaadgildnen Tu ara buStebi Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad?
pasuxi: gadaadgildnen.
_ gamoitaneT daskvna.
amis Semdeg daskvnis gamotana ukve SesaZlebelia.
aseve, kiTxva-pasuxiT gaixseneT, risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba. ra aris molekula,
atomi
testuri davalebebis Sesruleba

am aqtivobis mizania mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, logikuri msjelobis
gamoyenebiT, moswavleebma gamoitanon daskvnebi. informaciis gacnobac da daskvnac
VIII klasSi naswavli masalis gameorebaa.
magaliTad, pirveli davaleba aseTia:

informacia mocemulia ori winadadebisa da cxrilis saxiT:
I. atomi Sedgeba atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisagan.
masa muxti
neitroni 1,675.10-27 kg elqtrulad neitraluria
protoni 1,672.10-27 kg +1,6.10-19 k

eleqtroni 9,1.10-31 kg -1,6.10-19 k
II. atombirTvSi protonebis raodenoba atomSi eleqtronebis raodenobis

tolia.
I da II winadadebebis da cxrilis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna:
atomi a. damuxtulia dadebiTad;
b. damuxtulia uaryofiTad;
g. daumuxtavia.
tests upasuxeben, daavaleT cxrils gaecnon da hkiTxeT, ra informacias iReben
cxrilidan.
pasuxi: neitroni eleqtrulad neitraluri nawilakia. miRebulia: protoni
damuxtulia dadebiTad, eleqtroni _ uaryofiTad. protonisa da eleqtronis
muxtis moduli 1,6.10-19 k-is tolia. protonis masa 1,672.10-27 kg-ia, neitronis _
1,675.10-27 kg, eleqtronis 9,1.10-31 kg.
43
komentari maswavleblisTvis
ras velodebiT aseTi tipis aqtivobisgan?
orive winadadeba da cxrilis monacemebic aris informacia, romelic SeiZleba
axsovdes an ar axsovdes moswavles, miTumetes ori wlis Semdeg da gameorebis
gareSe.
aseve, SeiZleba ar axsovdes (an ar icodes) atomi damuxtulia Tu daumuxtavi.
atomi rom atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisgan Sedgeba, es
informacia SeiZleba gaaxsenoT.
damuxtulia Tu daumuxtavi _ amis pirdapir gaxsenebas, sjobs mivceT saSualeba
TviTon gamoitanos daskvna. am dros TavisTavad gaxsenebac moxdeba da logikuri
msjelobis unaris ganviTarebac.
arian moswavleebi, romlebic informacias kargad imaxsovreben da azrovneba
uWirT. zogi informacias ver imaxsovrebs, magram Tu miawvdi informacias daskvnebis
gamotanis unari aqvs. ra Tqma unda, orive unariT dajildoebuli moswavleebic
arian.
vfiqrobT, samive tipis moswavlisTvis aseTi aqtivoba sasargebloa.
meore davaleba
III. rodesac atomi kargavs an miierTebs eleqtrons, miiReba ioni.
5. cxrilis da I, II, III winadadebebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT:
rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons

a. miiReba dadebiTi ioni; b. miiReba uaryofiTi ioni;
g. miiReba zogjer dadebiTi, zogjer ki _ uaryofiTi ioni.
IV. damuxtuli nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben eleqtruli ZaliT, romelic ga

cilebiT aRemateba msoflio mizidulobis (gravitaciul) Zalas. magaliTad, ori
eleqtroni erTmaneTs ganizidavs ZaliT, romelic 4,2.1042-jer aRemateba maTi
gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zalas.
V. Tanasaxeliani muxtis nawilakebi ganizidebian, sxvadasxvasaxeliani muxtis
nawilakebi miizidebian.
6. cxrilis da IV-V winadadebebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:

a. protoni protons izidavs;
b. protoni eleqtrons izidavs;
g. protoni eleqtrons ganizidavs.
VI. Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis nebismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sistemis

yvela nawilakis muxtis algebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
VI winadadebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT
7. Tu ori damuxtuli sxeulis Sexebisas orive sxeuli ganimuxta, maSin am
sxeulebis saerTo muxti
a. Semcirda; b. gaizarda; g. ar Seicvala.
VI winadadebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT

8. Tu eleqtrulad neitraluri ori sxvadasxva zomis sxeulis Sexebisa da
44
dacilebis Semdeg orive sxeuli damuxtuli aRmoCnda, maSin
a. am sxeulebs aqvT erTnairi niSnis toli muxtebi;
b. am sxeulebs aqvT sapirispiro niSnis moduliT toli muxtebi;
g. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli metia patara sxeulis muxtis modulze;
d. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli naklebia patara sxeulis muxtis modulze.
kiTxva-pasuxi
_ ra aris eleqtruli muxti?
pasuxi: eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri sidide.
rogor davmuxtoT polieTilenis mSrali boTli?
pasuxi: xaxuniT (gavusvaT qaRaldze, xelze, tansacmelze).
_ rogor davrwmundeT, rom damuxtulia?
pasuxi: mivuaxlooT qaRaldis nakuwebs.
davinaxavT, rom miizidavs.
_ axla liTonis Rero vaxaxunoT da SevamowmoT, daimuxta Tu ara.
rogor axsniT SemCneul movlenebs?
pasuxi: polieTilenis boTli xaxunis Sedegad imuxteba da raRac drois
ganmavlobaSi rCeba damuxtuli. liTonis Rero imuxteba da muxti momentalurad
xelis meSveobiT gadadis adamianis sxeulSi.
ilustraciaze dakvirveba _ saklaso davaleba

daavaleT moswavleebs Seasrulon me-7 savarjiSo.
7. daakvirdiT suraTebs. ra cvlilebebs ganicdis gamtarebi damuxtuli
sxeulebis eleqtrul velSi? axseniT, ratom?
pasuxi: eleqtrul velSi gamtari gavleniT imuxteba. dadebiTad (uaryofiTad)
damuxtuli sxeuli izidavs (ganizidavs) eleqtronebs. gamtaris is mxare, romelic
sxeuliskenaa, daimuxteba uaryofiTad (dadebiTad), uSoresi _ dadebiTad
(uaryofaTad). am movlenas eleqrostatikuri induqcia an gavleniT daeleqtroeba
ewodeba. SeiZleba ar axsovdeT, rom am movlenas gavleniT daeleqtroeba hqvia,
magram rac Cans imis dafiqsireba ar gauWirdebaT.
dasviT damatebiTi SekiTxva.
_ analogiur Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu gamtaris nacvlad dieleqtriks
movaTavsebdiT?
pasuxi: ara.
SeiZleba Tqvan ara, magram axsniT ver axsnian. uTxariT rom am sakiTxs Seiswavlian.
saSinao davaleba: VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelodan (avtorebi g. gedeniZe, e.la

zaraSvili) gaimeoron paragrafebi 4.3; 4.4; 4.5 (me-9 savarjiSos CaTvliT)
Tu es saxelmZRvanelo ar aqvT, maSin sxva saxelmZRvaneloSi moZebnon igive
sakiTxebi.
45
46
damatebiTi gakveTili
saswavlo moswavleebis drois ga- Sefasebis

miznebi organizeba nawileba forma
informaciis eleqtruli moswavleTa organizeba mTeli klasi 5 wT

gacnobis, gagebis erTierTqmedebebi da sakiTxebis ganawileba
da gamoyenebis,
analizis unarebis sakiTxebis momzadeba jgufuri 15 wT
ganviTareba jgufebSi
eleqtruli prezentacia individualuri 23 wT dakvirveba

urTierTmedebis
Sesaxeb sawyisi saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT
cnobebis gaxseneba
standartTan kavSiri
moswavle ikvlevs eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs.
saswavlo miznebi:
. saazrovno unar-Cvevebis (informaciis gacnoba, gageba, gamoyeneba, analizi)
ganviTareba.
. sawyisi cnobebis gaxseneba eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.
gakveTilisTvis gasameoreblad hqondaT VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelodan Semdegi

sakiTxebi:
4.3. sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.
4.4. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi. muxtis mudmivobis
kanoni
4.5. gavleniT daeleqtroeba. me-9 savarjiSos CaTvliT.
gTavazobT gamokiTxvis aseT meTods:

