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Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001 PDF
Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001 PDF
S K Mondals Chapter 1
1. Basic Concepts
Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the system (upper case
letters as the symbols). e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is increased, the value of extensive
property also increases. e.g., volume V, internal energy U, enthalpy H, entropy S, etc.
System
Definition
System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
Surroundings: Everything external to the system.
System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.
Classification of the system boundary:-
Real solid boundary
Imaginary boundary
1
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
Th
he system bou undary may be
b further cla
assified
as::
Contrrol Mass Systtem.
Contrrol Volume Syystem.
he choice of booundary depends on the problem
Th p
beiing analyzed
d.
Ty
ypes off Syste
em
Closed System
S (Contro
( ol Mass System
m)
1. Its a system of fixed masss with
fixed identity.
2. Thiss type of system
s is ussually
referredd to as closed system..
3. Therre is no masss transfer across
a
the systtem boundarry.
4. Energy transferr may take place
into or out of the system.
Fig. A Co
ontrol Masss System
or Closed
C Systtem
2
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
O
Open Sy
ystem (Contr
rol Vollume System
S )
1. Its a system of fixed
f volumme.
2. Thiis type of system
s is ussually
refeerred to as "open system m or
a "c
control volu ume"
3. Mass transfer can take place
acrooss a control volume.
4. Eneergy transfer may also occur
intoo or out of the system.
5. A control volum me can be seenn as a
fixeed region accross which mass
andd energy tran nsfers are stu
udied.
6. Con ntrol Surfa ace Its the
bouundary of a control voolume Fig. A Co ontrol Volum me System
acrooss which th he transfer off both or
r Open System
mass and energ gy takes placee.
7. Thee mass of a co ontrol volum
me (open systeem) may or may
m not be fix xed.
8. Wh hen the net in nflux of mass across the control surfaace equals zeero then the mass of the
systtem is fixed and
a vice-verssa.
9. Thee identity of mass in a control
c volum
me always ch hanges unlikke the case for
f a control
mass system (cllosed system)).
10. Most of the engiineering deviices, in generral, represent an open sysstem or contrrol volume.
Ex
xample:
Heat exchanger - Fluid enters an nd leaves thee system con
ntinuously with
w the transfer of heat
across the sy
ystem bound
dary.
Pump - A continuous
c fllow of fluid takes place th
hrough the system
s with a transfer off mechanical
energy from
m the surroun
ndings to the system.
3
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
Issolated
d Syste
em
1. It is a sysstem of fixed
d mass withh same
identity and fixed energy.
e
2. No intera action of masss or energy takes
place beetween the system and d the
surround dings.
3. In more informal words w an isoolated
system iss like a closed shop amiidst a
busy marrket.
Fig. An
n Isolated System
S
Q
Quasi-Sttatic Prrocess
Th
he processees can be
e restrained
d or
un
nrestrained
Aq
quasi staticc process is one
o in which
The dev viation from m thermodyn namic
equilibriu um is infiniteesimal.
All statess of the systeem passes thhrough
are equillibrium state es.
If we remmove the weig ghts slowly one
o by
Fig. A quasi
q static process
one the pressure of the gass will
displace the piston gradually. It is
quasista atic.
On the other hand if we remove all a the weights at once thhe piston will be kicked up
p by the gas
pressure. (This is un nrestrained expansion) but
b we dontt consider th hat the workk is done
because it i is not in a sustained manner.
In both cases
c the systtems have unndergone a ch
hange of statte.
Another e.g., if a person climbs down
d a ladder from roof to
t ground, it is a quasistaatic process.
On the otther hand if he jumps theen it is not a quasistatic process.
p
4
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
La
aws of Thermodynam
mics
The Zeroth h Law deals with therrmal equilib brium and provides a means for measuring
temperaturees.
The First Law
L deals with
w the consservation of energy and introduces the concept of internal
energy.
The Second Law of therm modynamics provides witth the guideliines on the coonversion heeat energy of
matter into work. It also
o introduces the
t concept of o entropy.
The Third Law
L of therm
modynamics defines the absolute zerro of entropy y. The entrop py of a pure
crystalline substance
s at absolute zeroo temperaturre is zero.
Summattion of 3 Laws
s
Firstly, there isnt a meaningful
m teemperature of the sourcce from whiich we can get g the full
conversion of
o heat to wo ork. Only at infinite tem mperature onee can dream of getting thhe full 1 kW
work outputt.
Secondly, more
m interestiingly, there isnt
i enough work availabble to producce 0 K. In oth
her words, 0
K is unattaiinable. This is
i precisely th
he Third law w.
Because, wee dont know what 0 K loooks like, we havent got a starting pooint for the temperature
t
scale!! That is why all te
emperature scales are at best
b empirica
al.
Yo
ou cant get something for nothing g:
To get work k output you must
m give som
me thermal energy.
e
Yo
ou cant get something for very litttle:
To get some e work outputt there is a minimum
m amount of thermmal energy thhat needs to
be given.
5
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
Yo
ou cant get every thing g:
However mu uch work youu are willing to give 0 K cant
c be reach
hed.
Vio
olation of all
a 3 laws:
Try to get ev
verything forr nothing.
eroth Law
Ze L of Thermo
T odynam
mics
If two systeems (say A an
nd B) are in thermal equ
uilibrium witth a third sy
ystem (say C)) separately
(that is A an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium; B an
nd C are in thhermal equillibrium) then
n they are in
thermal equ uilibrium themselves (tha
at is A and B will be in thermal equilib
brium).
All tem
mperature measuremen
m nts are base
ed on Zeroth
h law of the
ermodynam
mics
In
nternatiional Te
empera
ature Sc
cale
To provide a standard
s forr temperaturre measurem ment taking g into accoun nt both theooretical and
praactical consid
derations, th
he Internation nal Tempera ature Scale (IITS) was adoopted in 1927 7. This scale
has been refin ned and exte ended in several revisioons, most reecently in 1990. The In nternational
Temperature Scale
S of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in su uch a way th hat the temp perature mea asured on it
connforms with the thermod dynamic temp perature, thee unit of which is the kellvin, to withiin the limits
of accuracy of measuremen nt obtainablle in 1990. The
T ITS90 is based on the assigneed values of
temmperature off a number of o reproducib ble fixed poinnts (Table). In
nterpolation between thee fixed-point
temmperatures isi accomplisshed by form mulas that give
g the rela
ation between readings of o standard
insstruments an t range froom 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90 is defined by
nd values of the ITS. In the b equations
givving the tempperature as functions
f of the
t vapor prressures of pa articular helium isotopess. The range
froom 3.0 to 24.5561 K is ba ased on meassurements ussing a helium m constant-voolume gas th hermometer.
In the range frrom 13.8033 to 1234.93 K, K ITS-90 is defined by means
m of certtain platinum
m resistance
theermometers. Above 1234 4.9 K the tem mperature iss defined usiing Plancks equation for blackbody
raddiation and measuremen
m nts of the inteensity of visib
ble-spectrumm radiation th he absolute temperature
t
6
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
Timme Constan nts: The time constant iss the amountt of time reqquired for a thermocouple
t e to indicate
63.2% of step change
c in te
emperature of o a surround ding media. Some of thee factors influ
uencing the
meeasured timee constant are sheath walll thickness, degree of inssulation com
mpaction, and
d distance of
jun
nction from the
t welded ca an on an ung grounded theermocouple. InI addition, the
t velocity of
o a gas past
thee thermocoup
ple probe gre
eatly influencces the time constant
c meaasurement.
7
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
W
Work a path
p fun
nction
Woork is one of the basic mo
odes of energy
y transfer. Th
he work donee by a system
m is a path fu
unction, and
nott a point fun
nction. There
efore, work is not a pr
roperty of th
he system, and it cann
not be said
tha
at the work
k is posses
ssed by the system. It is an intera
action acrosss the bounda
ary. What is
stoored in the system is ene
ergy, but nott work. A decrease in energy of the system
s appea
ars as work
don
ne. Therefore, work is energy in transit and
d it can be identified
i o
only when the
t system
un
ndergoes a process.
p
Free Exp
pansion
n with Zero
Z W
Work Tra
ansfer
Fr
ree Expansio
on Let us con
nsider an insu
ulated containeer (Figure) wh
hich is divided
d into two com
mpartments A
and
d B by a thin
n diaphragm. Compartmen
nt A contains a mass of ga
as, while com
mpartment B is
i completely
eva
acuated. If thee diaphragm is punctured, the gas in A will expand into B until the
t pressures in A and B
beccome equal. This
T is known
n as free or unrestrained expansion. T
The process of free ex
xpansion is
irr
reversible.. Also work done is zeroo during freee expansion
n.
Free Expa
ansion
pd
dV-worrk or Displacement Work
W
Let the gas in the
t cylinder (Figure show
wn in below) be a system having initia
ally the pressure p1 and
vollume V1. Th
he system is in thermody
ynamic equilibrium, the state of wh
hich is described by the
cooordinates p1 , V1. The pistton is the on
nly boundary which moves due to gas pressure. Leet the piston
moove out to a new final po
osition 2, wh
hich is also a thermodyn
namic equilib
brium state specified by
preessure p2 an
nd volume V2. At any inteermediate poiint in the tra
avel of the piiston, let the pressure be
pa
and the volu
ume V. This must
m also bee an equilibrium state, siince macrosccopic propertties p and V
8
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
sig
gnificant only.
forr equilibrium
m states. Whe
en the piston
n moves an in
nfinitesimal distance dl, and if a' bee the area of
thee piston, the force F actin
ng on the pistton F = p.a. and
a the infinitesimal amoount of work done by the
gass on the pistoon.
W=
dW F dl
d = pad
dl = pdV
V
wh
here dV = ad
dl = infinitesimal displa
acement volu
ume. The diffferential sig
gn in dW with the line
dra
awn at the toop of it will be explained later.
l
Wh
hen the pistoon moves out from positioon 1 to positioon 2 with thee volume cha
anging from V1 to V2, the
am
mount of work
k W done by the
t system will
w be
V2
W12 = V1
pd
dV
9
B
Basic C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals Cha
apter 1
Thhe magnitudee of the worrk done is giveng by
thee area underr the path 1--2, as shown n in Fig.
Sinnce p is att all times a thermod dynamic
cooordinate, all the states pa
assed through h by the
sysstem as the volume cha anges from V1 to V2
muust be equiliibrium statess, and the path
p 1-2
muust be qua asi-static. The
T piston moves
wly so that every state passed
inffinitely slow
thrrough is an equilibrium
e state.
Th
he integration
n pdV can med only
n be perform
on a quasi-sta
atic path.
Fig. Quasi-Static pdV Work
k
Heat Tra
ansfer-A
A Path Functio
on
Heeat transfer is
i a path fu unction, thatt is, the amoount of heat transferred when a systtem changes
froom state 1 to state 2 depeends on the intermediate
i e states throu
ugh which th
he system pa
asses, i.e. its
patth. Thereforee dQ is an ine
exact differen
ntial, and wee write
2
1
Q = Q12 or
dQ 1 Q2 Q2 Q1
Th
he displacemeent work is given
g by
2 2
W12 =
1
dW =
1
pdV W2 W1
PR
ROBLEM
MS & SO
OLUTION
NS
Exxample 1
In a closed systtem, volume changes from m 1.5m3 to 4.5 m3 and hea at addition iss 2000 kJ. Ca
alculate the
chaange in interrnal energy given
g the presssure volumee relation as
10
p = V 2 + W
Where p is in
n kPa and V is in m3.
