Data Analysis Lab

ME 288
L7 abc
 GD & T
Is a method (systems of symbols) for defining
a parts geometry
it goes beyond the form description
based simply on tolerance dimensions
as directed under rule #1

A basic dimension is a theoretical 2h

perfect size, location

12
or orientation dimension. Varies
Basic Dimension
These symbols are used when dimensioning.
h
2h
90
h
h h
0.6h
60
Counterbore Countersink Depth (or deep)
0.5h
0.5h h
h 2h h
30
Dimension Origin Conical Taper Square

1.5h 0.3h 15
( ) 1.5h h
(

0.3 h
Arc Length Reference Slope
2h 2.5h

X 12 0.8h ST 1.5h
Places Varies 60
or By
Basic Dimension Statistical Tolerance
(dimensional)

R SR S CR
Radius Diameter Spherical Spherical Controlled
Radius Diameter Radius
These symbols are used when dimensioning.

h
2h
90
h
h h
0.6h 60
Counterbore Countersink Depth (or deep)

0.5h
0.5h h

h 2h h
30
Dimension Origin Conical Taper Square

h = height of lettering
These symbols are used when dimensioning
.3h 15
1.5h
( ( ) 1.5h h

1.6
Arc Length Reference Slope
2h
2.5h

X 12 0.8h ST 1.5h
Places Varies 60
or By
Basic Dimension Statistical Tolerance
(dimensional)

R SR S CR
Radius Diameter Spherical Spherical Controlled
Radius Diameter Radius
A feature control frame (the backbone of GD & T) modifies a
parts geometry.
Geometric tolerance(characteristic)
symbol (position)
Diameter symbol
Numeric tolerance
(feature tolerance)
Modifier

0.2 A B C 2h

Tertiary datum
Secondary datum with
modifier
Primary datum
Two additional examples of feature control frames modifying a
parts geometry.

Numeric tolerance
Diameter symbol
Geometric tolerance
(perpendicularity)

0.08 0.05 A
Numeric tolerance Modifier
Geometric tolerance Datum
(flatness)
(A) (B)
Geometric characteristic(tolerance) symbols are categorized in
two ways.
Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Type of
Symbol Description tolerance
Straightness
Flatness

Form
Individual
No datum or datums needed
Circularity
features
Cylindricity
Profile line Individual or

Profile
related Depending on the situation
Profile surface features
Angularity

Orientation
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
Related
Position A datum or datums
features
Concentricity Location are required
Symmetry

* Runout Circular
Runout

* Runout Total

*Either filled or unfilled

GD&T geometric characteristic symbols illustrated.

0.6h
1.5h
2h
1.5h h

Straightness Parallelism Flatness

1.5h h 1.5h 1.5h M 0.8h

Concentricity Circularity Modifier

GD&T geometric characteristic symbols illustrated.

2h 1.5h
1.2h
h 60 1.5h h

0.5h
Symmetry Cylindricity Position

2h 2h
h
h h

All round Profile Profile

surface line
GD&T geometric characteristic symbols illustrated.

3h
1.5h 30 0.8h

2h 1.5h * 0.6h
Perpendicularity Angularity Between

0.8h * 45 *
h 1.5h
1.1h
0.6h
Runout Circular Runout Total
* Filled or unfilled
Table lists GD&T geometric characteristic symbol modifiers.

Modifiers
M Maximum Material Condition
L Least Material Condition
P Projected Tolerance Zone
F Free State Variation
T Tangent Plane
ST Statistical Tolerance (geometric)
Between
*
*Filled or unfilled
 Modifiers
Maximum material condition, MMC Least material condition, LMC
(M) (L)
It should be taken literally. It should be taken literally.

The geometric feature or The geometric feature or

size is as large as it can be. size is as small as it can be.
In the case of a hole, as In the case of a hole, as
small as it can be. large as it can be.
7B
 Rule #1:
Where only a tolerance of size is
specified, the limits of size of an
individual feature prescribe the extent of
which variations in its geometric form, as
well as size, are allowed.
ANSI Y14.5 1994
 When only size tolerance is specified the objects form can
vary within the stated size limits.