qvemoT motanili sakiTxebi gaamzadeT cal-calke bileTebis saxiT, iqneba sul 12
bileTi. klasi dayaviT jgufebad. bileTebi jgufebs gaunawileT Tanabrad, TviTon
amoirCion ise, rom ver xedavdnen ra weria bileTSi.
davaleba aseTia: jgufis TiToeuli wevri warmoadgens TiTo sakiTxis
prezentacias. oRond am sakiTxebis momzadebaSi erTmaneTs exmarebian.
TiToeuli sakiTxis wardgenisas danarCeni moswavleebi usmenen. saWiroebis SemTx
vevaSi akeTeben komentars. Tu romelime sakiTxis pasuxi araswori an arasrulyofili
iqneba da moswavleebi verafers amateben, CaerieT Tqven.
aseTi gamokiTxviT ramdenime saqme keTdeba.
vigebT droSi, radgan 12 sakiTxze pasuxi ufro male mzaddeba, vidre rigrigobiT
dasmis SemTxvevaSi;
yvela moswavle Rebulobs monawileobas pasuxis momzadebaSi, eCvevian jgufur
muSaobas;
Tu romelime moswavle mzad ar aris gakveTilisTvis, jgufSi muSaobis pirobebSi
Zalauneburad imeorebs sakiTxebs.
SekiTxvebi
1. rogor aRmovaCinoT cdiT moxaxune sxeulebze eleqtruli muxtis gaCena?
2. rogor vaCvenoT, rom urTierTSexebisas orive sxeuli eleqtrovdeba?
3. rogor vaCvenoT, rom abreSumisa da minis xaxuniT minaze miRebuli muxti
gansxvavdeba ebonitisa da Salis xaxuniT ebonitze miRebuli muxtisgan?
4. rogor aRmovaCinoT damuxtulia Tu ara sxeuli?
5. eleqtroskopis furclebis gaSlis kuTxis mixedviT, rogor vimsjeloT mis
muxtze.
6. rogor vaCvenoT cdiT, rom zogi nivTiereba eleqtrobis gamtaria, zogi ara.
7. rogor SevamciroT damuxtuli sxeulis muxti?
8. rogor gadavceT sxeulis muxti mTlianad sxva sxeuls?
9. axseniT, rogor xdeba sxeulebis eleqtrizacia maTi urTierTSexebisas.
10. sxeulebis xaxuniT daeleqtroebisas maTze ratom warmoiqmneba sididiT toli
da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebi?
47
11. rogor gadaecema muxti qaRaldis masras uaryofiTad damuxtuli sxeulidan?

dadebiTad damuxtulidan?
12. axseniT gavleniT daeleqtroebis meqanizmi.
SeafaseT saklaso davaleba (gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli

msjelobis, analizis da daskvnebis gamotanis unari).
SeafaseT 8-10 quliT, Tu warmodgenili masala naTeli da gasagebia. saubrobs

gamarTulad da darwmunebiT. daskvnebi logikuria da kargad aris Camoyalibebuli.
SeafaseT 6-7 quliT, Tu warmodgenil masalaSi SeiniSneba xarvezebi, saubrobs

gamarTulad, magram daskvnebs ver ayalibebs logikurad.
SeafaseT 4-5 quliT, Tu uWirs masalis warmodgena. xSirad Cerdeba da imeorebs

erTsa da imaves. daskvnebi gaumarTavi da ulogikoa.
SeafaseT 1-3 quliT, Tu masalis warmodgenisas aRwers mxolod umniSvnelo

detalebs. daskvnebs ver ayalibebs.
saSinao davaleba
daavaleT Seasrulon pirveli paragrafis bolos mocemuli davaleba.
48
gakveTili 1.3. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. kulonis kanoni

. saazrovno unar- kulonis ilustraciaze dakvirveba individualurad saxelmZRvanelo

Cvevebis (gamoyeneba, kanoni 10 wT
analizi, sinTezi) kiTxva-pasuxi mTeli klasi dakvirveba mgrZnobiare
da kvlevis saswori
unar-Cvevebis informaciis miwodeba da mTeli klasi 18 wT
izolirebul
(dakvirveba, analizi
sadgamze
dagegmva)
damagrebuli
ganviTareba eqsperimentis dagegmva jgufebad 8 wT dakvirveba
burTulebi
. damuxtuli eqsperimenti tardeba erTi 13 wT eleqtroforuli

sxeulebis sademonstracio manqana
urTierTqmedebis
kanonis dadgena. saSinao davalebis micema. 2 wT
49
standartTan kavSiri
fiz.X. 5.moswavles SeuZlia eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis kvleva.
saswavlo miznebi:
. saazrovno unar-Cvevebis (gamoyeneba, analizi, sinTezi) da kvlevis unar-Cvevebis
(dakvirveba, dagegmva) ganviTareba.
. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis kanonis dadgena.
ilustraciaze dakvirveba
daavaleT moswavleebs, daakvirdnen 13.1 suraTs.
kiTxva-pasuxi
TanmimdevrobiT dasviT SekiTxvebi.
1. aRwereT suraTze gamosaxuli situacia.
pasuxi: suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTad damuxtuli burTulisa da Zafze
dakidebuli erTnairi burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi. burTulebs erTnairi
muxtebi aqvs. isini erTmaneTisgan ganizidebian.
2. rogor icvleba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala maT Soris
manZilis gadidebiT? pasuxis marTebuloba ganamtkiceT msjelobiT.
pasuxi: damuxtul sxeulebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT maTi urTierTqmedebis
Zala mcirdeba.
suraTidan kargad Cans, rom damuxtuli A sxeulidan yvelaze metad daSorebuli
burTulis Sveulidan gadaxris kuTxe yvelaze mcirea.
3. rogor SevamciroT liTonis A sxeulis muxti orjer?
pasuxi: liTonis sxeulis muxti orjer rom SevamciroT saWiroa, igi SevaxoT
iseTive zomisa da formis gamtar burTulas. maSin A sxeulis muxti Tanabrad
ganawildeba TiToeulze.
4. ra moxdeba, Tu A sxeulis muxts sapirispiro niSnis muxtiT SevcvliT?
pasuxi: Tu A sxeulis muxts sapirispiroTi SevcvliT, maSin Zafze dakidebul
burTulebze moqmedi eleqtruli ganzidvis Zala Seicvleba mizidvis ZaliT.
burTulebi Sveulidan sapirispiro mxares gadaixrebian.
5. moifiqreT da aRwereT cda, romliTac daadgenT damuxtul sxeulebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebulebas maT muxtze. daasabuTeT Tqveni
mosazrebis marTebuloba da SeamowmeT cdiT.
pasuxi: SevaxoT liTonis A burTulas izolatorze damagrebuli iseTive
zomisa da formis gamtari burTula da Semdeg davaciloT. A burTulis muxti
orjer Semcirdeba. davakvirdeT Zafze dakidebul burTulebs. SevamCnevT, maTi
Sveulidan gadaxris kuTxe Semcirdeba. rac damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis
Zalis Semcirebas miuTiTebs. SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedebis Zala damokidebulia maT muxtebze, sxeulebis muxtis SemcirebiT
urTierTqmedebis Zala mcirdeba.
informaciis miwodeba da analizi

SemoitaneT wertilovani muxtebis cneba.
CamoayalibeT kulonis kanoni.
50
F12=- F21 + + F12=- F21

