Slobodan N.

Vukosavi}

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Recezenti:

Prof. dr M
Prof. dr

ELECTRIC MACHINES

Electromechanical energy conversion. Modeling of electromechanical systems.

Magnetic circuits, magnetic flux and magnetomotive forces. Electromagnetic
torque. Winding turns and sections. Concentrated and distributed windings.
Electromotive forces and magnetomotive forces of windings.DC current
machines. Induction machines. Synchronous machines. Coordinate
transformations, dynamic model of electric machines.Steady state operation,
equivalent circuits and mechanical characteristics. Power losses. Copper and
iron losses. Mechanical losses. Machines power supply and controls. Transient
phenomena in electric machines.
 iii
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PREFACE

This textbook is intended for engineering students taking their first course in
electrical machines. It is also recommended for students preparing a capstone
project where they need to understand, model, supply, control and specify
electric machines. The book is primarily written for Electrical Engineering
students. At the same time, it can be used as a valuable reference for other
engineering disciplines involved with electric actuators, electric generators and
drives. The book is self-contained and it comprises questions and answers and
solved problems wherever the learning process requires an overview.

This book comes out of the fifteen years of authors experience teaching
Electrical Machines at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Belgrade. Introductory Chapters are suited for second year students with a
rather limited background in mathematics, physics, engineering fundamentals,
circuit theory and electromagnetics. Prerequisites do not include spatial
derivatives and field theory. Necessary background includes elementary
electrostatics and magnetics, DC and AC current circuits and some elementary
skill with complex numbers and phasors.

The scope of this textbook is the set of basic knowledge and skills in Electrical
Machines the prospective engineers should acquire. The approach starts with
basic functionality and the role of electrical machines in their typical
applications, their electrical and mechanical connections and characteristics.
Mathematical models of electrical machines are developed by using coordinate
transforms. Before applying Clarke and Park transforms, the need for them is
emphasized and the benefits are discussed, along with available options. The
vi

effort of applying transforms is justified by obtaining a more intuitive, concise

and easy-to-use model. Steady state operation is described by equivalent
circuits and mechanical characteristics. Design and construction of practical
machines is discussed in the extent needed to understand the principles of
operation, the power losses and cooling, and the problems of power supply and
control of electric machines. Details such as the slot shape and the disposition
of permanent magnets are discussed as far as they affect the machine
parameters and performance. The book covers DC machines, induction
machines and synchronous machines. Design of magnetic circuits, windings
and mechanical elements are left out of the scope.

The authors wishes to thank the reviewers, Prof. Milo Petrovi and Prof.
Dragutin Salamon for their valuable comments and suggestions. In addition the
author would like to thank Prof. Joef Varga, renown expert in design of
electrical machines. Particular contributions of Assistant Prof. Petar Mati and
Prof. Mili R. Stoji made a significant improvements in this book consistency
and value. The author owes special thanks to assistants Nikola Popov, Dragan
Mihi, and Igor Cvetkovi for their help and devoted efforts in technical
preparation of this manuscript.
 vii
viii
 ix
x

1 .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 .................... 1
1.1.1 ..................................... 1
1.1.2 .................................. 2
1.1.3 ......... 2
1.1.4 ............................................................... 3
1.1.5 ............................................... 3
1.1.6 .......................................... 4
1.1.7 .................................................. 5
1.2 .............................. 6
1.3 ............................. 11
1.3.1 ................. 13
1.4 ..................................... 15
1.4.1 ................. 16
1.4.2 ............................................................ 16
1.4.3 .......................................... 16
1.4.4 ........... 17
1.4.5 ..................................................... 18
1.5 ............................ 18
1.5.1 ................................................... 20
1.5.2 ....... 21

2 ............................. 27
2.1 ................................................................... 27
2.2 ......................... 29
2.3 ................ 30
2.4 ............................................................ 32
2.5 .......................................................... 34
2.6 ................................................................ 35
2.7 ............ 36
2.8 ..................................................... 37
2.9 .................................................... 41
2.10 ............................................................... 42
 xi

2.11 ............... 43
2.11.1 , .............. 43
2.11.2 , ..... 45
2.11.3 .............................................................. 46
2.11.4 ................................................... 48
2.11.5 ...... 50
2.11.6 .................................... 51
2.12 .................. 52
2.12.1 .................................................. 53
2.12.2 ...................................................... 55
2.12.3 - ................................... 58
2.13 ................................................................. 60
2.13.1 .......................................... 61
62
62
63
2.13.2 ............................................................ 64
2.13.3 ........ 64
2.13.4 ......................................... 65
2.13.5 ....................................... 69
2.13.6 ........................... 70
2.14 ........................................... 72
2.14.1 ........................................ 72
2.14.2 .................................. 73
2.14.3 ............................. 75
2.14.4 .................... 75
2.14.5 ....... 77
2.15 ............................................ 80
2.15.1 .............................. 81
2.15.2 ...................................................... 82
2.15.3 ..................................................................... 83
2.15.4 ...................................... 85
2.15.5 ................................. 87
2.15.6 ................................................. 89
2.15.7 ...... 92
2.15.8 , .................... 94
2.16 ................................. 98
2.16.1 ......................................... 99
100
2.16.2 ............................................................. 102
102
103
xii

103
103
2.16.3 ............................................................ 104
2.16.4 .............................................. 105
2.16.5 ................................. 106
2.16.6 ....................................................... 108
2.16.7 .......................................... 112
2.16.8 .................................................... 113
2.16.9 ..................................................... 116
2.16.10 ............................................ 119
2.16.11 ........................ 120
2.16.12 ................................................ 121
2.16.13 ............................. 122
2.16.14 . 124
2.16.15 ......................... 126
2.17 ........... 127
2.17.1 .......... 129
2.17.2 ........................ 130
2.17.3 ........................................ 132
2.17.4 ............. 135
2.17.5 ....................... 136
2.17.6 ..................................................... 138
139
140
2.17.7 .................................................... 141
2.17.8 ...... 142
2.17.9 ... 143
2.17.10 .... 146
2.17.11 .......................................................... 150
2.17.12 ................................... 152
152
153
153
2.18 ............................... 154
2.18.1 .. 155
2.18.2 .. 158
2.18.3 .................................. 160
161
163
166
2.18.4 ..... 170
2.18.5 ........ 172
 xiii

2.18.6 ................................... 177

180
180
182
184
2.18.7 ........ 185
2.18.8 ............. 187
2.18.9 ........................ 189
2.18.10 ................................... 193
194
2.18.11 ........................... 196
198
199
201
205
2.18.12 . 206
2.18.13 .... 207
2.18.14 .......... 210
2.18.15 ...................... 213
2.18.16 ........................................ 215
215
220
2.19 ......... 223
2.19.1 ............................... 224
2.19.2 ................................. 224
225
226
227
228
229
2.19.3 .............................. 229
230
230
231
236
238
2.19.4 .......... 242
2.20 ............................................................. 243
2.20.1 .......... 244
246
247
249
xiv

2.20.2 .............................. 250

2.20.3 .............................. 252
252
252
253

3 ............................................. 257
3.1 ............................................ 259
3.2 ......................................................... 259
3.3 ...................................... 260
3.4 ......................................... 261
3.5 ........................................................ 262
3.6 .................................................................. 264
3.7 .......................................................................... 269
3.8 ......................................................... 272
3.9 ................................ 273
3.10 ............................................... 278
3.11 ............................................................. 282
3.12 ................................................ 284
3.13 ................................................................ 285
3.14 ..................................................................... 285
3.15 .................................. 289
. 290
290
290
3.16 ................................... 292
3.17 .................. 292
3.18 ......................... 295
3.19 .................. 296
Ea 298
Mem 299
3.20 ..... 300
3.21 ......... 301
3.22 .......... 303
3.23 ................................... 305
3.24 ......................................................... 306
3.25 .......................... 307
3.26 ........................ 307
3.27 .................................................... 309
3.28 ............................... 310
3.29 ............................................. 312
315
 xv

3.30 .......... 316

3.31 ............................................... 317
3.32 ................................... 320
3.33 ........................ 322
3.33.1
e................................................................... 322
3.33.2 M - U - I ........... 324
I : 324
II : 325
III : 325
IV : 325
3.33.3 ............. 325
3.33.4
............................................................... 329
. 330
331
331
332
332
3.33.5 ..................................................... 333
3.33.6 ........................ 338
3.34 ................................................. 341
3.34.1 ...................................................... 341
3.34.2 ....................................... 342
3.34.3 ........................................ 342
3.34.4 ..................................................... 342
3.35 .................. 343
3.36 ............................................................ 348
3.37 .......................................................... 348
3.38 ............................................................. 349
349
350
351
351
352
352
352
352
3.39 ......................................... 353
3.40 .................................... 353
3.41 .................................................... 354
354
xvi

355
355
355
355
(PF) 355
(PFe+PF) 356
356
3.42 ..................................... 358
3.43 .......... 358

4 ................................................................. 361
4.1 ......................... 363
4.2 .................................................................. 364
4.3 ....................................................................... 365
4.4 ................................................ 367
4.5 ................................................ 368
4.6 .................................................... 370
4.7 .......................................... 372
4.8 ....................... 374
4.9 ................. 375
4.10 ............................................................ 376
4.11 ....................................... 377
4.12 .............................................. 381
4.12 ..................................................... 383
4.13 ................................................................ 385
4.13.1 K = 1 ......................... 389
4.13.2 K = (2/3)0,5 ................ 389
4.13.3 K = 2/3 ...................... 390
4.14 ................................ 390
4.15 ................................................................. 392
4.16 .... 393
4.17 ....................................... 394
4.18 .......... 396
4.19 .................................................. 397
4.20 ............................. 397
4.21 ................................................. 399
4.22 ................................. 400
4.23 ......... 401
4.24 ........................................................... 403
4.25 ........................................................... 404
4.26 .... 407
4.27 ................................... 408
 xvii

4.28 .................................. 410

4.29 dq ..... 411
4.30 ............... 413
413
4.31 dq ............................ 414
4.32 dq .................. 416
4.33 dq ..................................... 417
4.34 .................................................................... 419
4.35 .............................................................. 419
4.36 ......................................................... 420
4.37 ............................................... 420
4.38 ............... 422
4.39 ...................... 425
4.40 ....... 427
4.41 ................... 429
4.42 ................................... 432
4.43 ....................... 436
4.44 ..................... 438
443
4.45 ............................... 445
4.46 ........................................ 448
4.47 ..................................... 450
4.48 ................................ 451
4.49 ....................... 451
4.50 ................................................................ 453
4.51 ..................................... 454
4.52 ........................................................ 456
4.53 .......... 457
4.54 .................................... 458
4.55 .... 458
4.56 ................................................. 460
4.57 ......................... 460
4.58 .................. 462
4.59 ............ 463
4.60 ..................................... 465
4.61 .................................................... 468
471
4.62 ........................ 471
472
473
473
4.63 ......................................... 476
xviii

4.64 ....................................... 478

4.65 ............. 479
4.66 ....... 480
4.67 ............................... 481
4.68 .................................... 481
4.69 ................. 482
4.70 .............................. 483
4.71 .............................................. 484
4.72 ..... 486
4.73 ................................ 488
4.74 ............................................................. 490
4.75 .......... 492
4.76 .............. 493
RI 495
496
4.77 .................................. 498
4.77.1 ........................................ 498
4.77.2 ...... 501

5 ................................................................... 503
5.1 ......................... 504
5.2 ............................................................... 504
5.3 ...................................................................... 505
5.4 ..................................................................... 508
5.5 ...................................... 511
5.6 .................................................... 511
5.7 .......................................................... 513
5.8 ............. 514
5.9 ....... 515
5.10 .......................................... 516
5.11 .................... 518
5.12 .......................... 520
5.13
.......................................................... 521
5.14 ..... 523
5.15 .................................... 524
5.16 ........................................ 525
5.17 ..................................................... 527
5.18 3/2 .................................. 528
5.19 ............... 531
5.20 ................................................. 532
5.21 .................................................. 534
 xix

5.22 .................. 536

5.23 ......................................... 536
5.24 .... 538
5.25 .......................... 540
5.26 ............... 541
5.27 ........................................................ 543
5.28 .......................................................... 544
5.29 .. 546
5.30 ....... 546
5.31 ................................................................ 548
5.32 ............ 549
5.33 .......... 551
5.34 ...... 555
5.35 ...................... 556
5.36 ...................... 557
5.37 .............. 558
5.38 ........... 559
5.39 ............ 560
561
561
562
562
5.40
...................................................................... 565
5.41 ............................................. 565
5.42 LC ..................................... 568
5.43 .................... 571
5.44 ............................................................ 571
5.45 ........................................... 573
574
ISK1 575
ISK2 576
ISK3 579
5.46 L ...... 580
5.47 e e ......................... 583
1 583
2 583
3 583
5.48 584
5.49 ................................... 585
5.50 .............................. 586
5.51 .................................................. 587
xx

5.52 ...... 589

5.53 .......... 591

.................................................................................. 595
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B. F
28 2

i , l, B -
. -
2.1, . -
x, y, z, ,

.

2.1.
.

G G
l = l ix , (2.2)
G G
B = B iz ,
G G
G
(
F = i l B )
,
F = l B i.

l B.
y y, Wm = Fy.
vy, pm
= Fvy. , pm
. ,
, pm ,
.
 2.2 29

, ,
e. -
e i (pe = ei) -
(pm = Fvy).
,
pe pm.
.

2.2

-
-
.
,
.

2.2. (A)
. (B) -
. (C) .
30 2

, 2.1. -
.
,
. ,
.
, -
.
1 A , d = 0,1 m, -
-
.
(2.3).
I 1 (2.3)
B = 0 = 4 10 7 T = 2 10 6 T
2d 2 0,1
-
, -
l = 1 m (2.4).
F = l B I = 2 106 N (2.4)

,
, 1
-
,

.

2.3

, . -

1 . S
B. S
C,
. S,
S -
, = BS.
,
S.
 2.3 31

2.3 ,
, . -
l,
v y .
,
Fs. B z.
-
Eind.
. -
Q, , (2.1),
.
G G G G G G G
( ) ( )
F = QE + Q v B = Q v B = QEind (2.5)

, -
QE .
F Q,
B.
G G G
Eind = v B (2.6)

2.3. -

.

e -
l. ,
32 2

Eind .
,
(2.7).
G G GG G
(
e = l Eind = l v B ) (2.7)

, x , -
z , -
y .
(2.8), a
a e = lvB. e
, -
l.
G G G G G G
l = l ix , B = B iz , v = v iy , (2.8)
G G GG
Eind = vB ix , e = l Eind = lvB

2.4

, 2.3, -
,
e, -
R. 2.4. -
, i = e/R. -
, -
R . -
,
. i- Fm
(2.2). Fs ,
Fm. -
2.4, -
Fsv ei.
e = lvB, , -
u = Ri, R.
, 2.4, ,
(2.9).
G G
G
( ) G
F = i l B = ilB iy (2.9)
 2.4 33

, Fs
Fm .
.
e,
i = e/R .

2.4.
, -
R.

, , -
v , -
.
G G G G G G (2.10)
Fs + Fm = 0; Fs = Fm ; Fs = Fm = ilB

Fs Pm = Fsv = ilBv. -
e
Pe = ei = ilBv = Pm. Pe = e2/R > 0, -
. ,
, ,
, (Pe = Pm).
(2.1): , 2.4, -
, ?
(2.1): , -
-
, .
34 2

2.5

e -
. 2.5 -
(Fe >> o),
.
,
.

2.5. , -
.

. ,
,
() , ,
. () -
. -
() -
. ,
.
, -
. .

.

(2.2):
?
 2.6 35

(2.2):
-
. ,
.
. -
, , .
. -
, -
.

2.6

2.6, -
.
.
-
B , B .

2.6.
.

2.6
.
, .
, -
.
36 2

, ()
. ,
.
-
,
.

2.7

, -
E, 2.7. -
, . -
, -
.
.

. F .
x, Fx.
-
, .

2.7.
.
 2.8 37

2.8

,
, .
2.8, -
= r0. -
0.
r >1
. ,
x = a, . -
, x = 0,
. -
0 < x < a F -
.

2.8.
-
.

U, E -
E = U/d, d .
, U = Ed -
, -
. -
D = r0U/d, D = 0U/d.
(2.11), S = ab .
38 2

1 U a x
2 2 (2.11)
1 U x
We = 0 Sd + r 0 Sd =
2 d a 2 d a
2
1 U Sd
= 0 [(a x ) + x r ]
2 d a
U, -
, Fx
Wi = We + Wmeh
( 2.19).
(2.12).

d We 2
1 U Sd (2.12)
F= = 0 ( r 1)
dx 2 d a
F -
.
,
p = we1 - we2, we1 we2
.
w0 = 10(U/d)2,
wd = 1r0(U/d)2, F
(2.13), Sd = bd = Sd/a
.

1 U
2
Sd (2.13)
F = (wd w0 )S d = 0 ( r 1)
2 d a

(2.3):
. -
Q ,
.
(2.3):
. -
1/
. U -
.
, Ed U,
E=U/d .
 2.8 39

, Dd -
D0 ,
U U
D0 = 0 , Dd = r 0 .
d d
-

,
G G
= n D .
,
, . ,
,
D, .
2.8, Q -
x Dd D0,
U U
Q = (a x )b D0 + xb Dd = (a x )b 0 + xb r 0 =
d d
U
= b 0 (a x + x r ) ,
d
C
Q b 0
C= = (a x + x r ) .
U d
, Wmeh = Fx
, ,
Wmeh = - We.
F = -dWe/dx.
We = 1Q2/C, We = 1CU2.
Q , U , -

dWe Q2 d 1
F = = .
dx 2 dxC


40 2

2
Q 2d d 1 Q 2d 1
F= = ( r 1) .
2b 0 d x a x + x r 2b 0 a x + x r
,
. Q =
CU ,

U2 b 0 0 U 2
F= ( r 1) = 2
( r 1) Sd
2 d 2 d a ,
(2.12) (2.13).
x,

.
(2.4):
2.8
. E D
-
?
?
(2.4):
,
r
.
wed = 0rE2/2 r wev = 0E2/2 . -
wevVv + wedVd, wev wed
, Vv Vd -
, . -
, Vv -
Vd . wev < wed,
. ,
, -
. -
Q , ,
E . -
E, -

. -
We(x),
 2.9 41

1 Q2 Q2 d
We = = ,
2 C 2 (a x + x r )b 0
, Q ,

.

2.9

,
, . -
. -
,
,
. , -
, .
-
.
(
).
-
. -
, -
.
.
, -

. -
.

. -
-
,
.
42 2

2.9.
-
.

2.10

o
. , -
-
. 2.10 -
. , , -
, . , -

.


. -
.

2.10. -
.
 2.11 43

-
50 Hz, -
. -
, -
.

2.11

-
. -
.
,
.
-
-
, 2.11.
(S >> d2), -
E = U/d [V/m],
U . D [As/m2]
E 0.
.
,
. -
.

2.11.1 ,

, -
, E =
U/d. D -
Q/S. D
E ( -
) 0.
U Q U (2.14)
E= ; D = = = 0 E ; Q = 0 ES = 0 S
d S d
44 2

2.11. -
.

C -
Q U. , -
-
.
Q S (2.15)
C= = 0
U d
-
we .
,
. -
we = 0E2. V =
Sd, W =
CU2 = Q2/C.

( D d E )d V = 2
G G 1 (2.16)
W e = we d V = 0 E 2 dV =
V V V
2
1 1 Q
= Sd 0 E 2 = CU 2 =
2 2 2C
 2.11 45

2.11.2 ,

2.12, -
.
.
,
F. ,
x, Fx. , -
We -
.
F
,
.
x. ,
.
We ,
.

( )
.
2.12 U
.
, C .
, .
, Q = CU ,
Q.
Wi = UQ, Wmeh = Fx.
, -
. ,
(2.17).
,
, We = Wmeh = Wi.
2.12, ,
.
, D ,
.
, -
. -
, Wmeh = -We. -
, (2.18).
46 2

1 1 U 2 0S (2.17)
We (x ) = S (d - x ) 0 E 2 = CU 2 =
2 2 2 d - x

1 Q Q d - x
2 2 (2.18)
We (x ) = S (d - x ) 0 E 2 = =
2 2C 2 0 S

2.12. .

2.11.3

. -
,
, -
. 2.12 -
. -
Wmeh = Fx
Wmeh = -We, Wmeh
= Wi. ,
x, -
.
 2.11 47

, 2.12
. -
, (2.19).
Wi = U Q = 0 (2.19)

Wi = Wmeh + We Wmeh = We
F, -
(2.20). We x -
, We/x
We(x) x = x x = 0.
We (2.20)
F =
x
dWe d Q2 d - x Q2
F = = =
dx dx 2 0 S 2S 0
, .
, -
(2.21).

CU 2 1 1 (2.21)
Wi = U Q; We = = U Q = Wi
2 2 2
Wi = Wmeh + We Wmeh = Wi We = We
F, -
(2.22). We x -
, We/x dWe(x)/dx.

dWe d U 2 0 S U 2 0 S (2.22)
F =+ = = =
dx dx 2 d - x 2 (d - x )2
E2 D2 Q2
= 0S = S=
2 2 0 2S 0
(2.20) (2.22) -
, , -
. ,
, -
C .
,
48 2

dWe d Q2 1 Q2 d 1
F = = = .
dx dx 2 C 2 dx C
, ,
C -
.
,

dWe d U 2 U 2 dC
F =+ = + C = + .
dx dx 2 2 dx

(2.5):
(2.20) F
, (2.22)
.
, Q.

? .
(2.5):


.
. -

. -
, -
. -
D, -
E=D/0.
.

2.11.4

,
. , -
Wmeh , Wmeh =
-We. , Wi
, We = Wmeh = Wi.
 2.11 49

2.13.
.
,
,
. We -
we = 10E2 . -
-
. Emax 30 kV/cm.
, -
, . -
we .
, -
We(max) . , -
, -
.
, -
, , -
.
-
, , -
, ,
. ,
. -
. -
, -
, .

2.13. (A),
(),
.
50 2

(2.6):

-
. ,
, -
Em = 30 kV/cm.
(2.6):
-
. S, -
d
we(max) = 0 Em2. -
W = Sd we(max).
(2.7):
f , -
.
(2.7):
f Psr = f W
= f Sd we(max).

2.11.5

-
.
. -
, -
. -
. -
-
.
-
.
-
. ,
-
.
,
.

-
 2.11 51

. 0 =
8,8510-12 10-11, 0 = 410-7 10-6.
wm = 0H2/2 -
we = 0E2/2.
, -
. ,
Emax 30 kV/cm 3000 kV/m,
H Hmax Bmax/0
1000 kA/m. -
. ,
(103-104
) .

2.11.6

-
, -
E H. -
-
-
. -
.

. ,
Wm2. -

.
. -
E H,
.
-
, , -
. , -
-
. , -
. ,
. -
, .

. (
)
52 2

G
G G D (2.23)
rot H = J + ,
t
D -
H. H
, H -
.
H
.

. ,
, -
.
, .
,
.
.
( ),
G
G B (2.24)
rot E = ,
t
B (-
) ,
E .

2.12

. -
.
.
.

.
.
 2.12 53

2.12.1

2.14 -
. -
, , -
U, . -
AB l1
U. AB,
U . -
AB ,
R.

2.14. -
.

, i.
l1 2.14
AB. ,
B. Fm -
(2.25).
G G
G
(
Fm = i l1 B ) (2.25)

l1 , -
Fm = l1iB. 2.14, -
. , -
v . Fs,
. ,
, v , -
.
.
54 2

G G G G G G (2.26)
Fs + Fm = 0; Fs = Fm ; Fs = Fm = il1B

,
Eind,
.
, e = eAB
(2.27)
G G G G G
( ) ( )(
e = l1 Eind = l1 v B ) (2.27)

,
a a e = l1vB. -
e = eAB ,
2.14.
e = eAB > 0 A
B.
, i = (U - e)/R.
, i(t) I =
(U l1vB)/R. Pi = Ui = ei + Ri2 PAB = ei =
l1vBi, P = Ri2. -
.
PAB . -
, Fm Fs,
. , -
Pmeh = Fmv = l1iBv. Pmeh -
, -
U, . Pmeh = Fmv = PAB =
ei = l1vBi, Pi
(2.28).
Pi = Ui = ei + Ri 2 = Fm v + Ri 2 = Pmeh + Ri 2 (2.28)

, ,
. -
e Pe = e(-i) = -ei < 0. , -
e , -
ei = l1vBi, Pmeh = Fmv =
ei. , -
. -
(2.29) .
 2.12 55

ei = Fm v (2.29)

, P = Ri2 . -
, , -
. -
, , -
.
P -
.
,
. -
. , -
, . ,
, , .
R. ,

, , .
,
2.14 , -
.
2.4 .

2.12.2

,
. ()
2.15. ABCD, DL -
, B. ,
2.15, .
m m = dm/dt.
m = 0, -
S = DL .
I.
F1 AB CD -
. -
L, F1 = LIB. -
BC DA, D,
, . m=/2,
56 2

BC DA ,
, .

2.15.
.

Mem = DF1. -
m = dm /dt,
(t = 0) Pmeh = Mem m = DLIBm.
Pmeh -
, I, .

. A1 D1
u = vA1 vD1.
ABCD, u = RI + d/dt,
S R
.
S.
ABCD, ,
.
2.15 1.16, n.
, S m -
.
 2.12 57

2.16. .

2.16, m -
S.
, .
m, S n1.
, (m) =
msin(m) = msin(mt), m = BS
m=/2. ,
u = RI + mmcos(mt).
, m = 0,
(2.30).
Pi = uI = RI 2
+ I m m = RI 2
+ I m BS = (2.30)

= RI 2
+ I m BS = RI 2
+ DLIB m = Pmeh + RI 2

, ,
.
m = 0,
Mem = mI = Pmeh/m. m, K F1,
2.16, K=(D/2) cosm. Mem
m (2.31)
M em = m I cos m (2.31)

(2.31)
. -
2.15
58 2

. -
, -
.
, -
2.15 ,
.
,
.

2.12.3 -

2.15, e1 e2
.
, -
, -
.

2.17. -
.

2.17 ,
A1 D1. -
S .
S, n
2.15 2.16.
I
(ABCD) n.
m,
2.15 S.
S ,
, -
. -
. ,
. -
 2.12 59

. 2.17,
.
Req = , e1
. , , -
A1 D1
, -
e1 .
, -

. ,
.
.

. ,
2.15,
.
e1, (2.32).
d (2.32)
e1 =
dt
e1 <0,
ABCD. -
,
.
, , ,
.
-
.
Req = , -
. -
(Req = 0,
),
. (2.33)
d (2.33)
u = Ri e1 = Ri + ,
dt
u = 0 R = 0, d/dt = 0.
.
, 2.15, -
2.17.
e1 2, -
60 2

2.15 2.17. e1,

(B) 2.17, -
(2.32). ,
() (2.34). e2 = +d/dt
- .
d (2.34)
e2 = e1 =
dt

2.13

-

.
, -
.
, ,
-
. -
, -
(a). 2.18.
2.18 , -
.
() .
,
-
( ). -
N , .
,
-
. HFe = B/Fe, -
H0 = B/0. -
, -
. Ni = H0,
H0 i =
H0 /.
B ,
i = B / ( 0). ,
. -
 2.13 61

-
+lFe, lFe -
. 1+lFe/ .
lFe>>, -
. -
. ,
.
-
.

2.18. -
.

. . -
,
.

2.13.1

.

,
62 2

B(H) .

G G
d S = 0
S
B (2.35)

, -
. -
. -
, -
, -
. ,
.
. -
. -
, ,
( ) .
. N = N. , -

.

.
,
-
.

