Solutions of Practice Questions

Lecture#23

Q1.

Find all possible polar co-ordinates representations of the point P whose rectangular co-ordinates are

(3 2, −3 2)

Solution

We have

x= 3 2 and y = −3 2

For polar coordinate P ( r ,  )

r = x 2 + y 2 = (3 2) 2 + (−3 2) 2 = 18 + 18 = 36 = 6

y −3 2
tan  =
= = −1   = tan −1 (−1)
x 3 2
3 7
= ,
4 4

The point P (3 2, −3 2) lies in the fourth quadrant

When

3
= r = −6
4
 7
When  = r =6
4

3 7
Polar co-ordinates of P are (−6, ) and (6, )
4 4

Q2.

Find polar co-ordinates of the point whose rectangular co-ordinates are ( 2, − 2 )

Solution

As we know

y
r = x 2 + y 2 and tan  =
x
So
r = (2) 2 + (−2) 2 = 8 = 2 2
−2
tan  = =1
2
 = tan −1 (−1)
3 7
= ,
4 4
 7   3 
2 2 , + 2n  ,  −2 2 , + 2n 
 4   4 
n = 0, 1, 2, − − − − − − −

Q3.

Express the equation x 2 = 8 y in polar coordinates.

Solution

We use the formula x=rcosθ and y=rsinθ

x2 = 8 y
(r cos  ) 2 = 8r sin 
r 2 cos 2  = 8r sin 
r cos 2  = 8sin 
8sin 
r= = 8sec  tan 
cos 2 

Q4.

Convert the point (2, π/3) from polar to Cartesian coordinates.

Solution


(r ,  ) = (2, )
3
we have
 1
x=rcos =2cos =2 =1
3 2
 3
y=rsin =2sin =2 = 3
3 2

Therefore, the point is (1, 3 ) in Cartesian co-ordinates.

Lecture#24

Q1.

Equation of a curve in polar co-ordinates is r = 1 − cos  . Discuss the symmetry of graph of this curve
about initial line.

Solution

Symmetry about initial line

As we know, cos(− ) = cos  so equation of a curve remains same if  is replaced by − . So the

curve is symmetrical about initial line.

Q2.

Equation of a curve in polar co-ordinates is r 2 = a 2 cos 2 . Discuss the symmetry of the graph of this
curve about y-axis.

Solution

Symmetry about y-axis

As we know

cos ( 2( −  ) ) = cos ( 2 − 2 )

= cos 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2
= cos(2 )

So equation of a curve remains same if  is replaced by  −  . So the curve is symmetrical

about y-axis.
Q3.

Equation of a curve in polar co-ordinates is r 2 = 8sin 2 . Discuss the symmetry of the graph of this
curve about y-axis.

Solution

Symmetry about y-axis

As we know

sin ( 2( −  ) ) = sin ( 2 − 2 )

= sin 2 cos 2 − cos 2 sin 2
= − sin(2 )

So equation of a curve does not remain same if  is replaced by  −  . So the curve is not
symmetrical about y-axis.

Lecture#25

Q1.

Use double integrals in polar co-ordinates to find area of the region bounded by the curve r = 7 cos  .

Solution

7 7 
Here r = 7 cos  is a circle of radius and center at  ,0
2 2 
 
7 cos 7 cos
2 2
r2
 
− 0
r dr d = 
− 2
d
0
2 2
 
2
1 49 2
2 − 2 −
= (7 cos  ) 2
d = cos 2  d
2 2


49 2 1 + cos 2
2 −
= d
2
2

49
4 0
= 1 + cos 2 d


49 sin 2 2
= + =
4 2 −
2

49   ( − )  49 2 49
=  − = ( )=
4 2 2  4 2 4

Q2.

In each part, rewrite the double integral as an iterated integral in polar coordinates. (Do not evaluate.)

(a) R
1 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy , where R is the left half of the unit disk.

(b)   x dxdy
2
Where R is the right half of the ring 4  x2 + y 2  9
R

Solution

(a) The region R is the polar rectangle π/2 ≤ θ ≤ 3π /2, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1. In polar coordinates, the

integrand is 1 − r 2 . So, we can rewrite the double integral as an iterated integral

 ( )
3 /2 1
1 − r 2 rdrd .
 /2 0

(b) The region R is the polar rectangle − π /2 ≤ θ ≤ π/ 2 , 2 ≤ r ≤ 3. In polar coordinates, the

integrand is (rcos  )2 . So, we can rewrite the double integral as an iterated integral
  /2 3  /2 3

  (r cos ) rdrd =   r cos 2  drd .

2 3


− /2 2 − /2 2

Q3.Evaluate the following double integral by changing to polar coordinates.

1 2− x2

 
0 0
( x 2 + y 2 ) dydx.