1 2
+
1 F12F12
=- =-F21F21 2
uTxariT, rom urTierTqmedebis Zalis anu kulonuri Zalis mimarTuleba
damokidebulia imaze, ra niSnis muxtebi urTierTqmedeben.
aCveneT suraTze Zalebis mimarTulebebi.
uTxariT, rom msgavs Zalebs centruli Zalebi hqvia. CawereT niutonis III kanoni
am ZalebisTvis.
CawereT formuliT kulonis kanoni.
axseniT k-s fizikuri Sinaarsi. daasaxeleT misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba SI-Si. misi
formula, eleqtruli mudmivas ricxviTi mniSvneloba.
CawereT kulonis kanoni k-s formulis gaTvaliswinebiT.
eqsperimentis dagegmva
dayaviT klasi jgufebad.
dasviT me-6 SekiTxva.
6. imsjeleT, mgrZnobiare sasworis meSveobiT rogor SeamowmebT kulonis
kanonis marTebulobas?
mieciT dro 8 wuTi. 8 wuTis Semdeg mousmineT jgufebis warmomadgenlebs.
daafiqsireT swori pasuxi.
pasuxi: gavawonasworoT saswori, romelzedac liTonis msubuqi burTulaa
mimagrebuli. burTulas SevaxoT meore damuxtuli burTula da davaSoroT 2-3 sm-
iT. sasworis wonasworoba dairRveva. isari zeviT aiwevs, radganac erTsaxeliani
muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven. aRvadginoT sasworis wonasworoba (8) sapirwonis
gadaadgilebiT da ganvsazRvroT me-(7) burTulaze moqmedi Zala. Semdeg SevamciroT
erT-erT burTulas muxti orjer. amisaTvis SevaxoT mas mesame iseTive daumuxtavi
burTula. sasworis wonasworoba dairRveva. aRvadginoT sasworis wonasworoba
da ganvsazRvroT me-(7) burTulaze moqmedi Zala. aRmoCndeba, rom igi orjer
Semcirdeba. Tu cdas gavimeorebT da muxts oTxjer SevamcirebT miviRebT, rom Zalac
oTxjer Semcirdeba urTierTqmedebis Zalis manZilze damokidebulebis dasadgenad,
isev Zlierad davmuxtoT orive burTula da ganvsazRvroT maTi urTierTqmedebis
Zalis moduli maTi sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebisas. cdebis Sedegebis analiziT
davadgenT kulonis kanonis marTebulobas.
eqsperimenti
Tu gaqvT saWiro resursebi, CaatareT sademonstracio eqsperimenti.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom cda Zneli Casatarebelia sxeulebis mier muxtis swrafad
dakargvis gamo. Tumca muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis manZilsa da muxtis
sidideze Tvisebriv damokidebulebas mainc daadgenT.
saSinao davaleba: davalebad mieciT 1.3; amocanebi logikuri msjelobis gamoye

nebiT da proeqti. proeqtis momzadebas dro sWirdeba da SeTanxmdiT, rodis
warmoadginon.
51
SeniSvna: Tu gakveTilze atarebT eqsperiments, maSin me-7 da me-8 savarjiSo

mieciT Sin. Tu ar atarebT, es savarjiSoebic klasSi gaakeTeT.
saklaso davaleba
daavaleT, Seasrulon me-7 savarjiSo.
7. gansazRvreT, ra masis sxeuls izidavs dedamiwa im ZaliT, romliTac

ganizideba 1 m-iT daSorebuli ori burTula im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebeli
iqneboda TiToeulisaTvis 1 k muxtis miniWeba.
pasuxi: Zala, romliTac ganizideba burTulebi ganvsazRvroT kulonis kanonidan

q1 q2
F=k . (*) (*): F=9.109 n.
R2
m= F
g formuliT ganvsazRvravT im sxeulis masas, romelsac dedamiwa izidavs
F ZaliT.
m=9.108 kg=9.105 ganvsazRvravT.
erT-erTma moswavlem dafaze warmoadginos amoxsna.

pasuxze gaamaxvileT yuradReba.
maSasadame, 1 m-iT daSorebuli ori, TiTo kuloni muxtiT damuxtuli, burTula
erTmaneTs ganizidavs ZaliT, ra ZaliTac dedamiwa miizidavs 900 000 t masis sxeuls.
dasviT me-8 SekiTxva.
8. rogori warmodgena SegeqmnaT 1 k muxti Zalian didia? SesaZleblad
migaCniaT Tu ara gamtar sferos, romlis diametri ramodenime metria, 1 k muxti
mivaniWoT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
pasuxi: Zalian didia. SeuZlebelia sxeuls, romlis diametri ramodenime metria
gadavceT 1 k muxti. erTmaneTis ganzidvis gamo damuxtuli nawilakebi ver SeCerdeba
sxeulze. bunebaSi ar arsebobs sxva Zala, romelsac SeuZlia mocemul pirobebSi
gaawonasworos aseTi Zlieri kulonuri ganzidva.
moismineT pasuxebi.
Sefaseba
gakveTilis msvlelobisas maswavlebeli unda daakvirdes moswavleebs, ramdenad
sworad gegmaven isini eqsperiments.
SeafaseT 8-10 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs sworad, gansazRvravs specifikur
detalebs, detalurad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs da asabuTebs varauds.
SeafaseT 6-7 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs sworad, Tumca mciredi
uzustobebiT, damakmayofileblad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs da
nawilobriv asabuTebs Tavis varauds.
SeafaseT 4-5 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs arazustad, garkveuli xarvezebiT,
arasworad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs, magram ver asabuTebs Tavis
varauds.
SeafaseT 1-3 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs arasworad, ver Tvlis kvlevis
etapebs, ver ayalibebs varauds.
52
gakveTili 1.8. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

. varaudis gamoTqmis, eleqtruli axali masalis axsnisaTvis mTeli klasi 10 wT

analizis, sinTezis, erTierT momzadeba
unar-Cvevebis qmedebebi
ganviTareba informaciis miwodeba da mTeli klasi 10 wT
analizi
. varaudis gamoTqmis,
analizis da sinTezis kiTxva-pasuxi wyvilebad 8 wT dakvirveba
unarebis ganviTareba.
. dieleqtrikis venis diagramis Sedgena wyvilebad 15 wT Canaweris
polarizaciis axsna. Semowmeba
. dieleqtrikebis saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT
eleqtruli Tvisebebis
daxasiaTeba.
53
standantTan kavSiri
saswavlo miznebi:
. varaudis gamoTqmis, analizis da sinTezis unarebis ganviTareba.
. dieleqtrikis polarizaciis axsna.
. dieleqtrikebis eleqtruli Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba.
procedura
axali masalis axsnisaTvis momzadeba
gakveTili daiwyeT wina gakveTilis masalis gameorebiT. dasviT SekiTxvebi.
ra aris dieleqtriki?
riT gansxvavdeba dieleqtrikebi erTmaneTisagn.
rogor dieleqtriks uwodeben polaruls?
rogor dieleqtriks uwodeben arapolaruls?
ra aris eleqtruli dipoli?
axali masalis axsnac SekiTxvebiT daiwyeT:

1. qmnis Tu ara eleqtrul vels dieleqtrikis SigniT eleqtruli
dipolebi (sur. 54.1)? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
pasuxi: radgan siTburi moZraobis gamo eleqtruli dipolebi
dieleqtrikis SigniT uwesrigodaa ganlagebuli, amitom dieleqtrikis
SigniT eleqtruli veli ar arsebobs.
sur. 54.1
2. ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtrul dipols eleqtrul velSi

E
movaTavsebT (sur. 54.2)?
pasuxi: dadebiT muxtze velis Tanxvdenili mimarTulebiT
imoqmedebs Zala, uaryofiTze sapirispirod. es Zalebi
moduliT tolia, mimarTulebiT sapirispiro (sur.54.2, a)
isini qmnian mabrunebel moments, romelic cdilobs dipoli
Semoabrunos da misi RerZi daayenos velis Zalwirebis a b
sur. 54.2
gaswvriv. eleqtruli dipoli Semobrundeba (sur. 54.2,b).
informaciis miwodeba da analizi

axseniT dieleqtrikis polarizaciis meqanizmi. agreTve dieleqtrikis zedapirze
warmoqmnili bmuli muxtebi rogor qmnis dieleqtrikis SigniT gare velis
sapirispirod mimarTul eleqtrul vels, ris gamoc dieleqtrikSi veli sustdeba.
sasurvelia, suraTebi gqondeT gamzadebuli da TvalsaCinoT dafaze gakruli.
sur. 54.3 sur. 54.4
54
uTxariT, rom damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis Zala damokidebulia am
sxeulTa Soris arsebuli garemos Tvisebebze.
SemoitaneT dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis cneba. kulonis kanoni CawereT dieleq
trikuli SeRwevadobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
situaciis ukeT warmodgenisTvis dausaxeleT sxvadasxva garemos dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadobis mniSvneloba.
diskusia
3. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, rogor Seicvleba dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli
wertilovani muxtis da gamtari damuxtuli sferos mier Seqmnili velis
daZabuloba? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
pasuxi: eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dieleqtriki polarizdeba. polarizebuli
bmuli muxtebi yovelTvis qmnian ZiriTadi velis sapirispirod mimarTul eleqtrul
vels. superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, dieleqtrikis SigniT moTavsebuli.
wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba mcirdeba e-jer, e-garemos
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa.
4. rogor Seicvleba ori wertilovani damuxtuli sxeulis urTierTqmedebis

Zala dieleqtrikSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
pasuxi: Semcirdeba -jer.
5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, mniSvnelovania Tu ara haeris gavlena muxtebis

urTierTqmedebis Zalaze? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
pasuxi: haeris gavlena muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zalaze umniSvneloa, misi
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba TiTqmis erTis tolia.
6. aris Tu ara msoflio mizidulobis Zala damokidebuli im garemos