(2.36). c S 2.19.
G G G G
dl = J d S
c
H
S
(2.36)
 2.13 63

2.19. S c.

, , -
. -
. , -
J -
S, ,
. (2.36) (2.37).
G G
H dl
c
= I (2.37)

H B -

(2.38).
G G G
B=BH ( ) (2.38)

, -
. ,
(2.39). 0 =
4107 H/m. , B(H)
.
, .
, B(H) -
B/H -
0.
G G G
B = H = 0 r H (2.39)
64 2

2.13.2

2.19 . -
S, c,
B. ,
.
S. -
,
, -
= N,
S.

2.13.3

. -
B(H) 2.20. -
B/H = o, ,
Fe B(H)
. B-H
H, ,
B
.

. -
.

.

. H, -
, -
. -
.
H,
B = FeH B = 0H
.
.
 2.13 65

2.20. . -
, .

2 T,
. -
H ,
. -
. ,
, B = 0 H.

2.13.4

-
.
. H Ni,
N i . Ni/ -
.
. ,
, ,
, (
66 2

).
.

2.21. , ,
.

.
B(H) . -

. ,
, -
. -
,
.
-
.
(2.37), H
c, 2.21, Ni. F =
Ni , H
. -
 2.13 67

F .
F = Ni -
H, . 2.21,
F nk,
.
S

. -
,
H c Ni -
.
,

, = BS.
= N .
. S = S0 =
SFe, SBFe = SB0, BFe = B0, B0 -
BFe -
. H0 = B0/0, -
HFe = BFe/Fe = B0/Fe.
(2.40), l -
, l0 .
H Fel + H 0l0 = Ni (2.40)

H0 = B0/0 HFe = BFe/ Fe = B0/ Fe

(2.40), (2.41), BFe = B0.
B0 B0 (2.41)
l+ l0 = Ni = F
Fe 0
= BS, -
F (2.42).
Ni F F (2.42)
= = =
l l0 l l0 R
+ +
Fe S 0 S Fe S 0 S
,
2.22, E
. -
R = F/R
68 2

i = E/R .
-
. -
.
F -
c. , i = U/R,
= F/R, R
. , -
Ni . -
,
-
. -
. , F R
i, U R . (2.42)
" " , .
l,
S R = l/(S).
-
.
,
, -
, -
Rk = lk/(Skk),
(2.43).
n
lk (2.43)
R =
k =1 k S k

2.22.
.
 2.13 69

S -
,
(2.44), c
. S(x) (x)
x,
c, . -
S(x), (x), x
, S(x) S(x +x), (x) (x +x).
R
x/(S).
, (2.44).
(2.44)
S(x) (x).
dx (2.44)
R =
c
(x )S ( x )

N , = N
. (2.45),

.

N N Ni N 2 N2 (2.45)
L= = = = = k
i i i R R li

i =1 i S i

2.13.5

wm .
, BH/2.
, -
, V (2.46) -
.

( G G
) 1
We = wm d V = H d B d V = BH d V
(2.46)

V
V V
2
70 2

dV = Sdl,
S dl
, c. -

,
.
,
B /S. -
,
(2.46)
. -
dl, -
.
1 1 G G (2.47)
We =
2 (BH )d V
V
=
2 S c
d S BH d l =
2 c
H d l =
2 c
H dl

,
c
Ni, -
(2.48).
-
.
G G i 1 2 (2.48)
We =
2 c
H dl =
2
Ni = = Li
2 2

(2.8):
, 2.21, -
.
.
(2.8):
, -
R = l0/(So). L = oSN2/ l0.

2.13.6

. -
2.23 , N1 N2.
. -
 2.13 71

-
. , 1,
n1 2.22,
c, n, -
.
, 1 = N1.
n2
c.
S n, 2
= -N2. ,

-
.

2.23. .

1 = N1 2 = -N2
, ,
. ,
N1 N2,
1/2 . , -
.
N1 N2.
72 2

-
. , .
, |1 /2|
N1/N2.
k 1. , -
1.

2.14

,
.
-
() . B
.
.
.

2.24. .
, -
.

2.14.1

-
.

B = f(H) . B -
T, 2.24,
B = f(H) .
 2.14 73

() T -
.
-
. -
.
pH
B = f(H) -
. -
V

WH = V H d B = V S H , (2.49)

SH B = f(H) . -

PH = f V S H . (2.50)

PH (2.51)
pH 1 = = f SH .
V
SH -
Hm Bm. -
BmHm, Bm2,

pH 1 = H 1 f Bm2 . (2.52)

H H1
,

pH = H f Bm2 . (2.53)

2.14.2

. -
-
-
. -
-
.
74 2

2.25 -
B Bm .
C, -
SC lC.
, -
RC = lC/( SC ).

d d (2.54)
e = = ( SC Bm sin t ) = SC Bm cos t
dt dt

2.25. . -
-
.

-
, E Bm
2 f Bm.
, , IC E/RC
2 f Bm/RC. , (2.55), -
RC IC.
 2.14 75

2 (2.55)
B 2 Bm2
PC ~ R I ~ RC m ~
2
C C
RC RC
-
-
.

pV = V f 2 Bm ,
2 (2.56)

V
.

2.14.3

(2.57). pFe
W/kg. m -
PFe=pFem.

pFe = pH + pV = H f Bm + V f 2 Bm
2 2 (2.57)

, -
pFe , -
PFe -
.

2.14.4

-
. , -
.
.
, ,
.
.

, -
. -
-
76 2

-
.
-
, , -
. RC
(2.55) .
,
()
,
2.26.
, -
.

2.26.
.

,
.
, -
.
.
-
50 Hz -
0,2 mm 0,5 mm.
(, ) -
, -
.
 2.14 77

-
, , -
1 kHz. -
(0.05 0.1mm), -
, , -
.
. -
, 50 m.

. .
.
()
, -
.

2.14.5

2.27, ()
. a -
, B(t) = Bmsin t, Bm -
. a -
l. , c
2x. x a/2, x <<l. 2.27, -
c
,
= 2 x l Bm sin t .
. -
,
2x,
G G d
e = E dl = = 2 x l Bm cos t .
C
d t
, e =
+d/dt e = -d/dt. ,
.
x << l, -
c , -
E -
(2.58).
78 2

G G
e = E dl = 2 l E ( x ) = 2 x l Bm cos t , (2.58)
C

E ( x) = x Bm cos t

2.27. -
.

-
E -
J = E. , ,
J ( x ) = E ( x) = x Bm cos t.
 2.14 79

.
,

P J 2 ( x)
pFe ( x ) = = E ( x) = = ( x Bm cos t ) .
2 2

V
P1Fe alH -
(2.59).
a (2.59)
2
P1Fe = pFe (x )dV = 2 H l (x Bm cos t ) dx =
2

V 0
3
a
H l Bm 2 (cos t ) = k a 3 Bm 2
2 2 2
=
12
k H l,
cos2t, 0,5. (2.59) -
-
a.
2.26()
a = A.
,
(2.59) Phom
(2.60).

Phom = k Bm 2 A3
2 (2.60)

N
() a = A/N,
2.26(B). -
a,

, 2.26 ().
P1Fe, (2.59). -
N, Plam
A = aN (2.61).
3 (2.61)
A P
Plam = N k Bm 2 = k Bm 2 A a 2 = hom2
2 2

N N
80 2

(2.61) -
N2
N ,
. -
, -
. ,
.
,
a,
.
50 Hz
0,2 mm. -
, ,
, ,
-
.
,
,
B . ,

. ,
.
,
, -
.

2.15

()
. -
,
. . -
.
, . -
,
. -
.
 2.15 81

2.15.1

. -
, ,
.
,
(). ,
.
, -
. -
, .
2.28 .

2.28. . ()
. (B) . (C) -
. (D)
Fem.
82 2

2.15.2

. m. -
Mem
, m -
Pem = Memm. -
Pem .
.
2.29.

2.29. , -
.

, ,
. m -
em.
, (Mem > 0), -
(, )
, Mm. ,
em>0 , -
m>0 .
.
d m (2.62)
J = M em M m
dt
-
.
, .
, em ,
. ,
, Mm
2.29.
 2.15 83

em ,
. -
Pem . -
, Pem
-
.

2.15.3

, , -
, ,
. -
. ,
().
. , -
. .
.
, , , -
.
, . -
(, ) .
i a N F = Ni.
R
. , -
.
, .
-
.
, . 2.30 () -
.
-
. . -
.
, .
-
.
2.30, -
(C) -
. . ,

2.30 (E).
84 2

2.30. -
. (A) 2
. (B) .
(C) . (D) -
. (E) .

-
,
, .
.
-
,
.

2 2.30 -
, . -
, .
.

, -
-
. H -
,
. BFe < 1,7 T
HFe = BFe/Fe 0, ,
-
.
 2.15 85

2.31.

.

2.15.4

,
. , -
2.33.
, , . -
, ,
.
( , ) .
,
, .
, , , -
. -
( ),

. 2.32.

,
.
86 2

2.32. . (A)
. (B) .
(C) .

2.33, (B) 3 .
(
2.33). ,
, . ,
, .
2.33,
,
.

2.33. .

3 [ = slot (eng.), cava (it.) = tooth (eng.) dente (it.)].

 2.15 87

( 2.33). -
, .
,
2.33 (D)4. -
(D)
.
-
, ( F 2.33). -
( C -
) (D).
.
. -
.
.
.

. -
.
N N.
(2.9):

? ?
(2.9):

, -
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
.

2.15.5

, , , -
,
. -

4 end turns, eng.

88 2

2.36 .
,
, .
-
, . -
,
, . , -
, -
.

. ,
-
, ,
.
.
,
. -
, . -
.
.
-
.
-
,
. .
-
. ,
HFe . , -
, -
2.34. Ni =
2 Ho.
, , -
, , ,
.
. .
, , -
, ,
.

, -
, .
, -
 2.15 89

-
.
2.34.
, -
.
. , -
( 6 ),
.
( ).

2.34. .

2.15.6

, , -
. -
-
.
, -
,
. -
. -
. -
90 2

-
.
,
PeM = uiM. -
PeM iM -
(). , -
( , PFeM) ( , PCuM).
-
Memm.
, PmM.
PmM = Memm - PmM = Mmm -
. , PeM -
, PmM , PFeM + PCuM + PmM -
. = PmM/PeM -
, .
2.35.

2.35. .

,
.
2.36. PmG,
, , -
.
2.36,
.
( 2.35),
, Pm -
 2.15 91

.
PeG ,
iG.
PmG .
.
PmG PmG
.
PCuG PFeG.

. -
PeG = uiG,
.

2.36. .

-

. , -
, .
-
, . ,

. ,
. , , -
, .

-
.
, -
92 2

. , -
,
,
-
.

.
,
.
, .

.
,
.

2.15.7

,
5.
0,5 mm ,
.
() .
,
.
Fe>>0, H , -
je Ho .
H -
(2.63) -
.
G G
F = Ni = H d l 2 H 0 (2.63)
C

Ho (2.63)
, -
2.38.

5 [airgap (eng.) traferro (it.) entrefer (fr.) ]

 2.15 93

2.37. . (A) -
. (B) . (C)
.

2.38. -
.

Ni = 2 Ho, ,

94 2

. , -
. ,
,

0.5 1 mm, -
.

2.15.8 ,

-

. -
. , -
-
.

.
.
2.37 2.38.
. ,
.
. /
, -
/ . 2.33
-
. -

, -
,
, -
. 2.39, Wi, Wmeh Wm
, -
, . -

2.13.2 .
( 2.39 ), -
u Nd/dt = 0, -
. , -
, dWmeh = -dWm.
-
. dx -
 2.15 95

dWmeh = Fdx, F
. L(x) -
.
, R ,
, . -
dx (2.64),
i .

2.39. ,
. () -
, = const. (B) , I =
const.

1 2 2 1 (2.64)
d Wm = d Li 2 = d = 2 d L = i 2 d L
2 2L 2L 2
dWmeh = -dWm,

(2.65).
d Wmeh = F d x = d Wm (2.65)

1 dL
F = i2
2 dx
( 2.39 B), -
I. dx, dWi = uIdt,
96 2

u = d/dt .
(2.66).
d Wi = u I d t = I d (2.66)

,
-
(2.67).

1 1 1 1 (2.67)
d Wm = d LI 2 = I 2 d L = I d = d Wi
2 2 2 2
6
dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2.
(2.65),
.
.
, Wm
. ,
, .
-
H B. Wm -
, -
Bmax< (1,7 2) T. , -
(
2.39) ( ). -

,
.

6 dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2 -

, , -
. L(x) -
x , /i
. , -
(2.66) (2.67) dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2.
-
, B(H) .
, , L = /i =
f(x,). ,
.
 2.15 97

(2.20) (2.22) -
, , -
.
, -
, -
.
,

.
, -
.
. 2.39, -
Wm(max) -
. , -
,
Wmeh(1) = 2 Wm(max) . () , -
.
Mem
(2Mem).

.
H
.
. ,
.
Mem m ,
. , -
, -
.
(2.10):
-
, -
.
(2.10):
-
. V = LD, D -
, L . B
.
( ) -
. -
98 2

Bmax 1,7 T, B -
.
1Bmax2/o. -
Wm(max) 1LD Bmax2/o,
2.

2.16

. -
( ),
(),
, -
.
-
. -
,
, -
,
. -
. 2.40 Pe, -
Pm, PCu, PFe, -
Pm Wm.

2.40. -
.
 2.16 99

2.16.1

-
. -

, ,

. -
, -
, -
, , -
.
,
, , ,
.
, -
-
, -
,
.
Pe -
, Pm
( ) ,
PCu, PFe, Pm -
.

2.40.
? ?
,
. -
. ,

. ,
, (
, , ).

,
. , -

. , , -
() . ,
, -
100 2

, ,
.

, ().
, ,
, . -
, -
. ,
.
.
-
, , -
, R, L, C, -
(Ri = u, i = Cdu/dt, u = Ldi/dt). -

, ,
RLC -
,
.
: -
,
, -
,
() .
, -

, , .

, . -

. -
, .
-
.
-
. -
E = U/d.
, -
, . -
 2.16 101

, -
dV/dt. ,
, -
. , -
, -
E = U/d (
). ,
, -
(-
) . -
, -
, . -
, -
.
, -
( dV/dt)
, ,
, E = U/d . -
,
.
, . ,
, 10,000 ,
, -
,
.
-
, . U/f ,
(PWM)
.
,
.
, . , -
-
, ,
-
. , -
, -
. ,
-

.
102 2

:
-
.
,
( ,
), -
. ,
.
,
-
, -
. -
. ,
. , ,

, , -
,
.

2.16.2

,
-
. :
,
,
,
-
.

-
.
,
, ,

. uL=L di/dt iC=C
du/dt, . -
 2.16 103

-
p = ui, -
.

-
, -
. -

(H2 E2),

.

, .
()

PFe
= pH + pV = H f Bm + V f 2 Bm
2 2
pFe =
m
-
,

.

.
, (-
). B/H -
B/H
. 1,2 T, -
.
,
- - .
N -
. .
104 2

2.16.3

2.41 N ()

.
.
(), -
(). , -
.
, -
. ,
u = Ri + d/dt = 0.
, d/dt = 0,
. -
,
(u d/dt).

2.41.
N (). 1 i
, 2 N -
.

(2.68), u i
.

, , .
 2.16 105

N (2.68)
Pe = u j i j = i u,
T

j =1

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ii , ... i N 1 , i N ],

T

u = [u1 , u 2 , ... ui , ... u N 1 , u N ].

T

2.16.4

2.19 - -
- .
, N -
. (2.69), u
, i , = N -
. R .
d (2.69)
u = Ri + = Ri + eKEMS
dt
2.42. -
.
, -
+ ,
. eEMS = - d/dt.
- d/dt ,
(B) 2.42.
, (e = +
d/dt), (A) 2.42. eKEMS = + d/dt
- .
(B)
,

. , , -
, e = -
d/dt. + -
, -
, .
106 2

2.42. - .

(A) -
. -
e = + d/dt,
(u e)/R. , ,
. (A) -
-
, . -


. , -
, . ,
,
(e = +/- d/dt).

2.16.5

(2.69). -
N , k -

d k (2.70)
u k = Rk i k + ,
dt
uk, ik, Rk k , , k- , -
. k k ,
k- -
 2.16 107

. ik
k -
Lkk. ij j k -
Lk.
N N -
.

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ik , ... i N 1 , i N ] (2.71)

T

u = [u1 , u 2 , ... u k , ... u N 1 , u N ],

T

T = [ 1 , 2 , ... k , ... N 1 , N ], (2.72)

R1 0 0 0 0 (2.73)
0
R2 0 0 0
R=0 0 R3 0 0

0 0 0 Rk 0
0 0 0 0 RN
.
(2.74), N
(2.69).
,

d (2.74)
u = R i + .
dt
-
. k-
, -
Lkj ,
.

k = L1k i1 + L2 k i2 + ... + Lkk ik + ... + LNk i N

108 2

,
,
(2.75), , (2.76).

L11 L12 . L1k L1N (2.75)

L L22 . . .
21
L= . . L33 . .

Lk 1 . . Lkk .
LN 1 . . . LNN

= Li (2.76)

-
,
.
Lij = Lji, , L = LT.
.
-
()
(). ,
.
-
. -
-
. -
2.6, -
-
.

2.16.6

,
. -
, . 2.43 -

, .
. -
.
 2.16 109

-
.
,
,
. -
,

. -
, -
. -

. Lm =LSR = LRS,

. -
,
. -
2.41, 2x2. -
-
LS LR. -
, -
, /2.
,

Lm
k= .
LS LR

.
N R,
, LS = LR,
Lm = kLS = kLR. k < 1, -
. ,
LS = LS Lm = (1 k )LS
,
, .
, ,
.
-
.
110 2

2.43. .

,
2.43,

S = S + m ,
R = R + m .
(S)
(R)

m = mS + mR .
-
,

S = N S S = N S m + N S S = N S m + S ,
R = N RR = N Rm + N RR = N Rm + R .
S , R -
. -
. -
 2.16 111

, .
2.43,
S R
LS = , LR = .
iS iR

N S mR N RmS
Lm = LSR = LRS = = .
iR iS

. ,
.

N S mS + N S S N S mS + S
LS = = =
iS iS
NS N
= LRS + LS = S Lm + LS ,
NR NR
N RmR + N RR N RmR + R
LR = = =
iR iR
NR N
= LSR + LR = R Lm + LR .
NS NS
,
.
.
, (-
) , -
,

LS = Lm + LS ,
LR = Lm + LR .
112 2

2.16.7

. -
,
.
,
. -

G G
wm = HdB .

, , = B/H =
const, wm = BH = H2.
wm -
. -
. , ,
L1i12 + L2i22 + L12 i1 i2.
,
. -
( BH) dV. dV = dS dx,
( BH) dS dx = (B dS)
(H dx). (B dS) ,
(H dx) -
, . ,
i Li2.
N , -

G G
( 1 N N
)
Wm = wm dV = HdB dV = Lij ii i j .
2 i=1 j =1
V V

, Lii -
. Lij -
.

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ik , ... i N 1 , i N ],

T

T = [ 1 , 2 , ... k , ... N 1 , N ].
 2.16 113

(2.77), L -
.
1 T (2.77)
Wm = i Li
2
(2.11):
L1 L2.
(L1L2)0,5 ?
(2.11):
L12= k(L1L2)0,5, k
. 1,
,
.
1, (L1L2)0,5.
(2.12):

2Wm = L jk i j ik
j k

? -
.
(2.12):
-
. ,
2Wm = L1 i12+L2 i22+2 L12 i1 i2= L1 i12+L2 i22+2 k(L1L2)0,5 i1 i2. a =
(L1)0,5 i1 b = (L2)0,5 i2, 2Wm = a2+ b2+ 2kab.
. -
,
, 2Wm 0 k = 1,
k < 1. k = 1, 2Wm
= (a+b)2, .

2.16.8

N
,
.
pk = ukik
114 2

pe = uk ik = i u = u i . (2.78)
T T

-
, 2.74,
, .

T d T (2.79)
pe = i R i + = i R i +
d
(L i ) =
dt dt
T T dL T di
=i R i+i i+i L
dt dt
, .
Rk, ik,
Rkik2. N -

pCu = Rk ik2 = i R i (2.80)

T

R NxN,
, -
.
.
(2.77), -
(2.81).
d Wm d 1 T (2.81)
p wm = = i Li =
dt dt 2
1 di
T
Li + i T
1 d L 1 T di
= i + i L
2 dt 2 dt 2 dt
pwm .
(2.81) , -
.
.
( , 1x1) s =
sT, (Ljk = Lkj, L = LT),

 2.16 115

T
d iT d iT
Li = iT LT = iT L .
di di
Li =
dt
d t dt dt
(2.81), (2.82).
1 TdL T di
(2.82)
pwm = i i + i L
2 dt dt
(2.82) -
. -
. -
.
, -
. i -
(2.82) .
,
.
,

.
pwm pe , pCu
, pC -
. (-
2.33),
. -
( 2.34), .

pC = pe pCu pwm
(2.79), (2.80) (2.82),
T
pC = i R i + i
T dL

dt
T
i+i L
di T
i Ri
dt
( )

1 TdL T d i
i i + i L .
2 dt d t

116 2

1 T dL (2.83)
pC = i i.
2 dt
, -
. -

. , -
m m = dm/dt,
(2.84),
1 T dL 1 T d L dm m T d L (2.84)
pC = i i= i i = i i.
2 dt 2 dm dt 2 dm
(2.84) -
-
m.
, -
. ,
pC (),
( ). -
, -
,
. , 2.34, -
,
, .

2.16.9

. -
m
m. N
, . -

, L
.

dm
m = ,
dt
 2.16 117

L = f1 (t ) = f 2 ( m ) .
-
. . -
Mem, -Mem,
. ,
. Mem -
.
, Mem ,
m, pC = Memm .
, Mem -
, .
, Mem
, pC = Memm . -

-
. , Mem -
, -
.
.
, (2.84)

1 T dL
pC = m i i = M em m ,
2 dm
Mem , (2.85) .
1 T dL (2.85)
M em = i i
2 dm

N . -
.
(2.67), -
,
,
d Wm = d Wmeh = M em d m ,

118 2

d Wm
M em = .
d m
(2.77), -

d 1 T
M em = i Li .
dm 2
, -
. -

m.
1 T dL
M em = i i
2 dm
-
m. -
, -
.
.
N ,
(2.86).

1 N N d L jk (2.86)
M em = ik i j
2 k =1 j =1 dm

(2.13):
O
.
(2.13):
, m
. m =0, . -

,
. , -
m =0. ,
/2 /2-m.
 2.16 119

,
cosm, , LSR = Lm cosm.
(2.14):
-
.
(2.14):

. -
, ,
,
.
-
. , -

, . ,
,
m.

2.16.10

-
, -
.

( ). ,
, -
. ,
.
, ,
. -
,
Mem.
. Mem.
,
.
Mm, -
Mem . -
, pm = Mmm -
2.42.
120 2

2.42
.

2.16.11

-
, , -
, -
.
(2.42). -
. , -
, -
-
kF m,
pm = k F m2 (2.87)

-
. , , -

.
, 2.42,
-
, .
. -

m. -

 2.16 121

pFe = kV m2 .
, -

pFe
M Fe = = kV m .
m
pm = kF m2, -
7.
-
, . -
, -

pm = k F m3 .

2.16.12

J. -

, R m, -
J = mR2/2. -
J m WmehA = Jm2. -
, d(WmehA)/dt = Jm dm/dt. ,
, -
, , ( ). -
7 pFe
, . ,
pFe MFe . -
MFe
. MFe -
,
, . , , -
pFe
. -
.
, ,

. -
.
122 2

, Mm, ,
Mem -
, pC, Mem =
pC/m .
, 2.42, -
.
- ,
pm = M m m .

1 2
WmahA = Jm ,
2

d WmahA d m (2.88)
= Jm .
dt dt
pC,
(2.87),
(-
(2.88)), (
) (2.89).
d WmahA (2.89)
pc = m M em = + pm + pm ,
dt
d m
pc = Jm + k F m2 + M m m ,
dt
d m
pm = pc Jm k F m2
dt

2.16.13

(2.89) ,
(2.90), Mm,
.
 2.16 123

d m (2.90)
M m = M em J k F m
dt
, Mm
. , Mm
. -
2.43.

d m (2.91)
J = M em M m k F m ,
dt
. -
.
, Mem
Mm . -
, Mem > Mm, . , -
. , Mem
.

d m
= 0, M em = M m + k F m .
dt

2.43. .

2.43 Mem -
Mm .
.
, -
, . ,
Mem , -
Mm . , Mm
. ,
Mem Mm
124 2

. ,
2.43, -
Mem >0, Mm >0, Mem
<0, Mm <0. , MG = -Mem,
.

,
, ,
. , -
-
, -
, -
. ,
.

2.16.14

2.44 -
N -
, , .
.
, 8 ,

T
pe = i u .
-
. -

R i .
T
pCu = i R i = 2
k k
k

pwm =
d Wm 1 d T
dt
=
2 dt
(
i Li . )
, -
pFe = H B 2 f + V B 2 f 2 , -
.
 2.16 125

1 T dL
Pc = i i
2 dt
,

p wk =
d Wk 1 d
=
dt 2 dt
Jm2 . ( )

2.44. .

,

pm = k F m2 .
, 8 , -
,
pm = M m m .

8 ,
, .
126 2

2.16.15

,
N N -
(2.74), -
(2.76) (2.86)
(2.91).

d (2.92)
u = R i + .
dt
-

= L( m ) i . (2.93)

1 dL 1 N N d L jk (2.94)
M em =
2
i
T

d m
i = k j d
2 k = 1 j = 1
i i .

m
2.91, -
.

d m (2.95)
J = M em M m k F m .
dt
-
.
,
.
. ,
, , , -
-
. -
,
m.

.
(2.94) -

 2.17 127

m,
.
N , (2.92)
N , (2.93)
, (2.94) -
, (2.95) -
. , -
N+1 .
-
.
,
.
. ,
, , , -
-
. -
,
m.

.
(2.94) -

m,
.
N , (2.92)
N , (2.93)
, (2.94) -
, (2.95) -
. , -
N+1 .

2.17

-
Lkk m -
. -
( ). -
, -
-
.
128 2

m -
Lij, . -
. -
, ,
.
, -
.
.
-
. , , -
, . -
, -
, -
, -
. , -
,
( ). -
, -
. , -
, -
. -
. -
,
,

. ,
,
. -
.
 2.17 129

2.45. .

2.17.1

2.46 .
N1 R1,
i1(t). , -
u1(t). -
, .
B1 , 1 B1S1,
S1 .

m.
. ,
9. ,

9 (. salient poles)
130 2

( A 2.46). ,
-
.
( B 2.46),
.
. , -
, -
. L1 = N12/R,
R . -
, -
, -
.
,
. ,
.

2.46.
.

2.17.2

2.46, -
. -
, , -
 2.17 131

L1(m).

N 12
L1 ( m ) = .
R ( m )
R F1 = N1i1
1 = B1S1. 1 =
N11. , ,
,
. SFe
H, -
R = /(0 SFe).
R(m) 2.46
.
m = /2 m = 3/2.
, m = 0 m =
, 2.47. ,
2.47 -
. R(m)
. L1(m)
. -
.
,
L1(m)
Lmax Lmin
L1 ( m ) Lmin + (1 cos 2 m )
2
L1(/2)=Lmax, L1(3/2)=Lmax, L1(0)=Lmin
L1()=Lmin. , , -
. L1(m)
(2.96)
1 1 (2.96)
L1 ( m ) = ( Lmin + Lmax ) ( Lmax Lmin ) cos 2 m
2 2
132 2

2.47.
.

2.17.3

-
2.46.
i1(t),

1
Wm = L1 ( m ) i12 .
2
,
m. (2.96) -
L1(m), (2.97).
dWm 1 2 dL1 1 (2.97)
M em = = i1 = i12 ( L max Lmin ) sin 2 m
d m 2 d m 2
-
, . -
,
,
 2.17 133

M em ~ i 2 ~ 2 . (2.98)

m = /4 m = 5/4,
m = /2, m = 3/2, m = 0
m = . , i1(t) = I1,
m,
sin(mt + 0) .
. -
, 2.46 -
()
.