Solution

1 2− x2

  (x + y 2 ) dy dx
2

0 0

Region of integration is the part of a circle center at origin and radius 2 in first quadrant

2 2

 
0 0
r 2 r dr d ,since x 2 + y 2 = r 2


2 2
=  r 3 dr d
0 0
  
2
2
r4 12 12
= d =  r 4 d =  4 d
2

0
4 0
40 0 40

2 

=  d =  0
2 =
0
2

3 9− x2

Q4. Evaluate   sin( x 2 + y 2 ) dydx by converting to polar coordinates.

−3 0

Solution
3 9− x2

  sin ( x 2 + y 2 ) dy dx
−3 0

Region of integration is the part of a circle center at origin and radius 3 in upper half of plane
 3
=  (sin r
2
)r dr d ,since x 2 + y 2 = r 2
0 0
 
1 1
= − d = −  (cos 9 − 1) d
3
cos r 2
0
2 0 20
1   
= −  cos 9 −  0
=− ( cos 9 − 1) = (1 − cos 9)
2 2 2

Solution of Practice Questions

Lecture#26

 ( x + y + z 2 )dzdydx where − 2  z  2, 0  y  3, 0  x  2. Evaluate

3
Q1. Given the integral
G

the integral with respect to the variable z only.

Solution

2
2 3 2
 3 z3 
2 3

0 0 −2 ( x + y + z )dzdydx = 0 0  x z + yz + 3  dydx

3 2

−2

 16 
2 3
=    4 x3 + 4 y + dydx
0 0 
3

1 9− x2
Q2. Evaluate the double integral  
−1
( x 2 + y 2 + 1) dydx by changing to polar co-ordinates.
− 9− x2

Solution
 1 9− x2

 
−1 − 9 − x 2
( x 2 + y 2 + 1) dy dx

−1  x  1 , − 9 − x 2  y  9 − x 2
y = 9 − x2  x2 + y 2 = 9
Circle center at origin and radius 3.So r varies from 0 to 3 and θ varies from 0 to 2π
Also x 2 + y 2 + 1 = r 2 + 1
Putting values
2 3 2 3

  (r + 1) r dr d =   (r + r ) dr d
2 3

0 0 0 0

2 3
r4 r2
= 
0
+
4 2
d
0
2
 81 9  99 99
=   4 + 2  d =
0
4
(2 − 0) =
2

1 1− x2
Q3. Evaluate the double integral  
−1 0
x 2 + y 2 dydx by changing to polar co-ordinates.

Solution
 1 1− x2

 
−1 0
x 2 + y 2 dydx

−1  x  1 , 0  y  1 − x 2
y = 1 − x2  x2 + y2 = 1
Circle center at origin and radius 1. So r varies from 0 to 1 and θ varies from 0 to π
Also x 2 + y 2 = r
Putting values
 1  1

  r r dr d =   r dr d
2

0 0 0 0

 1 
r3 1 1 1 
( ) =

= d =  d =  0
=
0
3 0 0
3 3 3 3

Q4. Convert the following integral from Cartesian to polar coordinates. (Do not integrate it).

1 a 2 − x2

0 0 x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 dy dx.

Solution

y = a2 − x2
 y 2 = a 2 − x 2 or x 2 + y 2 = a 2
Comparing it with the general equation of circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2

we get r = a, so we have 0  r  a and θ varies from 0 to ,
2
 
2 a 2 a

  r cos  (r ) rdrd =   r cos  drd

2 2 2 2 7 2

0 0 0 0
Lecture#27

Q1. If r (t ) = 5iˆ + sin t ˆj + cos t kˆ then find r (t ) .

Solution

r (t ) = (5) 2 + (sin t ) 2 + (cos t ) 2

= 25 + cos 2 t + sin 2 t
= 25 + 1 = 26

Q2. If the vector valued function r (t ) = e2t iˆ + ln(t − 1) ˆj + tkˆ , then find the vector that r (t ) associates
with t = 2 .

Solution

The vector associated with t = 2 is

r (2) = e 2(2)iˆ + ln(2 − 1) ˆj + 2kˆ

= e4iˆ + ln(1) ˆj + 2kˆ
= e4iˆ + 2kˆ
Lecture#28

Q1. Check whether the given limit exists or not? Also justify your answer.

 1  ^ ^ ^
lim   i + e 2t j + cos t k  .
t →0
 t  

Solution

 1  ^ ^ ^
1^ ^ ^
lim   i + e2t j + cos t k  = lim   i + lim e 2t j + limcos t k
t →0
 t   t →0  t  t →0 t →0

1
Since the limit of first component, that is, lim   does not exist. So even though the limit of
 
t →0 t

remaining two components exist, the limit of vector-valued function does not exist.

