1.

A circular cone as shown is subjected to a torque applied at its top and bottom
surfaces.
(a) Write down the boundary conditions on its lateral surface. The z-axis is
pointed upward.
(b) Discuss the validity of Saint-Venants assumption. (20%)

Ans.
(a)Physical components
h n h Rr
= x , nx = , nz =
R r nz h 2 + ( R r )2
1 2
h 2 + ( R r )2
12

h Rr
Cartesian coordinates: n = ( nx , n y , nz ) = 12
, 0, 12
h2 + ( R r ) h2 + ( R r )
2 2

Cylindrical coordinates: n = nr e r + n e + nz e z

h Rr
n = ( nr , n , nz ) = 12
, 0, 12
h2 + ( R r ) h2 + ( R r )
2 2

n n
T j = ij ni = 0 and T j = i j ni = 0
n n
T j = ij ni and T j = i j ni

rr nr + r n + rz nz = 0 ,
h rr
+
( R r ) rz =0
2 12 12
h2 + ( R r ) h 2 + ( R r )2

r nr + n + z nz = 0 ,
h r
+
( R r ) z =0
2 12 12
h2 + ( R r ) h 2 + ( R r )2

zr nr + z n + zz nz = 0 ,
h zr
+
( R r ) zz =0
12 12
h 2 + ( R r )2 h 2 + ( R r )2

(b) Saint-Venants assumption can not satisfy the boundary condition.

2. For a static two-dimensional problem, derive the equation of equilibrium in terms of physical components
in the -direction of a polar coordinate. (20%)
Ans. ds = g1dx1 + g 2 dx2 = er dr + e rd
g1 = e r , g 2 = re g11 = 1 , g 22 = r 2 , gij = 0 if i j
e 1
g1 = e r , g 2 = , g 11 = 1 , g 22 = , g ij = 0 if i j
r r 2

The Christoffel symbols are

gi , j = ijk g k = ijk g k
 1 1
g1,1 = 0, g1,2 = e = g2 12
2
=
r r
1 1
g 2,1 = e = g 2 = 221 g 2 221 =12
2
=
r r
g 2,2 = re r = rg1 =122 g1 122 = r
Equations of equilibrium
ij + X i = 0
j

X = X 1g1 + X 2 g 2 = X 1e r + rX 2e = Fr e r + F e

For i=1
1 j j + X 1 = 11 1 + 12 2 + X 1 = 0

( ) (g ) ( ) (g )
12 1 2 1 2 12
ij = g jj ii
ij , ij = g jj ii
ij
11 11
1 = + + = = ( g11 ) ( g )
l1 1 1l 1 2 11 1 2
11 11
,1 1l
1
1l
11
,1 =
r r
12
1
12 2 = 12,2 + l 2 12l + 1l 22l = 12,2 + 22 122 + 11 21
2
= 22 r + 11
r
1 2
12
= ( g 22 ) ( g 11 ) ( g 22 ) ( g 22 ) 22 r + ( g11 ) ( g 11 ) 11
1 2 1 2 12 1 2 12 1
r
1 12
1 1
= 22 + 11
r r r
11
1 12
+ ( 11 22 ) + F = 0
1 1
+
r r r
For i=2
j 2 + X 2 = 12 + 22 + X 2 = 0
j 1 2

( ) (g ) ( ) (g )
12 1 2 1 2 12
ij = g jj ii
ij , ij = g jj ii
ij
12 1 = 12,1 + l 211l + 1l 12l
= 12,1 + 12 11
1
+ 22 12
1
+ 1111
2
+ 12 12
2

1 1
= 12,1 + 12 0 + 22 0 + 11 0 + 12 = 12,1 + 12
r r
12
= ( g 22 )
1 2
(g )
11 1 2
+ ( g 22 ) ( g 11 ) 12
1 2 1
12

r r
1 12 1 12
= + 2
r r r
22 2 = ,2 + 2l + 2l 22l
22 l2 2

= 22,2 + 12 21
2
+ 22 22
2
+ 21 21
2
+ 22 22
2

1 22 1
= 22,2 + 12+ 0 + 21 + 22 0
r r
1 2
22
= ( g 22 ) ( g 22 ) + ( g 22 ) ( g 11 ) 12 + ( g11 ) ( g 22 ) 21
1 2 1 2 12 1 1 2 12 1
r r
1 22
1 1 1 1 1 22
2 12
= 2 + 12 + 21 = 2 + 2
r r r r r r r
 1 21 1 21 1 22 2 12 F 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + =0
r r r r r r