.
s, Im -, -

2
I max
i12 = [I max sin(st )] = (1 cos(2st 2 )) .
2

2
(2.97), -

2
I max
M em = (1 cos(2st 2 )) ( Lmax Lmin ) sin 2m .
4

2
I max
Km = ( Lmax Lmin ),
8

M em = 2 K m sin 2 m 2 K m cos(2 s t 2 )sin 2 m
= 2 K m sin 2 m K m sin (2 m + 2 s t 2 )
K m sin (2 m 2 s t + 2 ).
, -
m(t) = mt + 0. m(0) = 0 = 0,
m(t) = mt,
134 2

M em = 2 K m sin 2m t K m sin (2m t + 2 s t 2 ) (2.99)

K m sin (2m t 2 s t + 2 ).

. ,
m+s = 0. -
m=s. ,
-
. . -
-
. m=s = 3/4,

2
I max
M sr = ( Lmax Lmin ) .
8
= /4, -

2
I max
M sr = ( Lmax Lmin ) .
8

.
(2.15):
i1 ,
m = /2 ,
m = 0 .
(2.15):
, (2.97),
sin(2m). m = /2, -
. -
2m = +2
sin(2m)<0. -
. -
, -
. m = 0, -
.
, sin(m). -
.
 2.17 135

-
.
(2.16):

(s m)?
(2.16):
(2.99),
s = -m.

2.17.4

2.48 -
.
N1 R1. i1(t),
u1(t) . -

N2, R2, i2(t). -
, u2(t).
-
.
(
) , -
. ,
, .
, -
, -
.
2.48
L2 .
.
m . -

m. , m = /2,
. m = 0,

. m
= /2,
m = 0. -
m. L2 .
136 2

-
, .

2.48
.

, -
m -
L2 = const.

2.17.5

-
m. -
, -
( ), L12
. , m = /2 m = 3/2,
, L12
Lm. -
a ,
2.49. , -
 2.17 137

. m -
-
.

L12 ( m ) = Lm sin m .

2.49.

.

1
2 i1 i2. L11=L1 L22 = L2
, -
L12 = L21 = Lm sinm.

L L i L L i (2.100)
= 1 = 11 12 1 = 1 12 1 = L i
2 L21 L22 i2 L12 L2 i2
138 2

-
. ,
.

1 2 2 (2.101)
Wm = L jk i j ik =
2 j =1 k =1
1 1 1 T
= L1i12 + L2 i22 + L12 i1i2 = i L i
2 2 2

2.17.6

-
, (2.101),
, m (2.102).
L12 i1i2 = i1i2 Lm sin m (2.102)

. , (2.103) -

,
(Lm), cos m.
dWm (2.103)
M em = =
d m
d 1 2 1
= L1i1 + L2 i 22 + L12 i1i 2 = i1i 2 Lm cos m
d m 2 2
-
, .
, ,
,

= L i i = L 1 ,
.
 2.17 139

L2 L12
i1 = 1 2,
L1 L2 L12
2
L1 L2 L12
2

L12 L1
i2 = 1 + 2
L1 L2 L12
2
L1 L2 L12
2

, -
12. , 1
= N11 2 = N22,
,
M em ~ i1i2 ~ 1i2 ~ 2i1 ~ 12 .
,
,
i12,
12, 12.
, -
i1i2 -
12, -
12.

(2.103). m, -
m = mt + 0. t = 0
m(0) = 0 , m = mt.
(i1= I1 i2= I2), -
cos mt,
. , (-
) -
. -
. -
,
.
(2.17): i2=
I2, m = mt, i1
.
140 2

(2.17):
(2.103),
cos mt i1(t). i1(t) cos mt
i1 ,
1 m.

, -
, -

,
. i =
I cos(t - ), -
, = 0,
, .
, .
1, -
2, I1m I2m
-1 -2.
(2.104).
i1 = I1m cos(1t 1 ), (2.104)
i2 = I 2 m cos(2t 2 ).
2.103, -

M em = i1i2 Lm cos m =
= I 1m cos(1t 1 ) I 2 m cos( 2 t 2 ) Lm cos m .
m = mt, -
. Kn = LmI1mI2m/4, -
(2.105).
M em = K n cos(1t 1 + 2t 2 + mt ) (2.105)
+ K n cos(1t 1 + 2t 2 mt )
+ K n cos(1t 1 2t + 2 + mt )
+ K n cos(1t 1 2t + 2 mt )
 2.17 141

(Lm I1m I2m =
4Kn).
(12m). cos(t-)
. -
-

2.106
m = 1 + 2 (2.106)
m = 1 2
m = 1 + 2
m = 1 2

2.17.7

.
, -
, -
. , -
. -
. L12 = Lm sinm,
.
, , -
.
.
. -
, . p = 2
. , -
L12 = Lm sin(pm),
.
1 2 pm = 0, m -
. ,
,
( -
, , .).
142 2

,
= p.
,
, p = 1 = .

2.17.8

-
,
. -
. .
,
.
, -
1, -
2 m10
1 2 m = 0.
-
(1 = 0) . -
, 2 = pm11.
-
, e. pm12 -
2 1.
pm 2 = 1 -
pm, .

10 p , 1 2
pm = 0. m , -
. m = pm Tm = 2/m -
.
( )
mTm = 2/p. (p=2) -
. mTm = 2/2 = . -
(p=1), , -
mTm = 2/1 = 2 ,
. ,
.
11 , p = 1, -

2 = m. p>1, 2 = m =pm.
12 p = 1.
 2.17 143

. 2 = 0,
, 1 = pm. -

.

2.17.9

, -
-
. -

, -
. . -
-

,
,
,
.

, -
, 2.50.
I.
D L,
S = DL. , n1
.
-
.

n1 .
.
m
I S .
G G
m = I S n1 (2.107)

m
144 2

B. (2.108).
2.50,
.
Mm = DLIB = /2.
G G G G (2.108)
M em = m B, M em = S I B sin = D L I B sin

(2.108) -
. L, -
, F = LIB. -
D ,
, .
K
D
K= sin ,
2

2.50
D
M em = 2 F K = 2(L I B ) sin = D L I B sin .
2
 2.17 145

2.50. , -

B . -


. n1, -

.

-
. -
m = SB = DLB, = 0.
(N=1), I -
Fm = NI = I. (2.108),

M em = Fm m sin . (2.109)

. -
146 2

n1, -
. , (2.109)

m -
. -


. ,
, -
,
.

2.17.10

. , ,
2.13. -
-
-
. -
, -
, -
.
(S), -
(R),
, |S xR | = S
R sin().
= t,
, (2.108), -
(sin t).
.
, -
. -
,
.

-
. ,

. , -
 2.17 147

,

, ,
.

2.51.
.

, 2.51.
S R
m. -
= mt,
sin(mt), . -
-
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
, -

.
2.52. -
S. S ,
-
. R. R
.
, 2.52 P1
P2. -
148 2

2 = m. , -
P1 P2 , -
-
. m.
-
, P1, -
, (~).
.
2.52, P2
-
(9). , P2 -
P1, . -
,

. -

(9).
,
R
. -

.
,
R .

.
-
.
,
,
.
.

1, -
2. 2.52B, -
(p = 1).
, -

.
-
.
 2.17 149

, S 1 = 1 -
, R 2 = 2
. 13 m = m,
m + 2.
1,
1 - m - 2. (2.106) -
, 1 - m - 2
.
, -

. -
1
. ,
1 = 1.
-
. -
sin ,
.
-
1 = 1. 2 =
1 - m . -
.
1 -
.
S 1 = 1 ,
R , m = m.
2.52 C, .

,
.
. , , -
.
,
.
(p>1), 1 = pm.

13 -
p = 1,
.
150 2

2.52. -
(A), (B)
(C).

2.17.11

-

.
, ,
, -
, .
, (S
R)
. , -
.

. -
, -
,
, .
-

 2.17 151

. ,
.

2.53. -


. -
/2.

2.53,
. /2. -
. -
. Im
S,
i (t ) = I m cos(S t ),

i (t ) = I m cos S t = I m sin (S t ),
2
/2. -
. -
.
. -
, R . -

152 2

. -

N I m N I
max = = max = m = m ,
R R

(t ) = m cos(S t ),
(t ) = m sin (S t ).

(t) (t) -
m S =S. ,
2.53 -
S =S. ,
.
, , -
.
-
( ).

2.17.12

,
, -

.
, . -

.
.

,
-
.
 2.17 153

1, -
.
. -
1. 2.53
-
.
, , -
2/3, -
. Im
1
= S S.

, -
.
1 = 1,
2 = 2 .
,
,
, .

, -

. -
, .
, -
m. -
,
. -
, -
.
, ,
.
-
, , -
.
154 2

2.18

,

.
, .
-
, -
,
. ( 2.54)
.
-
, , -
R ( 2.55) cos .
,
. -
, -
, -
,

, .
-
, , -

.
,
() . -


. .
 2.18 155

2.54. .
(A), (B),
(C), (D).

2.18.1

.
2.54. -
, .
-
2.54 . -
.
.
.
R, << R.
,
0, HFe -
H0
. -

H0 .
156 2

2.55.
-
. -
.

-
.
. 2.55 -
. 9
, 
. -
.
.
.
-
( R )
(cos ).
cos ,
, -
( , 9 ).
 2.18 157

2.56.
.

2.56

N S ( ) = N S max cos (2.110)

NS' ()
.
d, dl = R d, -

d N S = N S ( ) d l = N S ( )R d = N S max cos R d .
,
9 = 0, NS' (0) = NS'max -
() = .
2.55, = -/2 = /2
9, = /2 = 3/2
.
158 2

(9 ) -
, . -
. NN -
9, ,
NS' () = -/2 = /2.
(2.111)
+ +
2 2
NN = N ( ) R d = N
S S max cos R d =

2 2

+
= N S max R sin 2
= 2 R N S max .

2

NP
, NP = 2NN =4R NS'max.

|NS' ()| , = 0 = 2.
,
.
(9)
().
2 2 (2.112)

NP = N S ( ) R d = RN S max cos d = 4 RN S max
0 0

2.18.2

. (9) -/2 < < /2,
() /2 < < 3/2. -
2.55.

. -
-
JS() . NS'
() . -
,
. -
 2.18 159

, 2.55, i1(t) -
. -
(2.113).
J S ( ) = N S ( ) i1 = (N S max i1 )cos . (2.113)

J S 0 = N S max i1 ,

J S ( ) = J S 0 cos . (2.114)

d,
dl = R d , -

d i = J S ( )R d .

. -
(), -

, -
B . -
-
, HFe -
H .
(2.18):
, -
H ,
?
(2.18):

.
,
.

, H
.
.
160 2

2.18.3

H
. ,
. -
() , (z)
2.57. (z)
(). -
, -
,
-
`S` (HS),
`R` (HR).
`r` (Hr),
`` (H),
`z` (Hz).

HrS,
HzR.

2.57. .
rr, rz r ,
.
 2.18 161

, z
, .
2.58.

2.58. () (B)
C z. a EFGH
L.  9

.
2.57.

C.
z .
, ,
 9.
(9),
, Hz(Fe).
(),
, Hz(V).
,

J, 2.58. J -
162 2

S C -
.
z--
, Hz Hr .
G G G G
J d S = J d S = H d l =
S S C
F G H E
= H r d l + ( H z (Fe) )d l + ( H r ) d l + H z (V) d l
E F G H

, -
-
. -
.
EF GH , -
C -
FG HE.
G E

J d S = ( H z (Fe) )d l + H z (V) d l .
S F H

, -
B , HFe = B/Fe
.
, 2.58,
HE.
E (2.115)
J d S = H z (V) d l .
S H

. -
, z , z -
. J ,
-
HE .
L , -
Hz(V) HE, (2.115)
 2.18 163

E (2.116)
J d S = 0 = H z (V) d l H z (V) L .
S H

Hz(V)=0. Hz(V)=0 -
L Hz(V)=const.
(2.115) -
H E,
Hz(V)
z.
E Hz(V) = 0 -
H
EH, E1H, E1 E
Hz E1E . -
EH E1H,
E1E. -
E1E , Hz(V) E -
.
E,

.
, ,
, -
. -
, -

. , -
, .
-
L, , 2R
L.

-
HS -
. , -
, ,
.

.
, H -
164 2

. -
( 2.59),

, -
. ,
HS , , -
.

. ,
. JS = 0
HS = 0, ,
-
. -

.

H = /2,
.
,
H = .
2.59. ()
().
. EFGH L -
a . -
L,
. -
, FG .
a <<L,
HE HV. L = LHV,
()
. ,
H -
, , -
, H
. -
2.60.
EFGH EF GH
, FG HE -
R, R . HE
, FG
, .
 2.18 165

EFGH
.
,
() JS(). ,
<< ,
JS() FG,

G G GH (2.117)
d l = J S ( )R d J S ( ) R .
H
EFGHE FE

2.59. -
-
.

, -
EF GH , -
HS
FG. << ,
HS ,

166 2

G G GH S (2.118)
H d l = H ( )R d H ( ) R .
S

EFGHE FE

(2.117) (2.118), -
, -
,
H S ( ) = J S ( ) = J S 0 cos . (1.119)

2.60. -
, -
.

-
EFGH, 2.61. EF
, = 0. -
,
-
. GH ,
= 1, ,

 2.18 167

. FG
HE, R1,
.
,
.
-
EF GH . -
( <<
R). -
EF GH
. = 0, HrS(0), = 1
HrS(1). , ()

G G
H dl
C
= + H rS (1 ) H rS (0) . (2.120)

HrS(0)
EF -

.
H EFGH
, , -
JS() = 0 -
= 1. 2.61 2.55 2.56
= 0
, .
(2.114).
1 1 (2.121)
J S ( )R d = J S 0 cos R d = R J S 0 sin 1 .
0 0

1,

JS0R (2.122)
H rS (1 ) = H rS (0) + sin 1 .

,
HrS(0).
(JS0 = 0), (2.122)
HrS() = HrS(0). -
168 2

HrS(0) ,
-
. HrS(0)
.

2.61. -
.

B , -
S ,
G G
d S = 0 .
S
B

G
div B = 0.
-
-
S
S. ,
V, S, -

 2.18 169

G G G
B d S = div B d V .
S V

-
, B S ,
G G
Bd S = 0
S
(2.123)

(2.123)
HrS(0). -
, .

2.62.
-
.

,
. (2.116)
Hz . -
, -
S .
(2.123),
.
B = 0H H -
. 0 ,
H B
. , -

. JS0 = 0 HrS() = HrS(0), H -
170 2

2RL HrS(0), R L -
, HrS(0) (2.122)
.
2.61, 1 GH EFGH
. 1. -


JS0R (2.124)
H rS ( ) = sin ,

-
.
(2.19):
,
.
H
? B -
?
(2.19):
(2.123)
S . ,
, -
, ,
. , -

. (2.123)
= B/H -
. S ,
H
.

2.18.4

L,
2R, ,
<< R.
-
. -
 2.18 171

i1 ,
. -
,
. -
. ,
.
, H
, -
(2.126) (2.127) .
H zS ( ) = 0 (2.125)

H S ( ) = J S 0 R cos (2.126)
J R
H rS ( ) = S 0 sin (2.127)

<< R, -
. -
.
(2.20):
,
A1 A2. 1 -
(9) = 0. -
(2) = , -
(). 1 2
I0.
HrS() . , -

()?
-
?
(2.20):
, -
1-2
I0.
Hm= I0/(2).
, 1
2 , -
,
. , -
HrS() = Hm sgn(sin ). , -
172 2

= 0 + t. -
e = LvB, L -
, v = R , B = 0HrS -
. , -
HrS() = HrS(0 +
t). HrS() ,
.

2.18.5

. 2.63 -
. ,
9 

. -
H B
, (2.127). -

(N) (S) .

,
.

2.63
.
, -
, .
,
. -
() , -
2.13.4,
.
,
,
.
, () , -
.
2.63
.
, . -
 2.18 173

,
.
2.15.5.
.
, .
2.63 -
B . -
, (N)
, ,
-
(S). 14 H, -
B.

14 -
-
. , .
, -
. -
.
S, c.

J I , -
S ( ) I.
J S,

G G G G G G
( ) ( )
I = J d S = J cos J , n d S = J cos J , n S .
S S
, ,
S , -
.
174 2

2.63.
.

S -
B -
. S,
15.

I ,
. -
. B
J I, -
. -
c S -
S.
15 N
S N
NNS,
. S () -
.
 2.18 175

(2.2.1):
2.63, 9 
, 2NN
I, . -
HrS
(-
, -
NSmax , NN = 2RNSmax, H = NNI
/(2). F ?
(2.21):
H
, -
, -
. H NNI = 2H.
H = NNI/(2). F -
H, F = NNI.
(2.22):

, 2.63
9 .
. .

? H,
? F -
?
(2.22):
H F
, H = NNI /(2), F = NNI.
(2.23):
H() -
.
(2.23):
,
(cos ) -
(sin ) . -
,
HrS() = Hm sgn(sin ) -
. ,
H = NNI /(2).
176 2

(2.24):

2.63 9 ,
NN . -

. , 9.
(2.24):

H = +NNI /(2) [0 .. ],
H = -NNI /(2) [ .. 2]. -

.
(div B = 0),
. ,
. -
, . [0 ..
],
B = +0NNI/(2). -
9, -
[0 .. ],
, 2.63 = .
L, R S = LR. , -
, , -
= BS = 0 LR NN I /(2).
(2.25):

2.63 9 ,
.
(2.25):
, = /2 = 3/2,

, -
sin. , -
-
L R, -
9 . -
S = LR.
0HsrS, Hsr -
[0 .. ].
 2.18 177

sin() 0 ,
2/. = BS = 0 LR NN I / .
(2.26):
, -
-
-
? -
-
?
(2.26):
-
, -
. -
,
, -
sin().
. -
2/.
-
, -
-
. ,

-
. , -
.
.

2.18.6

, .
, -
.
, , -
2.64.
9,
. -
, -
. .
178 2

-
.
NR' ()
R. ,
, (A) 2.64,
. m
() . -
m, m = 0 + mt,
0 . (B),
=m. (C) -m
.
N'Rmax =m, -
(2.128).
N R ( ) = N R max cos( m ) (2.128)

i2, -
JR0 = N'Rmax i2.
i2 = I2, -

.
2.63, =m+/2,
=m -
. ,
. ,

. -
=m + /2 = 0 + mt + /2, 0
t = 0.

J R ( ) = N R ( ) i2 = (N R max i2 )cos( m ) = J R 0 cos( m ) (2.129)
JR0 = N'Rmax i2 -
.
2.18.3,
. -
, ,

. , -
. (z)
(),
 2.18 179

2.64. -
, , -

HzR, HR, HrR.

2.64. m.
=
m .

(2.27):

. -
, -
?
(2.27):

,
.
, ,
, -
180 2

.
,
. , , -
,
.

2.18.3

. -
z ,
. , -
. -
2.58 -

.

HR -
,
, , -
.

2.59, -
-
.
HR JR().
2.65.
EFGH
EF GH , FG HE -
R, R . FG
, HE
, .
EFGH
. , -
, JR(). << , -

HE, -
JR() HE, (2.130).
 2.18 181

FE (2.130)
G G
dl =
H
EFGHE
J R ( )R d J R ( ) R .
GH

EF GH
,
HS
HE. << ,
HR ,

G G E R FE (2.131)
H d l =
H ( ) d l = H R
( )R ( d ) H
R
( ) R .
EFGHE H GH

2.65. -
, .
.

HR, -
,
,
182 2

.
(2.131) .
(2.130) (2.131) HR
,

H R ( ) = J R ( ) = J R 0 cos ( m ) . (2.132)

-
EFGH,
2.66. EF ,
= m, -
. m -
. EF
,
. GH -
, = 1. -
,
-
. FG HE,
R(1-m), .
, -
EF GH
,
( << R). -
EF GH
. ,

G G
H dl
C
= + H rR (1 ) H rR ( m ) . (2.133)

. -
2.66, -
JR() = m -
=1.
 2.18 183

1 1 (2.134)
J R ( )R d = J R 0 cos( m ) R d = R J S 0 sin(1 m ) .
m m

2.66.
. m ,
1 -
.

1,

J R0 R (2.135)
H rR (1 ) = H rR ( m ) + sin(1 m ) .

,
HrR(m). 2.18.3,
, -
H() -
.
(div B = 0). , HrR(m) (2.135)
. 1 -
,

184 2

J R0 R (2.136)
H rR ( ) = sin( m ) .

-
,
m, .
i2 , -
JR().
,
. ,
.
, H
,
(2.138) (2.139)
H zR ( ) = 0 . (2.137)

HR ( ) = J R ( ) = J R 0 cos ( m ) (2.138)
J R
H rR ( ) = R 0 sin( m ) (2.139)

R,
.
(2.28):
,
. -
9, -
.
.
(2.28):
(<<R), -
.
9 -
. -
EFGH, 2.66, ,
. -
 2.18 185

, -
-
H, -
.

2.18.7

,

. 2.67 -
. 9  -
, -
m.
.
-
H B .
-
(N)
.
(S).

2.67.
.

, -

. 2.67 -
. 9  -
186 2

, -
m.
.
-
H B .
-
(N)
.
(S).
,
. ,
-
.
, . R,
2.67,
B .
,
. H, -
B. R -
-
. , R, -
, -
.
(2.29):
2.67
() . a
-
, .
.
/ . 9  -
, -
.
.
-
.
(2.29):
-
. -
. -
, -
 2.18 187

. 2.67,
.

2.18.8

.
.
. -
-
. R/ -
.
.

2.68. .

, 2.68.
.
-
. , 2.68 -
. S1 S2 -
.
S1-S2 . ,
R1-R2.
188 2

2.68,
nS S1-S2. /2
=0,
.
nR R1-R2, /2 -
=m, .
m + /2 =0.
, -
,
.
=-m . ,
-
, -
-m. 2.53 -
. -
-
, .

2.69. .

, 2.69. -
, -
2.13.4, 2.15.5, 2.18.5,
. -

S, . . 2.69
S1-S2
 2.18 189

R1-R2.
2.68. S -
S1-S2, -
. S
S1-S2. ,
R R1-R2, -
.
R1-R2.
-
, .
,
.
, -
, Mem.
,
-
, , -
. ,

.
(2.30):

. ,
.
, ?
(2.30):

m. , -
.

2.18.9

. -
m.
2.16.9, dWmeh = Memdm -
dWm, -
m.
-
, Wm(m).
190 2

-
wm . -
wm J/m3 -
wm = Wm/V = dWm/dV.
wm = H2 ,
wm = 0H2.

, . -
B , -
Fe -
, HFe -
. , -

( ) .

1
wm = 0 H 2 ,
2
H
, .
, -
-
,
1
( )
2
wm = 0 H rS + H rR .
2
(2.127) (2.132),
,

,

R
2 (2.140)
wm ( ) = 0 [J R 0 sin ( m ) + J S 0 sin ]
2

Wm = wm ( ) d V ,
V
 2.18 191

V . -
dV
dV = L R d ,
-
, L, R -

2 (2.141)
Wm = LR wm ( ) d
0

(2.140) (2.141),

0 R 3 L 2 2 (2.142)
Wm = J R 0 sin ( m ) d +
2

2 0
2 2

+ J S20 sin 2 ( ) d + 2 J R 0 J S 0 sin ( m )sin ( )d =
0 0
RL
[ ]
3
= 0 J R2 0 I1 + J S20 I 2 + 2 J R 0 J S 0 I 3 ,
2

JR0 -
, JS0 -
. (2.142) -

, I1, I2 I3.
1
sin 2 = [1 cos(2 )], sin 2 ( m ) = 1 [1 cos(2 2 m )],
2 2

2 2
1
I1 = sin d = 2 [1 cos(2 )]d = ,
2

0 0
2 2
1
I 2 = sin ( m ) d = 2 [1 cos(2 2 )]d = .
2
m
0 0

192 2

1
sin ( )sin ( ) = [cos( ) cos( + )],
2

1
sin ( m )sin ( ) = [cos( m ) cos(2 m )],
2
0 2
2 2
1
I3 = sin( m )sin( )d = 2 [cos( m ) cos(2 m )]d =
0 0
2 2
1 1
= cos m d + cos(2 m ) d = cos m .
0
2 0
2
,
0 R 3 L (2.143)
Wm =
2
[J 2
R0 + J S20 + 2 J R 0 J S 0 cos m ]
, -
, -
-m.
(2.143), -
, = m
= 0.
, /
.
, -
. -

2.53.
/ ,
-
,
. = -m,
2.68. -
,
 2.18 193

0 R 3 L (2.144)
Wm =
2
[J 2
R0 + J S20 + 2 J R 0 J S 0 cos( ) . ]
.

2.18.10

2.68 -
(2.143).
.
.
.
-
. ,
. m .
, m ,
. -
Mem = +dWm/dm
-
. ,
, -
.

, -

d 0 R 3 L
M =+
d Wm
=
d m d m 2
[J 2
R0 ]
+ J S20 + 2 J R 0 J S 0 cos m

d 0 R 3 L J R 0 J S 0 (2.145)
M= cos m
dm
, (2.146),

.
0R 3 L (2.146)
M= J R 0 J S 0 sin m

194 2

.
.
,
, z ().
z
. ,
. ,
, -
.
-

(m). -
(),
S . ,
R .
, m.
,

, -
.
(2.31):
. -
?
(2.31):

. -
, -
. -
,
.
,
, . , -
, -
.

(2.146)
2.68,
. -
,
 2.18 195

, -
. = -m.
/ -
, -
. , -
, -
.
.
/
.
2.68 2.69, S
R -


S = , R = m + .
2 2

, ,


S = + iS ,
2
iS .
,


R = + m + iR ,
2
iR .

= S R = m + iS iR .
(2.144) , -
(2.147). -
m, -
, m+S-R m -1.
196 2

d 0 R 3 L 2
M em = +
d Wm
=
d m d m 2
[ ]
J R 0 + J S20 + 2 J R 0 J S 0 cos( ) = (2.147)

R L
3
d
= 0 J R0 J S 0 [cos( m + iS iR )] =
d m
0 R 3 L
= J R 0 J S 0 sin ( m + iS iR ) =

R 3 L
= 0 J R 0 J S 0 sin

-
-
. -

,
, .

2.18.11

. -
. -
-
.
,
. -
2.13.4
. 2.15.5 -
2.18.5
.
.

.
2.68. ,

. , ,

.
 2.18 197

2.68 .
,
. ,
-
.

.
,
.
BS
.
BS
. , -
BR,
,
. BRez =
BS + BR . -
-
.
() -
B . -

.
 ( 2.70), 9,
.
.
2.70, ()

.
.
-
. D x L,
D L. , -
B -
. , B() -
.
.
198 2

2.70. .

S1-S2 -
, . -

.
,
2.68 2.70, -

(2.112),
JS0R
H rS ( ) = sin .


,
JS0R
BrS ( ) = 0 sin .

BrS() .

. -
Bm = 0(R/) JS0
 2.18 199

, ,
. S1-S2, -
.
, -
R -
L,
2.70, , -
. S
S = RL.
-
S,

S1 = BrS ( ) d S ,
S

d S = L R d ,


0 LR 2 (2.148)
S1 = BrS ( ) L R d = J S 0 sin ( ) d =
0
0

0 LR 2 2 0 LR 2
J S 0 ( cos ) 0 =

= J S0 .

. -
R1-R2 (
2.68). -
BrR, -
.
J R0 R
BrR ( ) = 0 sin ( m ) ,

JR0
, m , -
2.68.
R1-R2
200 2

+ m
0 LR 2
+ m (2.149)
R1 = B ( ) L R d =
R
J R0 sin( ) d =

r m
m m

0 LR 2 2 0 LR 2
J R 0 [ cos( m )]
+
= =
m
J R0 .
m

,
S = RL
Br(). S1 S1-S2
-
BrS() [0 .. ]. -
, BrS() je /2 -
, Bsr = (2/) Bmax = 20RJS0/(). -
S = RL,
S1 (2.148).
S1-S2 R1-R2 -
. -
, 2.68, -
. , () ,
S1-S2. , , -
2.68, R1-R2. , -
R1-R2 .