V
Soolution:
10
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
V2 V2
10
V
2
Work done = p.dV = + dV
V1 V1
V
1 V
( )
= V23 V13 + 10ln 2
3 V1
1 4.5
(
= 4.53 1.53 + 10ln
3
)
1.5
1
= ( 91.125 3.375 ) + 10ln3
3
= [29.250 + 10.986] = 40.236 kJ
First Law of Thermodynamics:-
Q = W + U
2000 = 40.236 + U
U = 2000 40.236 = 1959.764 kJ
Example 2.
A fluid is contained in a cylinder piston arrangement that has a paddle that imparts work to the
fluid. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. The paddle makes 10,000 revolutions during
which the piston moves out 0.8m. The fluid exerts a torque of 1.275 N-m one the paddle. What is net
work transfer, if the diameter of the piston is 0.6m?
Solution:
Work done by the stirring device upon the system
W1 = 2TN
= 2 1.275 10000 N-m = 80kJ
This is negative work for the system.
(Fig.)
Work done by the system upon the surroundings.
W2 = p.dV = p.(A L)
= 101.325 (0.6)2 0.80 = 22.9kJ
4
This is positive work for the system. Hence the net work transfer for the system.
W = W1 + W2 = - 80 + 22.9 = - 57.l kJ.
11
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
Quasi-Static Process
GATE-3. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and
0.015 m3. It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume
of 0.030 m3. The work output (in kJ/kg) during this process will be: [GATE-2009]
(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00 (c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00
GATE-8. For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work
transfer per unit mass is: [GATE-1996]
(a) pdv (b) vdp (c) Tds (d ) sdT
IES-10. Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?
(a) Closed system (b) Isolated systems [IES-2009]
(c) Open system (d) Non-flow adiabatic system
IES-10c. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists: [IES-2011]
List I List II
A. Interchange of matter is not possible in a 1. Open system
B. Any processes in which the system returns to
2. System
its original condition or state is called
C. Interchange of matter is possible in a
15
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
D. The quantity of matter under consideration in 3. Closed system
thermodynamics is called
4. Cycle
Code: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-15. In a new temperature scale say , the boiling and freezing points of water at
one atmosphere are 100 and 300 respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0 on the Centigrade scale is: [IES-2001]
(a) 0C (b) 50C (c) 100C (d) 150C
16
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IES-16. Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0C at the
ice point and 100C at the steam point and the distance between the two points
is divided into 100 equal parts in both thermometers, the two thermometers
will give exactly the same reading at 50C. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Temperature scales are arbitrary.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-17. Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric Property) and
select the correct answer using the code given below the [IES 2007]
List-I List-II
A. Mercury-in-glass 1. Pressure
B. Thermocouple 2. Electrical resistant
C. Thermistor 3. Volume
D. Constant volume gas 4. Induced electric voltage
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 3 4 2 1
IES-20a Work transfer between the system and the surroundings [IES-2011]
(a) Is a point function (b) Is always given by pdv
(c) Is a function of pressure only (d) Depends on the path followed by the system
17
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IES-22. The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are
all zero in the case of [IES-1996]
(a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150C left in the atmosphere which is at 25C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and
the valve being opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming
uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.
18
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
[IES-2006]
(a) A B C (b) B A C (c) A C B (d) C A B
IES-25. An ideal gas undergoes an
isothermal expansion from
state R to state S in a turbine
as shown in the diagram given
below:
The area of shaded region is
1000 Nm. What is the amount is
turbine work done during the
process?
(a) 14,000 Nm (b) 12,000 Nm
(c) 11,000 Nm (d) 10,000 Nm [IES-2004]
IES-26. Assertion (A): The area 'under' curve on pv plane, pdv represents the work of
reversible non-flow process. [IES-1992]
Reason (R): The area 'under' the curve Ts plane Tds represents heat of any
reversible process.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-27. If pdv
and vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is: [IES-2003]
IES-28. Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2? [IES-2008]
2 2 2 2
(a) pdv
1
(b) vdp
1
(c) pdv
1
(d) vdp
1
19
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IAS-3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IAS-2000]
List-I List-II
A. The entropy of a pure crystalline 1. First law of thermodynamics
substance is zero at absolute zero
temperature
B. Spontaneous processes occur 2. Second law of thermodynamics
in a certain direction
C. If two bodies are in thermal 3. Third law of thermodynamics
equilibrium with a third body,
then they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other
D. The law of conservation of energy 4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
20
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
IAS-9. For the expression pdv to represent the work, which of the following
conditions should apply? [IAS-2002]
(a) The system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
(b) The process is non-quasi static
(c) The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
(d) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
21
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IAS-10. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change
in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[IAS-2000, GATE-1996]
(a) pdv (b) +pdv (c) vdp (d) +vdp
IAS-11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute Zero Temperature
B. Nernst simon Statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson Effect 3. Quasi-Static Path
D. pdv 4. Isentropic Process
5. Dissipative Effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
change.
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 6 5 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 5 7 4 (d) 6 1 7 4
22
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
GATE-2. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system.
dQ = 0, dW = 0, dE = 0 or E = Constant
GATE-2a. Ans. (d)
V2
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Iso-thermal work done (W) = RT1 ln
V1
V
= P1V1 ln 2
V1
0.030
= 800 0.015 ln
0.015
= 8.32 kJ/kg
GATE-4. Ans. (c) It is free expansion. Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work
transfer involved in free expansion.
2
Here, = 0
1
and Q1-2=0 therefore Q1-2 = U + W1-2 so, U = 0
GATE-5. Ans. (c) For closed system W = + pdv , for steady flow W = vdp
GATE-6. (c)
GATE-7. Ans. (b) W = Resistance pressure. V = 1 V = 100 0.1 kJ = 1kJ
GATE-8. Ans. (b) W = vdp
23
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IES-3. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
IES-4. Ans. (a) Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols) e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases.
IES-4a Ans. (d) The properties like temperature, viscosity which are Independent of the MASS of
the system are called Intensive property
IES-5. Ans. (d)
But remember 100% heat cant be convertible to work but 100% work can be
converted to heat. It depends on second law of thermodynamics.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite quantity of matter or a region in
space upon which attention is focused in the analysis of a problem.
The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention
IES-5a Ans. (d)
IES-6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer
exists.
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Ans. (d) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. Heat transfer in any finite temp difference is
irreversible.
IES-9. Ans. (a) The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always
identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the
process is the correct reason for maximum efficiency because it is conservative system.
IES-9a. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Ans. (b) Isolated System - in which there is no interaction between system and the
surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and hence there is no mass and energy
transfer across the system boundary.
IES-10a Ans. (a)
IES-10b. Ans. (c)
IES-10c. Ans. (d)
IES-11. Ans. (a) All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
IES-12. Ans. (a) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only (for an ideal gas)
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
IES-13. Ans. (d)
IES-14. Ans. (d)
0 300 C 0
IES-15.Ans. (d) = C = 150C
100 300 100 0
24
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
IES-16. Ans. (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation for A. Temperature is
independent of thermometric property of fluid.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (d) But it will occur at absolute zero temperature.
IES-19. Ans. (c) Time Constants: The time constant is the amount of time required for a
thermocouple to indicated 63.2% of step change in temperature of a surrounding media.
Some of the factors influencing the measured time constant are sheath wall thickness,
degree of insulation compaction, and distance of junction from the welded cap on an
ungrounded thermocouple. In addition, the velocity of a gas past the thermocouple probe
greatly influences the time constant measurement. In general, time constants for
measurement of gas can be estimated to be ten times as long as those for measurement
of liquid. The time constant also varies inversely proportional to the square root of the
velocity of the media.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-20a Ans. (d)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (c) In example of (c), it is a case of free expansion heat transfer, work done, and
changes in internal energy are all zero.
m m
IES-23. Ans. (a) Work done (W) = P V = 100 (V2 V1) = 100
2 1
1 1
= 100 kPa = 9.1 J
999 916
IES-24. Ans. (d) WA = pdV = 4 (2 1) = 4 kJ
1
WB = pdV = 3 (7 4) = 4.5 kJ
2
WC = pdV = 1 (12 9) = 3kJ
IES-25. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve RS
= pdv = 1 bar ( 0.2 0.1) m3 + 1000 Nm
= 105 ( 0.2 0.1) Nm + 1000Nm = 11000 Nm
IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
pv = mRT
pdv + vdp = 0[ T is constant]
pdv = vdp
2
IES-28. Ans. (b) For steady flow process, reversible work given by vdp .
1
IES-29. Ans. (c) A is true because change in heat and work are path functions and thus can't be
expressed simply as difference between the end states. R is false because both work and
heat are inexact differentials.
25
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals Chapter 1
26
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
2. Firstt Law
w of T herm
modyn
namic
cs
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
First Law
w of Th
hermody
ynamic
cs
Sttatement:
When a closed systeem executes a complete cy ycle the
sum of heat interacttions is equa
al to the sum of work
interacttions.
Mathemmatically
( Q)cyclle = (
W)cycle
The sum
mmations be
eing over the entire cycle.
Allternate sttatement::
Whhen a closed system undergoes a cyclle the cyclic integral of heat
h is equal to the cyclicc integral of
woork.
Maathematicallly
Q = W
In other word
ds for a two process cycle
A 2 + QB2 1 = WA1 2 + WB 2 1
Q A1
In
nternal Energy
y A Prroperty
y of Sys
stem
W
Which can be
e written ass
28
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
Q
W
W = dE
An isollated systemm which do oes not interract with thhe surround dings Q = 0 and W = 0.
Thereffore, E rema ains constan nt for such a system.
Let us reconsider
r th
he cycle 1-2 along
a path A and 2-1 alon
ng path B as shown
s in fig.
Work done
d during the path A = Area
A under 1-A-2-3-4
1
Work done
d during the path B = Area
A under 1-B-2-3-4
1
Since these two areeas are not equal,
e the neet work interraction is tha
at shown by the shaded
area.
29
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
The nett area is 1A2B1.
Therefoore some worrk is derived by the cycle.
First la
aw compels that this iss possible onlyo
when there
t is also
o heat interaction betweeen
the systtem and the surrounding gs.
In othher words, if i you have e to get wo ork
out, yo
ou must give e heat in.
t first law can be consttrued to be a statement of
Thus, the o conservatioon of energy - in a broad
sense.
In the example
e show
wn the area under
u curve A < that undder B
The cyccle shown ha as negative work outputt or it will receive work from the su urroundings.
Obviously, the net heat
h interacttion is also neegative. Thiss implies that this cycle will
w heat the
environnment. (as peer the sign coonvention).
For a process we can n have Q = 0 or W = 0
We can n extract worrk without su upplying heat (during a process) bu ut sacrificing
g the energy
of the system.
s
We can n add heat to the system without doin ng work (in process)
p wh
hich will go too increasing
the eneergy of the sy
ystem.
Energy y of a systemm is an exte ensive prop perty
he internal en
Th nergy dependds only upon the initial an
nd final statees of the systtem. Internall energy of a
sub
bstance does not include any energy that
t it may possess
p as a result
r of its macroscopic
m c position or
moovement. Thaat so why in SFEE
S (Stead
dy flow energ gy equation) C2/2 and gz iss there.
Q
QW = [(h2 + C22/2 + gZ2) - (h1+C C12/2 + gZ1)] or
= [(h2 - h1) + (C22/2 - C12/2) + g(Z2 - Z1)]
[W
Where C = Vellocity (m/s), h = Specific enthalpy
e (J/k
kg), z = elevattion (m)
Bu
ut Reme
ember:
Miicroscopic vieew of a gas is a collection of particles in random mootion. Energy y of a particle consists of
tra
anslational energy, rottational ene ergy, vibrattional energ gy and speciific electron nic energy.