12.2 12.2

12.2 12.2 (B)

11.8 11.8

11.8 11.8
(A) 12.2 12.2

at 12.2 MMC must be at 11.8 MMC must be

perfect form perfect form (C)

11.8 11.8
11.8 for entire length 11.8 for entire length
External dowel plug Internal hole
A cylinder can have a variety of shapes yet stay within the
limits of size.

Max Max Max

Min Min Min

(A) (B) (C)
The rectangular prism can vary in shape as long as it stays
inside the volume of the limits of size.
22
20

18 16
16 14

9 11
7 9

(A) 7 (B)
Checking the size limits envelope:
A ring gage and plug gage are used to check the geometric
form of a pin and hole.
8.0 7.8 LMC along
7.8 entire length
of dowel

16.0
15.8

Ring gage 8.0 MMC

(A) Checking geometric form with ring gage

7.0 7.0
6.8 LMC

6.8
Plug gage MMC

(B) Checking geometric form with plug gage

 Standard Stock Item
Items whose geometry are already controlled
by established industrial or government
standards
bars, sheet stock, tubing or structural shapes
 Datums
A datum is an exact surface, line, point ,axis or
cylinder from which measurements are taken.
Ex. A surface plate or a polished slab of granite
(simulated datum).

3 points define a plane.

Datum feature is the surface of the part in contact
with the simulated datum.
 A height gage measures the height of an object from the
simulated datum surface of a surface plate.

Dial face

Probe
Up

Down
Simulated
Measured datum
height (surface plate)

Datum
feature
Note: the datum feature rests on the simulated datum.
the height is measured from the simulated datum and not from the datum feature.
 Degrees of freedom (12) allow movement in two directions
along each axis and rotation about each axis (clockwise and
counterclockwise).
+Z
-X
-Y

+Y
+X
In order to measure geometric features -Z
part motion must be restricted.
 A datum reference frame consists of three intersecting planes at
90 to each other.

The part can still move in the positive X, Y and Z directions

part motion must be restricted
What if we temporarily clamped the part? Measurements can be taken
from the simulated datums.
Datum surfaces must be indicated on the drawing

Varies
H

2H H A 60

2H for single lettering Filled or

4H for double lettering unfilled
(A) H = height of lettering

E
G
F

16

H
(B) Applications
7C
The datum symbol is applied to solid cylinders.

14 J

-or- 14
8

J J K
The datum symbol is applied to holes.

12
0.1 M F G H

N
M 12
R
6
P 6

Note: letters I, O and Q are not used to indicate datums because they may
be confused with numbers one(1) and zero(0).
Double letters can be used e.g. AA, BB etc.
Order of Datums:
Primary datum S has 3 pts of contact, secondary datum T has
2 pts and tertiary datum U 1pt of contact.
2X 6 0.2
0.1 M S T U

(A)This drawing U
symbology 6

10 12 S
T

1 pt of contact
U S
3 pts of contact

(B) Means this

2 pts of T
contact
 The order of the datums is critical!
2X 6 0.08
0.1 M V W X

X
(1 pt)
V
(3 pts)
W (2 pts)

X V
X V
(1 pt) (3 (3 pts)
True (2 False
pts)
height pts) height

True width False

W (2 pts) width W (1 pt)

Correct inspection procedure Incorrect inspection procedure

The datum axis is formed by two intersecting planes.

Datum axis
8 8 4X 40.5 Intersecting planes
0.5 G H perpendicular to G
8
Primary
datum G
24

8
H G
(A) This drawing (B) Means this
The plug gage establishes the datum axis.
C

10.80.1

(A) This drawing

Simulated datum Datum axis

cylinder C - largest
Plug gage
that fits into hole

(B) Means this

Datum feature C
The smallest circumscribed cylinder establishes the simulated
datum and the datum axis.
D

(A) This drawing 190.5

Simulated datum D
Datum feature D
Datum axis

(B) Means this

The simulated central datum plane is established by the center plane of
the largest block that fits into the groove.
12.2
11.8
0.4 Y Z

Z
A) This drawing 24.2
23.8
Y

Simulated
datums at
maximum
B) Means this separation
Central datum plane

Datum features
The simulated central datum plane is established by the center plane
located by the two blocks at minimum separation.
18.2
17.8
0.6 A B

B
A) This drawing A

Simulated
datum
planes at
B) Means this minimum
separation

Central
datum plane