,
(2.148) (2.149). ,
9 = 1, 
= +1. 1
S1-S2. S(1) -
-
9 = 1
 = +1.
+1 +1 (2.150)
0 LR 2
S (1 ) = Br ( ) L R d =
S
J S 0 sin ( ) d =
1
1

0 LR 2
2 LR 2
J S 0 ( cos ) = 0
+
= 1
J S 0 cos1 = S1 cos1
1

(2.150)
1 . 1 > ,
 2.18 201

. ,
-
2
nR R1-R2 ( 2.68). R(2)

9 = m+2
 = +m+2.
(2.150) (2.151) -
-
,
.

2.13.4 2.68
2.69.
+ 2 + m (2.151)
LR 2
R ( 2 ) = 0 J R0 sin( m )d =
2 + m

0 LR 2
J R 0 ( cos( m )) + =
+ +
= 2 m

2 m

2 LR 2
= 0 J R 0 cos 2 = R1 cos 2

.
N
, ( 2.71).
N
, = N.
-
.
.
202 2

2.71. .

,
-
.
. 2.72
.
. , .
, -
. , -
, -
= N = 3.

2.72. .

, (-
) . -
, ,
. ,
 2.18 203

. -
.

, . -
, .
je
.

2.69 (9 -- ). , -
(),
. (2.150) (2.151),

, . -
, -
.
.
, -
(). -
, = N.

N '(),
d
d N = N ' ( )R d ,
R . [0 ..
]
[ .. 2]. -
, . dN

d = N ' ( )( )R d ,

(2.152)
= N ' ( )( )R d .
0

(2.152)
.

, ()
204 2

, BrS,
.
-
.
BrS
BrR, ,
(2.152) -
.
-
.
(2.152)
2.68 -
. ,
.
NN = NP/2 . NP
NN -
, , . (2.111),
NN = 2R NSmax, NSmax -
, S1 S2
2.68.
,
. 9
 +, S() 2.150

S ( ) = S1 cos .

N ' ( ) = N S max cos ,
(2.152)
(2.153)
S = N S max cos S 1 cos R d =
0

= N S maxS 1R cos 2 d =
0

= N S maxS1 R = N N S 1
2 4
 2.18 205

/4 < 1, (2.153) -

. -
S1 S2 2.68. -
NN .

, . -
.
, -
.
2.13.4 -
.
. 2.15.5,
-
. -
.
2.18.5 -
.
, .
,

. 2.68,
,
,
-
. , -
2.69.
-
, -
, -
. 2.73
, A1-A2, B1-B2 C1-C2. ,
. -
FA, FB FC
. FA
B C .
FS -
.
FA, FB FC. -
206 2

, -
-
. ,
A1-2.

2.73. .

2.18.12

,
, .

. 2.74.

.
1 2.
S1 A1-A2.
S1 nS1. nS1
A1-A2.
 2.18 207

S -
nS . , -
-
S1 A1-A2,
.

2.74. (A), (B)

.

2.18.13

2.68,

.
(2.146) m
. , m
.
,
.
.
,
S . -
, -
R m,
. , , = S R
-
208 2

m, ,
2.75. (2.147), -

0R 3 L (2.154)
M em = J R 0 J S 0 sin .


S R = /2.

0R 3 L (2.155)
M max = J R0 J S 0

-
S1 R1. S1
R1 S1-S2 R1-R2
2.68. S1 S1-S2
, R1 -
R1-R2 -
. 2.149 2.150,

2 0 LR 2 2 0 LR 2
S1 = JS0, R1 = J R0 .

sin,
.

0R 3 L
J R 0 J S 0 sin =

2 0 LR 2 2 0 LR 2
=
J J sin
4 LR
S 0 R 0
0
-
(2.156)
(2.156)
G G
M em = [ G
] [G G
R S = k R S ]
4 0 LR
k
 2.18 209

k= .
40 LR
S1 R1 -
,
S R.
(2.153), S R -

S = N NS S 1 , R = N NRR1 ,
4 4
NNS NNR .
-
, (2.156)
(2.157)
G G
M em = [ G
R S = ]
40 LR
4 4 G G
= [ R S ] =
4 0 LR N NS N NR
4 G G
= [ R S ] =
0LRN NS N NR
G G
= k1 [ R S ],
k1
4
k1 = .
0LRN NS N NR
(2.156) (2.157) .
z
, .
z
m,
.
G G
M em = k R S .
210 2

2.75. -
.
. -
.

(2.32):
(2.146) .
2.68 -
? (2.154) ?
(2.32):
sin , je
S -R. S R -
. 2.68
. S = /2,
R = /2+m, = -m. , -
sin = -sinm, -
(2.146).

2.18.14

S1 S1-S2 (
2.68), R1 R1-R2 .
(2.156). (2.157)
-
.
 2.18 211

-
. ,
, -
,
= -m.
m, m = m t.
,
m
sin(m t).
Pem = Memm . ,
() -
.
-
.
, /2.
2.52 -
. -
.
-
. , -
, ,
. -
:
(A) . -
, -
.
(B) .
.

.
(C) -
. .
/ /-
.
-
. -
.
(A) 2.52 -
.
212 2

.
-
,
-m. -
m, -
. -
, -
-
.
. ,
R1 S1,
.
(B) 2.52B .

s k, . -
s s.
k -
k. s - k
m,
(s), .
(C) 2.52C -
.
, R1 -
.
. s

s = m. s -
s. R1 S1 ,
.
(2.33):
( -
) ,
-
,
2.16.
, -
. -
.
, ,
.
 2.18 213

, , -
B() -
.
(2.33):
Mem
IBSsin. ,
sin t .
, i(t) = I sint,
,
(sint)2 .
I, -
-
B(t) = Bm sint.

2.18.15

(2.155) -
R3L, -
. R L
l. ,
, M
l4. -
, V l3, M V4/3. -
, 16.
, m
. m
M M m4/3. ,
,
24 = 16 .
M V4/3 .
. -
(S l2) -
B < Bmax, -
(1.5 1.7) . , -
, l.
. P
V4/3. , ,
. -

16 Fe = mFe/V = 7874 kg/m3, Cu =mCu/V = 8020 kg/m3

214 2

P, -
( -

), -
, M = P/ -
.
, -
, . -
-
. .
-
.

.
-
. ,
. B >
(1,5 2) T . , -
Fe , -
, (2.154) -
.
,
.
, , -
. -


-
.
(2.34):
-
.
,
, .
.
(2.34):

. -
. (1 mm) -

 2.18 215

. . -
, Ni = 2H, -
B = 0Ni/(2) -
. B
0H, 0,
.

2.18.16

, -
-

.
, , -
, .
, (S
R)
. , -
, .

, -
, -
.

.
. -
(/ ) .
2.76 , .
N . -
. -
,
. -
F = Ni
R. ,
HFe , -

216 2

Ni = 2H0, B0 = 0H0.
SFe
LR,
0LR
= B0 S Fe = 0 H 0LR = Ni .
2

= F/R. R
1 2
R = ,
0 LR
LR = SFe
0 . 2 -
.

. = F/R
F Ni LR (2.158)
= = = 0 Ni .
R 1 2 2

0 LR

2.76.
, 0. i,
F = N i 0. -
,
= Ni /R. ,
N = N2i /R. -
, 0. F
-
i . , -

G N G G N G
= i 0 , = i 0 .
R R
 2.18 217

2.76. .

Im S. S -
. -
/2.
(2.159).
i = I m cos( S t ) = I m cos S , (2.159)

i = I m cos S t = I m sin ( S t ) = I m sin S .
2
FS
S -
. 2.76
(2.159), FS
(2.160), (2.161).
cos s sin s, s =
st, s
. (2.161)
. ,
-
(2.162).
218 2

G G G G
FS = R S = NI m ( 0 cos s + 0 sin s ) = (2.160)
G
[ G
]
= NI m 0 cos( s t ) + 0 sin ( s t )
G NI G G (2.161)
S = m ( 0 cos s + 0 sin s )
R
G G N 2Im G G
S = NS = ( 0 cos s + 0 sin s ) (2.162)
R
-
S, (2.161),
0 0. S
. -
2.76 ,
,
. ,
-
.
(2.161), -
0 0.
- , ,
. -
- 0 1,
0 . -
(2.161)
NI m NI (2.163)
S = + j = (cos s + j sin s ) = m e j S .
R R
, -
-
.
S , Im
/2,
. S -
S .
. , 2.76, -
S S .
 2.18 219

(2.35):
2.76

= 0.
= /2.
0 < < /2
, -
s = s, ,
.

(2.35):
(2.158)
F = Ni
R,
0LR Ni Ni
= Ni = = .
2 1 2 R

0 LR
i i,

G N G G N G
= i 0 , = i 0 .
R R
= 0, i i,

G G
S =
N
R
(
G
)
I m cos( S t ) 0 + 0 ..

, = 0,
/4 . -
s.
= /2, -
(2.160),
G NI G
[ G
S = m 0 cos( s t ) + 0 sin ( s t )
R
]
,
220 2

i = I m cos( S t ) = I m cos( S t ) cos + I m sin ( S t )sin .

i = I m cos( S t ) = I m cos( S t )(1 sin ) + I m cos( S t )sin .

G G G
S = SO + SP ,

G NI G
[ G
SO = m sin 0 cos( s t ) + 0 sin ( s t ) ,
R
]
G NI G
[ G
SP = m cos( s t ) 0 (1 sin ) + 0 cos .
R
]
SO s = s.
. -
, = 0, . SP -
. = 0, -
SP /4 . SP -
.

.
,
. -
. a, b,
c. 2/3.
2.77 a, b, c -
Im, -
S 2/3. -
-
.
 2.18 221

2.77. ,
.

Fa, Fb Fc Nia, Nib

Nic. ,
0 0,

G G G 1G 3 G G 1G 3 G (2.164)
a0 = 0 , b0 = 0 + 0 , c0 = 0 0 .
2 2 2 2

ia = I m cos S t , (2.165)
ib = I m cos( S t 2 / 3),
ic = I m cos( S t 4 / 3),

G G G G G G
Fa = Nia a0 , Fb = Nibb0 , Fc = Nic c0 .
(2.164), -
0 0,
222 2

G G
Fa = Nia 0 , (2.166)
G 1 G 3 G
Fb = Nib ( 0 + 0 ),
2 2
G 1 G 3 G
Fc = Nic ( 0 0 ).
2 2
-

G G G G 3 G
[ G
]
F = Fa + Fb + Fc = NI m 0 cos S t + 0 sin S t .
2
(2.167)

3/2 NIm.
cos(st) sin(st),
s = s. -
FS R
S -
FS. ,
-
, -
Im.
, -
, rad/s
, .
.
2.78
-
.
 2.19 223

2.78. .

2.19

-
, .
u = Ri + d/dt, u
, i , R
. -
,
, e = - d/dt , -
.
, e
= +d/dt,
(u e) R. ,
, .
, e +d/dt,
u = Ri + .
224 2

2.19.1

,
. ,

.
, -
. ,
. -
.
.
,
. -
, -
. ,
.
, -

.
e = Ldi/dt,
L
.

2.19.2

-
. 2.79
. -
-

B = B m cos( m ) . (2.168)

, Bm = 0Hm -
=m, m .
m, m = mt, -

B( , t ) = Bm cos( mt ) .
, -
. -
 2.19 225

2.79.
. 9 -
9 =0, ~  = .
,
(i) ,
(ii) .

2.79.
.

-
. ,
, -

(2.168). -

9 ~. , -
9 =0,
-
~ = . L -
R, L R . -

S = L R . (2.169)
-
, (2.168), .
, H -
226 2

B . B dS
,
G G
= B dS = B dS .
S S

dS = LRd,


(2.170)
= d = B dS = B LRd =
0 0 0

= (2 LRBm )sin m = m sin m .

. -

m = /2. m
m = 2 R L Bm . (2.171)

, , (m) =
m sinm. m,
m = mt,
= m sin (mt ) ,
()
d (2.172)
e1 = + = mm cos(m t ) .
dt

-
.
2.79,
. v = Rm, R -
m .
9
e = L R m Bm cos(mt ) .
 2.19 227

= , ,
. 
e . -
.
. 9  -
. , -
e9 e ,

e1 = 2 e = 2 L R m Bm cos(mt ) . (2.173)

(2.172),
m = 2LRBm,
e1 = mm cos(mt ) ,
(2.172).
, -
, . -
e9 e
2.81 .

d (2.175)
u = Ri + e1 = 2m LRBm cos m =
dt
= m m cos m = E m cos m ,
e1 () .
R , e1 -
. -
,
(2.176), f , . -
,
.
Em (2f )m (2.176)
eff =
E1nav = = 4,44 f m .
2 2
228 2

. , -
2.79
.
,
.
,
m(t),
d
e1 = + (m sin (m t )) =
dt
d m
= mm cos(m t ) + t m cos(m t ) .
dt
-
, , dm/dt = 0.

, -
. B( -m)
. -
9, B9 =
B(0 -m) = B(-m). , -
(2.173)
e1 = 2 e = 2 LRm B = 2 LRm B( m t ) . (2.177)

B( -m) . ,
e1(t).
-
,
.
(2.36):
-
-
(
). -
B() = Bm
sgn[cos( m)]. .
 2.19 229

(2.36):
(2.175),
u 2NLRm B(mt) (2NLRm Bm) sgn[cos(mt)].

, -
-
. -
() ,

. -
T
T
1 2
T 0
U eff = u dt .

, 2
. (2.178) (2.179)

.
Em (2f )m (2.178)
eff =
E1nav = = 4,44 f m
2 2

(2.179)
eff = 2, 22 f m
E1prov

= 2f
m. -
f eff =4,44 fm. -
N , -

Eeffnamotaja = 4,44 Nf m . (2.180)

2.19.3

. ,

, .
230 2

. -
-
.
.

, . -
,
.

(2.178). N , -
(2.180).

. -
. -
-
.
.
-
, . -
,
. 2.80
1A-1B, 2A-2B 3A-3B.
1A 1B, ,
. = , -
. 1A-1B .
< , 1A 1B . , 1A-1B
.
-
. -
.
1A, 2A 3A
. , 1B, 2B 3B -
. 1A-1B, 2A-
2B 3A-3B . , -
-
.
 2.19 231

.
-
.
.

.

2.80.
m = 3 .

. ,
()
, .

,
-
.
232 2

, 2.80 -
B()
, B() = Bm1cos(m ) + Bm5 cos5(m).
, e9 e, ,
= m, -
5m. 9  -
, -
.
,
, -
.

K, e9 e -
. ,
9 -
. ,
, , -
.

. -
9  . ,
, ,
2.81 (A), e1 e2.
K, -
e9 e , (B)
2.81. /5, -
.
,
. ,
, , 5. 5 /5 = ,
e9 -
e, .
B(), -
. -
,
.
2.81,
P1-P2 2.82,
.
 2.19 233

2.81. . (A)
. (B)
.

(2.37):
-
B() ?
(2.37):
6/7 -

,
/7, . ,
-
.
***
P1
P2, 2.82, <
, P1-P3,
.
,
kT .

P1-P2, kT < 1.
234 2

2.82
P1-P2 .

. -
2.82. -

.

2.82. .

P1-P2
. P1-P2

= B dS = B LRd = LRBm cos( m ) d ,
0 0 0

L , R , Bm -

.

= LRBm sin ( m ) 0 = LRBm [sin( m ) sin( m )] = (2.181)

= 2 LRBm sin cos m = m cos m .
2 2 2
m P1-P2.
m = /2. -
P1-P3 m = 2LRBm,
 2.19 235

-
sin(/2). ,
(m)
(m) m = m sin(/2). -
P1-P2
d (2.182)
e1 (t ) = = m m sin( m ) = Em sin( mt ) .
dt 2 2

(2.183)
E m = m m = m m sin = m m k T .
2
kT
. -

Em (2.184)
E1navojak
eff = = 4,44 f m sin .
2 2
-
2.83, -
. AC
ABC E1 -
. /2 BC
E1sin(/2). -
DC. BC -
2E1 sin(/2) = 2E1 kT. , , -
2E1. kT =
sin(/2) (2.182).
-
-
,
B(). ,
.

. -
, B()
.
236 2

2.83. -
.

, . -
. 2.54

.
.
, ,
2/3.
23=6.
-
, , -
, . -
.
-
. ,
. -
, . ,
. -
.
,
 2.19 237

. M , -
M.

2.81. 2.84 -
,
. 1A-1B, 2A-2B 3A-3B -
, , -
. E1, E2, E3
1A-1B, 2A-2B 3A-3B. 2.84
.
.

2.84. () -
. (B)
1, 2 3.

. -
,
, , -
. -
m ,

G G G G
E faze = E1 + E2 + ... + Em , (2.185)
238 2

E1Em -
. , -
-
,
G G G G G G
E1 + E2 + ... + Em < E1 + E2 + ... + Em .

,

.
(2.185) 2.85,

.

(2.177), -
.

n,
n. ,
,
-
. , n -
.
2.84 -
1A-1B, 2A-
2B 3A-3B.
. 2.84B E1, E2, E3
1A-1B,
2A-2B 3A-3B.
. -
. n
,
. -
n , n-
n.
n- , 1n, 2n, 3n
n.
2.84A 2/(3n), n-
1n, 2n, 3n 2/3. ,

 2.19 239

, , n-
. , = 2/(3n),
n.
,
m . m -
. 2/(mn),
2/(mn),
n 2/m. -
n- m -
, 2/m. n-
E namotaja
n , n- -

namotaja
En = E 1n + E 2 n + E 3n + ... + E mn =
m 1 2
jk
= E 1n e m
= 0.
k =0

. m -
2/m,
. m -
. -
n- .

n 2/(mn).
, n- , -
m
2/n.
,

. 2.85, -
E1 + E2+ E3 -
|E1|+ |E2|+ |E3|. -
. kP
G G G
E1 + E2 + E3
kP = G G G ,
E1 + E2 + E3

.
240 2

2.85.
m = 3 .

m = 3, -
,
2.85
G G G G
Emnamotaja = E1 + E2 + E3 . (2.186)
=3

E1, E2, E3 R. -
2.85

. R sin(/2) = E1/2.
,

3
sin 3 =
E
E m =3 = 2 R sin = 2 1

2
2 sin 2

2
 2.19 241

3 3
sin sin
= E1 2 = 2 3E = k 3E ,
3 sin
1 P 1
sin
2 2
kP
m = 3 . m
. Em = 2 R
sin(m /2), R R sin(/2) = E1/2. E1

, -

m m
sin sin
Em = E1 2 = 2 mE = k mE .
m sin
1 P 1
sin
2 2

G m (2.187)
E m =3 sin
kP = G = 2 ,
m E1
m sin
2
-

Eeff = E faze = 4,44k P fN m , (2.188)

m = 2LRBm -
, N f = m/(2) -
.
(2.38):
B(), -
. 3 -
6 . -
= 24. , -
, . ?
242 2

(2.38):
n -
= 2/(mn) = q2/(mn), q .
m = 3 =2/15, n =
5q, , 5.

2.19.4

, . -
, .

.

(2.189)
kT = sin ,
2
m
sin
kP = 2 ,

m sin
2


Eeff = 4,44 k P kT N f (2 L R Bm ) , (2.190)

N = NP/2 , Bm -
, L R
. f . -
2.84, f
.

Eeff = 4,44k P kT Nf m ,

m = 2LRBm
. -
, m -
, (2.190) .
 2.20 243

2.20

. H B
,
-
.
, .
,
, . -

. -
, -
.
-
. -
B() -
, . , -

,
.
m, -
. , -
= 0 E = RmL B(0-m)
kB(0-mt). -
, = 0
B5 cos 5( m ) = B5 cos 5(0 m ) = B5 cos(5mt ) ,


E5 = Rm LB5 cos(5mt ) .
, -
.

.
-
. , .

.
244 2

,
-
.
.

. -
,
. -
, . ,

, -
. ,
, -
,
. -
B() -
Bm ,
. ,
, -
.
, -
.

2.20.1

.
, -
.
. -

( ),
. , -
, -
.
-
.
-


B().
 2.20 245

, -
, .

.


2.86 (
, )
B().
-
.

B(), (2.191) i = 1.
-
B() S = m.

.
m,
. 2.86,
B()
. -
-
.

2.86.


.
246 2

-
B( -m) = Bm sgn[cos( -m)].
-/2 <(-m)< +/2, +Bm,
+/2 <(-m)< +3/2 -Bm. -
,

4 Bm (2.191)
B( m ) = ( 1)i+1 cos[(2i 1) ( m )] .
i =1 2i 1

, -
. B( -m) , -
. 4Bm/.

. -
, ,
() . , -
() 9
,
~ +.
2.87 A B.
() -
. -
-
A B,
. -
. ()dS = ()LRd
+,
+ (2.192)
( ) = B( ) L R d

+
+ 4 B m
= ( 1)i+1 cos[(2i 1) ( m )] L R d .
i=1 2i 1

dS = LRd, L , R = D/2
. () -
 2.20 247

[ ..
+]. ,

( ) = LRBm
8
( 1) i sin[(2i 1) ( m )] .
(2.193)

i=1 (2i 1)2

2.87. .

S -
. 2.87, -

N ( ) = N m cos .
= 0 = . -
R d
d N = N ( ) R d
248 2

. 9
[-/2 .. /2]. 9 -
,
. () 9 -
 + (2.193). -
S
d S = N m( )R cos( ) d
[-/2 .. /2],
/2 (2.194)
S = N m( )R cos( ) d .
/ 2

() (2.193)

8
( 1) i + /sin
2
[(2i 1)( m )]cos d .
(2.195)
S = N m LR 2 Bm
i=1 (2i 1)2 / 2

f ( , i ) = sin[(2i 1) ( m )]cos( ) =
= 1 2[sin(2i (2i 1) m ) + sin((2i 2) (2i 1) m )],
(2.195) -
f(,i) /2 +/2.
, . -
, i 1,
f ( ,1) = [sin(2 m ) + sin( m )]/ 2 .
(2.195), i = 1,

8 ( 1) 1
+ / 2
= N m LR Bm sin ( )cos( ) d ,
1 2
S
(2 1)2 / 2
m

() -
.
 2.20 249

+ / 2 + / 2
1
sin ( m )cos( ) d = [sin (2 m ) + sin ( m )] d =
/ 2
2 / 2
+ / 2 + / 2
1 1
= cos(2 m ) + sin ( m ) = sin m ,
4 / 2 2 / 2 2
S1
8( 1) (2.196)
S1 = N m LR 2 Bm sin m = 4 N m LR Bm sin m .
2

2
(2.196), i > 1, -
. , i = 2,
f ( ,2 ) = [sin(4 3 m ) + sin(2 3 m )] / 2 ,
.

.

-

. -
,
N '().

.
(2.192),
+
( ) = B( ) L R d ,

B()
.
. -
. -
, . -
N '() = Nmcos, -

250 2

/2
S = N ( )R cos d .
/2
m

, -

/2
+ (2.197)
S = N m LRB( ) d R cos d .
/ 2
,
,
N'().
/2
+ (2.198)
S = N ( ) LRB( ) d R d
/ 2
(2.198) -
B() -
N '().

2.20.2

.

, -
.
(2.191), , , -
. -
, B( -m) . -
, N '() = Nmcos(),

(2.191). B()
. i = 1
. i > 1, -
.
2.191, B() (2i-1)
 2.20 251

4 Bm
( 1)i+1 .
2i 1
(2.197) S 2i-1 -
-
(2i -1).
4 N m LR 2 B m ( 1) (2.199)
i +1 / 2
+
S2i 1 = cos[(2i 1)( )] d cos d .
(2i 1)
m
/ 2
cos[(2i-1)(-m)]

1
cos[(2i 1)( )]d = 2i 1 sin[(2i 1)( )] .
m m

(2.199) -

+.
+
1 2
sin[(2i 1)( m )] = sin[(2i 1)( m )].
2i 1 2i 1
,

8 N m LR 2 B m ( 1) (2.200)
i /2

S2i 1 =
(2i 1)2 sin[(2i 1)( m )]cos d
/ 2

sin[(2i 1)( m )]cos =
1 1
sin[2i (2i 1) m ] + sin[(2i 2) (2i 1) m ],
2 2
, IA IB.

4 N m LR 2 B m ( 1) (2.201)
i /2

sin ((2i 2) (2i 1) m ) d +

2 i 1
=
(2i 1)2
S
/ 2

4 N m LR 2 B m ( 1)
i /2

+
(2i 1)2 sin (2i (2i 1) ) d
/2
m = I A + IB.
252 2

i i = 1 +, IB
[-/2 .. /2]
sin(2i). IA, i > 1.
, S 2i-1 ()
, i =1. i > 1 -
.
, -

() ,
.
, -
,
.

2.20.3

, , -
-
. (2.203), (2.204) (2.205)
N '() = Nm cos -
2.86 -
(2.191).

-
-
. , -
, -
B().
(2i-1) B() S 2i-1
(2.201). i >1, -
S 2i-1 . ,
B()
.

B() .

 2.20 253

S = S1 = 4 B m N m LR 2 sin m . (2.202)

m,
m = mt.
S -
m.
S (t ) = 4 B m N m LR 2 sin mt = S max sin mt .
()
.
d (2.203)
eS (t ) = S = 4m B m N m LR 2 cos mt = S max m cos mt
dt
-

r
emax = Smax m = 4m Bm N m LR 2 (2.204)

1
r
eeff = Smax m = 2 2m Bm N m LR 2 .
2
-
. (2.111) NN

Nm
N N = 2R N m ,

r
emax = 2m Bm N N LR
-

r
eeff = 2m Bm N N LR . (2.205)
254 2

-
,
.
(2.39):
-
. ,
= 0 = .
.
(2.39):
-
e1p = LvB(), L , B() -
, v = Rm
. -
B() 2.86. , -


. =
0 = . B(0) = - B(),
.
-
, e1n
= 2 e1p = 2 LRm B(0). Nk , -
ek = 2 NkLRm B(0).

km
emax = 2m Bmax N k LR .

4/ , -
-

4 1
km
eeff = 2 m Bmax N N LR =
2
4 2
= m Bmax N N LR 1,8 m Bmax N N LR .


,
 2.20 255

. (2.205),
r
eeff = 2m Bmax N N LR 1,41 m Bmax N N LR ,
-
4/
, , -
78,5% .
(2.40):

-
B() = Bmcos(-m), m . -
NN , 2NN .
.
, = 0 = .

, NS`() = Nsmcos(),
2NN. -
S(m) .
(2.40):
Nsm NN
+ / 2
NN = N ( ) R d = 2R N
'
S S max ,

/2

R . -
S = RL -
-
, B(),
Bsr = 2Bm/. m = 2BmLR.
,
1 = 2BmLRNN.
m = /2,
.
,
NS`() = Nsmcos(), 2

m = /2
256 2

+ / 2 + / 2 +

2 = ( ) d N = RLB m cos( / 2) d RN S ( ) d =

/2
/2
+ / 2
+
= RLBm sin ( ) d RN S max cos( ) d =
/ 2
+ / 2 +
RN S max
= m sin ( ) d cos( ) d
2 / 2
+ / 2
RN S max m
=
2 {2 cos( )}cos( )d =
/ 2

NN
= R m = Bm LRN N = 1
2R 2 2 4
, -
, /4 .
3

,
, -
.
.
, -
.
,
. -
, -
, .

. -
. ,
-
.
. -
, -
, -
.
-
,
. -
,
. -
. , -
.
,
50 60 Hz. -
, -
. -
,
. ,
.
.
258 3

-
,
, -
. -
, -
.
.
, . ,

, -
, ,
, , -
, .

. -
.
, -
, -
.
-
.
-
.
,
. , -
,
. , -
, -
.

. ,
-
.
-
. -
,
.
 3.2 259

3.1

,
. ,
.
.
.
.
-

G G G
[
M em = k R S ]
,

. .