→
1 ^ ^ ^
Q2. The vector equation for a given curve C is r (t ) =   i + t 2 j + (2 t ) k and its derivative is
t 
→ 1^ ^ 1 ^
r (t ) = − 2
i + 2t j + k . Find the tangent vector to C at the point t = 3 .
t t

Solution

At t = 3

→ 1^ ^ ^ → 1^ ^ 1 ^
r (3) = i + 9 j + 2 3 k and r (3) = − i + 6 j + k
3 9 3

For vector equation of tangent line at the point where t = 3 , we have

 → → →
r = r (3) + t r (3)
1^ ^ ^
  1^ ^ 1 ^
= i + 9 j + 2 3 k + t  − i + 6 j+ k
3   9 3 
1 1 ^ ^
 1 ^
=  − t  i + ( 9 + 6t ) j +  2 3 + tk
3 9   3 

Q3. → ^ ^ → →
Let r (t ) = sin t i + 3cos t j . Find t, such that r (t ) and r  (t ) are perpendicular to each other.

Solution

→ ^ ^ → ^ ^
r (t ) = sin t i + 3cos t j and r  (t ) = cos t i − 3sin t j
→ →
Since r (t ) and r  (t ) are perpendicular so
→ →
r (t ) r  (t ) = 0
 ^ ^
  ^ ^

 sin t i + 3cos t j   cos t i − 3sin t j = 0
   
sin t cos t − 9sin t cos t = 0
−8sin t cos t = 0
sin t cos t = 0
Multiply by 2 on both sides
2sin t cos t = 0
sin 2t = 0
2t = 0,  , 2 , 3 , − − −
 3
t = 0, , , , −−−
2 2
n
t= ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, − − −
2

Lecture#29
Q#1: Write down the expression for the arc-length of the curve represented by the vector valued
function

r (t ) = (5t − ln 3t )iˆ + (t 2 + 7) ˆj where 0  t  4 . (Do not evaluate the expression).

Solution:

Here

x = 5t − ln 3t , y = t 2 + 7
dx 3 dy
= 5− , = 2t
dt 3t dt

2 2
 dx   dy 
4
Arc length=    + 
0  dt   dt 
2
 3
4
=  5 −  + ( 2t )
2

0  3t 

→ ^ ^
Q#2: What is the arc-length of the curve r (t ) = 2 sin t i + 2 cos t j ; when 0  t  2 ?

Solution:
→ ^ ^
r (t ) = 2 sin t i + 2 cos t j
Parametric equations corresponding to the vector equation are
x = 2sin t , y = 2 cos t
dx dy
= 2 cos t , = −2sin t
dt dt
2 2 2
 dx   dy 
Arc − length = 
0
  +   dt
 dt   dt 
2
=  ( 2 cos t ) + ( −2sin t )
2 2
dt
0
2
=  ( 4 cos t ) + ( 4sin t ) dt
2 2

0
2
=  4 ( sin 2 t + cos 2 t ) dt
0
2
2
= 2  dt = 2 t 0 = 4
0

→ ^ ^
Q#3: What is the arc-length of the curve r (t ) = (2 + 5t ) i + (3 − 6t ) j when 2  t  3 ?

Solution:
→ ^ ^
r (t ) = (2 + 5t ) i + (3 − 6t ) j
Parametric equations corresponding to the vector equation are
x = 2 + 5t , y = 3 − 6t
dx dy
= 5, = −6
dt dt
2 2
 dx   dy 
3
Arc − length =    +   dt
2  dt   dt 
3
= ( 5) + ( −6 )
2 2
dt
2
3
= ( 25) + ( 36 ) dt
2
3 3
=  61 dt = 61  dt
2 2

= 61 t 2 = 61 (3 − 2) = 61
3

Q#4: Given the equations of two curves y = x and y = x . Find the intersecting points of these
curves.

Solution:

x= x
x 2 = x or x 2 − x = 0
x( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
x = 0 and x = 1 are the intersecting points.

Q#5: Given the equations of two curves y = −6 − x 2 and y = 4 − 7 x . For which values of x these
curves intersect each other?

Solution:
−6 − x 2 = 4 − 7 x
x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0
x 2 − 5 x − 2 x + 10 = 0
x( x − 5) − 2( x − 5) = 0
( x − 2)( x − 5) = 0
x = 2 and x = 5 are the required insecting points.

Q#6: Given the equations of two curves y = 4 − x and y = 4 − x 2 . For which values of x these
curves intersect each other?

Solution:

4 − x = 4 − x2
x2 − x = 0
x( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x − 1 = 0
x = 0 and x = 1 are the intersecting points.

Lecture#30

Q#1: Determine whether the following differential is exact or not.

dz = 4 xy 3 dx + 6 x 2 y 2 dy

Solution:
𝑃 = 4𝑥𝑦 3

𝑄 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2

𝜕𝑃
= 12𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑄
= 12𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So the given differential is exact.