3. An infinite plate with a circular hole of radius a is subjected to a uniform

shearing load S as shown in the figure. Find the Airy stress function and the
physical components of stress. (20%)
Ans.
Uniform shear at r
No body force 4 = 0
Boundary conditions
(1) xy = S, and xx = yy = 0 at r , (2) rr = 0 , and r = 0 at r = a
At large r,
2 r 2 sin 2
= xy = S try = Sxy = Sr 2 cos sin = S
xy 2
Stresses correspond to this are
rr = S sin 2 , r = S cos 2 , = S sin 2
They does not satisfy the B.C. at r=a. Add other biharmonic functions to cancel rr and r the possible
biharmonic functions must yield stresses depend on or a function of sin2 and cos2 respectively.
A possible Airy stress function is
r 2 sin 2 sin 2
= S + A 2 + B sin 2
2 r
and the corresponding physical stress components are
sin 2 sin 2
rr = S sin 2 6 A 4 4 B 2 ,
r r
cos 2 cos 2
r = S cos 2 + 6 A 4 + 2 B 2 ,
r r
sin 2
= S sin 2 + 6 A 4
r
At r = a, rr = 0 , and r = 0
A B A B
( rr ) r = a = ( S 6 4 4 2 ) sin 2 = 0 , or S = 6 4 + 4 2
a a a a
A B A B
( r ) r = a = ( S + 6 4 + 2 2 ) cos 2 = 0 , or S = 6 4 2 2
a a a a
A = a S / 2 and B = a S
4 2

(a) Airy stress function:

2
Sr 2 sin 2 a 4 S sin 2 r 4 a 4 + 2r 2 a 2 r 2 a2 S
= + a 2
S sin 2 = S sin 2 = sin 2
2 2r 2 2r 2 r 2
(b) Physical stress components:
 3a 4 S sin 2 4a 2 S sin 2 r 4 4a 2 r 2 + 3a 4
rr = S sin 2 + = S sin 2 ,
r4 r2 r4
3a 4 S cos 2 2a 2 S cos 2 r 4 + 2a 2 r 2 3a 4
r = S cos 2 + = S cos 2 ,
r4 r2 r4
3a 4 S sin 2 r 4 + 3a 4
= S sin 2 = S sin 2
r4 r
4

4. A thin disk is rotating with a constant angular speed . The disk has an outer
radius a is mounted on a rigid shaft of radius b. The material of disk is isotropic
and has a density . Find physical components of stress in the disk.. (20%)
1 d d 1 d d
Note: For axial symmetric case 4 = r r
r dr dr r dr dr
Ans.
Use coordinates attached to the rotating disk.
Body force F = Fr er + F e = r 2er
V 1 V
F = V = er e = r 2e r
r r r
V V
Body force potential = r 2 and =0
r
r 2 2
V =
2
The compatibility relation requires
2( 1) 2
4 + V = 0 or
1+
1 d d 1 d d 2( 1) 2 2( 1) 1 d dV 4( 1) 2