3.2

, -
.
. -
-
. -

. , .
, -
. -
Br -
H.
. 3.1,

.
260 3

3.1. -
(A) ,
(B)
.

3.3

. , -
,
. -
. -
-
.
-
. ( )
, -
, . -
,
. ,
,
. -
, .
 3.4 261

3.4

-
. -
, .
. -


(N) , .
-
.

3.2. . (A) -
m = 0. 1 ,
2 . (B) -
m = . 1 2 .

1 2 -
. ( 3.2-B), -
1 2 . , -
, -
. 1 9
262 3

. -
, , -
. 2.
1 2 () .
m, T = 2/m. -
, ,
-
. T/2 = /m,
T/2. ,
.
-
. 3.2
, , -
9, -
,
. , -
, .
/2,
. -
.
-
. 1 2 ( 3.2-) -
,
(CCW, Counter Clock Wise).
(3.1) i
1 2 , l , B -
D -
.
G G G
F = i (l B), (3.1)
M em = l B i D.

3.5

-
. . -
,
.
. , -
 3.5 263

.
. -
.
.
-
. , -
. ,
. ,
. -
, , -
,
3.2.
, -
, ,
. -
. -
, -
/, /-
. -
-
,
.
-
( ),

.

. -

. ,
,
.
264 3

3.3. . (A, B) . (S1, S2)

.

3.6

3.3 -
1 2. ,
S1 S2.
.
1 S1,
2 S2. , -
1 2 . A B -
i(t). ,
A B S1 S2. , -
-
. , 1
9, 2 .
, . ,
 3.6 265

S1 S2, .
1 (),
,
9,
.

. , ,
, -
. , -
( )
. -
, N,
9, S .
.

3.4.
.

, -
.
.
, -
. ia -
, . -

266 3

3.4.
, -
. -
, -
. ,
, /2.
-
.
3.5.

3.5. . (A) -
. (B)
. .

3.6
4 , 4 -
8 . , -
. P1P8
. -
. 3.6 -
-
. -
, P1-P2, P3-P4, P5-P6 P6-P7.
, ,
3.6.
 3.6 267

3.6: -
4 8 .

L1 P8 P1, L2 -
P2 P3, L3 P4 P5, L2
P6 P7.
, -
, -

. , A B -
L1 L3, ia
, 3.7.
ia/2.

3.7. 8
4 .
268 3

9, -
. /2,
L4, B L2. -
, 3.6, -

9, -
.
9 -
. 
.
,
.

3.8.
4 8 -

, -

. 3.7
3.8 A B.

3.8: .

,
. , -
, -
-
. 9  3.7 -
-
 3.7 269

, /2 .
, .

3.7

,

. ,
,
. ,
-
. ,
() .
, -
.
. -
.
-
. ,
,
. A -
L1 L2 3.9.

3.9.

3.8 3.9,
/4 . A
3.9 L1 L2, B
270 3

L3 L4, P1-P2 P5-P6 -

. /4 ,
3.10, A L2. -
3.10
3.7.

3.10. /2.

, -
.
. -
( 3.6),
, 3.9, -
P1-P2 P5-P6
.
3.11 .

. P1, P2, P5 P6 -
, -
,
.

, . -

. , -
. -
-
.
 3.7 271

3.11. .

.
, -
, -
. , -
. -
. -
-
. -
, , -
.
3.11 4 4
-
, -
.
. -
, -
.
.
-
-
. .
272 3

3.8

, ,
.
3.12 (B). -
.
, ip +ia/2
-ia/2. ,
-ia/2. , -
. ip 3.12 (B) -
1.
, 3.12 (A)
.
-
.
,
. -
.
.
, .
-
.
,
, .
-
3.12 (B).

. , -
, -
, , .

1 , . ,

.
 3.9 273

3.12 -
. (A) . (B)
.

3.9

-
, -
8 , 4 .
-
, . -
-
-
3.13 (A).
3.13(B). , -
, , 3.13
(C).
. P1P4
, 3.13 (A).
3.15, L1L4, -
P1P8. P1P4 9 -
. P5P8 
. , -
, ,
3.14. 9 -
, 
.
274 3

3.13. .

3.14.
.

-
-
. ,
( 3.15).
,
0 2. 3.15
, . , -
. ,
P1P4 . , -


. 3.15 -
-
, , -
.
 3.9 275

3.15. .
L1 L3.

1,
B 3. P1P8 -
, -
. -
, .

.
A B IA.
, A L1, -
P1 P4. A, . -
IA/2. ,
IA/2 P1 je
. , P1
P6 -
. P6 . -
, P6 L2,
, P3. -
, P3 P8, -
IA/2 L3
B. P4 P7, -
276 3

4, P2 P5
L3. , L3 B ,
IA. -
, 3.13, -
-
IA/2 -
, -
-
.
/2, 2,
B 4. -
3.16. ,
P3, P4, P5 P6
. -
. P7, P8, P1 P2
. (-
3.15),
,
. , ,
9,
. -
, -
.
.

, . -
, IA .
3.15
P1, L1 -
P6. P1-
P6 P1 -
. P6 -
L2, P3, . -

, ( )
.
.
 3.9 277

3.16. A
L2.

. 2N ,
N+1 , -
N-1 . -
. ,
. ,
-
3.15.
, 3.15, -
2.
3.17
3.15.  9 . -
2 -
I, . -
1972. , -
I II . -
2006. .
278 3

, . -
,
. P1P6
P1 P6 .
3.15 .

3.17.
3.15.

3.10

8 4
, ,
A B .
4 . -
 3.10 279

-
.
1 2, -
B 3 4. -
. -
3.18, A -
L1 L2 B L3 L4.
, -
P1 P6 A, P2-P5
B.
3.15, P1 P2
9, P5 P6 .
/2 3.16, -
P1 P2 , P5 P6
9. ,
. 3.18 -
.
-
P1-P6, A
. , P2-P5
B.

.

.
-
. , -
. ,
, A -
, B. -
, , -
A B. ,
, IA -
, .
, ,
,
. 3.18 -
P1-P6 P2-P5 . -
,
, NZ.
3.17,
, /2 . -
280 3

,
.

. ,

.
3.17
,
. -
-
. ,
. -
-
, ,

.
P3, P4, P7 P8 , -
, -

, .
P3-P8 , -
.
( 3.18)
. ,
L2 L3
.

, -
-
.

. -
-
. , ,
. ,
, -
.
, -

.
 3.10 281

3.18. L1 L2 .

(3.1):
3.18, P2-P5 P1-P6
, . -
-
?
(3.1):
3.18 P1, P2, P5 P6
, . -

. P2 P5
3.18 B. -
, . , -

P2 P5 . -
P2 P5 -
. P2 P5 P2-P5
. ,
282 3

P2-P5 3.18 -
P2 P5 -
.
, , -
P2 P5,
P2-P5 . -
P1 P6.

3.11

-
. 3.19
,
(A) , , -
(B).
-
,
. -
, 3.19
(C). S R
(D), .
,
3.5 (B). -
, -
.
Ia
Ua = UAB A B .

.
,
.
, -
, . -
.
 3.11 283

3.19. .

,
. , -
(o) . -
.
, -
. -
-
. -
.
.
, , -

. -

. -

. -
284 3

3.12

. ,
,
,
,

.

3.20. .

3.20
. -
, .
(A)
. (B),
(C) (D). (F) -

 3.14 285

. (G), -
(E) (H).
.

3.13

, .
, .
,
, -
.
,
.
(). -
, -
.
. -
, . -
.
,
. -
.
,
. , -
(). 3.20. -
.
-
. -
1 mm.

3.14

,
.
. -
FP = NPIP. -
P, .
B -
286 3

, B
. 3.19
3.20, -
. ,

B = oNPIP/(2). ,
P. , -
, .

.
IA/2, -
. -
.
-
, . ,
,
, .
, -
.

. -
, .
.

.

, (D) 3.20.
,
. -
. -


. -
-
, . , -
.

, -
+IA/2 -IA/2 .
-
, -
 3.14 287

IA.
-
.
, -
,
. NR , A B
, NR/2 -
. , ,
IA,
. ( ), (
),
. IP , -
IA . -
( 3.19 D)
, ,
. -
.
A B ,

() .
(). ,
, . ,
,
.
(3.2):
IP, NP,
L, R,
N , . -
P.
(3.2):
FP = NPIP.
P , -
.
HFe -
,
.
, H = NPIP/(2).
B = oNPIP/(2).
.
S = RL, P = RLoNPIP/(2).
288 3

(3.3):
, -
IA/2,
10 .
.
(3.3):
,
.

, .
F = LBIA/2.
M1 = RF = R LBIA/2.
. ,
-
. , M = 20 M1
= 20RLBIA/2.
(3.4):
, -
m.
, .
-
, .
(3.4):
-
E1 = LvB, v = Rm .
, -
.
,
. 3.15
. P1, P6, P3 P8
, P4, P7, P2
P5. -
.
10 . ,
E1 20. -
, EAB 10E1,
10 L RmB.
 3.15 289

3.15

, .
. -
, . ,
. 3.19
3.20, .
, -
. -
, ,
. -
.

3.21. . (A) -
. (B) -
. (C) -
.

,
. , -
-
. -
, -
. -
, -

-
. ,
290 3

.
3.21.

, -
, R 3.21.
PP KN,
. -
, . PP KN -
-
-
. ,
. , -
, -
. , -
-
, . -
, -
-
.
, , -
.
.

3.21 (A) -
. (B), -
.
S,
,
.

-
. ,
S -
R. PP KN -
, ,
 3.15 291

P,
3.21 (C).
(3.5):
3.21 -
. -
PP + KN
.
.
-
.
-
?
(3.5):
R S.
R ,
S , , -
. -

. , -
-
, .
-R -
. -
, . -

.
,
.

, R S 3.21
(B). /2,
. -
, -
. -
P -
R, . ,
-
, .
292 3

3.16

,
-
. -
Ea, -
EAB A B -
Ia , . -
,
, -
.

3.17

E1 = RmBL, m
, R , L ,
B . -

.

3.22. Ea.
 3.17 293

-
.
.
. -
3.12 (B),
-
E1 . -

-
. -

.

. -
, ,
. -
.
3.23 (A),
A L1.

Ea = EAB, () -
UAB Ia = IAB = 0.
3.22 3.23,
P1, P2, P3 P4 . P5, P6, P7
P8 , -
. 3.22 3.23,
, Ea =
4E1.
EAB , , -
.
/4, A B L2 L3,
3.16. , P3, P4, P5 P6 -
,
. P7, P8, P1 P2
, . ,
-
. 3.16, P3, P8, P5 P2 -
P6, P1, P4 P7 .

, Ea 4E1, -
A B. -
, , A B -
294 3

,
-
Ea = EAB. -
.

3.23: (A) .
(B)
.

A B -
, 3.23
, .

, -
.
A
B, UAB.
3.23(B). , -
Ea = 4E1 = 4RmBL.
RAB -
(m= 0).
Ea , -
RAB. -
R1 -
R, -
RAB = 2R1 + R. ,
-
Ea -
RAB.
 3.18 295

3.18

-
.
, -
.

. S = WL, L
W = R S
R. B

P S.
IA/2, IA ,
. 3.24 (A) -
.
(B) -
. , P1, P2, P3
P4 9.
N
. -
,
()
, F1. , -
, , -
, -
(S). F1 -
,
.

. ,
M1 = RF1 = RL (IA/2) B.
8,
Mem = 8RL(IA/2) B = 2DLIAP/S,
D, L, IA, P S , -
, , -
.
296 3

3.24. (A) -
. (B) -
.

3.19

e -
Ea = EAB ,
Mem -
. -
, .
3.25 .
-
.
, -
.
.
-
. -
, S WL. -
W = D/2 ,
.
,
 3.19 297

. ,

FP = N P I P = 2 H P , (3.2)

FP = NPIP , HP
. BP
-

NPIP (3.3)
BP = 0 H P = 0 .
2

,

LWN P I P (3.4)
P = SBP = LW 0 H P = 0 ,
2
W = D/2 . -
FP P.
R
FP 2 (3.5)
R = = .
P 0 L W
P = NPP.
, -

P LWN P2 N P2 (3.6)
LP = = 0 = .
IP 2 R
P,
, IP

P P LWN P L (3.7)
LP = = = 0 = P .
IP NPIP 2 NP
NR ,
. -
, BP. -
-
298 3

. -
, W
NRW/(D) .
.

3.25. .

Ea

E1
E1 = B P L v = B P L R m , (3.8)

v , m R
. ,


, 2NRW/(D).
,
B, Ea = EAB -

.
 3.20 299

1 2 N RW N W N (3.9)
Ea = E1 = R BP LRm = R (LWBP )m .
2 D 2R 2

(3.4) ,

NR (3.10)
Ea = P m = k e P m ,
2
ke = NR/(2)
.

Mem

IA P I A I (3.11)
F1 = L BP = L = P A .
2 W L 2 W 2
R = D/2,
M1 = F1 D/2. F1
,
2NRW/(D) . -

2 N RW 2 N RW D P I A (3.12)
M em = M1 = =
D D 2 W 2
N
= R P I A = k m P I A ,
2
k m = NR/(2) .
(3.10)
, -
(3.12) -
.
300 3

3.20

-
. -
-
. ,
, ( ) -
. , -
3.
, -
. ,
. -
-
. ,

. -
.
.

3.26. -
.

3 :
, ,
. , -
,
. , -
,
.
, . -

.
 3.21 301

ua , up -
.
3.26. ua
up -
. , Ua Up.
m. J -
Mem Mm.
.

. -
,
,
(-
),
( -
),
.

:
( , -
).
,
-
.
( , -
).
, -
.

3.21

-
.
P = NPP = LP iP.
302 3

, ,
iP , iP(t).
, -
.
-
3.6. RP,

dP di (3.13)
u P = RP i P + = R P i P + LP P .
dt dt
P, ,
.
(3.7),

L (3.14)
P = LP iP = P iP .
NP
, R-L -
3.27.
UP, -
iP() = IP = UP/RP, .
, -

t

t
UP
t
(3.15)
iP = i P (0)e
+ iP ( )1 e =
R
1 e ,

P
= LP/RP . ,

UP (3.16)
P = LP I P = LP .
RP

(3.6):

S
= 0,1 m2, = 1 mm, NP = 4000, RP
= 400 .
(3.6):

 3.22 303

2
R = = 15.915,5 H 1 .
0 S

N P2
LP = = 1005 H .
R

LP
= = 2,51 s .
RP

3.22

B.
-
Ra =RAB = NRR1/4 + R, NR -
, R1 , R -
. -
, () . ,

, , -
.
,
, -
. La -
-
, . -

.
. , -
La
. -
,
-
.
304 3

(3.7):
Ra
40 .
0,1 ,
R = 0,2 . -
La a -
S = 0,1 m2. -
d = 20 mm.
.
(3.7):
Ra = 0,1 40/4 + 0,2 = 1,2 .

2d
R = = 318 310 H 1 .
0 S
40 , 20 . -

20 2
La = = 1,256 mH .
R

La
a = = 1,057 ms .
Ra
Ra La, -
Ea,
.

d ia di (3.17)
u a = Ra ia + La + Ea = Ra ia + La a + k eP m .
dt dt

3.27. -
. (3.17)
U a = Ra I a + Ea = Ra I a + k eP m . (3.18)

 3.23 305

E a = k e P m , (3.19)
M em = k e P ia .

3.23

,
,
,
.
.
J. , ,
, , -
.
Mem,
kFm,
Mm
.
3.26, -
, -
.
Mm
. ,

. -
, . -
J dm/dt
dm/dt. (3.20) -
. -
Mem Mm, -
.
d m (3.20)
J = M em M m k F m
dt
306 3

3.27. ()
().

3.24

. -
, . -
.

dP di
u P = RP i P + = R P i P + LP P .
dt dt

d ia
u a = Ra ia + La + Ea .
dt

E a = k e P m ,
M em = k eP ia .

P = LP iP .

 3.26 307

d m
J = M em M m k F m .
dt

3.25

3.1 -
-
.
IP, -
. -
,
.
-
, -
. -
.

. -
, -
.

.
P
. -
,
.

3.26

, -
3.28.
-
. -

d iP
u P = RP iP + LP .
dt
308 3

-
.
U P (s ) = RP I P (s ) + sLP I P (s ) iP (0) ,
s , -
, UP(s) IP(s) uP(t) iP(t). -
iP(0) = 0, -

U P (s ) = (RP + sLP )I P (s ) . (3.21)

-
, . -
, .
. -
, (1) 3.26 IP(s)/UP(s) =
1/(RP + sLP). (2)
, (3) .

3.28. .

, . -
, -
IP(s)/UP(s) = 1/(RP + sLP).
P = LP/RP 200 ms
 3.27 309

10 s.

(Ua Ea). dia(t)/dt Ua - Ea -
Ra ia(t) > 0, . -
= L/R 1 ms 100 ms.
, -
. , ,
, -
, -
. , ,
.
Mem , -
km. Mem -
, -
. Mem
, . -
Mm+kFm,
. Mem < Mm+kFm, . -
(3)
kFm.
, .
(3) 1/(Js).

3.27

(4) 3.28 R .
(4) .
, .

, , , -
. ,
-
. Mem
M* .
Mem M*
. ,
Mem . Mem -
. -
a .
, ia -
310 3

,
. ,

d ia 1 (3.22)
= (ua Ra ia Ea ) ,
d t La
-
Ua. -
,
, . ,
,
ia . , -
. (3.22),

, ia . ,
, . -
ua -
ia , -
.
. -
. (4) 3.28 .
U*
.
.
. ,
-

.

3.28

,
. i(t),
I. -
UP = RPIP. -
3.29.

 3.28 311

U a = Ra I a + k e P m .
, Ia = (Ua Ea)/Ra.
Ua = Um , -
.
3.29. -
,
.
, -
, m =
Ea/(keP).

2.29.
.

(3.8):
, keP = kmP = NRP/(2) = 1
Wb. -
Mm. Mm
, m = 100 rad/s.
Ua = 110 V.
Ra = 1 . (1) -
, . (2)

? (3) ,
,
m = 100 rad/s, Mem.
Ua = 90 V. -
.
312 3

(3.8):
(1) Ia = 10 A, Mem = 10 Nm, Pizv = 1100 W, Pem = 1000 W.
(2) Mem= 0 Ia= 0 Ua = Ea m = 110 rad/s).
(3) Ia = -10 A, Mem = -10 Nm, Pem = - 1000 W,
.

3.29

,
, -
. ,
Um 3.30.
Um = Ua = RaIa + kePm, -
0 = Um/(keP).
, 0
. Ea = kePm = Um - RaIa, -

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
, Jdm/dt = 0. , -
Mm je Mem. -
,
Mem = Mm + kFm Mm, , -
. , Ia = Mem/(kmP)
. , -
, -
.
,
.
-
. -
M-m m -M .
-
, -
, . -

 3.29 313

.
0, Mem(m). -

, .

3.30. .

-
(3.18). -
Mem(m) Mem = kmPIa. -
. -
Ua = RaIa + kePm,
,
U m E AB U m ke P m
Ia = = ,
Ra Ra

U m k e P m U k k 2 (3.23)
M em = k m P = k m P m m e P m
Ra Ra Ra
= M 0 S m .
M0 = kmPUm/Ra (3.23) -
,
. ,
,
I0 = Um/Ra.

.
,
,
314 3

R
. S (3.23) -
. S Mem=M0Sm
Mem m.
,
.

Mem(m),
. -
Mm(m) .
Mm = Mem,
M-m
. 3.31, -
L.
.
K1 K2
. K1,
(M1, 1). -
K2, (M2, 2). ,
je
-
.

3.31. (K1, K2)

(L).
 3.29 315

, Mm = Mem
.
Mem=M0 Semm Mm=M0m
Smm,
m Mem = Semm
Mm = Smm.
1
M1, -
Sem Sm
. , . -

d m
J = M em M m = M 1 M 1 = 0.
dt

m, 1+ m,
M1 Semm,
M1 Smm. 1 , -

d(1 + m ) d m (3.24)
J =J = M em M m =
dt dt
= M 1 S em m M 1 + S m m =
= (S m S em )m .
Sm Sem > 0, m
d(m)/dt, m . -
m , d(m)/dt -
, .
Sm Sem < 0, m
d(m)/dt. , m > 0 . -

.
, -
.
(3.9):
(3.24) -
, m(0) = A, m(t).
316 3

(3.9):
dy/dx = ax y(x) = y(0)eax. -
(3.24), y = m, y(0) = A, x = t, = (Sm-Sem)/J. ,
m
S m S em
m (t ) = m (0) e
t
J
.

3.30

3.32. -
0
.
(3.23),
M0 Um (3.25)
0 = = .
S k eP


Um (3.26)
M 0 = k mP .
Ra
Mem
m 3.32. -
Mem = M0 Sm. , -
S -
.
M em (3.27)
S= .
m

3.30
k m k e P2 (3.28)
S= .
Ra
 3.31 317

m = f(Mem).
(3.23)
1 (3.29)
m = 0 M em .
S

3.32.
.

-
, . ,
-

. ,
Ra. -
(3.23), (3.26) (3.28) Ra R.
R ,
, , ,
Ra.

3.31

, R
. , Ra ,
.

. -
. (3.29),
318 3

.
(3.25), . -
,
,
Ua. ,
-
. -
,
.
Um = Ua .
(3.23) (3.27),
. , -
. , -
-
. -
3.33. -
-
. , -
. K4
. -
.
3.33 . I,
.
-
,
. ,

. ,
. -
, .
, , ,
.
, -
.
, . -
,
. , -
. ,
,
. -
, . -
 3.31 319

, -
. ,
Mem m. -
, .

3.33. .

(3.10):
Mm = 0,001 2.

Ra = 0,1 , kmP = 1 Wb, Ua = 100 V. -
.
(3.10):
-
.
. -
(3.23), Mem = M0 - Sm.
, M0 = 1100/0,1 Nm = 1000 Nm, S = 11/0,1 Nms/rad. -
Mem(m) = Mm(m)
320 3

m. 99,02 rad/s,
.

3.32

.
,
A B -
. Ua = UAB -
. -
UG. ,

Ia. -
, .

.
3.34, IG = -Ia B
. A .

U G = U a = Ra I a + keP m ,
IG = -Ia,
U G = keP m Ra I G = Ea Ra I G , (3.30)

IG. ,
, 3.34. -
Ea. U/I
Ra
.
,
.
,
. UG , -
. -
UG, ,
-
UG = Ea RaIG. -
.
 3.32 321

IG > 0, Ia = -IG < 0.
Ia , -
Mem. Mem<0,
, . ,
Pem = Memm , -
. -
, . MT -
.
MT -
Mm.
3.26, Mem<0 Mm<0.

3.34.
.

(3.11):

m= 100 rad/s. Ra = 1 kmP = 1 Wb,

ROPT = 4 . , MT = Mem -
, PT = MTm, PG =
UaIG . PT > PG ?
(3.11):
Ea = 100 V. -
IG= -Ia= 100 V/(1 +4 )= 20 A. 80 V.
-120 Nm = -20 Nm.
MT = -Mem = 20 Nm. PT = 2000 W.
322 3

PG = 1600 W. RaIa2 = 400 W -

.

3.33

3.33.1
e

, -
-
.
() . ,
,
.

3.35. , .

-
. -
, , , -
, .
, , -
 3.33 323

, .
, Mem -
3.35.
1 4 .
1, , -
. ,
. 2, -
. ,
. , -
3 4
1 2. 3.35
,
Mem > 0, m > 0 ( 1),
Mem < 0, m > 0 ( 2),
Mem < 0, m < 0 ( 3),
Mem > 0, m < 0 ( 4).
, -
, .
, -
, -
, -
-
. Mem = kmPIa
Ua Ea = kePm, -
3.35 -
,
Ia > 0, Ua > 0 ( 1),
Ia < 0, Ua > 0 ( 2),
Ia < 0, Ua < 0 ( 3),
Ia > 0, Ua < 0 ( 4).
,
, 4 . -
.
-
. -
. , -
324 3

,
Ia > 0 Ua > 0.

3.33.2 M- U-I

3.35,
M- . -
, , -
.
(Mem = kmPIa) (Ua
Ea = kePm), M- U-I
3.36.

3.36. U-I M- .

I :

, Mem > 0 m > 0.
Ua Ea Ea m, Ia Mem > 0. -
, Pi = UaIa > 0.
, Pem = Memm = EaIa > 0. -
.
 3.33 325

II :

-
, Mem < 0 m > 0.
.
.

. .
, .

III :

-
, Mem < 0 m < 0.
Ua Ea m<0, Ia Mem < 0.
, Pi = UaIa > 0.
, Pem = Memm = EaIa > 0. -
.

IV :

-
, Mem > 0 m < 0.
.
.
.
. .

3.33.3

-
-
3.35. -
3.37.
. -
-
.
326 3

3.37.
.

, E
. E -
. -
.
. . -

-
. E
.
, E -
.
E, -
, .
, S1 .. S4. -
, -
(OFF),
(ON), () -
( ).

. . -

()
.
,
, -
. ,
 3.33 327

. -
-
.
S1 S4, A B -
+E. S2 S3, A B -E. ,
3.37 -
. -
. , -
. ,
-
.
,
. -
,
24 = 16. ,
3.37, .
2 .
3, S1-S2 S3-S4
. E .
, E -
,
. ,
2 -
S1-S2 A,
S3-S4 B.
, S1-S2 -
S3-S4. 4,
3.1. 4 , 0 -
(OFF) 1
(ON). ui
.
3.1: .
S1 S2 S3 S4 ui
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 -E
1 0 0 1 +E
1 0 1 0 0

3.37
. (BJT, Bipolar Junction Tran-
328 3

sistor), (MOSFET, Metal Oxyde Semiconductor Field Ef-

fect Transistor) (IGBT, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transi-
stor). -
, , ,
, , .
,
.
3.38. BJT , -
. IGBT MOSFET , -
(gate). -

. -
-
100 mV 2,5 V. MOSFET IGBT
+15 V,
.

, .
S1 S2 (
S3 S4) . -
-
. -
.
1000 V 1000 A. -
, .
.
-
.
. , -
.

- ,
.
. -
BJT, IGBT MOSFET
. S1 .. S4
-
. (C) 3.38 -
CE
EC.
3.37. , -
 3.33 329

S1..S4 3.37
.
3.1,
S1-S4 . -
, S1 S4. -
,
. , -
,
-
.
. , ,
+E, -E 0.

3.38. . IGBT
(A), MOSFET (B) BJT (-
) (C).

(3.12):
?
(3.12):
S2 S4 .
-
S1 S2.

3.33.4

3.1, ui
, +E, -E 0. -

330 3

. 3.37
. , -
ui .

, . -
Pulse Width
Modulation.

, ,
,
. -
Ua = RaIa + kePm.

. Ua kePm.
,
. -
Ei. ,
RIa
R. -
Ua = Ei - RIa R. , -

. Ua =
Ei, -
R,
.

3.39. .
 3.33 331

-
.
3.37. -
. 3.1, S1=S4=ON,
S2=S3=OFF Ua = +E, E
. -
, S1=S4=OFF,
S2=S3=ON, Ua = -E. -
. , -
-
. -
.

Usr ,
S1-S4 S2-S3. -
T 100 s. ,
S1-S4 0<tON<T,
S2=S3.
3.39.
tON.

1
T
2t T (3.31)
U sr = ui ( t ) d t = ON E
T 0 T
0 < tON < T,
E +E. Ua kePm,
tON
/(keP) +/(keP). -
, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
3.37
tON, ui -
tON. -
, tON.
.
332 3

, -
. , -
. , -
f = 1/T, T -
-
. f 10 kHz.
, -
, +E E.
, -
.
-
. -
, -
, ,
-
ua(t) = Const. = (2tON - T)E/T.

ua(t) = Ra ia(t) + La dia(t)/dt + Ea, -

, -
Ia(s) = (Ua(s)
Ea(s)) / (Ra + sLa). W(s)= 1/ (Ra + sLa) -
, -
. -
, , -
. W(s)
-
. I(j) U(j) -
= 2/T s = j W(s), -

I ( j ) 1 1 (3.32)
= W ( j ) = .
U ( j ) Ra + j La j La
,
Ra<<La,
1/(La). , -
,
. 10 kHz, La -
 3.33 333

. , -
,
-
. , , -
,
. f = 1/T ,
3.37 -
. -
tON, (2tON - T)E/T.