Alll these energgies summed d over all thee particles off the gas, form
m the specifiic internal en
nergy, e , of
thee gas.
30
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
Perpetua
al Motio
on Mac
chine off the First Kind-PMM
M1
Th
he first law sttates the gen
neral principlle of the consservation of energy.
e Energ
gy is neither created nor
desstroyed, but only gets tra
ansformed froom one form to t another.
Thhere can be no
n machine which would d continuoussly supply mechanical
m woork without some other
forrm of energy disappearing
g simultaneoously (Fig. sh hown in below
w). Such a fictitious mach
hine is called
apperpetual mootion machinee of the first kind, or in brrief, PMM1. A PMM1 is thus
t impossible.
A PMM1
P The
e Converse of
o PMM1
Enthalpy
y
Th
he enthalpy of a substance
e H is defined
d as
H = U + PV
P
It iis an extenssive propertty of a system
m and its uniit is kJ.
Specific Enthallpy h = u + pv
p
It iis an intensiive propertty of a system
m and its unitt is kJ/kg.
Intternal energyy change is equal to the heat transfeerred in a coonstant volumme process involving
i no
woork other thaan pdv work. It is possiblle to derive an
a expressionn for the hea
at transfer in
n a constant
preessure process involving no work oth her than pdv v work. In su
uch a processs in a closed
d stationary
sysstem of unit mass
m of a pure substancee.
d Q = du + pdv
At constannt pressure
pdv = d(pv)
Therefoore ( dQ ) = du + d ( pv )
P
or ( dQ ) = d(u+pv)
P
or ( dQ ) P = dh
Where H = U + PV is the enthalpy, a property of system.
W s
Specific enth
halpy h = H/m
m, kJ/kg and also h = u + pdv
Where h = sp
pecific enthalpy, kJ/kg
31
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
u = specific internal energy, kJ/kg
dv = change in specific volume, m3/kg.
( u )v = C .dT
v
T1
The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
Q = u + W
or d Q = du + d W
For a process in the absence of work other than pdv work
d W = pdv
Therefore d Q = du + pdv
Therefore, when the volume is held constant
(Q )v = ( u )v
T2
(Q )v = Cv .dT
T1
Since u, T and v are properties, Cv is a property of the system. The product m Cv is called the
heat capacity at constant volume (J/K).
( h )P = C P .dT
T1
Therefore dQ = dh vdp
Therefore ( dQ )P = dh
32
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
or (Q ) p = ( h) p
Form abow equations
T2
( Q )P = C P .dT
T1
Cp is a property of the system, just like Cv. The heat capacity at constant pressure is equal to m
C p (J/K).
C 12 dQ C 22 dW
h1 + + gz1 + = h2 + + gz2 +
(i)
2 dm 2 dm
[h, W, Q should be in J/Kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
Steady Flow Process Involving Two Fluid Streams at the Inlet and Exit of the Control
Volume
33
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
Ma
ass balance
w 1 + w 2 = w 3 + w 4
A 1C A 2C A 3C A 4C
1
+ 2
= 3
+ 4
v1 v2 v3 v4
here v = speccific volume (m
Wh ( 3/kg)
En
nergy balan
nce
C12 C22 dQ
w1 h1 + + Z1 g + w2 h2 + + Z2 g +
2 2 d
C2 C2 dWx
= w3 h3 + 3 + Z3 g + w4 h4 + 4 + Z4 g +
2 2 d
F
Fig.
34
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
dQ dWx
Here = 0; = 0, and the change in potential energy is zero. The equation reduces to
dm dm
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2 (a)
2 2
The continuity equation gives
AC AC
w= 1 1 = 2 2 (b)
v1 v2
When the inlet velocity or the velocity of approach V1 is small compared to the exit velocity V2,
Equation (a) becomes
C22
h1 = h2 +
2
or C2 = 2(h1 h2 )m / s
where (h1 h2) is in J/kg.
Equations (a) and (b) hold good for a diffuser as well.
Throttling Device:
When a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a partially opened value, an orifice, or a
porous plug, there is an appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is said to be throttled. Figure
shown in below, the process of throttling by a prettily opened value on a fluid flowing in an insulated
pipe. In the steady-flow energy equation-
dQ dWx
= 0, =0
dm dm
And the changes in P. E. are very small and ignored. Thus, the S.F.E.E. reduces to
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
Often the pipe velocities in throttling are so low that the K. E. terms are also negligible. So
h1 = h2
or the enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of the fluid after throttling.
35
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
dWx
h1 = h2 +
dm
Wx
or = h1 h2
m
The enthalpy of the fluid increase by the amount of work input.
Heat Exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, Figure shown in
below a steam condenser where steam condense outside the tubes and cooling water flows through
the tubes. The S.F.E.E for the C.S. gives
wc h1 + ws h2 = w c h3 + ws h4
or , ws ( h2 h4 ) = w c (h3 h1 )
Here the K.E. and P.E. terms are considered small, there is no external work done, and energy
exchange in the form of heat is confined only between the two fluids, i.e. there is no external heat
interaction or heat loss.
Fig. -
Figure (shows in below) a steam desuperheater where the temperature of the superheated steam is
reduced by spraying water. If w1, w2, and w3 are the mass flow rates of the injected water, of the
steam entering, and of the steam leaving, respectively, and h1, h2, and h3 are the corresponding
enthalpies, and if K.E. and P.E. terms are neglected as before, the S.F.E.E. becomes
w1h1 + w2 h2 = w3 h3
and the mass balance gives
w1 + w2 = w3
36
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
Th
he above law w is also callled as stead
dy flow eneergy equatiion. This cann be applied
d to various
pra
actical situattions as work
k developing system and work absorp
ption system. Let the ma
ass flow rate
un
nity.
Fig.
In this sysstem Q = 0 and U = 0; th he energy equ
uation now becomes,
b
C22
p1 v1 +z1g + W = z2g + p2 v2 +
2
37
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
C2
u1 +W = u2 + 2 ass C2 C1
2
(d)) Fans In fans
f mperature rise is very small and heat loss is negleected (i.e.) h
the tem h = 0, q = 0
and hence th
he energy equ uation for fan
ns becomes,
C2
W= 2
2
(e) Reciprocatting compre essor In a reciprocatingg compressorr KE and P
PE are neglig gibly energy
equation app
plied to a reciprocating coompressor is
h1 Q = h 2 W
or W = Q + ( h2 h1 )
(b) Steam con ndenser In n this systemm the work doone is zero and
a we can also
a assume Z and KE
are very smaall. Under steeady conditioons the changge in enthalp
py is equal too heat lost by
y steam. Q =
(h1 h2) and
d this heat is also equal to the changee in enthalpyy of cooling water
w circulatted (i.e.) the
heat lost by steam will bee equal to heat gained by the cooling water.
w
38
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
F
Fig.
dmv dm1 dmd 2
= w1 w2 =
d d d
here mv is th
Wh he mass of flu
uid within th
he control volume at any instant.
i
Over an
ny finite periiod of time
mv = m1 m2
Th
he rate of acccumulation off energy with hin the contrrol volume iss equal to thee net rate of energy flow
acrross the control surface. If
I Ev is the en nergy of fluidd within the control
c volum
me at any instant,
Ra
ate of energy increase = Rate
R of energyy inflow Ra ate of energy outflow.
dEv C2 dQ C2 dW
= w1 h1 + 1 +Z
Z1g + w2 h 2 + 2 +Z2g equatiion... A
d 2 d 2 d
mC2
Ev = U + + mgZ
m
2 v
Wh
here m is thee mass of fluiid in the conttrol volume at
a any instantt
dE d mCC 2
v = U + + mgZ =
d d 2 v
C12 dm1 dQ C2 dm 2 dW
h1 + +Z1g + h 2 + 2 +Z2g ( equaation........B )
2 d d 2 d d
Following Figu
ure shows all these energy y flux quantitties. For any
y time interva
al, equation (B)
( becomes
C 2
C 2
Ev = Q W + h1 + 1 +Z1g dm
m1 h2 + 2 +Z2g dm2
2 2
Fig.
Equatioon (A) is gene
eral energy equation.
e Forr steady flow,
dEv
=0
d
and the equatioon reduces For
F a closed system
s w1 = 0,
0 w2 = 0, theen from equattion (A),
dEv dQ dW
=
d d d
Orr dEv = dQ
d dW or dQ = dE + dW d
39
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
Floow Processess
Sy
ystem Techn nique: Assum me an enveloope (which is extensible) of
o gas in the pipeline
p and the tube
wh
hich would ev ventually entter the bottlee, as shown in n Figure abov
ve.
Energy y of the gas be efore filling.
C2
E1 = m1 u1 + ( m2 m1 ) P + uP
2
Whhere ( m2 m1 ) is the ma ass of gas in the
t pipeline and
a tube whiich would enter the bottlee.
E2 = m2 u2
C2
E = E2 E1 = m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m1 u1 ) P + uP
2
The P.E. terms
t are neglected. The gas in the boottle is not in d so the K.E. terms have
n motion, and
beeen omitted.
Now, therre is a changge in the volume of gas because of the t collapse of the envellope to zero
t work done
vollume. Then the
W = p (V2 V1 )
p
= p p 0 ( m2 m1 ) v P
= ( m2 m1 ) p p v P
Ussing the firstt for the process
Q = E + W
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + uP ( m2 m1 ) pP vP
2
40
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + h P
2
hich gives thee energy bala
wh ance for the process.
p
Coontrol Volum me Techniq que: Assume a control vollume bounded by a controol surface as shown in
gure above, Applying
Fig A the energy equa ation in this case, the folllowing energy
y balance ma
ay be
wrritten on a tim
me rate basiss -
dEv dQ C 2 dm
m
= + hP + P
d d 2 d
nce hP and CP are constan
Sin nt, the equatiion is integra
ated to give for
f the Total process
C
2
Ev = Q + h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
Noow
Ev = U 2 U1 = m2 u2 m1 u1
C2
Q = m2 u2 m1 u1 h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
D
Discharg
ging an
nd Charrging a Tank
Let us considerr a tank disccharging a flu
uid into a su
upply line (Fiigure). Sincee dWx = 0 an
nd dmin = 0,
plying first la
app aw to the con
ntrol volume,,
C2
Q + h +
dUV = dQ + gz dmout
2 out
Assuming K.E. and P.E. of the
t fluid to be
b small and dQ = 0
d(mu) = hdm
mdu+ udm = udm+ pv dm
d
dm du
=
m pv
Ag
gain V = vm = co
onst.
vdm + mdv = 0
dm dv
or =
m v
du dv
=
pv v
d ( u + pv ) = 0
or dQ = 0
wh
hich shows that
t the process is adiab
batic and
quasi-static. Charging and Disc
charging a Tank
For cha
arging the tan
nk
41
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
( hdm ) in
= UV = m2u2 m1u1
mphp = m2u2 m1u1
where the subscript p refers to the constant state of the fluid in the pipeline. If the tank is initially
empty, m1 = 0.
m p h p = m2 u2
Since
mp = m2
hp = u2
If the fluid is an ideal gas, the temperature of the gas in the tank after it is charged is given by
c pTp = cvT2
or T2 = Tp
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
Example 1
The work and heat transfer per degree of temperature change for a closed system is given by
dW 1 dQ 1
= kJ / C; = kJ / C
dT 30 dT 10
Calculate the change in internal energy as its temperature increases from 125C to 245C.