Tvisebebze, romelSic urTierTmimzidavi sxeulebia moTavsebuli?
pasuxi: msoflio mizidulobis Zala ar aris damokidebuli im garemos Tvisebebze,
romelSic sxeulebia moTavsebuli. erTi da imave manZiliT daSorebuli ori sxeuli
vakuumsa da wyalSi erTi da imave ZaliT izidavs erTmaneTs.
7. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa da kulonis

kanons Soris?
pasuxi: msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa F = G mM da kulonis kanons F = k q1 2q2
R2 R
erTi da igive saxe aqvs. msoflio mizidulobis kanonSi muxtebis nacvlad Sedis masebi,
K koeficientis rols ki gravitaciuli mudmiva asrulebs. msoflio mizidulobis
Zala ar aris damokidebuli garemos Tvisebebze, kulonis Zala ki damokidebulia
garemos eleqtrul Tvisebebze. sxeulebi msoflio mizidulobis ZaliT yovelTvis
izidaven erTmaneTs, eleqtruli muxtebi ki imis mixedviT, rogori niSani aqvT, an
izidaven erTmaneTs, an ganizidaven.
moismineT moswavleTa mosazrebebi. Semdeg daavaleT msoflio mizidulobis da
kulonis kanonebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba warmoadginon venis diagramiT.
55
venis diagramis Sedgena
sjobs, imuSaon wyvilebad. Semdeg romelime wyvilis warmomadgeneli dafaze xazavs

sqemas da akeTebs mokle Canawers an kiTxulobs. sxvebi uyureben (usmenen), adareben
sakuTar Canawers, saWiroebis mixedviT, CarTeT sxvadasxva moswavle.
pasuxi aseTi unda iyos:
gansxvaveba msgavseba gansxvaveba
1. msoflio
1. msoflio mizidulobis 1. kulonis Zala
mizidulobis
Zala ar aris damokidebuli damokidebulia garemos
kanons da kulonis
garemos Tvisebebze eleqtrul Tvisebebze.
kanons erTi da
2. sxeulebi msoflio 2. imis mixedviT,
igive saxe aqvs.
mizidulobis ZaliT rogori niSani aqvT,
yovelTvis izidaven sxeulebi izidaven an
erTmaneTs ganizidaven erTmaneTs.
3. or damuxtul 3. or damuxtul sxeuls
sxeuls Soris msoflio Soris kulonis Zalis
mizidulobis Zalis moduli moduli gacilebiT metia
gacilebiT naklebia msoflio mizidulobis
kulonis Zalis modulTan Zalis modulTan
SedarebiT SedarebiT.
saSinao davaleba: 1.8. amocanebi da testebi SearCieT krebulidan.
56
gakveTili 2.7. saSualo winaRobis gansazRvra ampermetrisa da voltmetris meSveobiT

. eritikuli da omis kanoni problemis dasma mTeli klasi 5 wT

SemoqmedebiTi wredis
azrovnebis ubnisTvis problemis gadaWris gzis jgufebad 10 wT
ganviTareba SeTavazeba
. rezistoris strategiis gamoyeneba jgufebad 12 wT Canawerebis

winaRobis problemis gadasaWrelad gacnoba
gansazRvrisas
Seqmnili Sedegebis Sejameba da mTeli klasi 8 wT dakvirveba
problemis Sefaseba
gadaWra.
saklaso davaleba individualurad 8 wT dakvirveba
saSinao davalebebis micema 2 wT

57
standartTan kavSiri
saswavlo miznebi:
. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganviTareba
. rezistoris winaRobis gansazRvrisas Seqmnili problemis gadaWra.
procedura
problemis dasma
isaubreT eleqtroxelsawyoebis eqspluataciisas maTi winaRobis SerCevis aucileb
lobaze.
gaacaniT winaRobebis klasifikacia sididis mixedviT.
dasviT SekiTxva.
_ rogor ganvsazRvroT gamtaris winaRoba ampermetrisa da voltmetris
meSveobiT?
pasuxi martivia. gamtarTan mimdevrobiT CavrToT ampermetri, paralelurad
voltmetri. denis wyarosa da CamrTvel-amomrTvelis gamoyenebiT SevkraT wredi.
gavzomoT denis Zala da Zabva. SevitanoT mniSvnelobebi formulaSi R = U . da
I
gamovTvaloT.
magram arsebobs problema. wanaRoba ampermetrsac gaaCnia da voltmetrsac.
Secvlis Tu ara maTi winaRobebi miRebul Sedegs?
problema warmoadgineT situaciuri amocanis saxiT.
2. situaciuri amocana.
gegim rezistoris winaRoba 66.1, a suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT
gansazRvra. tasom ki 66.1, b suraTiT.
Tqven romel sqemas gamoiyenebdiT? axseniT, ra
tom?
Rx
3. 66.1, a sqemiT ris boloebze zomavs volt
metri
Zabvas? a
4. Rx winaRobis gansazRvrisas Zabvis ra mniSvneloba

unda SevitanoT (1)-Si.
Rx
problemis gadaWris gzis SeTavazeba b

problemuri amocanis amoxsnisas, misaxvedri
sur. 66.1
kiTxvebis daxmarebiT moswavle jer axdens problemis
interpretirebas, Semdeg agrovebs saWiro informacias. gamoTqvams varauds, afasebs
da adarebs SesaZlo Sedegebs da gamoaqvs daskvna.
gaacaniT problemis gadaWris safexurebi.
1. problemis moZebna
2. strategiis povna
58
3. strategiis gamoyeneba problemis gadasaWrelad
4. Sedegebis Semowmeba da Sefaseba.
dayaviT moswavleebi jgufebad da daavaleT analogiurad, konkretuli amocanebis
gadaWris safexurebi warmoadginon.
moismineT maTi mosazrebebi, saWiroebis mixedviT daumateT Tqvenic ise, rom

pasuxi daaxloebiT aseTi iyos:
1. romeli sqema gamoviyenoT imisaTvis, rom rezistoris winaRobac ganvsazRvroT
da isic davadginoT, ra gavlenas axdens mis mniSvnelobaze ampermetris da
voltmetris winaRoba.
2. gavarCioT orive sqema. aRvweroT, ra rasTan rogor aris SeerTebuli da
gavarkvioT, ampermetri da voltmetri ras zomavs TiToeul SemTxvevaSi.
3. CavweroT formulebi orive sqemisTvis da ganvsazRvroT Rx orive SemTxvevaSi.
4. miRebuli Sedegebis analiziT gamovitanoT daskvnebi. SevafasoT, ramdenad
marTebulia problemis gadaWris es gza da ramdenad Rirebuli miRebuli Sedegi.
savaraudod, me-4 safexuris mxolod pirvel winadadebas ityvian moswavleebi.
danarCenis CamoyalibebaSi Tqven daexmarebiT.
strategiis gamoyeneba problemis gadasaWrelad

moswavleebi kvlav jgufebad muSaoben. kidev erTxel axsenebT, rom sqemebis
mixedviT daadginon, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi ras zomavs ampermetri da voltmetri.
Caweron formulebiT. gardaqmnan formulebi da orive SemTxvevaSi miiRon
rezistoris winaRobis formula.
uTxariT, gamoiyenon erTi da igive aRniSvnebi. kerZod:
Rx _ ucnobi winaRoba
Ra _ ampermetris winaRoba
Rv _ voltmetris winaRoba.
Ix, Ia da Iv, Sesabamisad, denis Zalebi Ux, Ua da Uv, Sesabamisad Zabvebi.
jer gavarCioT a sqema
a sqemaze ampermetri zomavs dens ucnobi winaRobis gamtarSi, xolo voltmetri
Zabvas ampermetrsa da gamtarze erTad. CavweroT formuliT.
Uv=Ua+Ux.
ampermetrSi da gamtarSi erTi da igive deni gadis, amitom Uv=IaRa+IaRx. amitom
Uv- Ia Ra
Uv=Ia Ra +IaRx. aqedan Rx = .
Ia
Uv
Rx= R. CaviniSnoT es formula.
Ia - a
b sqemaze ampermetriT izomeba deni, romelic gadis voltmetrSi da rezistorSi
erTad. voltmetris boloebze da rezistoris boloebze Zabva erTi da igivea.
U Uv
CavweroT formuliT Ia=Im+Ix. aqedan Ix=Im-Ia, sadac I x = U x = v da Iv= . SevitanoT
Rx Rx Rv
Uv Uv
es mniSvnelobebi, miviRebT: = Ia- , aqedan
Rx Rv
Uv
Rx= . es formulac CaviniSnoT.
Uv
Ia -
Rv
Sedegebis Sejameba da Sefaseba
dawereT dafaze orive formula
59
Uv- Ia Ra (1) Uv
Rx= . (2)
Rx= . Uv
Ia Ia -
Rv
Uv
rogorc sul Tavidan aRvniSneT, Rx = ; SevadaroT es formula Cven mier miRebul
Ia
Uv
Rx= ;, ra ar unda iyos?
formulebs. (1)-Si rom dagvrCes mxolod
I a
pasuxi: Ra.
_ rogor fiqrobT, ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba misi ugulebelyofa ise, rom Rx

