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06a Consolidation and Settlement in Clay PDF
06a Consolidation and Settlement in Clay PDF
Topics:
Effective Stress
Consolidation and Compression
Preconsolidation
Settlement (in Clay)
Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement
Calculation of Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Summary
Time Rate of Consolidation
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Effective Stress
The effective vertical stress (v') at point A below the soil surface is equal to the stress
carried by the soil solids at their points of contact (i.e. the soil skeleton). It is found by
subtracting the stress carried by the water in the continuous void spaces (i.e. pore water
pressure, u) from the total stress of the weight of the overlying material (v).
v = i z i v = w H + sat H A
u = w z w u = w (H + H A )
w H v ' = v u
v ' = w H + sat H A w (H + H A )
sat HA = ( sat w )H A = ' H A
A
Ws + Ww Ws
where sat = , ' = sat w =
Vtotal Vtotal
Consolidation
The reduction of bulk soil volume under loading due to flow of pore water. For saturated
soils, any increment of loading (, called surcharge) will be initially taken up by the
pore pressure and result in consolidation until a new equilibrium is reached where the soil
solids (or skeleton) takes up the added load.
surcharge: = '+ u
For cohesive soils: at t = 0, = u ; t=, = '
v
v'
stress
time
For non-cohesive soils: water drains faster and the load is transferred immediately
"consolidation" does not occur in non-cohesive soils; in non-cohesive soils this process is
called "compression"
Preconsolidation Condition
1. normally consolidated - present effective overburden pressure = maximum pressure the
soil has been subjected to in the past (pc)
2. overconsolidated - present effective overburden pressure < maximum pressure the soil
has been subjected to in the past (pc) i.e. a load has been removed
Maximum
past load
e
Non-linear
rebound when
log p load is removed log p pc
Vvoids Vv
recall: e void ratio, e = =
Vsolids Vs
When a soil is loaded, it consolidates over the virgin consolidation curve (lefthand plot).
If the load is removed (or partially removed) it will rebound non-linearly over a less steep
curve (righthand plot). Adding a new load (i.e. due to construction) will cause the soil to
consolidate over the less steep curve until it reaches the maximum pressure load from the
past (pc or c'). Then it will follow the steep curve again. It the new load is less than pc
settlement will be small (following the shallow curve).
Preconsolidation pressure determination
(Casagrande, 1936)
1. e-log p is established by lab testing
2. determine point a at which e-log p has
b
Void ratio, e
minimum radius of curvature a f
3. Draw horizontal line from a (line ab) d
4. Draw tangent to curve at a (line ac)
c
5. Draw line ad to bisect angle bac g
6. Project the straight-line portion of gh
back to intersect ad at f
7. Abscissa of point f is the
pc h
preconsolidation pressure, pc
log p
Settlement ()
i
C = i + c + s
1. Immediate settlement (i) - elastic deformation of dry soil and moist and saturated soils
without change to moisture content
a. due to high permeability, pore pressure in clays support the entire added load and no
immediate settlement occurs
b. generally, due to the construction process, immediate settlement is not important
2. Primary consolidation settlement (c) - volume change in saturated cohesive soils
because of the expulsion of water from void spaces
a. high permeability of sandy, cohesionless soils result in near immediate drainage due
to the increase in pore water pressure and no primary (or secondary) "consolidation"
settlement occurs, only immediate settlement
3. Secondary consolidation settlement (creep) (s) - plastic adjustment of soil fabric in