Solution:
dT
dW =
30
T2
dT 1 1
W = = (T2 T1 ) = ( 245 125 )
T1 30 30 30
dT
dQ =
10
T2
dT 1
Q= 10 = ( 245 125 ) = 12 kJ
T1 10
Applying First Law of Thermodynamics
Q = W + U
U = Q W = 12 4 = 8kJ.
Example 2
Air expands from 3 bar to 1 bar in a nozzle. The initial velocity is 90 m/s. the initial temperature is
150C. Calculate the velocity of air at the exit of the nozzle.
Solution:
The system in question is an open one. First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system gives
C2 C2
w1 h1 + 1 + Z1 g + Q = w2 h2 + 2 + Z2 g + W
2 2
Since the flow is assumed to be steady.
w1 = w2
Flow in a nozzle is adiabatic flow.
42
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Hence Q = 0
Also W = 0
The datum can be selected to pass through axis; then
Z1 = Z2.
Hence
C2 C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2 2
C22 C2
( or ) = ( h1 h2 ) + 1
2 2
and
1
p
T2 = T1 2
p1
for air = 1.4
T1 = 150 + 273 = 423
0.4/1.4
1
T2 = 423 = 309 K
3
For air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgC
Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgC.
R = 287 J/kg K = 0.287 kJ/kg K
S.F.E.E. : - We have (h1 h2) = Cp(T1 - T2)
C22 C2 902
= ( h1 h2 ) + 1 = 1.005 103 (423 309) +
2 2 2
or, C2 = 487 m / s.
Example 3
An evacuated cylinder fitted with a valve through which air from atmosphere at 760 mm Hg and
25C is allow to fill it slowly. If no heat interaction is involved, what will be the temperature of air in
the bottle when the pressure reaches 760 mm Hg?
Use the following:
(1) Internal energy of air u = u0 + 0.718T kJ/kg where
T is temperature in C.
(2) R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
Applying first law, ignoring potential and kinetic energy terms, to the vessel as control volume.
43
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Q + m i h i = m e h e + m2 u2 m1 u1 + W
Here Q = 0, W = 0, m e = 0 ( no mass leaving from control vol.)
m1 = 0 ( evacuated ) m2 = mi
hi = u2
hi = ui + pv = u0 + 0.718Ti + 0.287 (Ti + 273 )
= u0 + 0.718 25 + 0.287 298
= u0 + 103.48kJ / kg = u2
or u2 u0 = 103.48kJ / kg
u2 = u0 + 0.718T2
u2 u0 103.48
T2 = = = 144.2C
0.718 0.718
Example 4
A system whose mass is 4.5 kg undergoes a process and the temperature changes from 50 C to
100C. Assume that the specific heat of the system is a function of temperature only. Calculate the
heat transfer during the process for the following relation ship.
80
cn = 1.25 + kJ / kg C [t is in oC]
t + 160
Solution:
100 100
80
Q
1 2 = 50 n
mc dt = 4.5 50 1.25 + t + 160 dt
100 100
dt
= 4.5 1.25dt +
50 50
0.0125t + 2.0
100
1
= 4.5 [1.25t ]50 + ln ( 0.0125t + 2.0 )
100
0.0125 50
1
= 4.5 [1.25 50] +
0.0125
(ln (1.25 + 2.0 ) ln (0.625 + 2 ))
1 3.25
= 4.5 62.5 + ln = 358 kJ
0.0125 2.625
44
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
ASKED
D OBJEC
CTIVE QUESTIONS (G
GATE, IES, IAS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Ques
stions
A
Applicatiion of First
F Law
w to Ste
eady Flo
ow Proc
cess S.F
F.E.E
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions Q1
Q and Q2
2: [GA
ATE-2009]
Th
he inlet and
d the outle
et conditions of
ste
eam for an
n adiabatic
c steam tur
rbine
are as indic
cated in the
t figure. The
otations are as usually followed.
no
ATE-1.
GA If mass
m flow rate
r of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/ss the power
r output of
thee turbine (in
n MW) is: [GA
ATE-2009]
(a) 12.157 (b) 12.941 (cc) 168.001 (d) 168.785
GA
ATE-2. Asssume the abbove turbin ne to be parrt of a simpple Rankine e cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the e pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic
k andd potential
eneergy effects
s, the specifi
fic work (in kJ/kg) supp plied to the pump is:
[G
GATE-2009]
(a) 0.293 (b) 0.35 1 (c)) 2.930 (d) 3.510
3
GA
ATE-3. The
e following
g four figures have been dra awn to re
epresent a fictitious
the
ermodynammic cycle, on
n the p-v and
d T-s planess. [G
GATE-2005]
Acccording to the
t first law
w of thermodynamics, equal
e areas are encloseed by
(a) Figures 1and
d 2 (b) Figgures 1and 3 (c) Figuress 1and 4 (d) Figures 2 and 3
45
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Internal Energy A Property of System
GATE-4. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for
compression being 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ
causes the surroundings to the heated. The change in internal energy of the
gas during the process is: [GATE-2004]
(a) 7000 kJ (b) 3000 kJ (c) + 3000 kJ (d) + 7000 kJ
46
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IES-2. Two blocks which are at different states are brought into contact with each
other and allowed to reach a final state of thermal equilibrium. The final
temperature attained is specified by the [IES-1998]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-3. For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and
the work done by the system is equal to the change in [IES-1992]
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy
(c) Temperature (d) Internal energy
(c)1
( v3 v1 ) p1 (b) 1
1 ( v3 v1 ) p1
( p2 p1 ) v1 ( p2 p1 ) v1
[IES-1998]
IES-6. A closed system undergoes a process 1-2 for which the values of Q1-2 and W1-2 are
+20 kJ and +50 kJ, respectively. If the system is returned to state, 1, and Q2-1 is -
10 kJ, what is the value of the work W2-1? [IES-2005]
(a) + 20 kJ (b) 40 kJ (c) 80 kJ (d) +40 kJ
47
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IES-9. Gas contained in a closed system consisting of piston cylinder arrangement is
expanded. Work done by the gas during expansion is 50 kJ. Decrease in
internal energy of the gas during expansion is 30 kJ. Heat transfer during the
process is equal to: [IES-2003]
(a) 20 kJ (b) +20 kJ (c) 80 kJ (d) +80 kJ
IES-11. The values of heat transfer and work transfer for four processes of a
thermodynamic cycle are given below: [IES-1994]
Process Heat Transfer (kJ) Work Transfer (kJ)
1 300 300
2 Zero 250
3 -100 -100
4 Zero -250
The thermal efficiency and work ratio for the cycle will be respectively.
(a) 33% and 0.66 (b) 66% and 0.36. (c) 36% and 0.66 (d) 33% and 0.36.
IES-12. A tank containing air is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the
paddle wheel is 9000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the
tank is 3000 kJ. The external work done by the system is: [IES-1999]
(a) Zero (b) 3000 kJ (c) 6000 kJ (d) 9000 kJ
IES-14. Assertion (A): The internal energy depends on the internal state of a body, as
determined by its temperature, pressure and composition. [IES-2006]
Reason (R): Internal energy of a substance does not include any energy that it
may possess as a result of its macroscopic position or movement.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
48
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IES-15. Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring in a closed system
is equal to the heat transferred if the process occurs at constant: [IES-2005]
(a) Pressure (b) Volume (c) Temperature (d) Enthalpy
IES-16. 170 kJ of heat is supplied to a system at constant volume. Then the system
rejects 180 kJ of heat at constant pressure and 40 kJ of work is done on it. The
system is finally brought to its original state by adiabatic process. If the initial
value of internal energy is 100 kJ, then which one of the following statements
is correct? [IES-2004]
(a) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of the constant volume process
(b) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of constant pressure process.
(c) The highest value of internal energy occurs after adiabatic expansion
(d) Internal energy is equal at all points
IES-17. 85 kJ of heat is supplied to a closed system at constant volume. During the next
process, the system rejects 90 kJ of heat at constant pressure while 20 kJ of
work is done on it. The system is brought to the original state by an adiabatic
process. The initial internal energy is 100 kJ. Then what is the quantity of
work transfer during the process? [IES-2009]
(a) 30 kJ (b) 25 kJ (c) 20 kJ (d) 15 kJ
IES-17a A closed system receives 60 kJ heat but its internal energy decreases by 30 kJ. Then the
work done by the system is [IES-2010]
(a) 90 kJ (b) 30 kJ (c) 30 kJ (d) 90 kJ
IES-18. A system undergoes a process during which the heat transfer to the system per
degree increase in temperature is given by the equation: [IES-2004]
dQ/dT = 2 kJ/C The work done by the system per degree increase in
temperature is given by the equation dW/dT = 2 0.1 T, where T is in C. If
during the process, the temperature of water varies from 100C to 150C, what
will be the change in internal energy?
(a) 125 kJ (b) 250 kJ (c) 625 kJ (d) 1250 kJ
IES-20. The internal energy of a certain system is a function of temperature alone and
is given by the formula E = 25 + 0.25t kJ. If this system executes a process for
which the work done by it per degree temperature increase is 0.75 kJ/K, then
the heat interaction per degree temperature increase, in kJ, is: [IES-1995]
(a) 1.00 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.50 (d ) 1.00
49
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IES-21. When a gas is heated at constant pressure, the percentage of the energy
supplied, which goes as the internal energy of the gas is: [IES-1992]
(a) More for a diatomic gas than for triatomic gas
(b) Same for monatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases but less than 100%
(c) 100% for all gases
(d) Less for triatomic gas than for a diatomic gas
Enthalpy
IES-23. Assertion (A): If the enthalpy of a closed system decreases by 25 kJ while the
system receives 30 kJ of energy by heat transfer, the work done by the system
is 55 kJ. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The first law energy balance for a closed system is (notations have
their usual meaning) E = Q W
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-25. A 4 kW, 20 litre water heater is switched on for 10 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, what is the increase of the water temperature? [IES-2008]
(a) 15C (b) 20C (c) 26C (d) 30C
IAS-3. A reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs delivers a
work output of 54 kJ while it rejects a heat of 66 kJ. The efficiency of this
engine is: [IAS-1998]
(a) 0.45 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.82
IAS-4. If a heat engine gives an output of 3 kW when the input is 10,000 J/s, then the
thermal efficiency of the engine will be: [IAS-1995]
(a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 70% (d) 76.7%
IAS-6. In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes, the heat and work are
as follows: [IAS-1996]
Q: + 30, - 10, -20, + 5
W: + 3, 10, - 8, 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be:
(a) Zero (b) 7.15% (c) 14.33% (d) 28.6%
51
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IAS-7. Match List-I (Devices) with List-II (Thermodynamic equations) and select the
correct answer using the codes below the lists: [IAS-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Turbine 1. W = h2 h1
B. Nozzle 2. h1 = h2
C. Valve 3. h1 = h2 + V2/2
D. Compressor 4. W = h1 h2
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 4 1
[IAS 1994]
52
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Cp
(c) U =
Cv
T ( )
(d) U = C p Cv T
IAS-13. During a process with heat and work interactions, the internal energy of a
system increases by 30 kJ. The amounts of heat and work interactions are
respectively [IAS-1999]
(a) - 50 kJ and - 80 kJ (b) -50 kJ and 80 kJ
(c) 50 kJ and 80 kJ (d) 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
Enthalpy
IAS-16. The fundamental unit of enthalpy is: [IAS 1994]
(a) MLT-2 (b) ML-2T-1 (c) ML2T-2 (d) ML3T-2
IAS-18. When air is compressed, the enthalpy is increased from 100 to 200 kJ/kg. Heat
lost during this compression is 50 kJ/kg. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energies, the power required for a mass flow of 2 kg/s of air through the
compressor will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 300 kW (b) 200 kW (c) 100 kW (d) 50 kW
53
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Variable Flow Processes
IAS-19. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below Lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute zero temperature
B. Nernst Simon statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson effect 3. Quasistatic path
D. pdv 4. Isenthalpic process
5. Dissipative effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
change
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 6 5 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 5 7 4 (d) 6 1 7 4
IAS-20. A gas chamber is divided into two parts by means of a partition wall. On one
side, nitrogen gas at 2 bar pressure and 20C is present. On the other side,
nitrogen gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35C is present. The chamber is rigid and
thermally insulated from the surroundings. Now, if the partition is removed,
(a) High pressure nitrogen will get throttled [IAS-1997]
(b) Mechanical work, will be done at the expense of internal energy
(c) Work will be done on low pressure nitrogen
(d) Internal energy of nitrogen will be conserved
54
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
Answers with Explanation (Objective)
55
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
IES-4. Ans. (c)) Total heat addition
a me heat addiition, Q12 = cv (T2 T1 )
is coonstant volum
ant pressure heat rejectioon, Q31 = c p (T3 T1)
Tottal heat rejection is consta
Now
w from equattion of state
P1 P2 P
= ( v = const.) or T2 = 2 T1
T1 T2 P1
v1 v 3 v
and
d = ( p = const.)) or T3 = 3 T1
T1 T3 v1
Q31 c (T T ) (T T )
Effiiciency, = 1 = 1 p 3 1 = 1 3 1
Q12 cv (T2 T1) (T2 T1)
v3
T1 T1
or = 1 1
v = 1 (v 3 v1) p1
P2 ( p2 p1) v1
T1 T1
P1
IES-5. Ans. (c
c) It is du = Q
W, as u is a thermoodynamic prooperty and itts cyclic integ
gral must be
zeroo.