TiTqmis ar Seicvalos?
pasuxi: rodesac Ra % Uv ;
Ia
Uv
_ (2)-Si rom dagvrCes mxolod Rx = ,; ra ar unda iyos?
Ia
Uv
pasuxi: .
Rv
_ Tqveni azriT, rodis aris SesaZlebeli misi ugulebelyofa?
Uv
pasuxi: rodesac % Ia.
Rv
_ SevajamoT miRebuli Sedegebi. ras ityviT, romeli sqemis gamoyeneba sjobs?
pasuxi: gamodis, rom orive sqemis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. gaaCnia rogor winaRobas
vzomavT.
Tu gasazomi winaRoba gacilebiT metia ampermetris winaRobaze, viyenebT a sqemas.
Tu gasazomi winaRoba gacilebiT mcirea voltmetris winaRobaze, viyenebT b
sqemas.
SeiZleba klasSi aRmoCndes moswavle, romelic ityvis, rom miRebuli Sedegebi
maSin aris Rirebuli, Tu viciT erT SemTxvevaSi ampermetris winaRoba da meore
SemTxvevaSi voltmetris winaRoba. Tu aseTi moswavle ar aRmoCnda, sakiTxi TviTon
daayeneT.
saklaso davaleba
orive SemTxvevaSi dasviT me-7, me-8 da me-9 SekiTxvebi.
7. 60.1 suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT gansazRvreT
ampermetris winaRoba.
Rx
pasuxi: ampermetris winaRoba sadac Uv volt-
metris Cvenebaa, Ia _ amper
metris.
8. daxazeT sqema, romlis meSveobiTac gansazRvravT sur. 60.1

voltmetris winaRobas.
pasuxi: voltmetris winaRobis gansazRvrisaTvis
SeiZ
leba gamoviyenoT 60.2 suraTze gamosaxuli sqema
sadac Uv voltmetris Cvenebaa, Ia _ amper-
metris. sur. 60.2
60
9. rezistoris gaxurebis Sesamcireblad rogor gamovi yenoT 77.1 suraTze
gamosaxuli wredSi CarTuli reostati?
pasuxi: reostatis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia wredSi gamavali deni ise SevamciroT,
rom minimumamde Semcirdes rezistoris gaTboba.
moswavleebma pasuxebi daafiqsiron xmamaRla. me-8 pasuxis Sesabamisi sqema daxazon

dafaze.
SeniSvna. gaaCnia klasis dones, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom jgufebi damoukideblad

ver SeZleben am Sedegebis miRebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi gakveTili warmarTeT kiTxva-
pasuxiT iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli.
Sefaseba
SeafaseT 8-10 quliT, Tu sworad arCevs sqemebs da wers Sesabamis formulebs;
sworad afiqsirebs Rx-is formulas. logikurad aanalizebs miRebul Sedegs.
SeafaseT 6-7 quliT, Tu sworad arCevs sqemebs, magram SeiniSneba xarvezebi

Sesabamisi formulebis Cawerasa da Rx-is gansazRvraSi. aseve srulyofilad ver
aanalizebs miRebul Sedegs.
SeafaseT 4-5 quliT, Tu sqemis garCevisas saWiroebs daxmarebas. aseve, uWirs

formulebis Cawera da daskvnebi gamoaqvs mxolod maswavleblis daxmarebiT.
SeafaseT 1-3 quliT, Tu ver arCevs sqemas. icis omis kanoni, magram ar SeuZlia
sqemis mixedviT formulebis Cawera da ver gamoaqvs daskevnebi.
saSinao davaleba. 2.10. amocanebi da testebi SearCieT amocanaTa krebulidan.

davalebas, romelic paragrafis boloSia mocemuli dro sWirdeba da
moswavleebTan SeTanxmdiT, rodis warmoadginon.
61
62
gakveTili 2.11 . erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze gaangariSebuli naTurebis SeerTeba

. kvlevis omis kanoni saSinao davalebis individualuri 4 wT 25 vt dakvirveba

unar-Cvevebis wredis Semowmeba naTura
ganviTareba ubnisTvis 60 vt
eqsperimenti sademonstracio 4 wT naTura
. erTnair Zabvasa 100 vt

da sxvadasxva kiTxva-pasuxi mTeli klasi 7 wT naTura
simZlavreze CamrTvel- dakvirveba
gaangarigebuli diskusia mTeli klasi 12 wT amomrTveli
naTurebis denis wyaro Canaweris
SeerTebis saklaso davaleba wyvilebi 15 wT mimyvani wemowmeba
gamokvleva. sadenebi
konkretuli problemis wyvilebi 5 wT dakvirveba
gadaWra
saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT

standantTan kavSiri

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle
. iyenebs omis kanons wredis ubnisTvis sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad.
. poulobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi eleqtrobasTan dkavSirebuli problemis
gadaWris gzas.
saswavlo miznebi:
. kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba
. erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze gaangarigebuli naTurebis SeerTebis
gamokvleva.
resursebi:
25 vt, 60 vt da 100 vt simZlavris naTurebi. mimyvani sadenebi. CamrTvel-
amomrTveli. 220 v Zabvis wyaro.
procedura
saSinao davalebis Semowmeba

SeamowmeT, rogor aqvT Sesrulebuli davaleba. erTi moswavle gamoiyvaneT
dafasTan, romelic daxazavs sqemas.
eqsperimenti
25 da 100 vt-iani naTurebi SeaerTeT mimdevrobiT da CarTeT 220 v Zabvis qselSi.
ganmarteT eqsperimentis mizani.
moswavleebma winaswar ar ician, romeli naTura ramdenvatiania. eqsperimentis
SedegiT, damxmare kixvebze pasuxiT da analiziT unda gamoicnon romeli naTuraa
25 vatiani, romeli 100 vatiani.
kiTxva-pasuxi
mas Semdeg, rac CarTavT CamrTvels da moswavleebi daafiqsireben naTurebis
anTebas, dasviT SekiTxvebi Tanmimdevrulad:
1. pirveli Tu meore naTura anaTebs ukeTesad?

pasuxi: vxedavT, ukeTesad anaTebs meore naTura.
2. erTnairi deni gadis Tu ara naTurebSi? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

pasuxi: 2. radgan naTurebi mimdevrobiT arian SeerTebuli, amitom maTSi erTnairi
deni gadis.
3. pirveli Tu meore naTuras winaRobaa ufro meti? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT

ase?
pasuxi: radgan naTurebSi erTnairi deni gadis da meore naTura ufro kargad
anaTebs, amitom meore naTuras winaRoba metia pirvelisaze. es daskvna gamomdinareobs
joul-lencis kanonidan _ Q=I2Rt, sadac Q aris gamtarSi denis gavlis dros
63
gamoyofili siTbo, I _ gamtarSi gamavali deni, R _ gamtaris winaRoba, t _ drois
Sualedi, romlis ganmavlobaSic gamtarSi deni gadioda.
4. rogoria Tqveni azri, pirveli Tu meore naTuraa 25 vt simZlavreze

gaangariSebuli? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
pasuxi: 4. movusminoT moswavleebs da Semdeg gakveTili gavagrZeloT
saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.
moismineT moswavleTa pasuxebi. SesaZlebelia im versiebmac gaiJReros, rac

