Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Capacitors
Capacitors
Day 1
Basic Power Calculations
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Ratings
Capacitor Application
Capacitor
p Protection
Day 2
Harmonics
Capacitor Bank Design Considerations
Shunt Capacitors
Medium Voltage
Substation Applications
pp
Power Factor Correction
Basic Power Calculations
Basic Power Calculations
C
Common Q
Questions:
ti
An analogy
gy that
VAR
ee
Beer
W
Foam (Head)
St ff which
Stuff hi h prevents
t
you from maximizing the
amount of beer that you get
Basic Power Calculations
V: Reference
f voltage
l
IR: Resistive load
IL: Inductive load
IC: Capacitive load
Basic Power Calculations
Vref
Ires
Vref
Ilag
Vref
Ilead
Vref
I90
kV A)
S(
Q (kVAR)
P (W)
Power Triangle
g
Incomingg service is at
99.5% capacity
5500 kW
3400 kVAR
6466 kVA
0.85 lag
Power Factor [ PF ] = Cos =gP / S
kV A)
S(
Q (kVAR)
3400 kVAR
31.8 deg
P (W)
5500 kW
Power Triangle
g
Even though our facility require only 5500 kW to perform Real Work, our
incoming service must be sized for 6466 kVA.
Basic Power Calculations
We have a 6500 kVA mug
that is holding 5500 kW
and 3400 kVAR.
VAR
VA
Incomingg service is at
85% capacity
5500 kW
0 kVAR
5500 kVA
3400 kVAR
1.0 unity
Power Factor [ PF ] = Cos = Py / S
kV A)
S(
Q (kVAR)
0 kVAR
0 deg
P (W)
5500 kW
Power Triangle
g
The cap bank is providing 3400 kVAR, so our service is now providing only
5500 kVA (reduction from 6466 kVA.
Basic Power Calculations
COS [ ] = 0.67
COS [ ] = 0.95
Q2 = Q1 + Qc VA Q1 = 1,118 kVAR
k
00
1,5
VA
1,053 k
Q2 = 330 kVAR
Q 1 000 kW
1,000
An example of how to calculate the size of a cap bank based on a target power factor
Basic Power Calculations
3400 kVAR
5000 kVAR
5000 kVAR
Out of service
2000 kW 1000 kW 0 kW
1000 kVAR 800 kVAR 0 kVAR
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
1 / Ceq = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2
Capacitor Fundamentals
Ceq = C1 + C2
Capacitor Fundamentals
but we typically do not have much use for capacitance values.
So we convert capacitance to impedance:
1 1
XC
C 2fC
Capacitor Fundamentals
Z R jX c
Z R jX c
Z XC
2
V 2 V
Z S
S XC
Capacitor Fundamentals
2
V [kV ]
kVAR]
S [kV *1000
000
Z []
Example:
The capacitance of a capacitor is 6.22 F and the
nameplate voltage is 8000 V. Calculate the power rating.
1
XC 6
426.7[]
2(3.14)(60)(6.22 x10 )
(8) 2
S 1,000 150[kVAR]
426.7
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Discharge resistor
Note that IEEE Std 18
requires the discharge
resistor to reduce the
terminal voltage to 50 V in
th time
the ti frame
f as specified
ifi d
in the table below.
Capacitor Ratings
Capacitor Ratings
Medium-voltage
Medium voltage capacitors are available in many different styles.
styles
The main points of differentiation are listed below:
Voltage rating
kVAR rating
Single
g bushingg or dual bushingg
Internally fused, externally fused, or fuseless
Capacitor Ratings
* Impulse tests shall be applied between terminals and case, with the terminals connected together. For capacitors
having bushings with two different BIL ratings, this test shall be based on the bushing with the lower
BIL. The nameplate shall show both BIL ratings, e.g. 150/95 kV BIL.
** Not applicable to indoor ratings
Capacitor Application
Capacitor Application
Pole top
Metal-Enclosed / Pad-Mount
Ope
Open rack
ac
Terminal end at equipment
Capacitor Application
P l Top
Pole T Installation
I t ll ti
Capacitor Application
P l Top
Pole T Installation
I t ll ti
Capacitor Application
Metal-Enclosed
Metal Enclosed Substation Installation
Capacitor Application
Metal-Enclosed
Metal Enclosed Substation Installation
Capacitor Application
Installation in Equipment
Capacitor Application
Delta
Wye - Solidly Grounded
Wye
y - Ungrounded
g
Voltage considerations
IEEE 1036 suggests that only banks rated 2400 V and below
should be Delta connected.
connected This is mainly because standard
voltage ratings for wye connected banks may not be available.
B k Protection
Bank P t ti Summary
S
Capacitor Protection
Fuseless Capacitors
Constr cted of small capacitor elements which
Constructed hich are arranged in
series and parallel. The elements are constructed of aluminum
foil with a dielectric of electrical grade polypropylene. This
design provides a safe failure mode. In the event that the
dielectric fails, the energy in the resulting small arc punctures
many layers of the thin film and foil within the element. The
arc causes the film layer to receded allowing many layers of the
aluminum foil electrodes to touch and weld together forming an
electrically stable electrical joint.
joint This results in an entire
series section being shorted.