Q#2: Determine whether the following differential is exact or not.

dz = (5x + 9 xy ) dx + 5x3 dy

Solution:

Let P = 5 x + 9 xy and Q = 5 x 3
Then
P Q
= 9x = 15 x 2
y x
P Q
Since  so given differential is not exact.
y x

Q#3: Determine whether the following differential is exact? If so, find z.

dz = 3x(x y − 2) dx + ( x3 + 2 y) dy
Solution:
Since P = 3 x(x y − 2) and Q = ( x3 + 2 y )
Then
P Q
= 3x 2 = 3x 2
y x

P Q
Since the given differential is exact, therefore, =
y x
Since dz is exact differential so

z =  P dx =  3x(x y − 2) dx =  3x 2 y − 6 x) dx
= x3 y − 3x + f ( y ) − − − − − − − (1)

z =  Q dy =  ( x3 + 2 y ) dy
= x3 y + y 2 + f ( x) − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)

Compare right hand side of both the expressions (1) and (2) we get
f ( y) = y 2
and
f ( x) = −3x
Thus
z = x3 y − 3x + y 2

Lecture#31

Q#1: Evaluate the line integral

C
 − y dx + x dy along y 2 = 3x from the point (3, 4) to the

point (1, 0) .

Solution:
y 2 = 3x
y2
x=
3
2
dx = y dy
3
Put values of C , x and dx in given line integral
 − y dx + x dy
C

2  y
0 2 0
2 2 1 2
4  3  3 dy = 4 − 3 y dy + 3 y dy
− y y dy +

−1 2
0
= y dy
4
3
0
−1 y 3
=
3 3 4

−1
= ( 0 − 64 )
9
64
=
9

Q#2: Evaluate the line integral 

C
3 y 2 dy where C is the line segment from (2, 0) to (1, 5) .

Solution:


C
3 y 2 dy =  3 y 2 dy
0
5
= y3
0

= 125

 3x y dx + xy dy along y = x3 + 1 from the point (−1, 0) to

2
Q#3: Evaluate the line integral
C

the point (1, 2) .

Solution:
y = x3 + 1
dy = 3 x 2 dx
Put values of C, y and dy in given line integral
 3x y dx + xy dy
2

C
1 1

 3x ( x + 1) dx + x( x + 1)(3x ) dx =  (3x + 3x + 3x + 3x ) dx
2 3 3 2 5 2 6 3

−1 −1
1
x6 3 3
= + x3 + x 7 + x 4
2 7 4 −1
1 3 3 1 3 3
= +1+ + − +1+ −
2 7 4 2 7 4
6
= 2+
7
14 + 6 20
= =
7 7
Lecture#32
Q1. Evaluate  4 x3ds where C is the curve shown below.
C
Solution:

So, first we need to parameterize each of the curves

C1 : x = t , y = −1, −2t 0
C2 : x = t , y = t − 1, 0  t  1
3

C3 : x = 1, y = t , 0t 2

Now let’s do the line integral over each of these curves.

Finally, the line integral that we were asked to compute is,

Answer (-5.732)

Q2. Evaluate the following line integral with respect to arc-lengths

2
 3xy z ds , Where C is the curve x = t , y = t 2 , z = t 3 and 0  t  1 .
2 2

C
3

Solution:

2
x = t, y = t2, z = t3
3
dx dy dz
= 1, = 2t , = 2t 2
dt dt dt

2 2 2
ds  dx   dy   dz 
=   +  + 
dt  dt   dt   dt 
= 1 + 4t 2 + 4t 4 = (1 + 2t 2 )2 = 1 + 2t 2
 2
2  4
3 xy z = 3t (t )  t 3  = t11 ( Putting values of x, y, z )
2 2 2 2

3  3
 4 11 
1

C ( 3xy z ) ds = 0  3 t  (1 + 2t ) dt
2 2 2

1
4 8
=  ( t11 + t13 ) dt
0
3 3
1 1
4 t12 8 t14
= +
3 12 0 3 14 0
4 1 8 1 1 4 7 + 12 19
= ( )+ ( )= + = =
3 12 3 14 9 21 63 63

19
Answer ( )
63

Q3.

Evaluate the following line integral which is independent of path.

( −1,0)


(2, −2)
(3 x 2 y 2 ) dx + (2 x 3 y ) dy

Solution:

Let dz = (3x 2 y 2 ) dx + (2 x3 y) dy

As given line integral is independent of path so dz is an exact differential. z will be found as given
below

P( x, y) = 3x 2 y 2 , Q( x, y) = 2 x3 y
 z =  P dx =  ( 3x 2 y 2 ) dx z =  Q dy =  ( 2 x3 y ) dy
= x3 y 2 + f ( y ) − − − −(1) = x3 y 2 + f ( x) − − − −(2)

As there is no dissimilar term at the right side of equations (1) and (2), so

f ( y ) = 0 and f ( x) = 0
Thus z = x3 y 2

So for dz = (2 xy 3 ) dx + (3 y 2 x 2 ) dy , we have z = x3 y 2

Put this value in given integral, with limits (2, − 2) to (−1, 0)

( −1, 0)

 (3x y ) dx + (2 x y ) dy = 
2 2 3
d ( x3 y 2 )
C (2, − 2)
( −1, 0)
= x3 y 2
(2, − 2)

= 8(4)  = 32

Answer (32)

Q4.