IES-6. Ans. (b) dQ = dW W or Q1 2 + Q2 1 = W1 2 + W2 1
or 20 + ( 10 ) = 50 + W21 or W21 = 40kJ
IES-7. Ans. (d) dQ = du + dw as u = const.
Theerefore du = 0 or dQ = dwd = 300kNm
IES-8. Ans. (d)
V2
Q Wx = h + + gz
2
O Wx = 140 10 + 0
or Wx = 150 kJ / kg
Cha ange of internal energy = -100 kJ/kg is superfluous data.
IES-9. Ans. (b) Q = E+ W
E = 30 kJ (ddecrease in in
nternal energ
gy)
W = + 50 kJ (work
( done by the systemm)
Q = 30 + 50 = + 20 kJ
IES-10. Ans. (a
a) Net work =
dW =47 74 180 kJ/m
min = 294 kJ
J/min = 294/6
60 kJ/s = 4.9 kW
Work done 3000 100
IES-11. Ans. (b
b) th = = = 0..66
heaat added 300
Woork ratio =
( + w) ( w) = 550 350 = 0.366
( + w) 5
550
IES-12. Ans. (a) This iss a case of constant voolume
process or an n is isochooric process.. By
perrforming worrk on the sysstem tempera ature
cann be raised. In an irrev versible constant
voluume process, the systemm doesn't perrform
worrk on the surrrounding at the expense of its
inteernal energy.
56
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mondals Cha
apter 2
IES-13. Ans. (d
d)
IES-14. Ans. (a)
( The interrnal energy depends
d only
y upon the innitial and fin
nal states of the system.
Inteernal energyy of a substa
ance does noot include an
ny energy th hat it may possess
p as a
resuult of its ma
acroscopic position or movement.
m T
That so why in SFEE v2/2 / and gz is
there.
If in
nternal energgy include poosition or movement then n why this v2/2
/ and gz term
ms is there.
Bur Remembe er:
Miccroscopic view of a gas is a collectioon of particlles in randoom motion. Energy E of a
parrticle consists of transla ational energy, rotatio onal energy y, vibrationnal energy
andd specific ellectronic en nergy. All th hese energies summed oveer all the parrticles of the
gass, form the sp
pecific internaal energy, e , of the gas.
b) dQ = dU + pdV
IES-15. Ans. (b if V is con s tan t ( dQ )v = ( dU)v
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
Q2 = 180
0kJ = u + W = u + ( 40))
U1 = 100kJ, U2 = 100
0 + 170 = 270
0 kJ,
U3 = 270 180 + 40 = 130 kJ
IES-17. Ans. (d
d) For the process
p 1-2
dQ = +85 , dW = 0
For the process
p 2-3
dQ = -90 kJ, dW = -20kJ
For the process
p 3-1
dQ = 0, dW = ?
For a cycclic process
dQ = dW
85-90+ +0 = 0-20+ dW W
-5 = -20+ dW
dW = -20+5 5 = +15kJ
IES-17a. Anns. (a)
dQ = dU + dW
d
or 60 = 30 + dW
or dW = 90 KJ
57
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
IES-18. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
2.dt = du + ( 2 0.1T ) dT
0.1 150 0.1
or du = 0.1TdT =
2
T 2 =
100 2
1502 1002 = 625kJ
IES-19. Ans. (c) Change of internal energy from A to B along path ACB = 180 - 130 = 50 kJ. It will
be same even along path ADB. Heat flow along ADB = 40 + 50 = 90 kJ.
dQ dE dW
IES-20. Ans. (d) dQ = dE + dW or = +
dt dt dt
dW
Given: E = 25 + 0.25t kJ and = 0.75 kJ / k
dt
dE
then = 0.25 kJ / K
dt
dQ dE dW
Therefore = + = 0.25 + 0.75 kJ / K = 1.00 kJ / K
dt dt dt
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (a) A closed system does exchange work or energy with its surroundings. option 3 is
wrong. 4. The law of conservation of entropy is imaginary so option 4 is also wrong.
IES-23. Ans. (a)
v2 dQ v2 dw
IES-24. Ans. (b) h1 + 1 + gz1 + = h2 + 2 + gz 2 + =0
2 dm 2 dm
dw
For boiler v1, v2 is negligible and z1 = z2 and =0
dm
dQ
or = ( h2 h1 )
dm
IES-25. Ans. (d)
mCP T = ( 4 10 60 )
20 4 T = 2400
T = 30C
IES-26. Ans. (c) Enthalpy of additional gas will be converted to internal energy.
Uf= miui+(mf-mi)hp = 0.25x200+(1-0.25)x400 = 350 kJ
As total mass = 1kg, uf=350 kJ/kg
Note: You cannot simply use adiabatic mixing law here because it is not closed system.
This is a problem of variable flow process. If you calculate in following way it will be
wrong.
Final internal energy of gas(mixture) is
m u + m2 u2
u= 1 1
m1 + m2
kJ kJ
(0.25kg) 200
kg + (0.75kg) 300 kg
u=
(0.25 + 0.75)kG
kJ
u = 275
kg
58
First Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 2
It is valid for closed system only.
60
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
(g) Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells about the
direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
62
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
Q
Qualitatiive Diffference
e between Hea
at and Work
W
Thermoodynamic deffinition of woork:
Positivee work is done by a system when thee sole effec ct external to m could be
t the system
reduced d to the rise of
o a weight.
Thermoodynamic deffinition of heeat:
he energy in
It is th n transition n between th
he system an
nd the surrou
undings by virtue
v of the
differen
nce in temperrature.
Siign Conv
ventions
s
Work done
d BY the system
s is +ve
e
Obviously work donne ON the sysstem is ve
Heat giiven TO the system
s is +vve
Obviously Heat rejeected by the system
s is v
ve
HEAT and WORK are not properties because their net change
in a cycle is not zero.
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as differences between
their end states.
2
Thus 1
Q Q2 Q1 and is shown as 1 Q2 or Q12
2
Similarly 1
W W2 W1 and is shown as 1W2 or W12
Note. The operator is used to denote inexact differentials and operator d is used to denote exact
differentials.
64
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
C
Clausius
s' Theo
orem
Let a system be
b taken from
m an equilib
brium state i to another equilibrium state f by foollowing the
rev
versible path
h i-f(Figure). Let a reverssible adiabatiic i-a be draw
wn through i and anotheer reversible
adiiabatic b-f bee drawn thro
ough f. Then a reversiblee isothermal a-b is drawn
n in such a way
w that the
areea under i-a-b-f is equal to
t the area under
u i-f. App
plying the firsst law for
Processs i f
Qi f = U f U i + Wif
Processs i a b f
Qiabf
i
= U f U i + Wiabf
Since
Wif = Wiabf
Qi f = Qiabf
= Qia + Qab + Qbf
Since d Qbf = 0
Qia = 0 and
Qif = Qab
Fig. Rev
versible Patth Substitutted
by Twoo Reversiblee Adiabatics
and a Reversiblee Isothermall
Heeat transferreed in the process i-f is equ
ual to the hea
at transferreed in the isoth
hermal proceess a-b.
Th
hus any reveersible path may
m be subsstituted by a reversible zigzag path, between th
he same end
sta
ates, consistiing of a rev
versible adia
abatic follow
wed by a rev
versible isotthermal and then by a
rev
versible adia
abatic, such that
t the hea
at transferred during thee isothermal process is the
t same as
tha
at transferred during the original proccess.
65
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
F
Fig. A Reverssible Cycle Split
S into a Large Num
mber of Carn
not Cycles
If h
heat supplied
d is taken as positive and
d heat rejecteed as negative
dQ1 dQ2
+ =0
T1 T2
Sim
milarly, for th
he elementall cycle efgh
dQ3 dQ4
+ =0
T3 T4
dQ
d
or R T
=0
Th
he cyclic inttegral of d Q/T for a re
eversible cy
ycle is equall to zero. Th
his is known as
a Clausius'
theeorem. The leetter R emph
hasizes the fa
act that the equation is va
alid only for a reversible cycle.
c
66
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If the adiabatics are close to
one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw-toothed zig-zag line will coincide with
the original cycle.
Let us suspect the Clausius statement-it may be possible to transfer heat from a body at colder
to a body at hotter temperature without supply of work
Combine the two. The reservoir at T2 has not undergone any change (Q2 was taken out and by
pseudo-Clausius device and put back by the engine). Reservoir 1 has given out a net Q1-Q2. We got
work output of W. Q1-Q2 is converted to W with no net heat rejection. This is violation of Kelvin-
Planck statement.
67
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Let us assume that Clausius statement is true and suspect Kelvin-Planck statement
Moral: If an engine/refrigerator violates one version of II Law, it violates the other one too.
All reversible engine operating between the same two fixed temperatures will have the same
and COP.
If there exists a reversible engine/ or a refrigerator which can do better than that, it will violate the
Clausius statement.
SUM UP
Heat supplied = Q1; Source temperature = T1 ; Sink temperature = T2
Maximum possible efficiency = W/Q1= (T1 T2)/T1
Work done = W = Q1(T1 T2)/T1
68
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
Carnot Engine
E with
w samme effic
ciency or
o same
e work output
o
T1 Q1
Sin
nce, =
T2 Q2
T1 T2 Q1 Q2
=
T2 Q2
T2
T1 T2 = (Q1 Q2 )
Q2
T3 T
T2 T3 = (Q2 Q3 ) = (Q2 Q3 ) 2
Q3 Q2
T1 T2 = T2 T3
For sam
me efficiency
1 = 2
T2 T
orr 1 = 1 3
T1 T2
o T2 = T1 T3
or
Whic ch is the
t moore effeective way
w to increase the
efficiency off a Carnnot engiine: to increase e T1 keeping T2
consstant; orr to decrrease T2 keepingg T1 connstant?