saxelmZRvaneloSia dafiqsirebuli elenes da gegis azrebad.
informacia maswavleblisTvis
Tqven iciT, rom meore naTura aris 25 vatiani. iciT agreTve saxelmZRvaneloSi
SemoTavazebuli masala. moswavleebi ganixilaven or versias, aanalizeben da irCeven
swors. es procesi rom ufro gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi gaxdes, gTavazobT, winaswar
romelime or moswavles gaacnoT es versiebi da maT waradginon moswavleebis winaSe.
formulebs daweren dafaze sxvadasxva mxares.
Semdeg moswavleebi gaagrZeleben msjelobas.
diskusia
mimarTeT moswavleebs:
Tqven rogor fiqrobT, romeli msjelobaa TqvenTvis misaRebi?
diskusiis mizania, moswavleebma gaacnobieron, rom formulaSi Q=I2Rt, R unda
gansazRvron formuliT R = U da ara R = P2 .. U da P aris is parametrebi, rac
2
P I
naTuras aweria zed da risTvisac gaTvlilia es naTura. meore formulaSi I aris
naTuras normaluri kaSkaSisTvis saWiro deni. gegim denis es mniSvneloba Sekveca
wredSi gamaval denTan, rac Secdoma iyo. ar aris gamoricxuli romelime moswavlem
msjeloba unda ase warmarTos.
radgan naTurebi mimdevrobiT aris SeerTebuli, metad anaTebs is, romlis
winaRobac metia Q=I2R-is Tanaxmad. deni erTnairia. amocana dadis R-is gansazRvraze.
nebismieri naTuras winaRoba ganisazRvreba im parametrebiT risTvisac is aris
gaTvlili.
R = U . im naTuras winaRobaa meti, romelic nakleb simZlavrezea gaTvlili,
2
P
maSasadame 25 vatianis. e. i. naTura, romelic ufro metad anaTebs aris 25 vatiani.
SeniSvna. am kvlevis mizania moswavlem ganasxvaos parametrebi, romlisTvisac

gaangariSebulia naTura im parametrebisagan, romelsac faqtiurad moixmars naTura
konkretul wredSi CarTvisas.
igive mizans emsaxureba me-5 da me-6 testi.
dasviT me-5 da me-6 SekiTxvebi:^
5. 74.2 suraTis mixedviT Catarebul cdaSi 25 vt. simZlavris naTura anaTebs
a. normalurad; b. normalurze metad; g. normalurze naklebad.
6. 74.2 suraTis mixedviT Catarebul cdaSi 100 vt. simZlavris naTura anaTebs
a. normalurad; b. normalurze metad; g. normalurze naklebad.
64
pasuxi: oriveSi g. normalurze naklebad.
saklaso davaleba
daavaleT, gansazRvron TiToeuli naTuras mier fiqtiurad moxmarebuli
simZlavre.
Semdeg orive naTuras jamuri simZlavre. imuSaon wyvilebSi. moswavleebi jer
damoukidebllad muSaoben. Semdeg romelime dafaze wers. Tu gauWirdaT gansazRvra,
etapobrivad dausviT SekiTxvebi:
_ romeli formuliT gamoiTvleba pirveli naTuras mier moxmarebuli simZlavre.
pasuxi: P1=I2R. (1)
_ dawereT omis kanoni mocemuli wredisTvis
pasuxi: I = U
R1+ R2
_ ras udris R1?; R2?
2 2
pasuxi: R1= U ; R2= U .
P1 P2
P1 P22
denis da winaRobebis mniSvnelobebi CasviT (1)-Si P l1= 2 .
^ P1+ P2h
zustad analogiurad P l2= P2 P12
2 .
^ P1+ P2h
orive naTuras simZlavre erTad
P1 P22 P2 P12 P1P22+ P2 P12 P1 P2 ^ P1+ P2h PP

P = P l1+ P l2= 2 + 2 = 2 = 2 = P 1 2P .
^ P1+ P2h ^ P1+ P2h ^ P1+ P2h ^ P1+ P2h 1+ 2
dasviT me-9 SekiTxva, Semdeg me-10.

9. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori erTnairi naTura erTad ufro kargad gaanaTebs
oTaxs, Tu wredSi CarTuli erTi naTura.
pasuxi: erTi naTura moixmars im simZlavres, romelzedac igia gaangarigeSebuli.
e. i. P1-s. orive naTura erTad P l= P1 P2 & P l=
P1
. (10) e. i. P1 > P1.
1
P1+ P2 P
1+ 1
P2
10. rogor Seicvleba 74.2 suraTze gamosaxuli 25 vt simZlavris naTuras kaS-
kaSi, Tu 100 vt simZlavris naTuras SevcvliT 60 vt simZlavris naTuraTi? Sem-
deg 25 vt-ianiT? rogor icvleba am dros sistemis mier moxmarebuli energia?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
2
pasuxi: R = U formulidan gamomdinareobs mcire simZlavreze gaangariSebuli
P
naTuras winaRoba metia didi simZlavris naTuras winaRobaze. amitom 100 vt-iani
naTuras SecvliT 60 vt-ianiT wredis winaRoba gaizrdeba, wredSi deni Semcirdeba,
amitom 25 vt simZlavris naTuras kaSkaSi moiklebs.
65
konkretuli problemis gadaWra
am aqtivobis mizania moswavleebma gamoTqvan azri, sadarbazos ganaTebaSi ratom

aniWeben upiratesobas mimdevrobiT SeerTebul or naTuras, miuxedvvad imisa, rom
(rogorc ukve daadgines) mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori naTura ufro cudad anaTebs,
vidre erTi.
11. ratom aniWeben upiratesobas or mimdevrobiT SeerTebul naTuras

sadarbazos gasanaTeblad? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
pasuxi: jer erTi, mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori naTura orjer nakleb energias
moixmars erT naTurasTan SedarebiT. meore, gadawvis gamo naTura xSirad
gamodis mwyobridan. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul or naTuraSi orjer naklebi deni
gadis. naTurebis spiralebi orjer naklebad xurdeba, amis gamo isini didxans ar
gadaiwvebian.
saSinao davaleba. 2.11. amocanebi da testebi SearCieT krebulidan.
SeafaseT gakveTilis procesSi CarTuloba.
66
gakveTili 2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva
I gakveTili

. kvlevis omis kanoni moswavleTa organizeba mTeli klasi 5 wT

unar-Cvevebis wredis
ganviTareba ubnisTvis kvlevis etapebis gacnoba jgufuri 8 wT dakvirveba
. erTnair Zabvasa eqsperimenti jgufuri

da sxvadasxva 30 wT dakvirveba
simZlavreze cxrilebis Sevseba individualuri
gaangarigebuli
naTurebis saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT
SeerTebis
gamokvleva.
67
standartTan kavSiri
fiz.X.5.moswavles SeuZlia eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis kvleva.
saswavlo miznebi:
. sami erTnairi naTuras SeerTebis gamokvleva.
resursebi:
TiTo jgufisTvis sami erTnairi naTura, ori mSrali elementi, mimyvani sadenebi.
am sakiTxs SeiZleba dauTmoT ori gakveTili. pirvel gakTilze tardeba cdebi.
moswavleebi cxrilSi afiqsireben cdebis Sedegebs.
meore gakveTilze analizurad ikvleven imave sakiTxebs da adareben cdebis Sedegs.
I gakveTili
procedura
moswavleTa organizeba
dayaviT klasi jgufebad. TiToeuli jgufi moamarageT saWiro masaliT. gaacaniT
gakveTilis mizani.
maT unda gamoikvlion sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTeba. kvlevis etapebi
miTiTebulia paragrafSi. samuSao masala gadatanilia samuSao rveulSi. ase, rom
SeuZliaT imuSaon samuSao rveulSi.
kvlevis etapebis gacnoba

mieciT dro, gaecnon kvlevis etapebs da gaiazron ra unda gaakeTon.
Semdeg jgufebis warmomadgenlebma (ar aris saWiro yvelam) Camoayalibon
konkretuli gegma etapebis mixedviT.
1. gegma. 90.1. sqemis mixedviT Sedgenili wredis CarTva da naTurebis naTebaze
dakvirveba.
2. rigrigobiT TiToeuli naTuras amorTva, wredis CarTva da danarCeni ori
naTuras naTebaze dakvirveba.
3. rigrigobiT I da II naTuras damoklebis Semdeg danarCeni naTurebis naTebaze
dakvirveba.
amis Semdeg jgufebi iwyeben muSaobas da varaudisa da cdebis Sedegebis mixedviT
avseben cxrilebs.
68
Sefaseba
gakveTilis msvlelobisas maswavlebeli unda daakvirdes moswavleebs, ramdenad
sworad gegmaven isini eqsperiments. rogor iniSnaven miRebul Sedegebs.
SeafaseT 8-10 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs sworad, gansazRvravs specifikur

detalebs, detalurad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs da asabuTebs varauds,
Canaweri kargad organizebulia.
SeafaseT 6-7 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs sworad, Tumca mciredi

uzustobebiT, damakmayofileblad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs da
nawilobriv asabuTebs Tavis varauds, Sedegebi aRricxulia damakmayofileblad.
SeafaseT 4-5 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs arazustad, garkveuli xarvezebiT,

arasworad CamoTvlis kvlevis etapebs, ayalibebs, magram ver asabuTebs Tavis varauds,
aRricxavs monacemebs nawilobriv, Sedegebis gadmocema zedapirulia da arazusti.
SeafaseT 1-3 quliT, Tu eqsperiments gegmavs arasworad, ver Tvlis kvlevis

etapebs, ver ayalibebs varauds, Sedegebs gadmoscems arazustad, Canawerebi qaosuria
da usistemo.
saSinao davaleba. naTurebis Sereuli SeerTebis ganxilva analizurad.
69
70
gakveTili 2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva
II gakveTili