Evaluate the following line integral which is independent of path.

 
1, 
 2


(0,0)
(2 x sin y ) dx − (x 2 cos y ) dy

Solution:

Let dz = (2 x sin y) dx − (x 2 cos y) dy

 Since given line integral is independent of path so dz is an exact differential. z will be found as
given below.

P( x, y) = 2 x sin y, Q( x, y) = − x 2 cos y

z =  P dx =  2 x sin y dx
= x 2 sin y + f ( y ) − − − −(1)

z =  Q dy = −  x 2 cos ydy
= x 2 sin y + f ( x) − − − −(2)

As there is no dissimilar term at the right side of equations (1) and (2) so

f ( y ) = 0 and f ( x) = 0
Thus z = x 2 sin y

So for dz = (2 x sin y) dx − (x 2 cos y) dy , we have z = x 2 sin y

 
Put this value in given integral, with limits (0, 0) to 1, 
 2
 
1, 
 2

 (2 x sin y) dx − (x cos y ) dy = 
2
d (x 2 sin y )
C (0, 0)

 
1, 
= x 2 sin y  2
(0, 0)

=1

Answer (1)
Lecture#33

 xydx + x
2
Q1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate y 3dy , where C is the triangle with vertices
C

(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2) with positive orientation.

Solution:

So, the curve does satisfy the conditions of Green’s Theorem and we can see that the following
inequalities will define the region enclosed.

We can identify P and Q from the line integral. Here they are.

So, using Green’s Theorem the line integral becomes,

 2
Answer ( )
3

Q2.

 (x − 4 xy ) dx + ( y 2 − xy ) dy where C is a square with vertices at

2
Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate
C

(0, 0) , (2, 0) , (2, 2) and (0, 2)

Solution:

Here

P = ( x 2 − 4 xy )
and
Q = ( y 2 − xy )

P
= −4 x
y

Q
= −y
x
Limits for x is from 0 to 2 and for y is 0 to 2. .

Thus by Green’s Theorem

2 2

 ( x − 4 xy ) dx + ( y − xy ) dy = −  (−4 x − y ) dy dx
2 2

C 0 0
2 2
=  (4 x + y ) dy dx
0 0

2 2
y2
=  4 xy + dx
0
2 0
2
=  ( 8 x + 2 ) dx
0
2
= 4 x2 + 2 x = 16 + 4 = 20
0

Answer (20)

 y dx − x dy
3 3
Q3. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate where C is the positively oriented circle of radius
C

2 centered at the origin.

Solution:
Let’s first identify P and Q from the line integral.

Now, using Green’s theorem on the line integral gives,

Where D is a disk of radius 2 centered at the origin.

Since D is a disk it seems like the best way to do this integral is to use polar coordinates. Here is the
evaluation of the integral.

Answer ( −24 )

Lecture#34

→ → ^ ^ ^
Q1. Find curl F , if F = x 2 y i + xyz j − x 2 y 2 k .

Solution:
→ ^ ^ ^
F = x 2 y i + xyz j − x 2 y 2 k
^ ^ ^
i j k
→ →   
curl F =   F =
x y z
x2 y xyz − x 2 y 2

  (− x 2 y 2 )  ( xyz )  ^   ( x 2 y )  (− x 2 y 2 )  ^   ( xyz )  ( x 2 y )  ^
= −  i+  −  j+  − k
 y z   z x   x y 
^
^ ^ ^
= (−2 x y − xy ) i − 2 xy j + ( yz − x ) k
2 2 2

^ ^
Answer ( (−2 x 2 y − xy ) i − 2 xy 2 j + ( yz − x 2 )k )

→ → ^ ^ ^
Q2. Find div F , if F = yz 2 i + xy j + yz k

Solution:

→ ^ ^ ^
F = yz 2 i + xy j + yz k
→ →   ^  ^  ^ → ^ ^ ^

div F =  • F =  i + j + k  •  F = yz 2 i + xy j + yz k 
 x y z   
 ( yz 2 )  ( xy )  ( yz )
= + +
x y z
= 0+ x+ y = x+ y

Answer ( x + y )
Q3. If A = x3 yiˆ + y 2 z 3 ˆj − z 3 x 2 kˆ then find grad div A .