Th
he efficiency of
o a Carnot engine is giveen by
T2
= 1
T1
If T2 is constan
nt
T2
= 2
T1 T2 T1
S T1 increasess, increasess, and the sloope
AS decreases
d (Fiigure). If T1 is
i constant,
T1 T2
69
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
1
=
T2 T1 T1
As T2 decreasess, increasess, but the slo
ope r
remains consttant (Figure)).
T2 T1
T2
T1
Also = 2 and = 2
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1
Since T1 > T2 , >
T2 T1 T1 T2
So, the more effective
e wayy to increasse the efficieency is to deecrease T2. Alternatively
A y, let T2 be
deccreased by T with T1 rem
maining the same
s
T2 T
1 = 1
T1
If T1 is increase me T, T2 rem
ed by the sam maining the same
s
T2
2 = 1
T1 + T
The
en
T2 T T
1 2 = 2
T1 + T T1
(T T2 ) T + ( T )
2
= 1
T1 (T1 + T )
Sin
nce T1 > T2 , ( 1 2 ) > 0
Th
he moree effectiv
ve way to increease thee cycle efficiency
e y is to
d
decrea
ase T2.
70
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
Example 1.
An inventor claims that his petrol engine operating between temperatures of 2000C and 600C will
produce 1 kWhr consuming 150g of petrol having 45000 kJ/kg calorific value. Check the validity of
the claim.
Solution:
By Carnot's theorem, the thermal efficiency of a reversible cycle engine which cannot be exceeded
is given by
T T2 2273 873
max = 1 = = 0.616 or 61.6%
T1 2273
Actual thermal efficiency is given by
1 103 3600
t = = 0.53 or 53%
0.15 45000 103
Since actual efficiency is less than the maximum obtainable, the inventor's claim is feasible.
Example 2.
Two reversible engines takes 2400 kJ per minute from a reservoir at 750 K and develops 400 kJ of
work per minute when executing complete cycles.The engines reject heat two reservoirs at 650 K and
550 K. Find the heat rejected to each sink.
Solution:
QA + QB = 2400
QA2 + QB2 = 2000
71
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Similarly
QB = 1.3636QB 2
i.e. 1.1539Q A 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ
Q A 2 = 2000 QB 2
( )
i.e. 1.1539 2000 QB 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ .
0.2091QB 2 = 92
QB 2 = 440kJ and QA 2 = 1560kJ
Example 3.
A solar powerd heat pump receives heat from a solar collector at temperature Th, uses the entire
energy for pumping heat from cold atmosphere at temperature Tc to a room at temperature Ta. The
three heat transfer rates are Qh, Qa and Qc respectively. Derive an expression for the minimum ratio
Qh/Qc, in terms of the three temperatures.
If Th = 400 K, Ta = 300 K, Tc = 200 K, Qc = 12 kW, what is the minimum Qh? If the collector captures
0.2 kW/m2, what is the minimum collector area required?
Solution:
Let Qh, Qa and Qc be the quantity of heat transferred from solar collector, room and atmosphere
respectively.
Qa = Qh + Qc
or, Qa Qc = Qh
Ta Qa Q + Qc
COPHP = and also = h
Ta Tc Qa Qc Qh
Qh + Qc Ta
=
Qh Ta Tc
Qc Ta T Ta + Tc Tc
= 1 = a =
Qh Ta Tc Ta Tc Ta Tc
Qh (Ta Tc )
=
Qc Tc
Qc (Ta Tc ) 12 ( 300 200 )
Qh = = = 6kW
Tc 200
6
Area = = 30m2
0.2
72
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Example 4.
A reversible engine works between 3 thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The engine absorbs an equal
amount of heat from the reservoirs A and B, maintained at temperatures of T1 and T2 respectively
and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C maintained at T3. The efficiency of this engine is times
the efficiency of reversible engine operating between reservoirs A and C only. Show that
T1 2T
= ( 2 1) + 1 (1 )
T2 T3
Solution:
W1
1 =
2Q1
T1 T3
2 =
T1
T1 T3
1 = 2 =
T1
The cycle is reversible so S = 0
Q Q Q
1+ 1 = 2
T1 T2 T3
Also, 2Q1 = W1 + Q2
Combining above equations we have
Q1 Q1 2Q1 W1
+ =
T1 T2 T3
W1 T T3
= 1
2Q1 T1
73
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
T T3
W1 = 2Q1 1
T1
Q1 Q1 2Q1 ( T1 T3 )
+ = 1
T1 T2 T3 T1
1 1 2 2 2
+ = +
T1 T2 T3 T3 T1
T1 2T1
= (1 ) + ( 2 1)
T2 T3
Example 5.
Ice is to be made from water supplied at 15C by the process shown in figure. The final temperature
of the ice is -10C, and the final temperature of the water that is used as cooling water in the
condenser is 30C.
74
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
75
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
IES-2. Assertion (A): Second law of thermodynamics is called the law of degradation
of energy. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): Energy does not degrade each time it flows through a finite
temperature difference.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
76
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
IES-4. Consider the following statements: [IES-1993]
The definition of
1. Temperature is due to Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Entropy is due to First Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Internal energy is due to Second Law of Thermodynamics.
4. Reversibility is due to Kelvin-Planck's statement.
Of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1 alone is correct (d) 2 alone is correct
Clausius' Theorem
IES-6. A steam power plant is shown in
figure,
(a) The cycle violates first and
second laws of thermodynamics.
(b) The cycle does not satisfy the
condition of Clausius inequality.
(c) The cycle only violates the second
laws of thermodynamics
(d) The cycle satisfies the Clausius
inequality
[IES-1992]
IES-7. An inventor says that his new concept of an engine, while working between
temperature limits of 27C and 327C rejects 45% of heat absorbed from the
source. His engine is then equivalent to which one of the following engines?
(a) Carnot engine (b) Diesel engine [IES-2009]
(c) An impossible engine (d) Ericsson engine
77
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
IES-7a An inventor states that his new engine rejects to the sink 40% of heat absorbed
from the source while the source and sink temperatures are 327 C and 27 C
respectively. His engine is therefore equivalent to [IES-2010]
(a) Joule engine (b) Stirling engine
(c) Impossible engine (d) Carnot engine
IES-10. A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K & T2 (T2 < 900 K), &
another reversible engine between T2 & 400 K (T2 > 400 K) in series. What is the
value of T2 if work outputs of both the engines are equal? [IES-2005]
(a) 600 K (b) 625 K (c) 650 K (d) 675 K
IES-10a. An engine operates between temperature limits of 900 K and T2 and another
between T2 and 400 K. For both to be equally efficient, the value of T2 will be
(a) 700 K (b) 600 K (c) 750 K (d) 650 [IES-2010]
IES-11. Two reversible engine operate between thermal reservoirs at 1200 K, T2K and
300 K such that 1st engine receives heat from 1200 K reservoir and rejects heat
to thermal reservoir at T2K, while the 2nd engine receives heat from thermal
reservoir at T2K and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir at 300 K. The
efficiency of both the engines is equal. [IES-2004]
What is the value of temperature T2?
(a) 400 K (b) 500 K (c) 600 K (d) 700 K
IES-13. An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects 40% of absorbed heat from the
source, while the sink temperature is maintained at 27C, then what is the
source temperature? [IES-2009]
(a) 750C (b) 477C (c) 203C (d) 67.5C
IES-14. A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent of the heat supplied during a cycle
of operation. If this engine is reversed and operates as a heat pump, then what
is its coefficient of performance? [IES-2009]
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
IES-15. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature of
227C; the heat is rejected at 27C, the cycle is reversible, then what amount of
heat is rejected? [IES-2009]
(a) 250 kJ/s (b) 200 kJ/s (c) 180 kJ/s (d) 150 kJ/s
IES-16. One reversible heat engine operates between 1600 K and T2 K, and another
reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400 K. If both the engines
have the same heat input and output, then the temperature T2 must be equal
to: [IES-1993]
(a) 1000 (b) 1200 (c) 1400 (d) 800
IAS-5. In a cyclic heat engine operating between a source temperature of 600C and a
sink temperature of 20C, the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of
the engine is: [IAS 1994]
(a) 0.460 kW (b) 0.505 kW (c) 0.588 kW (d) 0.650 kW
80
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
Assertion (A): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be transferred
from a cold to a hot body.
Reason (R): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter system
without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
IES-6. Ans. (d)
T 300
IES-7. Ans. (c) Carnot efficiency of engine = = 1 2 = 1 = 0.5
T1 600
But according to the inventors Claim
Efficiency of engine = 1-0.45 = 0.55
Efficiency of Actual Engine cannot be greater then Carnot efficiency. So this is an
impossible engine.
IES-7a Ans. (c) We know Carnot efficiency
T2 300 1
carnot = 1 1 = = 0.5
T1 600 2
carnot = 50% But inventor claims 60% efficiency (means 40% heat rejection). It is then
impossible.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. Ans. (c) Figure from another question
W1 = W2
T1 + T3 900 + 400
or Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 or T1 T2 = T2 T3 or T2 = = = 650K
2 2
IES-10a. Ans. (b)
When equally efficiency
T2 T
1 = 1 3
T1 T2
or T2 = T1T3 = 900 400 = 600 K
81
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals Cha
apter 3
IES-12. Ans. (c
c)
Sou ature = T1,
urce Tempera
ermediate Temperature = T
Inte
Sin
nk Temperatuure = T2
W1 = W2
T T
Q1 1 = Q2 1 2
T1 T
T1 T T2 T1 T2
1 = 1 1 = 1
T T1 T T T
T1 + T2 T + T2 180 + 20
0
=2 T = 1 = = 100C
T 2 2
IES-13. Ans. (b
b) Sink temp perature = 277C = 27 + 2773 = 300K
It is given that engine rejeccts 40% of ab bsorbed heat from the
souurce
Q Q
Forr a carnot cyccle engine 1 = 2
T1 T2
Q 0.44Q 30
00
= T= = 750K = 477C
T 30
00 0..4
IES-13a Ans. (c)
Q1 Q2
=
T1 T2
Q1 Q
or T1 = T2 = 30
03 1 = 1010 K = 737 o C
Q2 0.3Q1
Q1 Q2
IES-14. Ans. (c
c) =
T1 T2
Q 0.5 Q1 T2
1 = = 0.5
T1 T2 T1
If the engine is reversed an nd operated as
a the Heat
Pummp.
Theen COP coeffficient of perfformance
T1 1 1
= = = =2
T1 T2 T2 1 0.5
5
1
T1
IES-15. Ans. (d
d) Heat supp
plied by the Heat
H Engine = Q1 = 250 kJ/sec
k
Sou ature = 227C = 500 K
urce tempera
Sin ure = 27C = 300K
nk temperatu 3
82
Second Law of Thermodynamics
S K Mondals Chapter 3
250 Q2
= Q2 = 250 0.6 = 150kJ / sec
500 300
IES-16. Ans. (d) Two reversible heat engines operate between limits of
1600K and T2; T2 and 400K
Both have the same heat input and output,
T1 T2 1600 T2 T2 400
i.e. is same for both or = or T2 = 800 K
T1 1600 T2
83
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
4. Entro
opy
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
Let it be assummed that two o reversible adiabatics
a AC and BC in ntersect each h other at point C (Fig.).
Let a reversiblee isotherm AB
A be drawn in such a wa ay that it inteersects the reeversible adiabatics at A
and B. The three reversible e processes AB,
A BC, and CA C together constitute
c a reversible cyycle, and the
areea included represents
r thhe net work output in a cycle. But such
s a cycle is impossiblle, since net
woork is being produced
p in a cycle by a heat
h engine by
b exchangin ng heat with a single reseervoir in the
proocess AB, which
w violattes the Kelv vin-Planck statement
s o the secon
of nd law. Theerefore, the
asssumption of the intersection of the reversible
r ad
diabatics is Fig.
