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Tutor in Pathology,
MAPIMS
Most common non-skin malignancy in women!!!
BREAST CARCINOMA RISK FACTORS
PATHOGNESIS GENETIC FACTORS
Most common
genes implicated
in Breast
carcinoma
BRCA -1Breast BRCA-2, Breast p53( Chr.17) CHEK2( Chr. 22)
Cancer 1,Early Cancer 2,Early
onset ( Chr.17) onset( Chr.13)
Metabolites of estrogen
mutations / generate DNA-damaging
free radicals.
ESTROGEN DEPENDENT TUMOURS
Approximately 75% of breast tumors
estrogen dependent.
SOLID DCIS
Completely fills the
involved spaces.
Noncomedo DCIS
PAPILLARY DCIS
Grows into spaces along
fibrovascular cores lack
myoepithelial cell layer.
MICROPAPILLARY
DCIS
Bulbous protrusions
without a fibrovascular
core arranged in complex
intraductal patterns.
Calcifications assoc.with
necrosis/form on
intraluminal secretions.
PAGETS DISEASE OF NIPPLE
Rare manifestation of breast CA.
U/l erythematous eruption, Pruritus.
Malignant cells/PAGET CELLS Extend
from DCIS within ductal system via
lactiferous sinuses nipple skin without
crossing the BM.
Tumour cells disrupt tight squamous
epithelial barrier ECF seeps out onto
nipple surface oozing scaly crust.
Pagets cells detected by nipple
Bx/cytological preparation of the exudate.
Palpable mass 50 60 % of women =>
invasive CA.
No palpable mass => DCIS
Poorly differentiated, ER Negative, HER2/
neu overexp.
Prognosis depends on features of
underlying Ca.
PAGETS DISEASE OF NIPPLE
DCIS WITH MICROINVASION
Area of invasion
through BM stroma -
> 0.1 cm.
Assoc. with
comedocarcinoma.
Young women.
Loss of expression of E-
cadherin(transmembrane
cell adhesion protein
cohesion of normal breast
epithelial cells).
LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU - MORPHOLOGY
Dyscohesive round cells with
oval or round nuclei and
small nucleoli. Absence of
atypia, pleomorphism, mitoti
activity, necrosis.
Mucin-positive signet-ring
cells.
ER and PR +ve.
LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU
Invasive carcinoma 1% per
year.
Treatment:
10.Bilateral prophylactic
mastectomy.
11. Tamoxifen.
12.Close clinical follow-up.
13.Mammographic screening.
INVASIVE CARCINOMA CLINICALFEATURES
Palpable mass.
Nipple retraction
Mammography Radiodense
mass
Invasive Carcinoma, No Special Type
(NST; Invasive Ductal Carcinoma)
Majority (70% to 80%).
Bilateral - 5 10 %.
Desmoplasia - minimal or
absent
INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA
Well-differentiated and
moderately differentiated
carcinomas diploid, ER positive,
HER2/neu overexpression - rare
MORPHOLOGY : Well
circumscribed,soft,fleshy mass
- little desmoplasia more
yielding on palpation and
cutting. (medulla
=>marrow).
MEDULLARY CARCINOMA - HPE
O Solid, syncytium-like
sheets of large cells with
vesicular, pleomorphic
nuclei, prominent
nucleoli > 75% of the
tumor
t Frequent mitotic figures;
Moderate to marked
lymphoplasmacytic
infiltrate surrounding and
within the tumor.
. Pushing (noninfiltrative)
border.
Poorly differentiated.
MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
High nuclear grade,
aneuploidy, hormone
receptors - nt, HER2/neu
overexpression nt.
Morphology: Tumor
soft/rubbery . Consistency
& appearance of pale
gray-blue gelatin. Borders
- pushing / circumscribed.
MUCINOUS CARCINOMA - HPE
Tumor cells - arranged in
clusters and small islands
within large lakes of mucin.
Mucinous carcinomas
diploid, well to moderately
differentiated, and ER
positive.
Uncommon.
Morphology: Well-formed
tubules + nt, myoepithelial cell
layer, BM - nt tumor cells in
direct contact with the stroma.
Apocrine snouts -
typical.Calcifications - within the
lumens.
Underlying carcinoma -
diffusely infiltrative - does
not form a discrete palpable
mass confusion with true
inflammatory conditions a
delay in diagnosis.
Many patients
metastases at diagnosis /
recur rapidly.
METAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
Includes a variety of rare
types of breast cancer (<1% of
all cases) matrix-producing
carcinomas, squamous cell
carcinomas, and carcinomas
with a prominent spindle cell
component.
ER-PR-HER2/neu triple
negative.
Prognosis - poor.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS -
MAJOR
Outcome in breast CA
varies widely.
Major prognostic factors
Prognosis determined by strongest predictors of
pathologic examination death.
of primary carcinoma & 2) Invasive vs insitu CA.
axillary lymph nodes. 3) Distant metastasis
4) Lymph node metastasis
5) Tumour size
American Joint 6) Locally advanced ds.
Committee on Cancer 7) Inflammatory CA.
(AJCC) staging system
divides patients into five
stages (O to IV)
correlated with survival.
T: Primary Lymph Nodes M: Distant 5-Year Survival
Stage Cancer (LNs) Metastasis (%)
0 DCIS or LCIS No metastases Absent 92
I Invasive No metastases Absent 87
carcinoma 2 cm
II Invasive No metastases Absent 75
carcinoma >2 cm
Invasive 1 to 3 positive LNs Absent
carcinoma <5 cm
III Invasive 1 to 3 positive LNs Absent 46
carcinoma >5 cm
Any size invasive 4 positive LNs Absent
carcinoma
Invasive 0 to >10 positive Absent
carcinoma with LNs.
skin or chest wall
involvement or
inflammatory
carcinoma
IV Any size invasive Negative or Present 13
carcinoma positive lymph
nodes
MINOR
FIBROADENOMA
MC benign tumor - 2 nd & 3 rd
decade.Multiple, bilateral.
Young women palpable mass. Older
women mammographic density /
calcifications.
Epithelium hormonally reponsive
increase in size during lactation
complicated by inflammation,
infarction mimics CA.
Stroma - densely hyalinized after
menopause -may calcify. Large
lobulated (popcorn) calcifications GROSS: Spherical, sharply
characteristic mammographic circumscribed, rubbery, grayish
appearance. white, freely movable nodules
Small calcifications - clustered -bulge above the surrounding
-require biopsy to exclude carcinoma. tissue and contain slitlike spaces.
< 1 cm large tumors.
FIBROADENOMA - HPE
Stroma delicate,
cellular,myxoid-resembles
normal intralobular stroma.
Epithelium - surrounded
by stroma - compressed &
distorted by it.
Risk of malignancy assoc.
with Complex
fibroadenomas cysts >
0.3 cm. in size, sclerosing
adenosis, epithelial
calcifications, papillary
apocrine change.
FIBROADENOMA - TYPES
INTRACANALICULAR PERICANALICULAR
Cystosarcoma phyllodes
Misnomer.
Puberty/very aged/hyperestrinism.