Solution:

A = x3 yiˆ + y 2 z 3 ˆj − z 3 x 2 kˆ
   

(
div A = . A =  iˆ + ˆj + kˆ  . x 3 yiˆ + y 2 z 3 ˆj − z 3 x 2 kˆ
 x y z 
)
= 3 x 2 y + 2 yz 3 − 3 z 2 x 2 =  (say)
grad div A = grad
   ˆ  ˆ 
=  iˆ + j+ k
 x y z 
= (6 xy − 6 xz 2 )iˆ + (3 x 2 + 2 z 3 ) ˆj − (6 yz 2 − 6 zx 2 ) kˆ
= 6 x( y − z 2 )iˆ + (3 x 2 + 2 z 3 ) ˆj − 6 z ( yz − x 2 )kˆ

Answer ( 6 x( y − z 2 )iˆ + (3x 2 + 2 z 3 ) ˆj − 6 z ( yz − x 2 )kˆ )

Q4: Given , f(x,y)=sinxy+cosxy find div(F ).

Solution:
We are given that

f ( x, y ) = sinxy+cosxy
    ˆj  (sinxy+cosxy)
f =  iˆ +
 x y 
= ( ycosxy − y sin xy ) iˆ + ( xcosxy − x sin xy ) ˆj
   ˆ
grad (f ) =  iˆ +
 
(
j  • ( ycosxy − y sin xy ) iˆ + ( xcosxy − x sin xy ) ˆj )
 x y 
= − y sin xy − y 2 cos xy − x 2 sin xy − x 2 cos xy
2

= − sin xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) − cos xy ( x 2 + y 2 )

Answer ( − sin xy( x 2 + y 2 ) − cos xy( x 2 + y 2 ) )

Question 1

Evaluate  x3 ln xdx by parts.

Ans

x4 x4
ln x − + c
4 16

Question 2

Evaluate  x cos xdx by parts.

Ans

x sin x + cos x + c
Question 3

Evaluate  0
2
sin11 xdx

10 8 6 4 2
. . . .
11 9 7 5 3
Lecture#35


1. Use Wallis cosine formula to evaluate  ( cos3 x + cos5 x ) dx .

2

Solution
  

 ( cos x + cos x ) dx =  ( cos x ) dx +  ( cos x ) dx

2 2 2
3 5 3 5

0 0 0

2
2.4.6.........(n − 1)
 cos x dx = if n is odd and  3
n

0
3.5.7........n

2
2
 cos x dx =
3

0
3

2
2 4 8
 cos x dx = =
5

0
3  5 15


 ( cos x + cos5 x ) dx =
2
2 8 18
3
+ =
0
3 15 15

2. Use Wallis sine formula to evaluate  ( sin 4 x + sin 6 x )dx .

2

Solution:
  

 ( sin x + sin x ) dx =  ( sin x ) dx +  (sin x ) dx

2 2 2
4 6 4 6

0 0 0

2
 1.3.5.........(n − 1)
 sin x dx = if n is even and  2
n

0
2 2.4.6.........n

2
 3 3
 sin x dx =  =
4

0
2  8  16

2
  3  5  15
 sin x dx = =
6

0
2  2  4  6  96


3 15 33
 ( sin x + sin 6 x ) dx =
2
4
+ =
0
16 96 96
Lecture#36

1. Evaluate the line integral  F  dr where F ( x, y, z ) = xyiˆ + x 2 zjˆ and c is given by the
c

curve r (t ) = tiˆ + 2tjˆ + (1 − t )kˆ, 0  t  1 .

Solution:
We are given that F ( x, y, z ) = xyiˆ + x 2 zjˆ and r (t ) = tiˆ + 2tjˆ + (1 − t )kˆ .
This implies
dr = (iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ)dt .
Also,
F ( r (t ) ) = (2t 2 )iˆ + t 2 (1 − t ) ˆj
= 2t 2iˆ + (t 2 − t 3 ) ˆj

( )(
F  dr = 2t 2iˆ + (t 2 − t 3 ) ˆj  iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ dt )
1 1 1

 F  dr =  ( 2t + 2t − 2t ) dt =  ( 4t − 2t ) dt
2 2 3 2 3

0 0 0
1
4 1  4 1 5
=  t3 − t4  = − =
3 2 0 3 2 6
which is the required result.

2. Evaluate the line integral  F  dr where F ( x, y, z ) = yziˆ + 3xyzjˆ + 2 x 2 ykˆ and c is the
c

curve given by r (t ) = iˆ + tjˆ + t 2 kˆ, 0  t  1 .

Solution:

We are given that F ( x, y, z ) = yziˆ + 3xyzjˆ + 2 x 2 ykˆ and r (t ) = iˆ + tjˆ + t 2 kˆ .

dr = ( ˆj + 2tkˆ)dt .
Also,
F ( r (t ) ) = t 3iˆ + 3t 3 ˆj + 2tkˆ

( )(
F  dr = t 3iˆ + 3t 3 ˆj + 2tkˆ  ˆj + 2tkˆ )
1 1

 F  dr =  ( 3t + 4t 2 ) dt
3

0 0
1
 3t 4 4t 3  3 4 25
= +  = + =
 4 3  0 4 3 12
Lecture#37

→ ^ ^
Consider the vector field F = 3xz i + 2 y j over the surface S which is the portion of the sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 bounded by the planes x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0 (as shown in the figure below).