F wrong. Through
T one point, there
cann pass only one
o reversiblee adiabatic.
nce two consstant propertty lines can never intersect each otther, it is infferred that a reversible
Sin
adiiabatic path must represe
ent some prooperty, which
h is yet to be identified.
i
83
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
The Property of Entropy
dQ
ds =
T Reversible
S
s = J / kg K
m
It is an extensive property, and has the unit J/K. The specific entropy is an intensive property and
has unit J/kgK
The change of entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of availability of heat for
transformation into work.
If the system is taken from an initial equilibrium state i to a final equilibrium state f by an
irreversible path, since entropy is a point or state function, and the entropy change is independent of
the path followed, the non-reversible path is to be replaced by a reversible path to integrate for the
evaluation of entropy change in the irreversible process
dQrev
= ( S )irrev path
f
Sf Si = i T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
84
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
Th
hen for any cy
ycle
dQ
T
ds
Sin
nce entropy is
i a property and the cycliic integral off any property is zero
dQ
T
0
Th
his equation is t inequalitty of Clausiu
i known as the us. It providess the criterion of the reverrsibility of a
cyccle.
dQ
If
T
= 0 , the cyclle is reversibble,
d
dQ
T
< 0, the cycle isi irreversibble and possible
85
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
dQ
T
> 0 , the cycle is impossible, since it violates the second law.
Flow of current through a resistance when a battery discharges through a resistance heat is
dissipated. You cant recharge the battery by supplying heat back to the resistance element!!
Pickpocket
!!!Marriage!!!!.............................................are irreversible Process.
An irreversible heat pump will always need more work than a reversible heat pump.
An irreversible expansion will produce less work than a reversible expansion
An irreversible compression will need more work than a reversible compression.
86
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Maximum Work
W Obtainable fr
rom two Finite
F Bod
dies at tem
mperature
es T1 and
T2
Fig.
Total heat with
hdrawn from body 1
Q1 = Cp ( T1 Tf )
Whhere Cp is thee heat capaciity of the twoo bodies at coonstant presssure.
Total heat rejeccted to body 2
Q2 = Cp (Tf T2)
A Amount of tootal work dellivered by thee heat enginee
W = Q1 Q2
= Cp (T1 + T2 - 2TTf)
For given valuees of Cp, T1 and
a T2, the magnitude
m off work W dep pends on Tf. Work obtain
nable will be
maaximum when n Tf is minim
mum.
Noow, for body 1,
1 entropy ch hange S1 is given
g by
Tf dT T
S1 = C p
f
= C pln
T1 T T1
For body 2, enttropy change S2 would be
Tf dT Tf
S2 = C p = C pln
T2 T T2
nce the work
Sin king fluid ope y change, S
erating in thee heat engine cycle does not undergo any entropy
of tthe working fluid in heat engine = dS
d = 0 . Applying the entrropy principlle
87
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Suniv 0
Tf Tf
C pln + C pln 0
T1 T2
Tf2
C pln 0
T1T2
From abovee Eq. for Tf to be a min
nimum
Tf2
C pln
n =0
T1 .T2
Tf2
or ln = 0 = ln 1
T1T2
Tf = T1 .T2
For W to be m, Tf will be T1 .T2 . From
e a maximum m abow Equattion
Wmax = C p (T1 + T2 2 T1T2 ) = C p ( T1 T2 )2
Th
he final temp
peratures of the
t two bodiees, initially at
a T1 and T2, can range from
f (T1 + T2)/2 with no
dellivery of work
k to T1 .T2 with
w maximu
um delivery of
o work.
Maximu
um Work Obtainable from a Finite Bo
ody and a TER :-
Let one of the bodies consiidered in thee previous seection be a thermal
t enerrgy reservoirr. The finite
bod
dy has a therrmal capacity
y Cp and is at
a temperaturre T and the TER is at teemperature T0, such that
T > T0. Let (Q - W). Then
F
Fig.
Ma
aximum Worrk Obtainable
e When One of the Bodiess is a TER.
88
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
T0 dT T
SBody = C p = C pln
n 0
T T T
SHE = dss = 0
Q W
STER =
To
T0 Q W
Suniv = C pln
l +
T To
By the entropy principle,.
Suniv 0
T0 Q W
C pln + 0
T To
T0 W Q
or C pln
T To
W Q T
or C pln
l 0
To T
To
or W Q + T0C pln
T
To
Wmax = Q + T0C pln
T
T
or Wmax = C p (T T0 ) T0ln
n
To
[i] Isothermall Dissipatio on of Work :- : Let us connsider the isoothermal disssipation of work
w through
a ssystem into the internall energy of a reservoir, as a in the flow of an elecctric current through a
ressistor in conttact with a re
eservoir (Fig.in below.) At
A steady statte, the intern
nal energy of the resistor
and hence its teemperature is i constant. So,
S by first la
aw:
W=Q
Thhe flow of currrent represents work trransfer. At steady
s state the work is dissipated isothermally
intto heat transsfer to the surroundings. Since the surrroundings absorb
a Q unitt of heat at temperature
t
T,
89
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
(Fig.. )
Q W
Ssurr = =
T T
ady state, Ssys = 0
At stea
W
u v = Ssys + Ssurr =
Suni
T
he irreversible process is thus
Th t accompa
anied by an entropy
e increease of the un
niverse.
(
(Fig. )
To calculate th he entropy chhange of the system, thee original irreversible patth (dotted lin ne) must be
rep
placed by a reversible
r onne between the t same end d states, i an
nd f. Let us replace the irreversible
perrformance off work by a reversible
r isoobaric flow off heat from a series of resservoirs rangging from Ti
to Tf to cause thhe same channge in the sta ate of the sysstem. The entropy changee of the systeem will be
dQ C p dT Tf
Ssys = f =f = C p ln
Ri T Ri T Ti
whhere Cp is thee heat capaccity of the liq quid.
Tf
Suniv = Ssys + Ssurr = C pln
n
Ti
Entropy Genera
ation
Irreversible Processses increase the
t entropy of
o the universse.
Reversiible Processe
es do not effecct the entrop
py of the univ
verse.
Impossible Processe
es decrease th
he entropy off the universse.
Suniverse = 0
90
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Entropy Generation in the universe is a measure of lost of work.
91
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Summary
dQ
1. Clausius theorem: T rev.
=0
f
dQ rev
2. S f Si = = ( s ) irrev . path .
i T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
dQ
3. Clausius Inequality:
T
0
4. At the equilibrium state. The system is at the peak of the entropy hill. (isolated)
5. Tds = du + Pdv
6. Tds = dh Vdp
P V
S2 S1 = m Cv ln 2 + CP ln 2
P1 V1
Initial condition of gas P1, V1, T1, S1 and
Final condition of gas P2, V2, T2, S2
9. Process and property change Table:
92
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Example 2.
Two compartments of an insulated vessel each of 3 m3 contain air at 0.7 MPa, 95C and 0.35 MPa,
205C. If the removed, find the change in entropy, if the two portions mix completely and
adiabatically.
Solution:
93
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
p1V1 0.7 106 3
m1 = = = 19.883 kg
RT1 287 ( 273 + 95 )
p2V2 0.35 106 3
m2 = = = 7.654 kg
RT2 287 ( 273 + 205 )
Assuming specific heat to be constant
Cv (m1T1 + m2T2 )
Tf = = 398.6 K = 125.6C
Cv (m1 + m2 )
Tf 398.6
S1 = m1Cv ln = 19.883 1005 ln = 1595J / K
T1 368
398.6
S2 = 7.654 1005 ln = 1396.6J / K
478
S = 1595 1397 = 198J / K
94
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Data for Q2 and Q3 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial
condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under
isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2m3. Heat exchange occurs with the
atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
GATE-2. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 200 kJ (b) 138.6 kJ (c) 2 kJ (d) 200 kJ
GATE-3. The entropy change for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0.4652 (b) 0.0067 (c) 0 (d) 0.6711
GATE-6. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change in entropy (sQ sP ) in kJ/kg
K is [GATE-2011]
(a) 0.155 (b) 0 (c) 0.160 (d) 0.355
GATE-7. If the air has to flow from station P to station Q, the maximum possible value of
pressure in kPa at station Q is close to [GATE-2011]
(a) 50 (b) 87 (c) 128 (d) 150
IES-4. A Carnot engine operates between 327C and 27C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition? [IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K (b) 1.0 kJ/K (c) 1.5 kJ/K (d) 2.0 kJ/K
Temperature-Entropy Plot
IES-4a Isentropic flow is [IES-2011]
(a) Irreversible adiabatic flow (b) Reversible adiabatic flow
(c) Ideal fluid flow (d) Frictionless reversible flow
[IES-2002]
97
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
[IES-1995]
[IES-1997]
98
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Thee same cyc
cle, when re
epresented on the pre
essure-volum
me coordin
nates takes
the
e form
Cod
des: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 1
IES-9. A cyclic
c proce
ess ABCD shown
s in
the
e V-T diagra
am perform
med with
a constant
c ma
ass of an id
deal gas.
The
e process of
o p-V diagr
ram will
be as shown in
n
[IES-1992]
99
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Cod
des: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
IES-11. Tw
wo polytropiic processes undergon
ne by a perffect gas are
e shown be
elow in the
pre
essure-volum
me co-ordin
nates. [IES-2008]
100
0
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
101
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
IES-17. Consider the following statements: [IES-1998]
In an irreversible process
1. Entropy always increases.
2. The sum of the entropy of all the bodies taking part in a process always
increases.
3. Once created, entropy cannot be destroyed.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
IES-19. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in which its specific entropy
increases from 0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, the entropy of the
surroundings decreases from 80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is: [IES-1997]
(a) Reversible and isothermal (b) Irreversible
(c) Reversible (d) Impossible
IES-20. Which one of the following temperature entropy diagrams of steam shows the
reversible and irreversible processes correctly? [IES-1996]
IES-22. The entropy of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the entropies of
constituents evaluated at: [IES-2005]
(a) Temperature and pressure of the mixture
(b) Temperature of the mixture and the partial pressure of the constituents
(c) Temperature and volume of the mixture
(d) Pressure and volume of the mixture
IES-23. The heat added to a closed system during a reversible process is given by
Q = T + T 2 , where and are constants. The entropy change of the system
as its temperature changes from T1 to T2 is equal to: [IES-2000]
(a) + (T2 T1 ) ( )
(b) (T2 T1 ) + T22 T12 / T1
2
T2
( ) ( )
(c) T22 T12 + T23 T13 / T12
2
( d ) ln + 2 (T2 T1 )
2 T1
IES-26. A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two
constant temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant
temperature at 400 K. The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ
Q1200
heat per minute. The ratio of heat drawn from two reservoirs is nearly.