3.33.5

-
f=1/T
.
,
. 3.37, Ei
iu. 3.41.

d ia 1 1 (3.33)
= (ua Raia Ea ) (ua Ea ) .
d t La La
,
(ua - Ea) -
La. Ea -
, -
. -
,
, +Ei Ei.
Ea
Ea= +Ei Ea=Ei. , -
Ei,
Ea < Ei .
tON , +Ei
,
(3.33). tON,
Ei , -
T- tON. 3.40
334 3

ui, La,
,
.
, -
Isr. I -
ripple (eng.). ,
(3.33).
I, t1 3.40, -
. , -
ia(t1) = IsrI. [t1 .. t2],
ui = +Ei, ia (Ei Ea)/La. -
, t2= t1+ tON,
,
Ei Ea (3.34)
ia (t2 ) = ia (t1 ) + tON .
La
[t2 .. t3] 3.40, -
. ui = Ei, ia
(Ei Ea)/La. , -
. t3= t2+ tOFF= t2+T tON = t1+T,
,
Ei Ea (3.35)
ia (t3 ) = ia (t2 ) + (T tON ) =
La
Ei Ea E Ea
= ia (t1 ) + tON + (T tON ) i =
La La
2tON T T
= ia (t1 ) + Ei Ea .
La La
,
-
. , ia(t1) =
ia(t3). (3.34), -

2tON T T
Ei Ea = 0,
La La

 3.33 335

2tON T (3.36)
Ea = Ei .
T
(3.31), -
. Ra0,

. -
3.40. -
.
I ,
.
tON/T -
m. (3.31) (3.36), -

U sr = Ea = Ei (2m 1) . (3.37)

, ,
. 3.40, [t1 .. t2]
ia(t2) ia(t1) = 2I. (3.35),
Ei Ea TEi
2 I = ia (t2 ) ia (t1 ) = tON = m(2 2m ) ,
La La

I =
TEi
La
(
m m2 . ) (3.38)

3.40. .
336 3

-
-
(2m - 1)Ei = Ea. Isr .
T
(3.38). -
f = 1/T = /(2) . -
f =2f

. ,
. -
-
Usr = (2m - 1)Ei -
.
-
ui -
f = 1/T, -
|I(j)/ U(j)| 1/(La). -
, -
.

(3.38). I
m = 0,5. ,
TEi (3.39)
I = .
4 La
, -
3.37
, S1- S4
S2- S3. 3.1,
, S1=S3=ON S2=S4=ON, .

.
tON .
.
 3.33 337

3.41. , Ei
.

3.37
3.41 iu.
ia . iu 3.41.
S1-S4, Ei -
A S1, B
S4. iu = ia. -
S2-S3, iu = -ia. , -

.

(3.13):
-
3.41, Ea = 0, Ra
= 0, La, T E.
(3.13):
tON = T/2.
T, Ladia/dt = +E. , .
. -
I. , - I + I.
, dia/dt = 2 I / (T/2) = E/La,
I = ET(4La).
338 3

(3.14):
3.37 -
S4 S3 . T -
S1 tON = mT .
T-tON S2. -
E.
.
(3.14):
ui -
T. , tON,
+E. S2 S4
T-tON. .
Usr = mE. -
, (3.35)
(3.38). , -
+E E, -
+E 0.

I =
TE
(
2 La
)
m m2 .

3.33.6

-
. 3.37
-
. ,
, , . -
-
-
. 50
Hz, 400 V. -
,


-
. , -
, . ,
, -
 3.33 339

-

.
,
, ,
. -
. -

.
, -
.
3.42
. -
. (D), -
.
3.37 . , (A) -
3.42,
. (B) 3.42 -
. -
. -
Ei.
(C) , ,
-
.
,
. , -
. ,
. -
. , -
. -
,
, . -
iu, -
.
,
. ,
WC = CEi2 . Ei -
, -
. -
, -
, -
. ,
340 3

(Dynamic Braking Resistor, DBR). 3.42,

(C).

3.42. .

-
. ,
1 MW. , -

. -
,

.
3.43.
, -
-
.

3.43. .
 3.34 341

3.34

-
, .
,
, , -
, , ,
. -
.

. -
-
.

3.34.1

,
.
-
. ,
.
, ,
. -
.

. Un, -
Umax.
.
-
.
,
-
.
.
, . -


, .
, .
, -
342 3

.

.

3.34.2

M(), (M)
,
, -
. , -
,

U a km ke P2
M em = km P m .
Ra Ra

3.34.3

-
,
.

3.34.4

In Ia -
, , -
. , -
.

. .

, -
. ,
.
, PT = /RT, RT
,
. PT W,

C, RT C/W.

 3.35 343

. -
P. , -
.
, Ia
, I2, -
. -
.
, ,
. -
, , -
, .

.
A 105 oC, -
F 155 oC.
In,
.
, -
,
.
, , -
.
.
() .
, -
, -
.

. In
Ia , , -
.

3.35

-
. -
. -
, -
. , ,
, ,
344 3

. -
, , -
, .
RT CT.
,
, ,
,
. ,

3.44 .
, , -
.
.
1 oC.

J/oC.
, 3.44.
CT -
. CT

.

d( )
CT .
dt
.
, -

.
RT
RT C/W. -
.
, ,
,
, , -
.

 3.35 345

d( ) (3.40)
P = + CT .
RT dt
-
RT CT,
P. 3.44
RC . -
, .

3.44. .

(0) = 0,
P (t) = P1 h(t),

t
(3.41)
= RT P1 1 e .


=RTCT . -
-
.
.
-
, ,
, -
. 3.46
,

. -
. ,
MAX MIN. P1, 3.46,
I1 .
346 3

3.45.
.

P1
. , -
, -
. ,
. -

, -
3.46.
,
MAX -MIN . ,

.

3.46.
.
 3.35 347

, -
,
.
,
-
.
(3.15):

, -
?
(3.15):
. -
. -
, , . , -
-
. , , -
.
.
(3.16):
-
. , .
, -
, . -
T = 60 s.

.
(3.16):
-
. -
t1, 1 exp(-t1/ T) = . t1 =
17.26 s.
(3.17):
10
2In. , -
. 10 s.
, -
, . -
T >> 10s.
348 3

-
.
(3.17):

10 s. , ,
.
In.
2In 10 s, In
2,5 s.

3.36

P
, Ia = Mem/(kmP). ,
,
. , -
. -
. , -
.
RPIP2 .
-
P(IP), Pmax. -
,
.
Pmax n.

3.37

.
-
, Ra ,
Ea = ken Ua. ,
. , -

Un (3.32)
n = .
ken
 3.38 349

, -
. ,
ken .
,
. Ua = RaIa + Ea, -
. -
. -
,
,
Ea = kenn = Un RaIn, -

U n Ra I n (3.33)
n = .
ken

3.38

. ,

. ,
-
.
-
. ,
,
. -
, , -
-
.
. , ,
Ia = Mem/(kmP) , -
.
.

-
,
. -
350 3

Un kenn. ,
-
, .

-
. .
m > n, Ea = ke(m)m. -
Unom = Ea,
,
Un (3.34)
(m ) = .
ke m
(3.31) ,

n (3.35)
(m ) = n ,
m
.
1/m.
(3.35)
. -
. , -
n.
m < n .

3.47 , -
, , -
. -
.
,
,
.
, -
3.47.
. , , -
, -
. , 3.47 -
 3.38 351

3.47. , ,
.

3.47 -
. ,
. -
, (m) = n n/m.
-
(m). ,
(m).

Ea = ke(m)m. m < n,
-
. , m > n,
. ,
.
(3.34), -
.
352 3

, P < nn/m
,
.

-
, Ia2 In2. |Ia| < In,
.

.

. -
,
, Mn =
kmnn, . -
, nn/m. -
(m) = n n/m. -
. -
.

. , -
,
.
. , Pc = Memm =
m(nn/m) = nn = Pn. , ,
Pn.
. Pn
.

, -
. -
,
.
 3.40 353

. () -
(m) = n n/m.
,
, -
.
() -
.

3.39

() -
-
.
P(m) -
. , -
-
.
3.48.

3.40

() -
.
,
n n/m, (m) = n.
3.48.
,
.
354 3

3.48. () .
(B) E .

3.41

,
.
, ,
.

. , -
, , .
47. -
.

.
PP + Pa = UPIP + UaIa = RPIP2 + (RaIa2 + EaIa).
 3.41 355

PP
, RPIP2.

RaIa2 .

Pc = EaIa = (kePm)Ia = (kmPIa)m = Memm -

. EaIa
Memm.

PFe. -
, -
. -
. ,
.
.
, . -
, ,
. -
MFe = PFe/m. -
MFe
. MFe
. -
.

(PF)

, -
4. , -
, -
.
. ,

4 MOV = kOVm2.. -
, -
, , POV = kOVm3..
356 3

,
. -
, .
, -
, . , -
.

(PFe+PF)

, -
. PFe+PF,
,
MFe 5. -
MF =
kFm. .
m
m. -
PFe=kVm2+kHm, MFe=kVm
+kH.
, MFe kV m. MFe -
-
MF = kFm,
, .
MFe ,
,
PF = kFm2.

-
Pm.
. Pm = Mmm = Pc
- PFe -PF = Memm - MFem - kFm2 .
Mm = Mem - PFe/m - kFm.
(Mm) -
.

5
,
 3.42 357

3.49. .

(3.18):

, . -
, n. -
. -
Pc = EaIa .
PFe? ?
.
(3.18):

.
. -

. -
MFe = PFe /n.
, , ,
. -
Jn2.
358 3

3.42

. -

.
-
. -
. ,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
. ,
-
. . -
. -
.
100 kW, -
90 kW,
, 100 kW
90 kW.

90 kW , , -
100 kW.

3.43

.
,
, , , . -
:
(In),
(Ipn) (),
(Un),
(Upn) (),
 3.43 359

,
,
,
( )
(
)
[o/min],
Revolutions Per Minute [rpm]. nn [o/min] = n [rad/s] x
(30/). .
,
( =n)
IG = -Ia = In UG = UAB = Un.
RIG -
. Un=ken n+RaIa = kenn - RaIG,
Ea = Un + RaIn, n
= (Un + RaIn)/ken.
, -
( =n)
. , ,
Un=Ea+RaIn. , Un = kenn +RaIn, -
Ea = (Un - RaIn), n = (Unn -
RaIn)/ken.
(3.19):
Un = 220 V, In = 20
A, Ra = 1 , ken = 1 Wb, .
(3.19):
n = (Un + RaIn)/ken = 240
rad/s. nn = 2292 o/min.
(3.20):
Un = 110 V, In = 10 A, Ra
= 1 , ken = 1 Wb, .
(3.20):
n = (Un - RaIn)/ken = 100 rad/s.
nn = 955 o/min.
,

360 3

, n Un/(ken). Un/(ken) -
-
. -
. ,
Un = RaIa + kenn kenn, n=Un /(ken)
-
.
Ra
,
, Ua
ke, n Un/(ken).
Ra -
RaIa. n Un/(ken).
n = (Unn - RaIn)/ken. ,
n = (Un + RaIn)/ken.
4

.
-
, . -
,
. , --
. -
-
.
, ,
.
.
, .
-
. -

.

. -
, ,
-
. , -
, .
-
.
-
, ,
.
.
2p =
2 , -
. p
. -
.
362 4

,
. , , -

.

4.1: .

.
.

. -

.
,
. -
. -
M- ,
.
 4.1 363

, -
-
-
.

4.1

. -
2/3. -
s,
2/3,
. -
s. -
f = 50 Hz, 100 rad/s.
. -
, -
,
. -
s. k = s m
, . -
-
k 1. -
k = sm . -
Mem. -
.
k = s m > 0, .
4.1 -
Unom = 400 V, fnom = 50 Hz, Pnom = 4 kW, nnom = 1450
o/min. 1
. 9
. 2
(19). 6 7.
, 3. 16. -
,
-
.
(17) . -

1 eng. slip, it. scorrimento

2 eng. bearings, it. cuscinetto
364 4

(17)
. (26)
, (13).
, (23)
. -
. -
.

4.2

s.
k. -
s. -
, s 100 . -
k.
, 1 Hz.
, -
. -
4.2.

4.2: () .
(B) .
 4.3 365

-
.
.

( ) . -
, ,
. -
, , -
. 4.3
.

4.3: . (A) .
(B) . (C) .
(D) .

4.3

4.4 -
. -
, -
. -
3.
,

3 eng. squirrel cage rotor, ita. gabbia di scoiattolo

366 4

, .
,
.
. -
-
. -
,
, -
. ,
. -
,
, .

. -
, -
, .

4.4: .

, , -
P/m ,
,
,
. -
-
. -
 4.4 367

,
4.
, -
, () -
(),
-
. -
.

4.4

, -
- . -
-
, -

.
,
. , -
.
,
.
(A) 4.5 -
, . (B) -
,
. ,

.
, , -
. -

, .
-
-
.

4 MTBF, Mean Time Between Failures

368 4

4.5: (A)
. (B)
.

4.5

, -
. .
, -
.
,
. ,
ia(t) + ib(t) + ic(t) = 0,
, -
. ,
. 2/3,

2/3, 4.6. -
Im, s
2/3, -
, s = s. -

(4.1), 4.6.
 4.5 369

4.6: .

Fa = N s I m cos s t (4.1)

2
Fb = N s I m cos(s t )
3
4
Fc = N s I m cos(s t )
3
4.6, .
. -
, -
4.7. ,
-
. .
370 4

4.7: (A)
. (B)
.

4.6

.
Fa, Fb, Fc ia(t), ib(t)
ic(t). -
FS. FS
R . -
.
, -
. -
.
(m = S ) -
,
.
 4.6 371

4.8: . (A)
t 0. (B)
t /3/s.

(m < S ),
, k = s m > 0. -
, -
, k = k.5.

. , -
k,
e R + jkL.
k , e/R. -
, -
.

5 , -
. .
-
. , -
.
p. -
s s = s/p.
, -
.
372 4

4.9: . (Fs)
. (s)
. (m)
.

4.7

4.10. m S.
m < S, -

k = k = s m > 0 . (4.2)
k m ,
.
, . -
k.
t (4.3)
k (t ) = k + k d .
0
0
k + /2.

R = m sin k . (4.4)
 4.7 373

,
.
, ,
Rm = -m sin(k) R.

m k.
dR (4.5)
e= = m k cos k .
dt
,
R + jkL . , R
kL, iR e/R mk.
m k (4.6)
u = 0 = RRiR + e , iR = + cos k
RR
iR > 0,
4.10.
. -
,
.

4.10: .

. -
374 4

4.10 -
. cos(k) =
cos(0 +kt), , k. -

k = k/p. , m + k = m
+ (s m) = s,
, .

4.8

,

.
4.10 
Bmcos(k),
Bm
. Bm
m, ,
.
mk cosk/ZR mk cosk/R.
 -
LiRB, L ( ). -
9.
.
, -
, 9 ,
.
m = (2/) BmRL = 2BmRL m
Bm. ,
B =k 1m cos k . (4.7)

M em = D L iR B = D L (mk cos k / R )Bm cos k , (4.8)

M em = m2 cos 2 ( k ) k / R = k 2 m2 cos 2 ( k ) k . (4.9)
 4.9 375

,
, -
.
(4.1):
, cos2(k) =
cos2(0 +kt). ,
. -
?
(4.1):
,
/2 ,
sin2(k), -
Mem = m2k/R = const.

4.9

, -
, .

. -

. -

.
, -
-
. . -
-

.

, -

. -
.
. -
.
376 4

.
-
. -
-
.

, -
. , -
, , , ,
.
-
-
-
. -
, -
4.39.
4.39.

4.10

-
(1) N
, (2) , (3) ,
(4) .

d (4.10)
u = R i + .
dt

= L( m ) i . (4.11)

1 dL 1 N N d L jk (4.12)
i = i k i j .
T
M em = i
2 d m 2 k = 1 j = 1 d m

 4.11 377

d m (4.13)
J = M em M m k F m .
dt

. , (i) -
, (ii) -
, (iii) (iv)
. -
(4.11) .
N , (4.10)
N , (4.11)
, (4.12) -
, (4.13) -
. , -
N+1 .

4.11

.
FS =
Fa+Fb+Fc. - , -
() 0 0.

G G
a0 = 0 , (4.14)
G G
0 3 G
b0 = + 0 ,
2 2
G
G 0 3 G
c0 = 0.
2 2

ia = I m cos S t , (4.15)
ib = I m cos(S t 2 / 3),
ic = I m cos(S t 4 / 3),

378 4

G G
Fa = Nia 0 , (4.16)
G 1G 3 G
Fb = Nib ( 0 + 0 ),
2 2
G 1G 3 G
Fc = Nic ( 0 0 ),
2 2

G G G G G i i G 3 (4.17)
Fs = Fa + Fb + Fc = N 0 ia b c + 0 (ib ic )
2 2 2
G 3
[
G G
]
Fs = NI m 0 cos S t + 0 sin S t
2
S=S -
FSm = 3/2 NIm.
. .
ia + ib + ic = 0,
. . -
, c
(-ia - ib) ic. , /2,
.
. -
, -
0 0, .
, i i, -
.

0 0,
. , -
F = Ni,
FS . ,
. -
. 4.11 -
- 4.12. -
(4.17), ( Nabc = N),
FS

 4.11 379

ib ic 3 3 (4.18)
is = ia = ia = I m cos S t
2 2 2 2
3
is = (ib ic ) = 3 I m sin S t.
2 2

4.11:
.

i(t) i(t) -
FS, -
FS/R. ,
. ,
, ,

.
(4.2):
-

380 4

, -
.
/ ? ( 4.13).

4.12: .

(4.2):
e1 sm, esm, ua = Raia + da/dt
da/dt = -s sin(st)m. -
,
. -
, uabc u
. u/i, -
. , (4.18), i
50% iabc.
N = mNabc .
u = m uabc.
FS
i = (3/2)x(iabc/m).
, -
,
 4.12 381

2/3.
-
, (400 V
).
.
.
(4.3):

/2. -
3 .
.
(4.3):

, 4>3
1, 2, 1 2 . (2 2)
. , -
i(t)+i(t) = (3/2 Im)(cosst + sinst) 20,5 -
. -
, 1, 1, -
22. 1
U,, -
1 , -
1 1 20,5 . -
-
, -
-

. ,
, -
, , -
.

4.12

. -
, N
i(t) i(t) Fs
(), , ,
.
382 4

(iabc, uabc, abc) -

(i, u, ) -
. , -
, .
,
,
. ,
. , -
.
.

. -
x, y z
dx/dt, dy/dt dz/dt.
r ,
,
r, . x, y z -
r, -
. -
.
x-y-z , -
.
, -
. ,

, ,

. , -
-
, , .

(4.19). (4.18) -
. KI. -
, KI
1.
.
Fs , KI -
.
 4.12 383

4.13:
.

1 1 (4.19)
1 ia
i s 2 2
i = K I ib
s 3 3
0 2 ic
2

4.12

-
.
-
, ,
. -
2,
3 -
, -

384 4

ib ic 3 (4.20)
is = ia = ia
2 2 2
3
i s = (ib ic )
2
.
, 2 -
. Nabc = N, -
e Ri, uabc
u . , a
3 2.

(4.20) ,
ub u c 3 (4.21)
us = ua = ua .
2 2 2
, -
,
, -

(4.19). ,
KI KU
1, -
3 -
2.

KI =KU =1,
KI =KU. , -
.
(4.21) 3 -
KU = 2/3,
(4.19) KI = 1,
2,
3.
2 1,5 3, -
. , ,
2 3 . ,
. -
KU/KI -
.
 4.13 385

KI = 1 KU = 1, 3 -
1,5
2. ,
. ,
2. , KI = 1 KU
= 1, -
. ,
.
KI = KU = 2/3.
, ,
KI KU -
.

4.13

,
. ,
. P
, -
.

. -
,
-
. , -

. ,
. , , u = Ri.
u1 = 2u i1 = 2i, -
. , ,
u1 = Ri1.
, u1i1
. u1, i1 ,
.
-
, -
. , -
,
(4.22), KI = KU = K.
386 4

(4.22)
1 1
i 1 ia
= K 2 2 i
I
b
i 3 3
0 ic
2 2

(N = Nabc), KI -
1, Fs
. ia(t)
= Imcosst, ib(t) = Imcos(st-2/3), ic(t) = Imcos(st-4/3),
i(t) = ia(t) ib(t)/2 ic(t)/2 = 3/2 Imcosst,
i(t) = 30,5/2 x (ib(t) ic(t)) = 3/2 Imsinst.
,
, .
.
(4.23)
1 1 ua
u 1
= K 2 2 u
U
b
u 3 3
0 uc
2 2

(4.24)
1 1
1 a
= K 2 2
b
3 3
0 c
2 2
, KU -
. -
. u u -

N = Nabc , KU -
2/3. , , -
-
, -
. N = Nabc,
-
. e u,
.
 4.13 387

abc , -
KU = 2/3, KI.
KI KU,
, ,
. -
KI = 1 KU = 2/3 -
. , -
KI KU. -
u/i abc -
. , .
R X -
. abc ,
3/2. , -
. , -
-
N = Nabc ,
1,5 . -
, , -
(R) (L) . -
, .
, -
,

.



, -


e = d/dt. KU K,
e =
(KU /K) d/dt.

(4.4):
N = mNabc
Fs
, , -
-
388 4

abc , ,
(KU = KI =K) ?
(4.4):

N = mNabc . u
= m uabc. FS -
i = (3/2)x (iabc/m). -
uabc/ iabc u /i
u m u abc 2m 2 u abc u abc
= = =
i (3 / 2)(iabc / m ) 3 i abc i abc
3 2
m= K U = K I = K =
2 3
,
(3/2)0,5 . ,
abc -
, (KU = KI
=K). , -
, .
, (3/2)0,5 -
abc . -
(3/2)0,5
K= (2/3)0,5.
(4.5):
KU = KI =K =
(2/3)0,5 .
(4.5):
, -

.
.
Uabc Iabc.
3UabcIabc. -
KU = KI =K = (2/3)0,5,
(3/2)0,5 . , -
[(3/2)0,5 Uabc] x[(3/2)0,5 Iabc] = 3/2 UabcIabc.
, 3UabcIabc, -
.
 4.13 389

(4.6):
KU = KI
=K = 1 P = (3/2) Pabc.
(4.6):
-
ua, ub, uc, ia, ib ic. (4.22) -
, u, u, i i.
, abc Pab = ui + ui
P = (3/2) Pabc.

4.13.1 K = 1

KU = KI =K = 1,
N = N abc , (4.25)

G 3 (4.26)
i = iabc ,
2

G 3 (4.27)
u = uabc .
2

,
,

3 (4.28)
P = Pabc .
2

4.13.2 K = (2/3)0,5

3 (4.29)
N = N abc ,
2
390 4

G 3 (4.30
i = iabc ,
2

G 3 (4.31)
u = uabc .
2

,
,
.

4.13.3 K = 2/3

KU = KI =K = 2/3,
N = N abc , (4.32)

G 3 (4.33
i = iabc ,
2

G 3 (4.34)
u = uabc .
2

,
,

2 (4.35)
P = Pabc .
3

4.14

-
,
3/2 . -
 4.14 391

, . ,
,
(1) 3/2 , -
,
K = 2/3. V -
, , .
(4.36)
1 1
V 2 1 Va
= 2 2 V
b
V 3 0 3 3
Vc
2 2

(2) , -
. , RS, RR, Lm, LS,
.
(3)
abc . u(t) ua(t),
i(t) ia(t), (t) a(t).
(4) -
,
-
. FS N = 3/2Nabc,
u = 3/2 uabc, -
.
(5) P = ui + ui 2/3 Pabc.
,
abc ,
-
P = 2/3 Pabc. -
P, P = ui + ui, -
3/2. ,

3 (4.37)
Pabc = P
2
392 4

4.15

, -
. S S
, S
a . ,
S S , , -
S -S ,
.

4.14:

4.14 -
. m
.
t (4.38)
m = m 0 + m d
0

,
, S S, S
S -
. -
uS, uS, iS, iS, ,
R.
 4.16 393

(4.7):
, FS
. iS iS.
(4.7):
FS S S
.

4.16

ua, ub, ub, ia, ib, ic,
a, b, b. a LSia,
LS , -
Laxix, Lax -
a , ix
. ,
Ra = Rb = Rc = RS -
La = Lb = Lc = LS.
u a = RS i a + d a /d t , (4.39)
u b = RS ib + d b /d t ,
u c = RS ic + d c /d t .
- ()
, ,
S-S , , -
S S , . -
S S S-S -
,
a, b, b.
uS = RS iS + d S /d t , (4.40)
u S = RS i S + d S /d t .
,
. -
.
394 4

4.17

. -
4.15 ().
NR = 28 , 14 -
, -
. , 14

S S , (B) 4.15. -
, , .

4.15: .

-
,
, 4.15 (C).
-
, ,
,
. -
. -
. -
.
, , -
. ,
, -
 4.17 395

. ,
,
,
. ,
-
.

4.16: .

-
. ,
-
, . -
, -
2/3, 4.16 (A).
, ,
4.16 (B). , .
-
.
,
. -
, ,
.

.
396 4

, -
m. -
. 4.14, R
R.
, uR = uR = 0. iR iR -
FR,
iR iR, m.
iR >0 iR = 0, FR R. FR,

R R . -

.
-

, ,
NR = 1. , , -
,
.

4.18

-
,
, . -
u = Ri + d/dt, u, R, i,
, ,
, .
,
d s (4.41)
us = Rsis + ,
dt
d s
us = Rsis + ,
dt
d R
0 = RRiR + ,
dt
d R
0 = RRiR + .
dt
 4.20 397

4.19

4 -
4 4 .
4 . , iS, iS,
iR iR , 4 , S, S, R R
.
, (4.42).
-
. L11 = LS -
S. R -
NS ,
L11 = L22
= LS = NS 2/R. L33 = L44 -
R R.
,
-
.
.
s L11 0 Lm cos m Lm sin m is (4.42)

s = 0 L22 Lm sin m Lm cos m is

R Lm cos m Lm sin m L33 0 iR

R Lm sin m Lm cos m 0 L44 iR

4.20

, -
. 4.17 .

S = S + m , (4.43)

R = R + m .
(S)
(R)
398 4

m = mS + mR . (4.44)

S = N S S = N S m + N S S = N S m + S , (4.45)

R = N RR = N Rm + N RR = N Rm + R .

4.17: .

S , R -
. -
. -
, .
4.17,

S R (4.46)
LS = , LR = .
iS iR

(4.47)
N S mR N RmS
Lm = LSR = = LRS = .
iR iS
 4.21 399

. ,
.
N S mS + N S S N S mS + S NS N (4.48)
LS = = = LRS + LS = S Lm + LS ,
iS iS NR NR
N RmR + N RR N RmR + R NR N
LR = = = LSR + LR = R Lm + LR .
iR iR NS NS
, -
.
.
, -
,
LS = Lm + LS , (4.49)
LR = Lm + LR .

4.21

-
,
.
, -

. -
.
S = (LSiS)/NS .
. -
,

.
,

.
, -
, -
-
400 4

. , -
,
, -
.
, -
,
. ,
k = Lm/(LSLR)0,5 1.
, (1-k), , -
LS LR. -
1,
. -
, -
.
, -
, . -
-
(400 V, 50 Hz) k [0,9 .. 0,998],

(k < 0,8).