^ x ^ y ^ z ^
If n = i + j + k is a unit upper normal to S. express
3 3 3
→ ^

 F • n dS in spherica coordinates.
S

Note: Do not evaluate the integral.

Solution:
→ ^
n
Put values of F and in given integral
→ ^ ^ ^
x ^ y ^ z ^
S F • n dS = S (3 xz i + 2 y j ) •  i + j + k  dS
3 3 3 
 2 
=   x 2 z + y 2  dS
S 
3 

To convert it to spherical polar coordinates, we have

x = 3sin  cos 
y = 3sin  sin 
z = 3cos 
dS = 9sin  d d

Limits are:
 
 ranges from 0 to
2

 ranges from 0 to
2

Put these values

Practice Questions

Lecture#38

→
Q1. Determine whether the following vector field F is conservative or not.

^ ^ ^
a ) F ( x, y , z ) = (2 z 4 − y 3 ) i + ( z − 3xy 2 ) j + ( y + 8 xz 3 ) k
^ ^ ^
b) F ( x, y , z ) = −2 x cos z i + y 3 j + x 2 sinz k

Q2. Let S is the surface bounded by the plane x = 0 x = 1, y = 0 y = 2, z = 0 z = 3 . If

→ ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^
F = (2 x 2 y + z ) i + xz 2 j + (e y − yz ) k , use Divergence Theorem to find  F  n dS , where n denote the
S

unit outer normal to S.

→ ^


Q3. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate the integral curl F • n dS
s
 → ^ ^ ^
If F = z 2 i − 3xy j + x 3 y 3 k and surface S is the portion of paraboloid z = 5 − x 2 − y 2 above the plane

z = 1 . Assume that S is oriented upward.

Lecture#39

Q1. Write amplitude, period and frequency of the following:

a ) y = 2sin 3x
x
b) y = 3sin
2
c) y = 5sin 8x

Q2. Define the periodic function whose graph is shown below.

Q3. Sketch the graph of the following periodic functions showing all relevant values:

t 2 / 2 0t4

f (t) = 8 4t6
0 6t 8


Q4. Evaluate

 sin mx sin nx dx =  (n = m)
−


 sin mx sin nx dx = 0 (n  m)
−

Lecture#40

Q1. Determine the Fourier co-efficient a0 of the following function.

x
f ( x) = 0  x  2
2

Q2. Determine the Fourier co-efficient an of the following function.

x
f ( x) = 0  x  2
2

Q3. Determine the Fourier co-efficient bn of the following function.

x
f ( x) = 0  x  2
2
Q4. Determine the Fourier co-efficient a0 , an and bn of the following function

0 −  x  0
f (x) = 
x 0  x   and has a period 2π

→ ^
 2 2 2
S • n dS = S  x z + 3 y  dS
F

 

 
2 2
2
=    (3sin  cos  ) 2 (3cos  ) + (3sin  sin  ) 2  9sin  d d
0 0 
3

Practice Questions Lecture#41-43

Q1. Check whether the given function is even, odd or neither.

f ( x) = x 2 e x .

Solution
 Let g ( x) = ( x 2 )
h( x ) = e x .
As g (− x) = (− x) 2
= x2
= g ( x)
So g ( x) is an even function.
h( x) is neither odd nor even function. Since product of even function and
"neither even nor odd function" is "neither even nor odd function"
so f(x) is neither even nor odd function.

Q2. Check whether the given function is even, odd or neither.

f ( x) = cos2 x sin 5 x .
Solution

Let g ( x) = cos 2 x
h( x) = sin 5 x
g ( x) is an even function as
g (− x) = ( cos (− x) )
2

= ( cos x )
2

= cos 2 x = g ( x)
h( x) is also an odd function as
h(− x) = sin 5( − x)
= sin(−5 x)
= − sin 5 x = − h( x)
Since product of an even and and an odd function is an odd function
so f ( x) is an odd function.

Q3. Consider a periodic function defined by

f ( x) = x ; −  x  

Determine Fourier Co-efficient a0 , an and bn .

Solution

f ( x) = x  −  x  
Since f (− x) = − x = − f ( x) so f is an odd function.

If f(x) is an odd function defined over the interval – π < x < π, then the Fourier series for f(x)
contains sine terms only. So a0 and an are zero.