cohesive soils
Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement
Given: Saturated clay soil layer
thickness = H,
cross-sectional area = A,
existing overburden pressure = po,
increase in pressure = p,
Find: resulting primary consolidation settlement c
c A = V = Vv = eVS = (e f e 0 )(H vf H v 0 )A
VV0 = HV0 A
initial void ratio:
V H V = HA
e0 = v0 = v 0
Vs Hs VS = HS A
VVF = HVF A
final void ratio:
V H V = HA
e f = vf = vf
Vs Hs
VS = HS A
H vf H v 0
c A = V = Vv = (H vf H v 0 )A = eVS , where e = e f e 0 =
Hs
c = eHS = (H vf H v 0 ) = H
V AH
Using the initial void ratio and total volume (e0 and V) gives VS = = = AHs
1 + e0 1 + e0
e
Combining and rearranging gives c = H = eHS = H
1 + eo
Normally Consolidated Soil (Clay)
Compression index Cc = slope of the e-log p curve:
(ef e0 ) e e
Cc = = =
log(p f ) log(p f ) log[p f p 0 ] log[(0 '+ v ') 0 ']
e CH '+ v
c = H = c log 0
1 + e0 1 + e0 0 '
e
e0 Final State After Load
eF
e C H '+ v
c = H = R log 0 , typically CR is 10-20% of Cc
1 + e0 1 + e0 0 '
Lightly over-consolidated: load is greater than maximum past load,
0 '+ v ' > c '
e2
Final State After Load Applied
eF
V Log Vertical Effective
Stress, 'V
'0 'C 'F
CR H ' C H '+ v
c = c1 + c1 = log c + c log 0
1 + e0 0 ' 1 + e 0 c '
In general:
For thick clay, divide into n multiple layers & use appropriate equation for each layer (shear
stress is computed at center of sub-layers)
n
c = ci
i =1
Consider depth to 2B for square foundation (BxB) or 4B for strip foundations (BxL), B is the
width (below this depth, the load has dissipated and is zero)
most marine soils are overconsolidated - sedimentation increases the surcharge on the soil,
but subsequent erosion removes much of the load
"Secondary (compression) settlement is more important in organic and highly compressible inorganic soils.
In overconsolidated inorganic clays, the secondary consolidation index is very small and of less practical
importance."
Braja M. Das
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
log time, t tP t1 t2 tF
C H t
S = log F
1 + e0 tP
where: tF = time at which magnitude of secondary compression required
tP = time corresponding to end of primary consolidation
Note: C'= [C/(1+eP)] found by Mesri to have correlation with water content, can replace
C/(1+e0) with C' in above equation for S (see Das Fig. 8.19)
p
[vz + (dvz /dz)dz]dxdy h = u/w
sand
d
d H
d
clay
z
vzdxdy
sand
k 2u 1 V
combining gives =
w z 2
dxdydz t
V Vv (VS + eVS ) dxdydz e VS
during settlement = = = , since = 0 and
t t t 1 + e o t t
V dxdydz k 2u 1 e
VS = = =
1 + eo 1 + eo w z 2
1 + eo t
assume that the decrease in void ratio is proportional to the increase in effective stress (or
the decrease in pore pressure) e = a v u , av = coeff. of compressibility
define the coeff. of volume compressibility (mv)
av k 2u u
mv = = mv ,
1 + eo w z 2
t
define coeff. of consolidation (cv)
k k (1 + e 0 ) 2u u
cv = = = cv (Terzaghi's 1D consolidation theory)
w mv wa v z 2
t
cv t
solving gives a time factor Tv =
(H N )2
1 drainage path:
2 drainage paths: bottom layer
above & below N= H N= is impermeable
N=2 N=1
1 e e +e
estimate mv from e-log p plot at appropriate pressures, m v = , eav = 1 2
1 + e av p 2
degree of
Time
consolidation,
Factor, T
U%
0 0
Variation of Degree of Consolidation with Time Factor
5 0.0020
10 0.0078
0
15 0.0177
0.1 20 0.0314
degree of consolidation, U(%)/100
0.2 25 0.0491
0.3 30 0.0707
0.4 35 0.0962
0.5
40 0.126
45 0.159
0.6
50 0.197
0.7 55 0.239
0.8 60 0.286
0.9 65 0.342
1 70 0.403
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 75 0.477
80 0.567
2
Time Factor, Tv=Cvt/H 85 0.684
90 0.848
95 1.129
100
Sivaram & Swamee (1977) empirical relationship for U (degree of settlement) from 0-100%
0.179 0.357
U% 4Tv 4Tv 2.8 U%
2
U% 5.6
= 1 + and Tv = 1
100 4 100 100