. kvlevis omis kanoni saSinao davalebis individualuri 13 wT Canawerebis

unar-Cvevebis wredis Semowmeba gacnoba
ganviTareba ubnisTvis
dafasTan muSaoba 30 wT dakvirveba
. erTnair Zabvasa
da sxvadasxva
simZlavreze saSinao davalebis micema 2 wT
gaangarigebuli
naTurebis
SeerTebis
gamokvleva.
standartTan kavSiri
saswavlo miznebi:
. sami erTnairi naTuras SeerTebis gamokvleva.
moswavleebs davalebad hqondaT micemuli SeerTebis analizurad gamokvleva.

SeamowmeT Canawerebi. Semdeg rigrigobiT gamoiyvaneT sxvadasxva moswavle da
dafasTan ganixileT TiToeuli SemTxveva cal-calke.
pasuxebi aseTi unda iyos:

1. rodsac samive naTuraa CarTuli wredSi, I naTuraSi gamavali I1 deni Tanabrad
ganawildeba II da III naTurebSi da TiToeul maTganSi gaivlis I1 ;
2
joul-lencis kanonis Tanaxmad Q1=I21Rt.
2
I I 2 Rt
Q2= Q3 = c 1 m Rt = 1 .
2 4
maSasadame, II naTuraSi gadis orjer meti deni, vidre meore da mesameSi cal-calke
I naTura 4-jer ufro metad gaanaTebs, vidre II da III naTurebi cal-calke. II da II
naTurebSi erTnairi deni gadis da erTnairad anaTeben.
2. rodsac pirvel naTuras amovrTavT, wredi gawydeba da yvela naTura Caqreba.

rom davadginoT, ra moxdeba II an III naTuris amorTviT, ganvsazRvroT wredis
winaRoba. Rl= R + R = 3R . sul erTia II-s amovrTavT, Tu III-s, Sedegi erTnairi iqneba.
2 2
pirveli da meore (an mesame) naTurebi mimdevrobiT aRmoCndeba SeerTebuli da
wredis winaRoba gaxdeba R=2R. maSasadame wredis winaRoba gaizarda R m = 2R = 4
Rl 3R 3
2
-jer. imdenjerve Semcirdeba wredSi gamavali deni. e. i. I naTuras naTeba Semcirdeba
I1 1 U U . (6)
mesame (meore) naTuraSi gamavali deni iyo I3= $
2 = 2 3 R = 3R
2
meore naTuras amorTvis Semdeg gaxda I l3= U . (7).
2R
I l3 3
(6)(7) -jer. e. i. mesameSi gamavali deni gaizrdeba, is ufro kargad
I3 = 2
gaanaTebs.
3. I naTuras damoklebiT, pirveli naTura Caqreba, magram wredi ar gaiTiSeba.

naTuras nacvlad deni mavTulSi gaivlis. wredis winaRoba Semcirdeba da gaxdeba
R/2. wredSi gamavali denis gaizrdeba da gaxdeba I l= U = 2U .
R 3R
2
II da III naTurebSi gamavali deni iqneba I l = U . isini ufro kargad gaanaTeben.
2 R
meore naTuras damokleba mesames damoklebasac niSnavs da piriqiT. isini Caqreba.
71
wredis winaRoba Semcirdeba, mxolod R iqneba. is ufro kargad gaanaTebs. deni exeba
I= U;
R
TiToeuli moswavlis gamosvla dafasTan SegiZliaT SeafasoT, rogorc saklaso
davalebis Sesruleba.
SeafaseT 8-10 quliT, Tu procesebs ganixilavs sworad. adekvaturad iyenebs

cnebebs da terminebs, aseve saWiro formulebs. aanalizebs da gamarTulad gamoTqvams
azrs konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
SeafaseT 6-7 quliT, Tu procesebs ganixilas sworad, Tumca SeiniSneba xarvezebi.
aseve, uSvebs Secdomas procesebis Sesabamisi formulebis SerCevaSi. cdilobs
gamoTqvas azri konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
SeafaseT 4-5 quliT, Tu procesebis ganxilvisas uSvebs seriozul Secdomebs. ver
sazRvravs, romeli formulebi gamoiyenos. bundovnad gamoTqvams azrs konkretuli
sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
SeafaseT 1-3 quliT, Tu ver erkveva mimdinare procesebSi. cnebebsa da terminebze
aqvs warmodgena magram ar SeuZlia maTi adekvaturi gamoyeneba. Secdomebs uSvebs
formulebis dawerisas an sul ar icis. ar SeuZlia sakuTari azris gamoTqma
konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
saSinao davaleba. 2.12; amocanebi da testebi SearCieT krebulidan.
72
Semajamebeli gakveTili
gunduri muSaoba
qvemoT ganxiluli meTodiT gvsurs vaCvenoT, rom saswavlo miznis misaRwevad
Tanaklaselebis urTierTanamSromloba saukeTeso gzaa. erTis warmateba niSnavs
yvelas warmatebas _ pasuxismgebloba mTel gunds ekisreba da ara TiToeul
moswavles. es ar aris im tipis jgufuri muSaoba, rodesac TiToeuli moswavle
Tavis azrs gamoTqvams da msjelobis Semdeg SearCeven erT-erTs.
gunduri muSaoba principulad gansxvavdeba am tipis muSaobisagan.
gundis wevrebi ara mxolod uSualo kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan, aramed
erTmaneTze damokidebulnic arian. maT funqciebi aqvT ganawilebuli. funqciebi
aseTi SeiZleba iyos: teqstis mkiTxveli, SeniSvnebis Camweri, drois gamanawilebeli,
masalebis Semgrovebeli, prezentatori da sxva, davalebis xasiaTis mixedviT.
aseTi formis gakveTilze maswavlebelis movaleobaa.
miznis Sesabamisi samuSaos dagegmva.
mkafio, etapobrivi instruqciis micema.
gundebis Seqmna, moswavleTa Soris rolebis ganawileba.
gunduri samuSaos monitoringi.
gunduri muSaobis Sedegebis Sefaseba.
miaqcieT yuradReba, gundebma erTmaneTs ar SeuSalon xeli muSaobaSi.
gundebma unda icodnen, ra kriteriumebiT Seafaseben.
saswavlo miznebi:
. TanamSromlobis unaris ganviTareba gunduri muSaobis gziT.
. eleqtruli, gravitaciuli da magnituri velebis Sedareba.
procedura _ I varianti
dayaviT klasi sam gundad
gaacaniT gakveTilis mizani.
daavaleT, TiTo gundma moamzados TiTo sakiTxi. pirvelma Sekribos informacia
gravitaciuli velis Sesaxeb. meorem _ eleqtruli velis Sesaxeb. mesamem _
magnituri velis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gadaajgufeT moswavleebi warmodgenili sqemis
mixedviT.
II III
I
gr. el. mag.
73
erTmaneTTan dawyvilebuli jgufebi erTmaneTs gaacnoben sakuTar informacias.
Semdeg Seadareben erTmaneTs da msgavseba gansxavebas warmoadgenen venis diagramiT.
prezentatorebi rigrigobiT gaacnoben klass sakuTar namuSevars.
II varianti
dayaviT klasi sam gundad.