Q800
[IES-1992]
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 3 (d) 10.5
IES-27. In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars [IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars
103
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Entropy and Direction
n: The Second Law a Direc
ctional
aw of Nature
la
IES-28. A mass
m M of a fluid at temmperature T1 is mixed d with an eqqual mass ofo the same
fluiid at tempeerature T2. The
T resultan
nt change in n entropy of
o the universe is:
[IES-1992]
(a) Zero (b) Negliigible (c) Alwayss negative (d) Always positive
p
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IAS Quest
Q ions
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
IA
AS-1. Wh hich one of the
t followin
ng is the cor rrect statem
ment? [IAS-2007]
Twwo adiabatic c will:
(a) Intersect at absolute zerro temperature
(b) Never interssect
(c) Become orthhogonal at ab bsolute zero temperature
t
(d) Become parallel at absollute zero temmperature
The Prop
perty of
o Entro
opy
IA
AS-2. Heat flows be etween two o reservoirss having teemperature es 1000 K anda 500 K,
resspectively. If
I the entroppy change of
o the cold reservoir
r iss 10 kJ/K, th
hen what is
thee entropy chhange for th
he hot reserrvoir? [IAS-2004]
(a) 10 kJ/K (b) 5 kJ/K (c)) 5 kJ/K (d) 10 kJ/K
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
IA
AS-3. An ideal cyclle is shownn in the
giv
ven pressure
e-volume diiagram:
[IAS-1997]
104
4
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
The
e same cyclle on temperature-entr
ropy diagram will be re
epresented as:
IA
AS-4. The e thermaal efficien
ncy of t
the
hyp pothetical heat
h engine
e cycle show
wn
in the
t given figure is:
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.45
(c) 0.35
0 (d) 0.25
[IAS-2000]
AS-5.
IA Wh hich one of the followiing pairs be
est expresses a relatio onship similar to that
exppressed in the pair r pressure e-volume for a the ermodynam mic system
und dergoing a process? [IAS-1995]
(a) Enthalpy-enntropy (b) Pressu
ure-enthalpy
(c) Pressure-tem
P mperature (d) Tempeerature-entroopy
IA
AS-6. An ideal gas contained
c in
n a rigid ta
ank
is cooled
c suchh that T2 < and P2 <P1 In
thee given temperatu ure entro
opy
diaagram, th
his processs path is
reppresented by the line la
abelled.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
[IAS-1999]
105
5
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
IA
AS-7. In the T-S diiagram shown in the
figu
ure, which one of the e following
is represented
r d by the area
a under
thee curve?
(a) Total work done
d during the process
(b) Total heat absorbed during the
process
(c) Total heatt rejected during
d the
process
(d) Degree of irreversibility
[IAS-2004]
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
IA
AS-8. Cla
ausius inequ
uality is sta
ated as [IAS-2001]
Q Q
(a) Q < 0 (b) Q = 0 (c)) T >0 (d) T 0
IA
AS-9. For
r real therm
modynamic cycle: [IAS-2003]
dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) T
> 0 butt < (b) T
<0 (c)) T
=0 (d) T
=
IA
AS-10(i). If a system undergoes an
a irreversiible adiabatic processs, then (sym
mbols have
usuual meaning
gs) [IAS-1999]
dQ dQ
(a) T
= 0 an
nd S > 0 (b) T
= 0 and S = 0
dQ dQ
(c) > 0 an
nd S = 0 (d) < 0 and S < 0
T T
IA
AS-10(ii). A cyclic
c heat engine rece
eives 600 kJ of heat fr
rom a 1000 K source and
a rejects
dQ
450
0 kJ to a 300
3 K sink. The quanttity T
a
and efficien
ncy of the engine
e are
resspectively [IAS-2001]
(a) 2.1 kJ/K andd 70% (b)) 0.9 kJ/K and
a 25%
(c) + 0.9 kJ/K an
nd 70% (d)) 2.1 kJ/K and
a 25%
A
Applicattions off Entrop
py Prin
nciple
IA
AS-11. Wh hich one of the
t followinng statemen nts is not co orrect? [IAS-2003]
(a) Change in entropy
e durin
ng a reversiblle adiabatic process
p is zerro
(b) Entropy increases with the
t addition of heat
(c) Throttling is a constant entropy expa ansion processs
(d) Change in entropy wh hen a gas is heated under u consta ant pressure given by
T2
s2 s1 = mC
C p log e
T1
IA
AS-12. Asssertion (A): Entropy ch
hange for a reversible adiabatic
a pr
rocess is zero.
1066
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Reason (R): There is no heat transfer in an adiabatic process. [IAS 1994]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-14. An electric motor of 5 kW is subjected to a braking test for 1 hour. The heat
generated by the frictional forces in the process is transferred to the
surroundings at 20C. The resulting entropy change will be: [IAS-1998]
(a) 22.1 kJ/K (b) 30.2 kJ/K (c) 61.4 kJ/K (d) 82.1 kJ/K
IAS-16. In which one of the following processes is there an increase in entropy with no
degradation of energy? [IAS-1996]
(a) Polytropic expansion (b) Isothermal expansion
(c) Isochoric heat addition (d) Isobaric heat addition
107
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
Answers with Explanation (Objective)
108
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
Previious 20-Yearrs IES Answ
wers
dQ
IES-1. Ans. (a)) Remember ds =
T RRev
IES-2. Ans. (b
b) The chang ge of entropyy may be regarded as a measure
m of th
he rate of av
vailability of
heaat for transformation intoo work.
1000 492
IES-2a Ans. (b
b) S gen = + = 0.02233kkW / K
(285
( + 273) (5 + 273)
So cycle is im
mpossible Cy
ycle
See in both the case Carrnot Cycle an
nd Reversiblee cycle entrop
py change of the
t
Universe wiill be zero.
Irreversible cycle entrop
py change willl be positive.
IES-3. Ans. (c))
IES-4. Ans. (b)
Q1 Q1 Q1 Q2 W
= = =
T1 T1 T1 T2 T1 T2
Q1 = 600kJ
Thee entropy ch hange durinng heat add dition
Q1 600
= = = 1 kJ
k /K
T1 600
IES-4a Ans. (b)
IES-5. Ans. (c))
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (c))
IES-9. Ans. (d) AB constan nt pressure heat
h addition.
IES-10. Ans. (c) XA consstant pressu ure heat rejeection. XB = const. temp
p. heat rejecction. XC =
isenntropic heat rejection.
r
IES-11. Ans. (bb)
IES-12. Ans. (b
b)
IES-13. Ans. (b
b)
IES-14. Ans. (b
b)
IES-15. Ans. (c
c)
109
9
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
dQ
IES-16. Ans. (a
a) T
= 0 does not neccessarily meaans reversiblle process. If dQ = 0 .
IES-17. Ans. (c) In irreversible
i heat
rejeection process enttropy
decreases. In an irreverrsible
y of the univ
process entropy verse
ways increasses i.e. sum
alw m of
systtem + su urroundings will
incrreases.
Con nsider the prrocess 34 iff it is
irreeversible prrocess then also
entropy will deccrease.
IES-18. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible adiabaticc expansion, entropy chan nge is zero and no changee in entropy
of surroundings
s s.
IES-19. Ans. (b
b) Entropy inncrease in prrocess = 100 (0.4 0.3) = 10 kJ/kg
Enttropy change e of surround
dings = 5 kJ/K K
Thu us net entrop
py increases and
a the proceess is irreverrsible.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible process entropy
e channge is zero an
nd in four figuures it is rep
presented by
straaight vertical line. Howevver, in irreveersible processs, entropy in
ncreases in all
a processes
(exppansion as well
w as compression).
IES-21. Ans. (b
b)
( T1 T2 ) S = W
300
or S = = 1 kJ / k
600 300
IES-22. Ans. (c
c)
dQ 1 + 2 T T
T1 T
d)
IES-23. Ans. (d = T = ln 2 + 2 (T2 T1 )
dT
T1
T T1
T T1
IES-24. Ans. (c
c)
IES-25. Ans. (d
d)
110
0
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
6 Q
= 2
800 100
8 Q
= 4
600 100
Q + Q4
= 1 2
Q1 + Q3
3 4
+
= 1 4 3 = 0.85
6+8
IES-26. Ans. (d) Refer to given figure, as given
Engine work developed = 100 kW
= 100 1000 60
= 6 106 J/min.
Thus, Qs = total heat supplied
= 6 106 +3.2 106
= 9.2 106 J/min.
Let reservoir at 1200 K supply Qs1 J/min.
Therefore reservoir at 800 o K will supply. Qs2 = 9.2 106 Qs1
Also, by data the engine is a reversible heat engine completing 600 cycles/min. and
therefore entropy change after every complete cycle is zero.
Qs1 Qs2 QR
Thus, + =0
1200 800 400
Qs1 9.2 106 Q 6 3.2 106
or + =0
1200 800 400
2Qs1 + 3(9.2 106 Qs1 ) 6 3.2 106
=0
2400
or Qs1 = 3 9.3 106 6 3.2 106
= 8.4 106 J/min
Qs2 = 9.2 106 8.4 106
= 0.8 106 J/min
8.4
Hence ratio = =10.5
0.8
IES-27. Ans. (b) It is isobaric compression.
111
Enttropy
S K Mondals Cha
apter 4
IES-28. Ans. (d
d)
Previious 20
0-Yearrs IAS Answ
wers
IA
AS-1. Ans. (b)
AS-2. Ans. (b)
IA
+Q
S2 = = 10
0
500
or Q = 5000 kJ
Q 5000
S1 = = = 5kJ / k
1000 1000
1
Heat added tot thesystemm is +ive
Heat rejecteed from the syystem is -ive
IA
AS-3. Ans. (d)
1
( 5 1) ( 800 40
00 )
Work done
d area1 2 3
AS-4. Ans. (d) =
IA = = 2 = 0.25
dded areaunder curve 2 3
Heat ad ( 5 1) 800
IA
AS-5. Ans. (d) That so wh
hy we are usin
ng pv or T
s diagram.
IA
AS-6. Ans. (a))
IA
AS-7. Ans. (b
b)
IA
AS-8. Ans. (d)
IA
AS-9. Ans. (b)
112
2
Entropy
S K Mondals Chapter 4
dQ
IAS-10(i). Ans. (a) T
= 0 does not necessarily means reversible process. If dQ = 0 .
Q Q2 Q 450
IAS-10(ii). Ans. (b) = 1 = 1 2 = 1 = 0.25 = 25%
Q1 Q1 600
IAS-11. Ans. (c) Throttling is a constant enthalpy expansion process.
IAS-12. Ans. (b)
dQ dQ 1600 1600
IAS-13. Ans. (c) Entropy generated = dsat 400K dsat 800K = = = 2kJ / K
400 800 400 800
Q 5 3600
IAS-14. Ans. (c) S = = kJ / K = 61.4kJ / K
T 293
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Ans. (b)
113
Availability, Irreversibility
S K Mondals Chapter 5
5. Availability, Irreversibility
Availability
The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can be obtained in a
process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains a dead state.
Clearly, the availability of a system depends on the condition of the system as well as those of the
surroundings.
Availability:
Yields the maximum work producing potential or the minimum work requirement of a process
Allows evaluation and quantitative comparison of options in a sustainability context
Availability = Maximum possible work-Irreversibility
W useful = W rev I
Irreversibility
The actual work done by a system is always less than the idealized reversible work, and the
difference between the two is called the irreversibility of the process.
I = Wmax W
This is also sometimes referred to as 'degradation' or 'dissipation'.
T0 T
T
= Wmax = Q1 1 = mcp 1 0 dT
T1 T0 T
= (T1 T0 ) S
Where To is surroundings temperature.
112
Availability, Irreversibility
S K Mondals Chapter 5
= u u T (S S
1 2 0 1 2
) (For closed system), it is NOT ( 1 2) because
= h h T (S S
1 2 0 1 2
) (For steady flow system), it is (A1-A2) as in steady state
3. Availability function
2
C
A = h T0S + + gz For open system
2
= u T0S + P0V For closed system
C12
Availability = A1 A0 = ( h1 h0 ) T0 ( S1 S0 ) + + gz
2
For closed system
Availability = 1 0 = u1 u0 T0 ( S1 S0 ) + P0 ( V1 V0 )
= T0 ( S )Univ
6. Irreversibility
113