Capacitor Protection
Example of Fuseless Installation
Capacitor Protection
Internally Fused Capacitors
Constr cted such
Constructed s ch that each element
is protected with a series
connected current limiting fuse.
The design is such that isolated
fusing prevents potential damage
to the adjacent elements and
fuses. The current limiting mode
chops the fault current to prevent
the energy stored in the parallel
connected elements from being
discharged into the faulted
element.
Capacitor Protection
Group Fusing
Individual
d v du Fusing
us g
Capacitor Protection
Group Fusing Considerations for Selecting Fuse
(typical for distribution pole mounted racks)
Continuous Current
Transient Current
Fault Current
Tankk Rupture Curve
C C di i
Coordination
Voltage on Good Capacitors
Capacitor Protection
Continuous Current
For wye-solidly grounded systems: Fuse > = 135% of rated
capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances,
and harmonics).
For wye-ungrounded
y g systems:
y Fuse > = 125% of rated
capacitor current (includes overvoltage, capacitor tolerances,
and harmonics).
Care should be taken when using NEMA Type T and K tin links which are rated
150%. In this case, the divide the fuse ratingg by
y 1.50.
Capacitor Protection
Transient Current
Capacitor switching (specifically back-to-back switching)
Lightning surges
Back-to-back is typically
yp y not a factor for ppole mounted capacitors
p
banks.
High
g magnitude,
g , high
g frequency
q y lightning
g g surges
g are typically
yp y not
a concern for substation installations.
Back-to-back
Back to back switching is typically controlled with pre-insertion
pre insertion
closing resistors or current limiting reactors.
By the
h nature off installation,
i ll i the h parallel
ll l fuses
f will
ill share
h theh
transient current and will not be a factor.
Capacitor Protection
Fault Current
Ensure that the fuse can interrupt the available fault current.
Example of a Definite
Tank Rupture Curve.
The time
Th i between
b the
h
rupture curve and the
fuse maximum clear
curve is the
coordination margin.
Capacitor Protection
Example of a 10% and 50%
Rupture Curve for a 100 kVAR
Capacitor.
A A
N N
VNG C C
VA
VNG
VG VN
Normal Conditions VC VB
VN = VG
VAN = VBN = VCN
Capacitor Protection
Ungrounded or Impedance
Grounded System
VA
VNG
VG VN
Normal Conditions VC VB
VN = VG
VAN = VBN = VCN = 1.0
.0 p.u.
Capacitor Protection
VNG
VA
VNG
VG VN
VA
VNG
VG VN
Normal Conditions VC VB
VN = VG
VAN = VBN = VCN = 1.0
.0 p.u.
Capacitor Protection
Ungrounded or Impedance
Grounded System
VA
Gnd
VNG
VN
Wye-Ungrounded:
Voltage Between
Capacitor Bank Neutral
and Ground vs. Percentage
of Capacitor Units
Removed from Series
Group
Capacitor Protection
Wye-Ungrounded:
Voltage on Remaining
Capacitor Units in Series
Group vs. Percentage of
Capacitor Units Removed
from Series Group
Capacitor Protection
Wye-Grounded:
Neutral Current vs
Percentage of
Capacitor Units
Removed from Series
Group
Capacitor Protection
Wye-Grounded or Delta:
Voltage on Remaining
Units in Series Group vs.
Percentage of Capacitor
Units Removed from
Series Group
Capacitor Protection
Double Wye-Ungrounded,
Neutrals Tied Together:
Neutral Current vs.
Percentage of Capacitor
Units Removed from
Series Group
Capacitor Protection
Double Wye-Ungrounded,
Neutrals Tied Together:
Voltage on Remaining
Capacitor Units in Series
vs. Percentage of
Capacitor Units Removed
from Series Group
Capacitor Protection
A phase B phase C phase
P: Number of
units in group
(P=6)
S: Number of
series groups
(S=4)
1 - 4 2
2 6 8 7
3 8 9 8
4 9 10 9
5 9 10 10
6 10 10 10
7 10 10 10
8 10 11 10
9 10 11 10
10 10 11 11
11 10 11 11
12 and over 11 11 11
7200[V ]2
S NEW 2
150[kVAR]
12470[V ]
S NEW 50[kVAR]
Capacitor Fundamentals
Using 12470 V capacitors on a 12470 V Ungrounded or
Resistance-Grounded System
y will require
q 3x more cans.
It should be noted that the 12470 V cans will also be larger than
the 7200 V cans.
cans
Uses a long uniform cross section element. This configuration makes the fuse a
current chopping fuse. The fuse develops a back voltage per inch of element
across the entire length of the element. When this voltage exceeds the available
voltage across the fuse, the fuse forces the arc to extinguish. The result is that a
trapped voltage may and probably will remain on the other capacitors in the
series group. The fuse by its design avoids absorbing all of the available energy
on the series group. This fuse is used for capacitor banks with a large number of
parallel
ll l capacitors.
it It can be
b usedd on applications
li ti with
ith essentially
ti ll infinite
i fi it parallel
ll l
stored energy, as long as sufficient back voltage can be developed to force the
current to extinguish. This is the fuse we apply to series, large shunt, and DC
banks.
