Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Julian R. de Bullet
President
deBullet Consulting
703-483-0179
julian@debullet.com
ASHRAE WILL GIVE YOU
THE WORLD
Transportation
29% Residential Other
22% 28%
Buildings
Industry Commercial
19%
72%
30%
Green:
More efficient equipment
Sustainable:
Design considers the big
picture, how is equipment
made, where it is
installed, how long it
lasts.
High Performance:
High Efficient equipment,
sized, installed and
maintained correctly for
maximum impact
Conventional Cooling Profile
1600
1400
1200 Cooling
1000
k avg. electric load Pumps
800
Fans
W
600
400 Lighting
200
Base Load
0 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM
Full load on Design Day
Chiller
58%
Fans
24% Tower
Pumps 5%
13%
Design Performance
Question: What is a cooling Design Day
a. The day the building load calculation was begun?
ANSWER: c
Basic system
Chiller
Cooling Tower
Building Cooling Load
Pumps and Piping
Annual Energy Usage
Chiller
Fans 33%
43%
Tower
2%
Pumps
22%
Air, Water Or
Evaporatively Cooled
Reciprocating, Scroll,
Screw Or Centrifugal
Compressors
DX or Flooded
Evaporators
Single Chiller
Cooling
Cooling Air Handling Unit
Tower
Tower
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser Chilled
Water Pump Water Pump
Pressure
Gauge (Typical)
Return
Supply
Thermometer
Drain Valve (Typical)
Chilled
Thermometer
(Typical) Water
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser
Water
Drain
Drain Flange (Typical) Valve
Valve
Pressure Gauge (Typical)
Strainer (if pump is on return side of chiller)
95 F
95 F db From Water-Cooled
78 F wb Condenser
85 F
Back to Condenser
Cooling Tower
Coil
Expansion
Tank
Two-Way Valve
Pump 55 F Three-Way
Valve
Includes:
A chiller and/or a boiler
Coils that produce cooling or heating
Two or three-way valves to control the coils
Piping and pump to circulate water
An expansion tank (insignificant water contact with air)
Chiller
3 gpm/ton
Condenser
Water Pump 85 F
Cooling Tower
Source of Water to
Piping waste or
water (river)
source
Pump
ANSWER: b and c
Closed loop and Open loop- Recap!
Closed Loop
The chilled water piping is usually a closed loop
A closed loop is not open to the atmosphere
The pump needs only to overcome the friction loss in the piping and the
components
The pump does not need to lift the water to the top of the loop
Open Loop
When open cooling towers are used in the condenser piping
The condenser pump must overcome the friction of the system and lift
the water from the sump to the top of the tower
Flow and Capacity
Q = W x Cp x deltaT
Where
Q = Quantity Of Heat Exchanged (Btu/hr)
W = Flow Rate Of Fluid (US gpm)
Cp = Specific Heat Of Fluid
deltaT = Temperature Change Of Fluid (F)
For Water
Q (Tons) = US gpm x (Fin - Fout) x 500
Q (Btu/hr) = US gpm x (Fin - Fout)/24
Load Basics
Process Loads
Cooling Jackets
1-Pipe Distribution System
Monoflow
Fitting
Typical
Heating
Terminal
Boiler
Typical
Heating-Only
Main Piping Loop
Supply and Return
System
(1 size throughout)
System
Pump
Supply
Piping
Boiler Return
Piping
System
Pump
Chiller
Chilled
Water
Supply
Hot
Water
Supply
Boiler
Special 3-pipe
Water Control
Common Return Piping
with Mixed Hot and
Cold Water
System
Chiller Pumps
Chilled
Water
Supply
Hot
Water
Supply
Boiler
System
Chiller Pumps
Supply
Return
Supply
Return
Balancing Valves
Water enters Unit-1 from supply
Water leaves Unit-1 and returns directly to source
The first unit supplied is the first returned
Unequal circuit pressure drops result
Circuit pressure drop through
Unit-1 < Unit-2 < Unit-3 < Unit-4 < Unit-5
Balancing valves are a necessity
Section 4 Direct and Reverse Return Systems
Piping Materials
Typical Materials:
> 2 - in. Schedule 40 black steel
< 2 - in. Schedule 40 black steel or Type L copper
2-Way Modulating
Section 5 Water Piping Components
and Accessories
Expansion Tanks
Open to Compressed
atmosphere Air Space Diaphragm
Air
Overflow Drain
Open Tank Closed Tank Closed Diaphragm Tank
Open to air Very popular Flexible membrane
Air-water interface Captured air space No air-water interface
Air-water interface Very popular
Total 25.35 ft
Air Vents
Manual or
Automatic
Air Vent Service Valve
4 Pipe
From Terminal Diameters
Coil
To Return Main
Locate thermometers
and gauges
at inlets and outlets
of equipment
Motor
Pump
Assembly
Suction
Vertical Suction
and Discharge
Close-
2 2,300 gpm @ 400 ft 2 4
Coupled
End
3 4,000 gpm @ 500 ft 3 1
Suction
Vertical
4 9,000 gpm @ 400 ft 4 2
Split Case
Horizontal
Highest 5 40,000 gpm @ 600 ft Most 5 Good 3
Split Case
Cooling
Cooling Air Handling Unit
Tower
Tower
Water-Cooled
Chiller
Condenser Chilled
Water Pump Water Pump
233 Ton
233 Ton
Hydraulic
233 Ton Decoupler Alternate
(Bridge) Bypass Line
minimum
chiller flow
400 gpm
400 gpm
400 gpm
Building Load 100% (700 Tons)
3 x 267 Ton, Primary/Secondary
233 Ton
233 Ton
Hydraulic Alternate
233 Ton Decoupler Bypass Line
(Bridge) minimum
chiller flow
400 gpm
400 gpm
400 gpm
Automatic
Isolation Valves
Control
Valve, sized
for minimum
chiller flow
1050 gpm
98F
Lift Reduced by 7.5F 50F 90.5F
42F
83F
Both chillers designed to operate at 42F/83F.
Downstream screw chiller cools from 50F 42F
Upstream centrifugal chiller cools from 58F 50F.
Reduced Lift = Reduced Speed = Reduced KW
Variable Flow vs. Constant Flow
500000
Pump Work Cut
450000
In Half
400000
350000
300000
kWh
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Chillers Pumps Towers Fans
CS vs VS Centrifugal Chillers
VFDs take advantage of Part Lift & Part Load with Speed Control
Fire detection
and alarm
Electronic locks, systems
and energy management
systems
Access control,
intrusion monitoring
and video surveillance
Building Fire fighting and
suppression
Systems systems
Air handling, fan
coils
and refrigeration
Building Automation
Service, maintenance and System
inspection Chillers and
controls
THANK YOU!