r r = V = r =
r dr dr r dr dr 1+ 1 + r dr dr 1+
d d 1 d d 4( 1) 2 r
r r =
dr dr r dr dr 1+
d 1 d d 2( 1) 2 r 2
r r = +A
dr r dr dr 1+
d 1 d d 2( 1) 2 r A
r = +
dr r dr dr 1+ r
1 d d ( 1) 2 r 2
r = + A ln r + B
r dr dr 1+
d d ( 1) 2 r 3
r = + Ar ln r + Br
dr dr 1+
d ( 1) 2 r 4 A 2 r2 B 2
r = + r ln r + r + C
dr 4 (1 + ) 2 2 2
d ( 1) 2 r 3 A r B C ( 1) 2 r 3 C
= + r ln r + r + = + Ar ln r + Br +
dr 4 (1 + ) 2 2 2 r 4 (1 + ) r
( 1) 2 r 4
= + A1r 2 ln r + B1r 2 + C ln r + D = p + c
16 (1 + )
 From the table, the stress function r 2 ln r gives multiple-valued displacement u . Therefore, A1=0.
1 ( 1) 2 r 2 C ( 1) 2 r 2 C r 2 2 ( + 3) 2 r 2 C
rr = +V = + B + 2 + V = + 2 B1 + 2 = + 2 B1 + 2 ,
r r 4 (1 + ) r 4 (1 + ) r 2 4 (1 + ) r
1
r = ( )0 ,
r r
2 3( 1) 2 r 2 C 3( 1) 2 r 2 C r 2 2 ( 5) 2 r 2 C
= 2 +V = + B 2 + V = + 2 B1 2 = + 2 B1 2
r 4 (1 + ) r 4 (1 + ) r 2 4 (1 + ) r
The displacement caused by p and V can be found as follows:
ur 1 3 3 (1 )
rr = = rr ( rr + ) = r 2 2
r 2 4 2 4 (1 + )
1 u u 1 3 1 (1 )
= + = ( + ) = r 2 2
2 4 (1 + )
rr
r r 2 4
3 (1 ) (1 ) r 3 2 + rigid body motion(let it be zero)
2 ur = r 2 2 dr =
4 (1 + ) 4 (1 + )
(1 ) (1 ) r 3 2 d = 0 + rigid body motion(let it be zero)
2 u =
4 (1 + ) 4 (1 + )
Therefore, the components of dis[placement are
(1 ) r 3 2 B 1 r C
2 ur = 1( ) , 2 u = 0
4 (1 + ) r
The boundary conditions:
At r=a, the physical components rr = 0 , r = 0
At r=b, the physical components ur = 0 , u = 0
( + 3) 2 a 2 C
rr = + 2 B1 + 2 = 0
r =a
4 (1 + ) a
(1 ) b3 2 B 1 b C = 0
2 ur = 1( )
r =b
4 (1 + ) b
Solve to obtain

B1 =
1 ( 1) b 4 + ( + 3)a 4
2 , C=
( 1) ( + 3)a 2 2b 2 a 2b 2 2
4 ( + 1) ( 1) b 2 + 2a 2 4 ( + 1) ( 1) b 2 + 2a 2

5. The Airy stress function for an infinite elastic plane subjected to a concentrated force P acting at the origin
P
in the x-direction is = [ ( + 1)r sin +( 1)r log r cos ] . Find the Airy stress function for
2 ( + 1)
an infinite elastic plane subjected to a concentrated moment M acting at the origin of the coordinate. (20%)

Ans.
 P
1 = [ ( + 1)r sin +( 1)r log r cos ] = Pf ( x, y)
2 ( + 1)

2 = Pf ( x, y y )
Let Py = M = Const.
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y y )
= 1 + 2 = P [ f ( x, y ) f ( x, y y )] = M
y
When y 0
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y y ) f
= lim M =M
y 0
y y
f f r f
= +
y r y y
r 1 2y y
r = ( x2 + y 2 ) ,
12
= = = sin
y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 2
r

y 1 1 x cos
= tan 1 , = = 2 =
x y x 1 + ( y x ) 2
x +y 2
r
( + 1)r sin + ( 1)r log r cos
f (r , ) =
2 ( + 1)
f ( + 1) sin + ( 1) log r cos + ( 1) cos
=
r 2 ( + 1)
f ( + 1)r sin ( + 1)r cos ( 1)r log r sin
=
2 ( + 1)
f f r f f f cos
= + = sin +
y r y y r r
1 ( + 1) sin 2 + ( 1) log r cos sin + ( 1) cos sin
=
2 ( + 1) ( + 1) sin cos ( + 1) cos 2 ( 1) log r sin cos
1
= [( + 1) + 2 cos sin ]
2 ( + 1)
1
= [( + 1) + sin 2 ]
2 ( + 1)
The corresponding stress depends on q that cannot satisfy axial symmetric condition. Therefore, additional
 stress function is needed.