1
bn =
 
−
f ( x) sin nx dx


2
=
  x sin nx dx
0

2  − x cos nx 

1
=  +  cos nx dx 
  n 0 n0 

2 1 
= [− cos n + sin nx 0 ]
n n
−2 cos n −2 cos n
= +0=
n n
−2(−1) n
=
n

Q4. Determine the Fourier coefficient a0 for a periodic function f (t ) of period 4 defined by

(1 + t) -2 < t < 0

f (t ) = 
0 0<t<2

Solution

Here the given function is of period 4, so T = 4 and

 T

1 
2 2 0 2
2 2
a0 =
T 
−T
f (t ) dt = 
4 −2
f (t ) dt = 
2  −2
f (t ) dt + 
0
f (t ) dt 

2
0
1  1 t2  1
0 2
=   (1 + t ) dt +  (0) dt  =  t +  = (2 − 2) = 0
2  −2 0  2 2 -2 2

Q5. Determine the Fourier co-efficient bn of the periodic function

f ( x) = 2 x + 2, 0  x  2
Solution

Here period=T=2
2
= =
T
T
2
bn =  f ( x) sin n x dx
T 0
2
bn =  (2 x + 2) sin  nx dx
0

( − cos  nx ) − 2 ( − cos  nx ) dx 
2

=  (2 x + 2)
 n  n 
0
cos  nx 2 ( sin  nx ) 
2

=  −(2 x + 2) + 
  n  2n2 0
 6 2  −4
= − + =
 n n  n

Q6. Determine the Fourier co-efficient bn of the following periodic function.

f ( x) = x + 1, 0  x  1

Solution
Here period=T=1
2
= = 2
T
T
2
bn =  f ( x) sin n x dx
T 0
1
bn = 2  ( x + 1) sin 2 nx dx
0

( − cos 2 nx ) − ( − cos 2 nx ) dx 
1

= 2  ( x + 1)
 2 n  2 n 
0
cos 2 nx ( sin 2 nx ) 
1

= 2  −( x + 1) + 
 2 n 4 2 n 2 0
 −2 1  −1
= 2 + =
 2 n 2 n   n

Practice Questions with Solution

Lecture#44 &45
Q1. Find Laplace transform of the functions F (t ) if

a) F(t) = e5t

Solution:

F ( t ) = e5t
1
As L{e at } = where s and a are constants
s−a
1
L{e5t } =
s−5

b) F(t) = t 5

Solution:
F (t ) = t 5
n!
As L{t n } = where s is a constant
s n +1
5! 5  4  3  2  1 120
L{t 5} = 5+1 = = 6
s s6 s

c) F(t) = sin5t

Solution:
F (t ) = sin 5t
a
As L{sin at} = where s and a are constants
s + a2 2

2
L{sin 5t} = 2
s + 25

d) F(t) = e 2t cos3t

Solution:

F (t ) = e2t cos3t

s−a
As L{e at cosb t} = where s,a and b are constants
( s − a )2 + b2
s−2
L{e 2 t cos 3t} =
( s − 2) 2 + 9

e) F(t) = t 3 + 3t - 2

Solution:

F (t ) = t 3 + 3t − 2

3! 1 1
As L{t 3 + 3t − 2} = L{t 3} + 3L{t} − 2 L{1} = 4
+3 2 −2
s s s
 Q2. Show that Laplace transform of the function

1
f (t ) = t is where s is a constant for the integration and s > 0.
s2

Solution:
As we know
+

e
− st
L[ f (t )] = f (t ) dt
0

So for f (t ) = t
+

e
− st
L[t] = t dt
0
l
= lim l →+  e − st t dt
0

 e − st l l
e − st 
= lim l →+  t +  1. dt 
 s 0 0
s 

 e − st l e − st l 
= lim l →+  t − 2 
 s s 0
0 
In order for this limit to exist, we again must insist that s  0 and that s > 0
so that e − sl has a limit ( of zero ) . We obtain
1 1
= − lim l →+ (l e − sl − 0) − 2 lim l →+ (e − sl − 1)
s s
1
= 2 ; s0
s

Q3. Find Laplace transform of the function F (t ) if

F(t) = e 2t cos t

Solution:
Since
s
L{cos t} =
s +1 2

So by First Shift Theorem

s−2
L{e − ( −2 t ) cos 2t} =
( s − 2) 2 + 1
s−2
= 2
( s + 4 − 4s) + 1
s−2
= 2
s − 4s + 5

Q4. Determined:

 3 
a) L-1  2 
s + 4 

Solution:

 3  −1  3 3  3 −1  3 3  3
L−1  2  =L  2 2
= L  2 2
= sin 2t
s + 4 2 s + 2  2 2 s + 2  2

 2 
b) L-1  4
 (s + 5) 

Solution:

 2   1 6  1 −1  3!  1 −5t −1  3!  1 −5t 3
L-1  4
= L−1  4
= L  4
= e L  4= e t
 (s + 5)   3 (s + 5)  3  (s + 5)  3 s  3
 Q5. Find Laplace transform of the function F (t ) if

F (t ) = e3t sin 4t

Solution:

Since
4
L{sin 4t} =
s + 16
2

So by First Shift Theorem

4
L{e − ( −3t ) sin 4t} =
( s − 3)2 + 16
4
= 2
( s + 9 − 6s ) + 16
4
= 2
s − 6s + 25