Because of the high back voltage that is developed, this fuse must be used with
several capacitors in parallel to limit the voltage build up or a flashover may
occur elsewhere in the capacitor rack.
rack
Capacitor Fundamentals
Current Limiting Fuses vs Expulsion Fuses:
Expulsion Fuse C
Current Limiting
Li i i Fuse
F
Capacitor Fundamentals
Current Limiting Fuses vs Expulsion Fuses:
Expulsion Fuses
Operate mechanically and provide a visual indication
Combination
C bi ti expulsion
l i with
ith currentt limiting
li iti characteristic
h t i ti fuses
f can be
b usedd in
i
indoor metal-enclosed equipment.
p
Less expensive
Capacitor Fundamentals
Capacitor Fundamentals
Current Limiting Fuses
Do not emit ionized gases during operation.
operation Ionized gases are undesirable
because they can cause bushing and insulator flashovers that result in additional
damage. Do not require ventilation.
More expensive
Capacitor Fundamentals
Note no pigtail and blown fuse indication
Capacitor Fundamentals
Current Limiting with Expulsion
Capacitor Fundamentals
What about arresters? How and where should they be
applied?
Ground Fault
VNG = VLN
VAG = VBG = VLL = 1.732
1 732 p.u.
VLL
Guidelines
G id li ffor S
Selection
l ti off S
Surge A
Arresters
t ffor Sh
Shuntt
Capacitor Banks ABB Technical Information
Both
B th off these
th papers also
l address
dd phase-to-phase
h t h arrester
t
connections.
Harmonics
Harmonics
Recall that the impedance of a capacitor is inversely
proportional to the system frequency.
frequency
1 1
XC
C 2fC
Harmonics flow to the point of lowest impedance. The higher
the harmonic,
harmonic the lower the impedance of the capacitor.
capacitor
An example of a 13
13.8
8 kV harmonic filter
Capacitor Bank Design Considerations
Design Considerations
So how do we size a capacitor bank?
Determine
D t i your primary
i goall
Voltage support
Lower utility bill (avoid penalties)
Increase capacity of system
Depending
D di on swing
i in
i plant
l t load,
l d a single
i l bank
b k sized
i d for
f full
f ll
plant capacity may not be the answer.
If the capacitive reactance of the capacitor is less less than that of the motor reactance (this occurs
when to large of a capacitor is chosen). This combination of reactance will result in a resonant
frequency below 60 hertz
hertz. Therefore,
Therefore as the motor slows in speed,
speed the frequency of the motor
terminal voltage will decrease from a value of near 60 hertz toward zero. When the motor's terminal
voltage frequency passes through the resonant frequency setup between the capacitor reactance and
the motor reactance, the terminal voltage will become very high, only limited by the properties of the
iron Depending on the inertia of the motor,
iron. motor this resonance (or high voltage) may be present for a
considerable period of time.
Design Considerations
2400 kVAR,
kVAR 13800 V
V, wye-ungrounded
wye ungrounded (8) 100 kVAR per
phase bank.
However, the
H h reliability
li bili off the
h wye-ungrounded
d d bbank
k iis
significantly higher
Design Considerations
Determine the switching equipment
By ddi a 100 mH
B adding H current limiting
li i i reactor, the
h inrush
i h is:
i
B k b k switching
Back-to-back i hi off the
h same unit.
i
Design Considerations
E
Example
l off breaker
b k withi h pre-insertion
i i resistor.
i
Design Considerations
Another application.
Design Considerations
Disconnect switch
Grounding switch
Kirk-keyy interlock
Ventilation requirements
Control power
Design Considerations
Design Considerations
Design Considerations
Be aware that larger medium voltage motors may include
surge
g ppacks.
The surge pack will decrease the crest voltage and rate of
rise of the impending surge.
surge High rates of rise damage end
turns while high crest voltage damage winding to core
insulation.
Single-Point Grounding
The neutrals of all banks of a given voltage are connected
together with insulated cable/bus and tied to the ground
grid only at one point. This prevents high-frequency
currents (due
(d to back-to-back
b k b k switching)
i hi ) from
f flowing
fl i into
i
the ground grid.
Grounding of Wye Banks
Peninsula Grounding
One or more isolated gground ggrid conductors are carried
underneath the capacitor rack of each phase and tied to the
station ground grid at one point at the edge of the capacitor
area All capacitor bank neutral connections are made to
area.
this isolated peninsula ground grid conductor.
Grounding of Wye Banks
Grounding of Wye Banks
References
IEEE Std. 18
IEEE C37.99
NEMA CP-1
IEEE Std 1036
IEEE
IEEE Std 399 (Brown Book)