4.22

-
, LS/LR , L11 = L22 =
LS = NS 2/R, L33 = L44 = LR = NR 2/R. , -
.
Ljk k
j ij. , Ljk
= Lkj, (L = LT).
,
L12=L21=L34=L43=0. L13 -
S R. -
. m = 0, ,
,
. m = /2, -
, L13= 0. m = ,
, L13 < 0.
L13 L13(m) = Lm cos(m), Lm = k (LSLR)0,5
m = 0. -
 4.23 401

. -
, m = mt,
dL/dt , -
Mem = i T (dL/dm)i.
s Ls 0 Lm cos m Lm sin m is (4.50)

s = 0 Ls Lm sin m Lm cos m is

R Lm cos m Lm sin m LR 0 iR

R Lm sin m Lm cos m 0 LR iR

4.23

,
, iR iR. -
. -
,
. -
-
, . ,
-
. -
.
-
, o
, -
.
100 , 100 . -
100
1 , . ,
-
, -
(Ni) .


, NR = NS, LS = NS 2/R = NR 2/R =
LR, Lm = k (LSLR)0,5 = kLS =kLR, -
LS = LS Lm = (1-k)LS = (1-k)LR = LR.

402 4

. -
.
4
.
s = Ls is + Lm cos m iR Lm sin miR (4.51)

(4.8):
iS = ImS cosSt, iS = ImS sinSt,
S >0, iR = ImR sinxt iR = ImR cosxt
0 < x <<S. .
S, .
(4.8):
iS iS
. -
x = x
. , -
m =x+S.
, S= LSImS cosSt + LmImR(cosmt sinxt - sinmt cosxt) = LSImS cosSt
- LmImR sin(mt xt). ,
, -
S, .
mx = +S mx = -S,
m = x +S m= -S +x. ,
0 < x <<S, m = x +S. , -
k = S - m = -x . . -
.
(4.9):
S, S, R, R,
Mem = (3/2) (S iS - S iS).
(4.9):
Mem = iT[dL(m)/dm] i,
L(m) ,
m.
L13=L31, L14=L41, L23=L32, L24=L42,
dL/dm = 0. LT = L, -

L13, L14, L23, L24. , iT[dL(m)/dm]i = -Lmsinm iS iR
- Lmcos(m)iS iR + Lmcos(m)iR iS - Lmsin(m)iR iS.
 4.24 403

(S iS - S iS),
() -
. Mem = (3/2) (S iS - S iS), 3/2 -
3/2 () KU = KI =
K = 2/3.

4.24

,
S, S, R, R.

. -
Mem= (3/2)(S iS -S iS),
.

,
. -
4
. -
.
S S , -
, R R . ,
N = (3/2)0,5 Nabc,
, , -
,
.
, iS, iS, iR, iR,
S, S, R R ,
.
,
,
S -S R -R. S -S -
R -R.
(4.52), (4.53), (4.54) (4.54).
404 4

d s d s (4.52)
us = Rsis + , u s = Rsis + ,
dt dt
d R d R
0 = RRiR + , 0 = RRiR + .
dt dt

s Ls 0 Lm cos m Lm sin m is (4.53)

s = 0 Ls Lm sin m Lm cos m is

R Lm cos m Lm sin m LR 0 iR

R Lm sin m Lm cos m 0 LR iR

s Ls 0 Lm cos m Lm sin m is (4.54)

s = 0 Ls Lm sin m Lm cos m is

R Lm cos m Lm sin m LR 0 iR

R Lm sin m Lm cos m 0 LR iR

3 (4.55)
M em = p ( S i S S i S )
2

4.25

, . , -
,
-
. (i)
(ii) -
, , -
, .
-
. , -
, .


 4.25 405

dis di
us = R s is + L s + Lm cos m R m Lm sin m iR
dt dt
di R
Lm sin m m Lm cos m i R
dt

di s diR
u s = R s i s + L s + Lm sin m + m Lm cos m iR +
dt dt
di R
+ Lm cos m m Lm sin m i R
dt
-
.
-
,
diS di
uS = RS iS + LS + Lm R .
dt dt

U S (s ) = RS IS (s ) + sLS IS (s ) + sLm IR (s ) .
, s
j,
U S (s ) = RS I S (s ) + jLS I S (s ) + jLm I R (s ) ,
-
US, RS (LS - Lm) IS,
Lm (IR+ IS). , -
-
,
. .

,
.
,
-
.
, .

. -
406 4

, -
, , ,
.

(i) , -
( , ) ,
(ii) () -
, -
,
(iii) ,
,
, ,
.
-
. -
, -
, ,
(iv) -
.
, -

, . -
,
,
+/- 600 V.
tON -
. ( -

1 2)
,
-
. -
, -
.

,

.
 4.26 407

-
, ( ) -
. , ,
S .
, .
(4.10):
-
?
(4.10):

.
, fS = 50 Hz,
. ,
-
-
, , -

. ,
S , -
. S
= m + k, m k .
-
, S = 0, m = -k. -
.
, S = 0
,
, . -
Mem =
0. -
fS = 50 Hz, 2700 o/min, -

300 o/min.

4.26

, -
, -
,
408 4

FS, -
. -
,
.
. , -
. -
-
, . , , -
.
.

4.27

, iS iS
FS = NSiS SS . -
FS , -
iS iS . -
,
FS,
. -
. , -

.
d q,
id iq iS = FS/NS
. ,
S-S -
d-q , -
.

d-q (id iq) S-S (iS iS).
( ),
.
,
. ,
-
,
, , , , ,
. ,
 4.27 409

FS . -
, FS iS iS -
FS id iq.

4.18: dq id iq
.

,
S-S
d-q ,
4.18. d-q ,
. id iq , -
FS .
d q
, ,
d-q .
d q, -
D Q. d-q -
d q.
, id iq
FS
. d q . -
,
id iq, ,
.
410 4

4.28

-
FS, , S d -
S.
iS d iS cosS, iS -
iS sinS. , FS
d id = iS cosS + iS sinS.
iS iS q, q
iq = -iS sinS + iS cosS. -
(4.56). -
1. -
, -
. ,
d-q
(ud, uq, id, iq, d, q) , -
(det T = 1). d q
d q .

4.19:
.
 4.29 dq 411

id cos s sin s i s i s (4.56)

i = =T
q sin s cos s i s i s

(4.11):
uS = RS iS + dS/dt, ud =
RS id + dd/dt ?
(4.11):
RS
. , -
, ud = RS id + dd/dt. , u= R i + d/dt -
, .
, S
S , ,
u= R i + d/dt. d q -
. ,
. ud -
RS id + dd/dt.
uS =
RS iS + dS/dt uS = RS iS + dS/dt.

4.29 dq

, -
.
. ,
R R, ,
d-q
. , -
dq -
, DQ.

, . -
, -
-
, L13=Lmcos(m).

, R-R
S-S. , -
412 4

d-q ,
dq DQ -
,
.

4.20: dq .

, -
d-q
. -
k =
S - pm.
k . p = 1,
k + m = k + m. , -
-
. -
- . , -
d-q
.

4.20. NR iR NR iR

FR R-R . -
R S m.
d-q k ,
S = k + m.
 4.30 413

R-R
d-q
. iR d
iR cosk, iR iR sink,
d -
iD = iR cosk + iR sink. , iQ = -iR sink + iR cosk. -
,
. -
, uD
= uQ = 0 D Q.
iD cos k sin k iR (4.57)
i =
Q sin k cos k iR

4.30

-
d-q
.
, .
S-S
. S S
, S-S ,

G G G
iS = 0 iS + 0 i S i S = iS + j i S .
, d-q -
, d , q
, d-q ,
idq=id + jiq. -
,
i dq = id + ji q = i S e j S
414 4

i S e j S = (iS + j i S )(cos( S ) j sin ( S )) =

= (iS cos( S ) + i S sin ( S ) ) + j ( iS sin ( S ) + i S cos( S )) .

iS = i dq e + jS .
idq=id + jiq
, id iq. -
,
. (d) (q)
q /2, j =
exp(j/2) /2.
idq - -
, -
.

4.31 dq

d-q . -
d q, -
D Q. dq ,
, -
. , -
d , d = LSid + LmiD. -
d D -
.
S
, p =
1, . d S
t (4.58)
s = s (0) + s d .
0

id cos s sin s i s (4.59)
i = .
q sin s cos s i s
 4.31 dq 415

4.21: dq .

i dq = id + jiq = e j S i . (4.60)

iD cos k sin k iR (4.61)
i = .
Q sin k cos k iR

dq DQ -
, d D Lm
q Q, -
. -

d Ls 0 Lm 0 id id (4.62)
i
q= 0 Ls 0 Lm iq
= L .
q

D Lm 0 LR 0 iD
iD


Q 0 Lm 0 LR iQ iQ
416 4

(4.12):

-
Mem = iT(dL/dm)i, L .
(4.62),
dL/dm = 0, Mem = 0.
?
(4.12):
Mem = iT(dL/dm)i
, .
-
, . , ,
, , -
L
. -
. -
,
. -
.
(4.13):
LS -
, k -
. 4.21.
(4.13)
, ,
3/2 -
. . -
, L11 L22 LS. -
,
,
, LS = LR. -
Lm = k(LSLR)0,5 = kLS.
, .

4.32 dq

. ,

 4.33 dq 417

uS = RS iS + d S /d t , u S = RS iS + d S /d t (4.63)

,
, .

u S = (uS + j u S )= RS (iS + j i S )+ d( S + j S ) /d t = (4.64)

= RS i S + d S /d t

dq
.

( )
u dq = u d + j uq = u S e j S = RS iS + d S /d t e j S (4.65)

iS S
dq
, iS = idq exp(-jS) .

( ( ) )
u dq = RS i dq e + j S + d dq e + j S /d t e j S = (4.66)

= RS i dq + d dq /d t + j S dq

, dq -
u = Ri + d/dt,
.
, -
.
, -
S k.

( ( ) )
u DQ = R R i DQ e + j k + d DQ e + j k /d t e j k = (4.67)

= R R i DQ + d DQ /d t + j k DQ

4.33 dq

, -
.
418 4

K = 2/3.
,
p = 1,
, = p.
-
dq -
.
, , ,
.
d d (4.68)
ud = Rs id + s q
dt

d q (4.69)
uq = Rs iq + + s d
dt

d D (4.70)
0 = RR iD + k Q
dt

d Q (4.71)
0 = RR iQ + + k D
dt
.
d Ls 0 Lm 0 id (4.72)

q= 0 Ls 0 Lm iq

D Lm 0 LR 0 iD

Q 0 Lm 0 LR iQ

(4.14):
Mem = (3/2) (S iS - S iS),
Mem dq .
(4.14):
, S = S +
jS, iS = iS + j iS, Mem = (3/2) Im( S
iS ), Im()
, S
, .
 4.35 419

, dq = d + jq =
exp(-jS) S idq = id + j iq = exp(-jS) iS,
Mem = (3/2) Im[(dq exp(jS))* (idq exp(jS))] =
= (3/2) Im[dq exp(-jS) idq exp(jS))] = (3/2) Im(dq idq) = (3/2) (d iq -q id).

4.34

Pe = (3/2)(udid+uqiq)
.
Pe=(3/2)(udid + uqiq) = (3/2) (RS id2
+ RS iq2) + (3/2) ( id dd/dt + iq dq/dt ) + (3/2) S ( d iq -q id ) = Pcu1 + dWm/dt
+ Pob. Pcu1 . -
dWm/dt ,
. -
dWm/dt , -
. PFe
, dWm/dt.
Pob, -
. -
-
, .

4.35

Pdq
u d id + u q iq = Rs (id2 + iq2 ) + ( d' id + q' iq ) + s ( d iq q id ). (4.73)

Pcu1, dWm/dt, -
. Pob -

3
(
Pob = s d iq q id .
2
) (4.74)

G G
E H -
, , -
G G
E H .
Pob S=S/p -
420 4

, Mem= Pob/S
.
3 (4.75)
M em = p ( d iq q id )
2
.
d m (4.76)
J = M em M OPT
dt

4.36

m -
, k = S -
m. ,
. ,
. s = k/S = k/S, -
.
, 50 , -
3000 /min. 2700 o/min, -
s = 300/3000 = 0,1. ,
, s = 1.

4.37

Mem -
m, PmR = Memm,
. Pm = Mmm
PmR = Memm, -
,
. , -
Mem Mm -
. PmR Pob
.
-
, Ri2. -
, PCu2. -
, -
 4.37 421

PFeR. -
.
k, .
k ,
. -
k << S, ,
s << 1.

, -
.
.
, PmR Memm= MemS (1-s) =
(1-s)Pob. , sPob , -
.

PCu 2 + PFeR = sPob (4.77)

4.22:
.

(4.15):
-
.
PFe . -
Pcu1, S ,
. -
.
(4.15):
dWm/dt -
. Pob = S cos()
422 4

-PFe - Pcu1.
Mem= pPob/S = Pob/S S .
(4.16):
2700 /.
.
(4.16):
s = (3000-2700)/3000 = 0,1. -
, 90% ,
10% .

4.38

-
,
-
, -
.
.
U = RI + j . , udq, idq, iDQ,
dq DQ ,
Us, Is, IR, s R. . -
-
,
. -
Us = (Ud2+Uq2)0,5 Us -
K 3/2 . K=2/3, Us
.
d
u dq = Rs i dq + + js dq
d t dq

d
0 = RR i DQ + + jk DQ
d t DQ

u dq U s , i dq = I s , i DQ = I R , dq = s , DQ = R
,
. -
, , S
 4.38 423

k. , -
-
, -
.
U s = Rs I s + js s

s
0 = RR I R + jk R
k
, s = k/S je
.
k k
s= =
s s
s ,
,

RR (4.78)
0= I R + js R .
s

U s = Rs I s + js s . (4.79)

, R = LR IR + Lm Is, S =
LS Is + Lm IR. im = is + iR ,
, .
R = LR IR + Lm Im, S = Ls Is + Lm Im, LR = LR
Lm Ls = LS Lm -
, m = LmIm =md + jmq ( )
.
, -
. -
, -
, .
s = L s I s + Lm I m
(4.80)
R = L R I R + Lm I m
424 4

4.23: .

. Us, , Us = Udq = Ud + jUq,
Ud Uq -,
ua, ub uc. -
Is= Id + jIq IR= ID + jIQ
. Rs Ls
.
RR LR
. RR LR
.

R R -
.
-
Z2 -
m = N1/N2. , -
m2Z2. , -
. -
N = 1
R2 = 1 m. NS = 40 -
, RR = 1,6 . , -
NR = NS ,
.
 4.39 425

4.39

-
, -
.
, -
.
-
. , , ,
,
.
m -
.
Im = IS + IR ,
Im = I1+ I2` I1
I2`=(N2/N1)I2, . -

, NS = NR,
Im = IS + IR. -
, Fm = FS + FR,
-
. , -
, -
m = Fm/R, R , m
.

4.24: .

m , -
. -
, m = NN m, NN . -
, m = (/4) NN m. ,
426 4

m S, -
ES = Um = jSm. Um
.
US = RSIS + jS LS IS + ES, .
NS = NR, m
. m
k, -
ER = sUm = jkm.
UR = 0 = RRIR + jk LR IR + ER
.

4.25: .

,
s = k/S. -
RR/s. kL
SL, -
S.
1/s , ER = sUm
Um. a , -
4.26.

4.26: .
 4.40 427

,
1/s, na slici 4.27 ,
.

4.27: .

4.40

RR/s.
s = (S - m)/ S = k/S, RR/s
. , -
.
, -
, .
Mem = Pob/S ,
. (4.75)
dq . -
.
-
. , (3/2) Re(usis*) =
(3/2) (UdId +UqIq) = Pcu1 + Pob = Rsis2 + Pob, |is| -
. ,
Pe
428 4

, Pe (3/2)Rsis2
RR/s . , Pob
Pob = 3/2 (RR/s) iR2, iR2 = iD2 + iQ2. -

3 1 RR 2 3 p RR 2 (4.81)
M em = IR = IR .
2 s s 2 s s
, IR2 ID2+ IQ2, ID IQ
dq ,

3/2.
, |Im|<<|Is|, IR2 IS2.

j S Lm
I R1 = I R = IS,
j S Lm + j S LR + R R / s
j S LR + R R / s
Im = IS .
j S Lm + j S LR + R R / s
s,
, RR/s >> SLR,
RR / s
im iS ,
j S Lm + j S LR + R R / s
iR
im /2. , im
, IR2 IS2.
,
Mem = 3RRIS2/(2sS),
Pob = 3/2 (RR/s) IS2
(4.17):
K 3/2 2/3.
iS iS(t) iS(t).
Pob = 3/2 (RR/s) IS2
.
(4.17):
-
abc
 4.41 429

S-S . ,
Ieff, iS(t) iS(t)
Ieff 20,5. iS(t) iS(t) /2,
iS2+ iS2 = 2Ieff2. iS iS -
IS, iS2 = id2+ iq2 = 2Ieff2. Pob =
3/2 (RR/s) IS2 Pob = 3(RR/s) Ieff2, -
, , RR/s ,

.

4.41

, m,
s = (S - m)/ S,
uS RR/s
iR,
Pob = 3/2 (RR/s) iR2,
, Mem = Pob/S.
IR2 IS2,
|Im|<<|Is|,
US (4.82)
IS ,
(RS + RR / s ) + j S (LR + LS )
U S2
I S2 .
(RS + RR / s )2 + S2 (LR + LS )2
-
.
S. -
a, b c
2/3. ia, ib ic, ,
S, 2/3, -
S =S,
. N-
S- . -
, -

430 4

4 . , 2p -
, p .
p = 1 S =S.
-
. p>1
S =S/p.
-
. , (p=1),
S =S,
S S . -
, , -
(p>1) , S =S/p,
,

S ( d I q q I d )= ( d I q q I d ).
1 1 3 3p (4.83)
M em = Pob =
S S 2 2
m. -
m pm. -
, , m =m, p=1. -

.
k, ()
m S k. -
, , p = 1, -
-
, k =k. |Im|<<|Is|, je
Pob 3 RR U S2 (4.84)
M em = = =
S 2 S s (R S + R R / s )2 + S2 (LR + LS )2
3 pR R U S2
= .
2 S s (RS + RR / s )2 + S2 (LR + LS )2
, US , p
( p=1), S
, RS LS , RR LR
.
,
s = (S - m)/S = (S - m)/S,
.
 4.41 431

(4.18):
,
.
|Im|<<|Is|, RSRR/s
XS XR.
(4.18):
-
S. Pob -
RR/s, .
(Im|<<|Is) -
, -
Pob = (3/2) (RR/s) IR2. ZS = RS + jS LS =
RS + jXS, ZR = RR/s + jS LR = RR/s + jXR, Zm = jS Lm= jXm,
,
US U S (Z R + Z m )
IS = = ,
ZRZm ZSZm + ZRZm + ZRZS
ZS +
ZR + Zm

, ,
U S Z m
IR = =
ZSZm + ZRZm + ZRZS
U S j Lm S
=
(RS + j LSS ) j LmS + (RR / s + j LRS ) j LmS + (RR / s + j LRS )(RS + j LSS )
jS Lm,
U S
IR =
L L
(RS + j LSS ) + RR + j LRS + LS RR + LR RS + R R
j R S S R S
s Lm s Lm Lm s S Lm

RSRR/(sS) LSLRS,
RSRR/s XS XR,
U S
IR = =
L R L L
RS 1 + R + R 1 + S + j LS S + LR S 1 + S
Lm s Lm Lm
U S
=
LR RR LS L
RS + + j LS S + LR S S
Lm s Lm Lm
432 4

S = LS/Lm>1 R = LR/Lm>1 .
LS=LR, Lm = k(LSLR)0,5 = kLS,
S = R = 1/k. k ,
S = R 1.
.
Pob 3 RR 2 3 RR U S2
M em = = IR = =
S 2 S s ( ) (
2 S s R RS + S RR / s 2 + S2 S LR + LS )
2

3 pRR U S2
=
( ) (
2S s R RS + S RR / s 2 + S2 S LR + LS )
2

S = R 1,
,
3 pRR U S2
M em = ,
2S s (RS + RR / s )2 + S2 (LR + LS )2
. S = R 1
. S
R
,
k.
/
.

4.42

,
, . -
-
, [], ,
100%.
(RS
= 1 ) ,

. , -
Unom Inom . Unom =
220 V Inom = 2,2 A, RS = 1 ,
RSInom 1% . -
 4.42 433

, Unom = 110 V Inom = 22 A, RS = 1 -

, RSInom 20% .
-
.
rS
RSrel. -
, ZB[] = Znom[] =Unom[V]/Inom[A],
rS = RSrel = RS[]/ZB[]. rS
= RSInom/Unom = RSInom2/(UnomInom) = RSInom2/Pnom, -
rS = 0,01 -
1%,
1% .
-

,eff . [V ]
fazno
U nom RS I nom (4.85)
Z B [] = Z nom []= = RSrel .
,eff . [ A]
fazno
I nom U nom
RR[], ,
,
RR [] RR [] (4.86)
rR = RRrel = = .
Z B [] Z nom []
( )
, 1,
100%, ,
I S [ A] U S [V ] (4.87)
iS = I Srel = , u S = U Srel = .
I nom [A] U nom [V ]
,
. ,
,
.
110 V
220 V, uS = 0,5. -
, 155,56/311,12 = 0,5.
, -
, -
S. -
,
434 4

LS [H ]Snom [rad/s] (4.88)

lS = Lrel
S = , xS = Lrel
S = XS
rel
.
Z nom []

B = Unom(m)/Snom.
, -
Unom(m) .
, ,
. ,
. -
, S R, ,
, -
, S2 = S2+S2.
.
, , m -
|m| = |LmIm|=|LmIS+ LmIR|, IS IR
.
S [Wb] [Wb] S [Wb] (4.89)
Srel = , Rrel = R S =
, rel ,
B [Wb] B [Wb] B [Wb]
U nom [V ]
B [Wb] = .
Snom [rad/s]

, ua = Ra ia + da/dt.
, ua da/dt.
S, ,
US = SS. B =
Unom/Snom.
RaIa
da/dt,

1.
mrel =
m =m/S = m/S.
rel

s s = 1 - mrel. , -
() nom < S -
, nom/S = 1 snom. -
-
 4.42 435

. mrel = m/nom,
,
.

( [Nm])
MB[Nm]. -
Mnom, -
(100%).
.
MB[Nm] = Snom[VA]/Snom[rad/s] > Mnom, Snom =
3U(f)nomI(f)nom ,
Snom = Snom /p
.
MB > Mnom -
. Snom
. Pnom, , -
Penomnom, Penom= Snomcos(nom) ,
, nom = Pnom/Penom < 1
. -
, nom
= Snom(1-snom), snom -
. Pnom= Mnom Snom(1-snom) Pnom = Snomcos(nom)nom, -
MB = Snom/Snom -
Mnom,
M nom M nom cos( nom ) nom (4.90)
= = <1
M B S nom 1 snom

Snom

(4.19):
cos(nom)nom/(1-snom)<1.
(4.19):
, Pob = PenomPcu1-PFe1
, snomPob, PmR = (1-snom)Pob,
PmR = Memnom.
Mem>Mnom
.
Pcu1, PFe1,
, Pnom =
Penom(1-snom). nom = (1-snom).
436 4

, nom < (1-snom).
cos(nom) < 1, . , -
, -
MB = Snom/Snom, .

4.43

MB = Snom/Snom Mnomrel <

1, , 1. ,
0,90,
90%. MB = Snom/Snom
MB =Mnom. MB =
Mnom
.
,

M em =
3p
( d iq qid ),
2
MB = Mnom dnom,
qnom, idnom, iqnom dq

rel
M em =
M em
=
( d iq qid ) .
(4.91)
M nom ( dnomiqnom qnomidnom )

nom = B Inom = IB,
Memrel ()
.

.

rel
M em =
M em (
rel i rel qrel idrel
= rel d relq
) (
= K RM drel iqrel qrel idrel ),
(4.92)
(
M nom dnom iqnom qnom
rel rel
idnom )

1
K RM =
( rel
irel
dnom qnom qnom
rel rel
idnom )
 4.43 437

KRM 1,
KRM > 1 ,
,
KRM -
. 1/KRM -
.
,
. , ireldnom2 + irelqnom2 = 1.
, S2 = reldnom2 + relqnom2
1, RSiS. -
,
KRM = 1 -
/2, , .
(4.20):
-
.

.
(4.20):
, -
(RS
+ jSLS)IS. , Um = US - (RS +
jSLS)IS , Um = jSm US = jSS ,

, m S. Im
IR1 = - IR, . -
m S Im.
IR1 Um = jSm
(RR/s + jSLR). s=snom 1, RR/s >>
SLR. , -
, IR1 Um
, snomSLR/RR rad. IR1
Im /2.
IS = IR1+ Im Im
m S. -
, /2.
-
-
/2, KRM 1. -
nom, nom, snom. KRM, -
438 4

-
, Mem = KRM (diq- qid), .
MB = Mnom, MB =
Snom/Snom.
MB = Snom/Snom, -
,
rel
M em =
M em
MB
( )
= drel iqrel qrel idrel .
(4.93)

KRM, 3/2, p. -
[Nm], -
MB = Snom/Snom.
Mnomrel < 1 .
Mnomrel 1,
100%.

. -

,
cosnom, -
.

4.44

RS, RR, LS, LR, Lm.
. ,

.

, ,
. ,
, 2RS = UJSS/IJSS.
RS 10%,
100 W, 0,1%,
1 MW.
(4.21):

?
 4.44 439

(4.21):
, -
. ,
, -
.
( B) -
,
. PFe1 PFe2
V1f/V2f, m1f/ m2f.
, -
, [A/mm2] -
. -
, -
. PCu1 PCu2 -
, -
V1Cu/V2Cu, m1Cu/ m2Cu.

, (V l3).
, B f, -
.

. -
, , -
-
.
, . -
, -
,
. (,
, ) -
, -
.
S l2
.
l l3 -
, l2
.
. -
,
. ,
, .

440 4

. RS = 0,001 1 MW
0,0011 MW = 1 kW -
. 1000 J -
. RS -
.
-
, RS
10 %.
Lm Im = IS+ IR,
m= LmIm. Im -
. ,
,
. -
,
. , -
s 0. RR/s ,
.
RS, -
.
,
,
. , I0 =
USn/(RS + jsnLS). -
, LS Lm USn/( I0 sn).

50% 70% . , -
20% .
(4.22):
-
?
(4.22):
-
. ,

.
(B-H ) B/H -
. , RFe
. -
RFe, -
D. /D,
 4.44 441

. -
, -
R.
LS N2/R,
Lm = kLS. -
,
Lm -
.
-
, LS LR.
NS =
NR, ,
m = NS/NR.
-
.
,
, -
. LS LR LS LR. -
.

.
-
. , , -
m ,
s . RR/s -
RR. ,
US/IS = RS + RR + jsLS + jsLR.
,
RS + RR . -
LS LR = US/(ISs), US IS
, .
, ,
,
ZK = RS + RR
+ jsLS + jsLR.
sn(LR+LS), -
0,05 0,3. -
(400 V) ,
(6 kV) . -
, -
.
442 4

. , -
k ,
LS LR (1-k)LS.
LS = LS Lm , LR = LR Lm . (4.94)

4.28: -
.

sn(LR+LS) = XS +
XR. Lesn -
Lmsn.
-
, .
, RR/s = RR << sn(LR+LS),
.
() Le = Xe/sn -
,
Lm LR LS L R + Lm LR (4.95)
Le = LS + = =
Lm + LR LR
LS LR + Lm L R Lm L R + Lm LR LS LR L2m
= = .
LR LR
Lu -

(L1), (L2) M.
Lu = (L1L2 M2)/L2. LR <<Lm, -
(LR+LS) Le.
 4.44 443

Lesn
0,05 0,25. -
-
. ,
,
. ,
,
. -
, . -
( , iS = 1
[..], ),
uS xe < 1. -
, iS 1/xe
.

. -
. , -
, -
, -
.
-
RR. RR
RS. , RR 10%,
1 MW RR 0,1%. , RR -

,
. , -
.