yvela gundma moamzados erTi da igive masala anu Sekribos informacia samive
velis Sesaxeb. TviTonve Seadaron wyvil-wyvilad velebi erTmaneTs da Sedegebi
warmoadginon venis diagramiT.
II variantSi Tavidanve bevr dros miscemT samuSaod. vTqvaT 30 wuTs. danarCen
dros ki dauTmobT Sedegebis prezentacias.
I variantSi dros gaanawilebT ase: 15 wuTi _ informaciis moZieba. 15 wuTi _
Sedareba. bolo 15 wuTi aqac prezentacia.
orive SemTxvevaSi informaciis mosapoveblad iyeneben saxelmZRvaneloebs. wina

dRes gaafrTxileT moswavleebi, rom dasWirdebaT VIII klasis saxelmZRvaneloc.
orive SemTxvevaSi gundis wevrebs Soris xdeba funqciebis ganawileba. magaliTad,

sae: prezentatori, menejeri, romelic warmarTavs proceduris Tanmimdevrobas.
masalebis Semgrovebeli, Camweri, drois makontrolebebi. masalebis Semgrovebeli
SeiZleba oric iyos. funqciebis ganawileba ar niSnavs imas, rom roca erTi
akeTebs saqmes sxvebi uqmad arian. magaliTad, prezentatori mxolod prezentacias
elodeba da drois makontrolebeli mxolod saaTs uyurebs. ra Tqma unda, ara
isini erTmaneTs exmarebian, gadawyviton saxelmZRvanelos romel adgilas moZebnon
saWiro informacia da ra amoweron.
ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli velis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvaneloebSi bevri informaciaa.
samuSao rom gaadvildes, mivceT sakiTxebis CamonaTvali, razedac unda
dakonkretdnen. magaliTad, aseTi: (CamonaTvali winaswar gaamzadeT dafaze).
1. ris garSemo arsebobs?

2. rogor mJRavndeba misi arseboba?
3. razea damokidebuli velis siZliere?
4. moiyvaneT damasabuTebeli cdebi?
5. rogor gamoisaxeba grafikulad?
6. ra xdeba velis meSveobiT?
gTavazobT venis diagramas TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis.
74
gansxvaveba
magnituri veli gravitaciuli veli
msgavseba
1. gravitaciuli velis
1. magnituri velis meSveo- 1. materialuria.
meSveobiT mxolod mizidva
biT mizidvac xdeba, gan-
xdeba.
zidv ac. 2. velis meSve
obiT
2. grafikulad ar gamois-
2. magnituri veli grafiku- xdeba urTierTq-
axeba.
lad gamoisaxeba. medeba
gansxvaveba
eleqtrostatikuri veli magnituri veli
msgavseba
1. Zalwirebi Caketili wire-
1. Zalwirebi Ria wire- 1. materialuria.
bia. 2. grafikulad Zal- bia.
2. uZravi muxtis wirebiT gamoisaxeba. 2. mudmivi magnitis da moZ-
garSemo arsebobs. 3. velis meSveobiT ravi muxtis garSemo arse-
xorcieldeba urT- bobs
ierTqmedeba.
gansxvaveba
eleqtrostatikuri veli gravitaciuli veli
msgavseba
1. materialuria 1. gravitaciuli velis

1. eleqtrostatikuri
velis meSveobiT mizid- 2. urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT mxolod mizidva
vac xdeba, ganzidvac Zala manZilis kva- xdeba.
2. eleqtrostati- dratis ukupropor- 2. gravitaciuli veli
ciulia. grafikulad ar gamoisaxeba.
kuri veli grafikulad
gamoisaxeba 3. Caketil traeqto-
riaze muSaoba nulis
tolia
75
Sedegebis Sejameba
maswavlebeli akvirdeba gundebs orive etapze.

kerZod, akvirdeba 1. socialur unar-Cvevebs, rac niSnavs: axerxebdnen Tu ara
monacvleobiT saubars, zomieri xmiT saubars, samuSaoze koncentrirebas.
2. akademiur unar-Cvevebs, rac niSnavs: axerxebdnen Tu ara Sejamebas da
ganzogadebas, kiTxvebis dasmas da Ziebas, ideis kritikas da ara pirovnebis,
sxvisi komentaris ganvrcobas.
daavaleT moswavleebs warmoadginon TviTSefaseba da Cvevebis monitoringi.
amisaTvis daurigeT kiTxvari.
1. ra gaakeTeT an TqviT iseTi, rac Tqvens gunds daexmara samuSaos SesrulabaSi?
2. ramdenad nayofierad imuSava gundma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam. ra iyo amis
mizezi?
3. ras gaakeTebdiT Semdeg jerze sxvanairad, gundis meti efeqturobisTvis?
4. ra iyo yvelaze kargi, rac Tqveni erToblivi muSaobisas gamoikveTa?
5. xarT Tu ara kmayofili? ras grZnobT samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg?
6. daasaxeleT is erTi ram, rac Tqvenma gundis wevrma Tqveni meSveobiT iswavla.
7. daasaxeleT, erTi an ori unar-Cveva, romelic gundSi muSaobis dros gamoiyeneT.
8. ra iswavleT axali gundSi muSaobisas? gundis sxva wevrebis qmedebaSi ra
dainaxeT iseTi, razec adre ar dafiqrebulxarT.
SeiZleba gundis, rogorc mTlianis TviTSefaseba.

1. miaRwieT Tu ara maswavleblis mier dasaxul mizans?
2. ra iyo Tqveni gundis yvelaze didi miRweva?
3. ra iyo Tqveni erToblivi muSaobis xarvezi da nakli?
TviTSefasebis dros garda sityvieri Canawerisa SeiZleba gamoiyenoT qulebiT
Sefasebac. gamoiyeneT aTbaliani Sefaseba.
76

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giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

Giorgi Gedenidze, Eter Lazarashvili

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

Editor Gvantsa Gedenidze

ISBN 978-9941-439-40-7 gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012

X klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma...........................................................................................................6

sakontrolo weris variantebi..................................................................................................................77

II Tavi. mudmivi eleqtruli deni..........................................................................................................48

2.14. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis.................................................................................................. 81

III Tavi. magnituri veli.............................................................................................................................105

IV Tavi. eleqtromagnituri induqcia...............................................................................................119

X klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegma

X klasis bunebismetyvelebis standartis mixedviT wlis bolos

am Sedegebis misaRwevad saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi warmodgenilia 4 TaviT.

.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

III. magnituri veli 7

bi .X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. 5. .X.6. saaTebis

1.2. eleqtruli muxti da

1.4. eleqtruli velis

1.8. dieleqtrikis po-

1.9. damuxtuli sxeulis

1.12. amocanis amoxsnis

1.16. amocanis amoxsnis

t orebi .X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. 5. .X.6. saaTebis

2.1. eleqtruli wredi da misi Semadgeneli

2.11. erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze

2.12. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis

2.22. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

2.23. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna 26

.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

3.1. denis magnituri 1

3.5. amocanis amoxsnis

3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni

.X.1. .X.2. .X.3. . X.4. .X. .X.6. saaTebis

4.7. SeamowmeT Tqveni 2

saSualo skolaSi moswavle iRrmavebs sabazo safexurze SeZenil codnas, Seiswavlis

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis axsna-ganmarteba

sasurvelia da aucilebelic gakveTilisTvis moswavleTa motivireba. moswavleTa

komentarebi moswavlis wignis TiToeul struqturul elementsa

X klasis saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi dayofilia Tavebad.

sxvadasxva saxis informacia maswavleblisTvis

zogierTi komponentis Sesabamisi unarebi da aqtivobebi

fasdeba Semdegi unarebi: unari fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:

prezentacia _ auditoriasTan urTierToba

Semajamebeli samuSo _ testuri davalebebis Sesruleba

saSinao davaleba _ sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba

sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba (eqsperimenti)

swavlis procesSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba Sefasebis ori tipi: ganmsazRvreli

niSnebis da doneebis Sesabamisoba

interaqtiuri swavlebis anu swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebis umTavres Rirsebad

swavlebis samfaziani modeli

I etapze, sworad SerCeuli kiTxvebis meSveobiT, moswavleebi aqtiurad ixseneben,

kritikul azrovnebaze gamiznuli gakveTilis dagegmva.

fiqrebi gakveTilis dawyebamde.

motivacia _ riT aris Rirebuli es gakveTili? ra kavSiri aqvs imasTan, rac me

SeZlos codnis miReba aseTi tipis gakveTilidan?

dajgufeba _ rogor davajgufoT moswavleebi?

fiqrebi gakveTilis procesSi

gamoiyeneben isini axlad SeZenil codnas _ gascemen pasuxs darCenil kiTxvebs da

fiqrebi gakveTilis Semdeg

zogadad yovel gakveTilze maswavlebelis mizania, moswavlem

blumis taqsonomiis ZiriTadi doneebi