P 3
3 = [( + 1) r cos + ( + 1)r cos + ( 1)r log r sin ] = Pg ( x, y )
2 ( + 1) 2

4 = Pg ( x + x, y )
Let Px = M = Const.
g ( x, y ) g ( x + x, y )
= 3 + 4 = P [ g ( x, y ) g ( x + x, y)] = M
x
When x 0
g ( x, y ) g ( x + x, y ) g
= lim M = M
x 0
x x
g g r g
= +
x r x x
r 1 2x x
r = ( x2 + y 2 ) ,
12
= = = cos
x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 2
r
y y 1 y sin
= tan 1 , = 2 = 2 =
x x x 1 + ( y x ) 2
x +y 2
r
3
( + 1) r cos + ( + 1)r cos + ( 1)r log r sin
g (r , ) = 2
2 ( + 1)
3
( + 1) + cos + ( 1) log r sin + ( 1) sin
g 2
=
r 2 ( + 1)
3
( + 1)r cos ( + 1)r + sin + ( 1)r log r cos
g 2
=
2 ( + 1)
 g g r g g g sin
= + = cos
x r x x r r
3 2
( + 1) + 2 cos + ( 1) log r sin cos + ( 1) sin cos
1
=
2 ( + 1) 3 2
( + 1) cos sin + ( + 1) + sin ( 1) log r cos sin
2
1 3
= ( + 1) + 2sin cos
2 ( + 1) 2
1 3
= ( + 1) + sin 2
2 ( + 1) 2
Therefore, the total stress function for concentrated moment acting at the origin is
+ M f g
t = =
2 2 y x
M 3
= ( + 1) sin 2 ( + 1) + + sin 2
4 ( + 1) 2
M 3
= +
2 4
The physical stress components are
M
rr = 0 , r = , = 0
2 r 2

Formulas and equations might be useful:

r
u v = u1v1 + u 2 v2 + u 3v3 = u i vi u v = u n vm nm ds = g1dx1 + g 2 dx 2 + g 3 dx 3 gi =
x i
g i g j = i j gi = gij g j gi = g ij g j g ik g jk = i j u = u i gi = u j g j
ui v j g ij = u j vi gij gi = ij g j gi = ijg j ij jk = ik v = vi g i = v i g i = vi `g i ` = v i `g i `
x j
vi ki = vk = v j kj v j = i j vi i j = i
gij = gi g j = ik g k ljgl = ik ljg kl eijk erjk = 2 ir
x
ci 'j = ik' l j 'ck l ck ' m ' = ki ' mj 'cij Q 'ijk ... = ip jq kr ...Q pqr ... eijk ekqr = iq jr ir jq eijk ekjr = 2 ir
ip iq ir
V p V
eijk e pqr = jp jq jr
xq
= pi qj i
x j V
i Qlmn...dV = ni Qlmn...dS
S
ji , j + X i = 0
kp kq kr
1 x p x q 1 u j ui
V Pijk ... r Qlmn...dV = nr Pijk ...Qlmn...dS Qlmn... r Pijk ...dV
S V
E ij =
2
g pq i
a a j
aij

ij =
2 xi x j
1 1 a p a q 1 u u j u p u p 1 u u j u p u p
k = ekijij eij = gij a pq i j
Eij = i + + eij = i +
2 2 x x 2 a j ai ai a j 2 x j xi xi x j
2e12 2 E12
e1 = 1 1 2e11 E1 = 1 + 2 E11 1 sin 12 = sin 12 =
1 2e11 1 2e22 1 + 2 E11 1 + 2 E22

(A A ij ) n j = 0
n
N ( n ) = Aij ni n j A ( n ) = N ( n ) + S ( n )
2 2 2
Aij n j = Ani ij T i = ji n j
ux u = yz , u y v = zx , and uz w = ( x, y )

xx = yy = zz = xy = 0 , xz = G
y , and yz = G + x
x y

exx = eyy = ezz = exy = 0 , exz = y , and eyz = + x
2 x 2 y
3 3
v = v r ( g rr ) g r ( g rr ) = vr ( g rr ) g r ( g rr )
12 1 2 12 1 2
gi , j = ijk g k = ijk g k ijk = jik and ijk = kji
r =1 r =1
n

( ) (g )
n 12 1 2
vi = v,i j + v k ikj T j = ij ni and T j = i j ni ij = g jj ii
ij X = X i g i , and u = u i g i
j

3 3
ij j + X i = ui ij j = ij, j + lj ijl + il jlj ij = 2G ( ij +
kk ij ), = 3 4 , =
2 2 1+
1 3 1 3 1
rr = [ rr ( rr + )], = [ ( rr + )], r = r
2G 4 2G 4 2G
V V 2 2 2
Fx = , Fy = xx = 2 + V , and yy = 2 + V xy =
x y y x xy
2( 1) 2
4 + V =0
1+