RR
ZK = RS + RR + jsLS + jsLR, -
RR.
, ,
, fS = 50 Hz,
,
fk 0,5 .. 5 Hz.
. , -
,
.
444 4

.
(skin )
50 Hz.

.
RR -
, R = LR/RR. R
(Mm = 0) -
. ,
, , -
, .
,
. -
,
.
.

.
Im -
. -
,
. -
. , -
,
mS, .
, -
, Lm , LR RR.
-
, R = LR/RR. , () -
exp(-t/R).
, , -
1/e,
37% .
RR -
. RR
,
US IS .
,
Lesn
RR/s. RR/s
(Un2 (InLesn)2)0,5. , -
 4.45 445

un=1 in=1. Lesn

0,05 0,25.
InRR/s, InLesn -
. Lesn = 0,25,
InRR/s 97%. , -
RR/s , RR/sn = Un/In
= ZB. , RR snZB. ,
rR = RR/ZB
sn. ,
In = 22 A, Ufn = 220 V ( 380 V), fn = 50 Hz nn =
2700 o/min, RR snZB = 1 .

4.45

Pob, , S = S/p
. -
, Im , -

Pob 3 RR 2
M em = = IR .
S 2 S s
4.29
.

4.29: .

446 4

ZmU S (4.96)
IR= ,
Z m Z S +Z m Z R +Z S Z R

Z m = js Lm , Z S = Rs + js L s , Z R = RR / s + js L s .
,
Pob 3 RR 2 (4.97)
M em = = IR =
S 2 S s
3 pR R U S2
= ,
( ) (
2 S s R R S + S R R / s 2 + S2 S LR + LS )
2

S = LS/Lm R = LR/Lm. US IR -
, .
US
, -
, 3/2 3/2 x 2 = 3. -
S R . -
Lm
LS, -
. , S = LS/Lm R = LR/Lm
,
S = R 1. , -
LS + LR -
Le, . -
,
Us (4.98)
IS IR ,
RR
( Rs + ) + js ( L s + L R )
s

 4.45 447

3 pRR U S2 (4.99)
M em = =
2 S s (RS + RR / s )2 + (S Le )
2

2
1 RR U S ( eff )
=3 .
(
S s (RS + RR / s )2 + S Le 2 )
-
Mem(m), -
. -
, ,
s = (S - m)/S,
US(eff),
US(eff) (,
), S = 2fS/p RR/s
,
3,
, 3/2,
US .
, ,
s
K1 (4.100)
M em (s )
K
s+ 2
s
4.30.
(p=1), -
,
, S = s, k
= k m = m. , p=1, -
, , -
m.
-

. ,
RR/s -
. US/(RR/s).
Mem = (3/2) (s/RR)(p/S)US2, US
.
448 4

4.30: .

(4.23):
US
, 3/2?

?
(4.23):
3/2 3.
220 V.

4.46

-
(4.9) -
. -
p = 1, S , -
s.
, .
s , RR/s -
(4.99).
 4.46 449

3 1 RR U s2 3p s 1 2 (4.101)
M em M em Us .
2 s s RR 2 2 RR s

s
, .
,
3 p k 1 2
M em Us .
2 RR s2

, US
S
, , .
Us 3 s2 (4.102)
s M em k ,
s 2 RR
(4.9) .
, , Mem = 3pkS2/(2RR)
, ,
.
,
S2/RR.

4.31: .
450 4

4.47

-
= m = m. ,
m = S. -
, s 1.
,
Les, -
. , Xe =
Lesn 10% 25%. Us/Xe
4 10 Inom,
.
RR/s.
. , -
,
.

4.32: .

Us
Is
js L e

3 RR 1 U s2 (4.103)
M em
2 s s L2 es2
m = 0 s = 1
. ,
Mpol = (3p/2) (RR/S) (US/Xe)2, US
S .
 4.49 451

4.48

,
400 V fS = 50 Hz, -
IPeff USeff/Xe, -
. Mpol = (3p/2) (RR/S)
(US/Xe)2, , m , -
S, . -
RR/s . -
Mm, ,
I0(eff) USeff/Xm.
, -
IPeff USeff/Xe 5Inom.
, -
. -
, -
.

4.49

, . -
, 1 ,
. -
, -
. . -
Mem(s),
. Rs -
,

(4.104)
dM em d 3 RR Us2
= = 0,
ds ds 2 s s RR
2
2 2
+ s L e
s2
R
s pr = R
s L e
Mem(s) s = +spr = +RR/Xe s = -spr =
-RR/Xe. m = S(1- RR/Xe) Mem =
452 4

+Mpr , -
. , -
m = S(1+ RR/Xe), Mem = -Mpr -
,
. spr -
.

4.33:
.

pr = S spr = RR/Le
,
. s = spr = RR/Xe RS
0 , .
.
3 1 RR U S2 3 1 U S2 (4.105)
M pr = = =
(
2 S s pr (RR / s pr )2 + S Le )
2
2 S 2 S Le
3 p U S2 3 p U S2 3p 2
= = = S
4 S S Le 4 Le S 4 Le
2

S
US/S. Mpr = (3p/4)S2/Le.
 4.50 453

2
3 p U Seff (4.106)
M pr =
2 Le S2
, -
.

k .
,
-
. , Le -
, IPeff USeff/Xe.

4.50

spr Mpr,
M(s)
. ,
2
1 U Seff RR (4.107)
M pr = 3 , s pr = ,
S 2 S Le S Le
.
2
3 RR U Seff
M (s ) = =
(
S s (RR / s )2 + S Le ) 2

S 2 S Le 3 RR 2
U Seff
=
= M pr
3 U 2 s (R / s )2 + L
Seff
S R S e ( )
2

(4.108)
RR 2 S Le
= M pr =
(
s (RR / s )2 + S Le 2 )
2 2 M pr
= M pr =
RR / s S Le s pr
+
s
+
S Le RR / s s s pr

, ,
RS .
454 4

, Lm
|Im| ,
.

2 M pr
M (s ) = (4.109)
s pr s
+
s s pr
, .
.
(4.24):
.
(4.24):
,
Mem(s) RS,
.
RS
RS, Mem(s),
Mem(s).
. Mpr = (3p/4)S2/Le,
. -
S = (US - RSIS). -
,
, RSIS -
US/S. ,
, . -
.
Mem(s)
Mm = Mem = Mpr,
m = S(1- spr),
M/ .
m < S(1- spr) s > spr
.

4.51

Mm , -

 4.51 455

.
.
d m (4.110)
J = M em (m ) M m
dt
4.34 .
. LR -
. m,
, -
LR1 Mm , -
Mem(m) . -
LR. J dm/dt = Mem(m)- Mm ,
.
. M
LR.
, SR . -
, , -
Mm , Mem(m) . -
, , SR.
.
s = 0, Mm = 0 m = S, -

.
Mm Mpr,
, -
.

4.34: .
456 4

4.52

-
. -
IS > Inom, . -
, -
. -
4.35.
, -
I0 = USn/(RS+jsnLS) .
-
4.35. Mm ,
RR/s , -
. s = snom,
Mnom,
nom=Snom(1-snom) Inom.
Mm ,
, .
RR/s ,
. -
.
, s = -snom, -
-Mnom, Snom(1+snom)
, -
(Inom).
,
|s| snom, ,
Snom(1- snom) m Snom(1+ snom). ,
+/- 10%,
. ,
1%. ,
,
,
,
.
 4.53 457

4.35:

4.53

.
,
, .
.

.
.
,
.

, ,
.
458 4

4.54

, ,
, RSIS2
, RRIR2
, H fs Bm2 + V fs2 Bm2
, H fk Bm2 + V fk2 Bm2
, kF m2

, Pcu1 = 3RS ISeff2.
PFe1,
fS.

, Pcu2 = 3RRIReff2.
, ,
k. k
,
.
,
, k = S.
,
.
,
PF kF2m ,
MF kFm. MF
Mem, ,
Mm= Mem - MF.

4.55

Pe. , -
Pe = 3USeff ISeff cos(),
USeff , ISeff
, cos() .
Pcu1 = 3RS ISeff2, -
. PFe1, -
fS .
 4.55 459

-
. Pob = Pe - Pcu1 - PFe1
. S -
Mem = Pob/ S.
Pob = Pe 3Rsis2eff PFestat = M em s (4.111)

PmR = M em m Pob PCurot PFerot Pob PCurot . (4.112)

PR = Pob PmR = M em (s m ) = sPob = PCurot + PFerot . (4.113)

.
PmR PmR = Memm.
, PmR Memm= MemS(1-s) = (1-s)Pob. ,
sPob
. sPob -
. -
, sPob Pcu2.

4.36:
.

Pm = Mmm
PmR = Memm ,
.
4.37
PCu2 = sPob -
PmR. RR/s
, RR RR(1-s)/s. IR
460 4

, 3RRIR2 = sPob -
, 3RRIR2(1-s)/s = (1-s)Pob -
PmR
.

4.56

4.37
S, m, R. US1
US - RSIS jSS,
S US1/jS.
|US|, |IS|, |IR| ,
, ,
20,5| |. Um = US1-jSLSIS jSm, -
m Um/jS. UR
= Um + jSLRIR jSR, R -
UR/jS.

4.37:
.

4.57

4.38. Pe, Pob, PmR Pm
 4.57 461

Pe > Pob > PmR > Pm.

= Pm/Pe.

4.38:

Pm = PmR k F 2
. (4.114)
m

,
, ,

Pe Pob PCurot + Pm = sPob + (1 s )Pob . (4.115)

, -
Pm = Mmm < 0. , Pm -
. , -
. Pe, Pob, PmR Pm -
Pe > Pob > PmR > Pm, |Pe| <
|Pob| < |PmR| < |Pm|.
,
.
, , . -
,
, , -
. (-PmR > 0) -
,
(-Pob > 0), . -
, (-Pe
462 4

> 0) ,
.
= Pe/Pm. -
-
.
,
S = 250 /p. ,
. -
, RR/s .
,
.

4.58

.
, , -
, .

. , -
-
|s| snom, , Snom(1- snom) m Snom(1+ snom).
. -
, 1%, IS Inom
99% 101% . -

. -
|s| snom IS Inom .
-
, m -
S. S = S/p -
S, ,
. , p 1, -
. -
-
. -

, , -
.
 4.59 463

, 400 V f = 50 Hz,
-
. -

(BJT), MOSFET IGBT ,
20. . -
-
.
19. .
, -
-
,
, -
.
. -
fS =
50 Hz, fS = 60 Hz, -
, .
,
. -

(i) ,
(ii)
(iii) .

.

4.59

fS, -
m = S = 2fS /p,
Mem = 0. . -
S, ,
US/S.
-
S = M/. , -
.
Mem =
464 4

kkS2/RR, S -
k .
, , -
. ,
spr. -
Pcu2 sPob, .

4.39: .

. -
, ,
, Pcu2 sPob
Pob m3 -
. ,
-
. -
, -
, -
.
 4.60 465

4.60

-
.
,
.
.
, . -
, ,
.
. -
() -
4.40.

4.40: .

,
-
.
,
Rext, RRe = RR + Rext
.
, Mpr S2/Le,

. , -
466 4

, Mem kkS2/RR, e -
RRe M/.
spr = RRe/Xe ,
Rext
. -
4.40.
, ,
.
,
( )
-
.
.
,
, . -

. ,
RRe/s , RRe = RR + Rext
, -
.

4.41:
. (A) . (B) . (C)
. (D) . (E) .

m =
S(1-s) S ,
m s.
sPob = Pcu2. Pcu2
,
. ,
.
 4.60 467

, nS = 3000 o/min,
nm = 1500 o/min,
50%. -
sPob,
.

4.42: -
. (A) -
. (B) -
. (C)

. (D)
, .

. 20. , -
. -
, -
. ,
sPob 4.42
-
Ld. (C) -
, , sPob
.
.
468 4

, -
.

4.61

S = S/p, S 2p
. , -
, . -
, S
. , , 2p.
(p = 1), nS = 3000 o/min.
, 1500 o/min, 1000 o/min, 750
o/min, . ,
,
.

,
.
,
, , -
. ,
,
. -
, -
. ,
. -

.
4.43, -
(). ,
(), /2
.
,
. -
,
. .
, p = 2
.
 4.61 469

4.43: .

.
, 2/3, -
.

. ,
-
. a, b, c
. , -
/3,
.
470 4

4.44: .

a
. , -
ia(t). -
. -
, -
-
. , a1 a2 -
a ia(t) -
,
. , = 0 =
. ,
= /2
= 3/2. ,
(p=2), .
, ia(t),
ib(t) ic(t) .
S -
S. ,
a1 t=0,
ia(t) = Im cosSt ia(t) = +Im. -
a1. ib(t) = Im cos(St-2/3)
, -
t1 = 2/(3S). 0 < t < t1,
b1, t1. -
t2 = 4/(3S), ic(t) . -
 4.62 471

c1 . -
t3 = T = 2/S, ia(t) = +Im -
a.
a2 . -
( ) T = 2/S, -
e = 2, m = e/2
= . , -
, S = S/2.
4.44,
.
,
, .
,
p ,
S = S/p.
Mem = Pob/S = pPob/S.

p.

s (4.116)
s = ,
p

m s k (4.117)
m = = = s k , .
p p
k .

Pob P (4.118)
M em = = p ob
s s

4.62

(p>1) . -
-
472 4

-
. .

, -
.
, .
, ,
,
, .
, -
/p, -
. -
,
, .
-
, .
,
. -
,
,
. .
, -
, .
,
/p,
.

,
, -
,
-
. -
m,
S
m. -
S = S, (p>1) -
S = pS. ,
, ,
. (p = 2, 3, 4), -
 4.62 473

-
.

.
S = pS,
. -
-
.

, -
f S = 2f/p.

.
, Mem V
D2L, D L . Mem =
Pem/S = p Pem/(2f),
.
Pem, VD2L pPem. -
,
. ,
1,1 kW,
U = 400 V, f = 50 Hz. m 8 kg,
13 kg, 16 kg,
23 kg. m
kp .

, S = pS. -
m S,
.
,
. -
. ,
,
Bm, .
,
. , -
474 4

-
, , -
 .
,
/p,
.
.
NZ , -
. , -
, -
, - .
, /p p , -
.
,
,
.
(4.25):
Mem =
Pob/S = pPob/S.
L D, -
p,
-
?
(4.25):
Bmax
, -
l4, , -
V4/3, V . , -
,
. , -
-
. -

. ,
.
Bmax -
.
, , ,
. ,

 4.62 475

, o -
.
(4.26):
-
. -
,
, .
?
(4.26):
-
. -
,
( ) -
.
0/Fe. ,
. ,
,. -

,
-
,
-
LIB. ,
B -
-
.
(4.27):
-

. ?
(4.27):
-
-
.
-
k = k/p -
. ,
,
. ,

476 4

. ,

.

4.63

-
. , -
. -
. 4.45

. a1 a2 a
,
.
,
, .
T =
1/fS 4.46 .

4.45: .

.

. -
, -
-
 4.63 477

.

. , -
. ,
.
-
. , -
. ,
. ,
,

.
-
,
.

4.46:
()
().

(4.28):

npr = 2000 o/min. -
, -
.
.
(4.28):

. spr =
478 4

RR/(LeS), kpr = RR/Le. , -

kpr .
spr = (nS - npr)/nS = 1/3. , npr = 2000
o/min, npr =
nS(1-spr) = 1500 (1-spr) = 1000 o/min.

4.64

-
, -
,
. -
. , p = 1, -

.
s ,
,
s = pS ,
,
m = pm
m

n = 9.54 m

k = s pm

k = s m

-
f = 50 Hz n =
1350 o/min,
 4.65 479

p = 2, f = 50 Hz
s = 100 , s = 50 , n s = 1500 /
n k = 150 o/ min, k = 5 , k = 10
n = 1350 o/ min, m = 45 .
,

,

.
,





,

.

4.65

-
, -

.


. -
.
480 4

4.66

a ia(t) a(t).
, -
. -
, a(t) m.
, a .
ua(t) = RSia(t) + da(t)/dt. -

d s (4.119)
u = ua = s m sin(st )
dt
, -
, S = pS = p(m + k) pm. -
, -
-
(mS).
.

.

4.47: .
 4.68 481

4.67

4.48

.
-
. -
( ).
E -
.
, -
-
.
(eng. inverter arm).
. -
.

4.68

-
, ua = E,
ua = 0. ub
uc. , u {0, +E}, -
, uab = ua ub, -
, uab {-E, 0, +E}. , -
, . ,
-
.
. -
{-E, 0, +E}, -
.
-
, -

.
482 4

4.48:
.

4.69

fPWM
10 kHz. ua(t)
. T = 1/fPWM 100 s, -

tON, 0 < tON < T, -
.
4.49. tON. -
,
0 < t < tON +E, -
T ua = 0. tON
0 < tON < T, uasr = (tON/T) 0
+E.

1
( N +1)T
ton (4.120)
U SR =
T
NT
ua dt =
T
E
 4.70 483

4.49: .
tON.

4.70

, -
. ,
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). uasr = (tON/T)
uasr -
tON
.
uasr(t), -
tON(t) = T uasr(t)/.
,
[nT..(n+1)T] -
tON(n) = T uasr(nT)/. fS 50 Hz -
, , 0 < A < 1 , -

T T (4.121)
tON (n ) = + A sin(2f S nT )
2 2
ua

484 4

E E (4.122)
uasr (t ) + A sin(2f S nT ) .
2 2
-
A,
fS . fPWM
, fS << fPWM. uasr(t) -
E/2, -
. . , -
-
, ,
. -
, ,
. , -
uabsr(t) uasr(t)
E E
ubsr (t ) + A sin(2f S nT 2 / 3) ,
2 2
2/3. uabsr(t) = uasr(t) ubsr(t),
,

AE 3
sr
uab (t ) sin(2f S nT + / 6)
2
-
A, fS
RAM .

()
uasr(t).

-
.

4.71

-
.
 4.71 485

tON(n) = (T/2) [1+ Asin(2fS nT-)], ua(t)

uasr(t)(E/2)+(E/2) Asin(2fS t-).
fPWM -
, fS << fPWM,
T = 1/fPWM
. fS
,
, fPWM
5 kHz 20 kHz. fS << fPWM, -
.

E/2,
fS,
, -
,
fPWM (
1/T), ,
, -
fPWM,
, mfPWM fS.
,
.
fS

.
fPWM = 1/T
10 kHz . -
-
E, .

. -
, ,

,
ua(t) = (E/2) + (E/2) Asin(2fS t-).
486 4

4.72

a ua(t) = RS ia(t) +
da(t)/dt. a ma,

, , -
L.. ua(t) = RS ia(t) + L
dia(t)/dt + dma(t)/dt.
, ma
. -
dma(t)/dt , S m
m.
.
fPWM,
, ua(t) = RS ia(t) +
L dia(t)/dt.

, Ia(s) = Ua(s) / (RS + sL). W(s)= 1/ (RS + sL)
, -
. W(s) -
-
.
, -
fPWM,
() -
fS.
= 2/T = 2fPWM -
s = j W(s) W(j)= 1/(RS +
jL). -
, RS << L,
|I(j)/ U(j)| 1/(L ). , -
, .
10 kHz, L
.

fPWM = 1/T = /(2). -
,
.
|I(j)/ U(j)| 1/(L), -
.
 4.72 487

, ripple,
.

4.50: .

(4.29):
fSn = 50Hz -
xe = 20%. -
fPWM = 10 kHz. -
.
(4.29):
-
. E -
,
Erel 1. -
fSn xe = 0,2. -
200 , -
xPWMe = xe (fPWM / fS) = 40, 4000 %.
I
1/ xPWMe = 2,5%.
(4.30):

E fS =
1/T. , -
.
. L.
-
488 4

.

tON = T/2.
(4.30):

, ua = L dia/dt. -
T, tON, a
, Ldia/dt = +E/2. , .
, ua = -E/2. -
Isr I. -
, Isr-I Isr +I. ,
dia/dt = 2 I / (T/2) = (E/2)/L, I = ET(8L).

4.73

S. Mem = 0 s = 0, ,
m = S. , -
, Mem(m) -
.
, -
, S =
|Mem/m|. pr = ppr = pRR/Le -
. Mpr =
(3p/4)S2/Le S = kS2/RR
S2.
,
-
. 4.51
.


U s = Rs I s + js ( Ls I s + m ) . (4.123)
 4.73 489

4.51:
. ()
.

, -
US
jSS = jS LS IS + jSm = jS LS iS + jS Lm Im. -
-
, S US/S.
, S
() , -
. -
,
, ,
,
,
.
-
. Mem, -
Mem/S, -
. -
, .
, -
, S US/S. -
max nom, ,
4.52. . -
m S, im,
Lm ,
m(im). ,
m(im),
490 4

im. , -
. , -
US/S nom, im ,

, .
US/S nom.

4.52: .

Us (4.124)
m
j s

4.74

US/S =nom .
, .

US Snom. ,
, .
0
< US < Unom. -
, 4.48 -
. -
, -
, .

Snom m Snom -
Unom Snomnom,
. -
 4.74 491

Unom,
m S > nom S(S) = nom(nom/S). ,
-
, 1/.
-
.
< nom,
, US Snom, ,
.

Us Us U (4.125)
m = = = const. = const.
s f
, -
, , ,
1/.
, .
nom (4.126)
( ) > = nom
nom

,

, (4.127)
nom
nom
( ) =
nom nom , > nom

, US/S -
.
S < Snom -
. ,
0 < S < Snom,
. -
, . -
, .
, -
S(S) = nom(nom/S).
, S = S/p.
Mpr S ,
, Mpr 1/2.
Mpr(nom) ,
492 4

Mpr(S) ,
m S = pS , Mpr(S) = Mpr(nom) (nom/S)2. ,


1/2.

4.53:
.

S . -
-
. -
S tON(n) = (T/2)
[1+ Asin(SnT-)] . S < 0, -
Mem - m .

4.75

Mem - m .
, -
, -
,
.

,
, -
.
 4.76 493

,
. ,
Mnom .

|S| Snom.
,
, |S| > Snom. S(S) =
nom(nom/S).
.

nom (4.128)
M nom


.

4.54: .

4.76

4.55 -
. -
, , , ,
-
. m<nom -
. m>nom .
Mem - m ,
494 4

, , -
-
. , S -
. , -
S pm. ,
, US/S . -
, ,
, ,
S() = nom(nom/S).

4.55: , ,
, ,
.
. m<nom
, m>nom .

, ,
( )
M( ) Mnom (nom/S). (|S|
Snom) . ,
M 1/ .
, P( ) Mnom (nom/) = Pnom,
. -
, -
 4.76 495

, nom < < 2 nom

.

RI

,
. US = RSIS + jSS jSS.
, -
-
SS -
RSIS. ,
.
,
. US
.
US = Snom, , s = 0
IS = US/(RS +jS LS), S =
LSIS = LSSnom/(RS +jS LS). | S |
, -
.
,
, US = Snom
4.56.

4.56: RI - .
496 4

, . kr
.
kr .
, , p=1,
-
, (k<<S, k<<S).
,
M() Mnom (nom/). , -
Mpr() = Mpr(nom) (nom/)2,
Mpr(nom) -
. M() Mpr() kr =
nom(Mpr(nom)/Mnom). , -
Mnom(nom/)
Pnom = Mnomnom. > kr, -
.
, -
, P 1/.
,
1 (4.129)
kr = nom ,
2 xe

X e Lenom Lenom I nom

xe = = = .
Z nom Z nom U nom

(4.31):
m =
0 IPOL = 5 Inom.
-
kr .
 4.76 497

4.57:
.

(4.31):

2
3 p U Sn ,
M pr (nom ) =
S 2 X en
USn Xen
.
RS 0, Lm >> Le (RR/snom) Unom/Inom >> Xen,
,
2 2 2
3 p RR U Sn 3 p RR U Sn 3 p U Sn 3p
M nom = U Sn I Sn ,
S snom R 2
S snom R 2
S RR S
R
+ X en
2
R

s
snom snom nom

snom .

,
2
U Sn
M pr (nom ) 2 X en 1 ,
m pr (nom ) = = =
M nom U Sn I Sn 2 xen

xen .
, xen 1/IPOL = 0,2.
498 4

mpr(nom) = 2,5.
kr = nom(Mpr(nom)/Mnom) -
. (kr /nom)
, kr = 2,5 nom.

4.77

19. . -
, -
,
-
. -
.
50 Hz, 60 Hz.

4.77.1

, -
IP USn/Xe, Xe XS + XR -
. -
. xe 10% -
. -

, RR/s
RR/s > Xe .
J,
.
,
xe 10%
.
-
.
-

.
N2/R, N R
. R
.
 4.77 499

4.58: (A) . (B) .

. -
, , -
.
, -
.
, -
.

MPOL Mm.
J dm/dt = MPOL Mm
.
.
.
MPOL = (3p/Sn)RRI2POL
RR. ,

-
. ,
, .
RR, -
.
-
RR .
RR
.
, fk = fS = 50 Hz. -
500 4

, RR,
, fk 1 Hz. , -
4.59, -
. -
-
. -
. .
.
, , -
. , -
, -
. , fk = fS =
50 Hz, Xe = Lek. -
, , Xe
>> RR. , -
, -
. ,
fk 1 Hz, -
, Xe << RR. -
, -
.

4.59: .
(A) . (B)
.

, ,
, , -
, . -
 4.77 501

RR -
RR . -
,
.
-
. -
4.60.
.
. -
, -
.
, -
.

.
. -
,
. , -
, -
.

4.60: .

4.77.2

-
,
, ,
.
502 4

.
,
-
, -
. -
.

, .
4.58 B.
,

.
,
, dis(t)/dt.
us = Rsis + Ledis/dt + e.
dis/dt = (us Rsis e)/Le
.

.
,
.

.

.
.

.
5

.
,
.
-
. , -
-
.
. -

. ,
. ,
-
.
. -
,
.
-
, . -
,
, ,
.
k = S m, -
. ,
, .
.
.

.
.
504 5

5.1

,
. -
FS S = S /p -
S p.
S = FS/R, R.
S .
, -
. -
, R .
R m .
m = S, S R -
.
,
. m = S
-
.
(m = S) .

5.2

.
, . -
.
,
.
,
, .
. -
,
. -
. -
, ia(t) + ib(t) + ic(t) = 0,
-
, . -
, . ,
. -
-
.
 5.3 505

. ia, ib ic -
Fa, Fb Fc.
.
2/3.
FS -
Fa, Fb Fc .

5.1: .

5.3

, Fa,
Fb Fc 2/(3p), p -
.
2 -
.
S, 2/3,
S = S. -
-
(p > 1), S = S/p.
506 5

, s
2/3,
Fa = N s I m cos s t ,
(5.1)
2
Fb = N s I m cos(s t ) ,
3
4
Fc = N s I m cos(s t ) ,
3
Ns . -
FS. ,
, -
, S = s/p.

.

FS. , FS -
.
.
,
.

5.2:
.

. (p=1) -
2/3.
 5.3 507

Fa, Fb Fc ia(t), ib(t) ic(t),

. FS -
. FS
R S.
S NS.
,
. -
S, S -
NS, S = NSS .
-
, -
S(), .
, -
. -
S = (/4) NSS.

5.3:
.

S, -
.
508 5

-
. ,
.
. -
.

. ,

.

G
G Fs (5.2)
s =N ,
R
R N .

5.4

() . ,

.
. -
FS . -

.
, -

.
 5.4 509

5.4:
-
.
G G G
M R S
-

, -
, FS .

. ,
-
.
, Mem R iS |R| |iS| sin(),
.
,
, = /2.
.
510 5

-
,
ia, ib ic -
.
.
(5.1):
-
.
. -

?
(5.1):

. ,
.
-
. -

, -
, . , -
,
. -
.

.
,
-
. ,
,

. , , -
.
(5.2):
,
.
. -
?
(5.2):
,
.
 5.6 511

,
.
-
, (
), -
. , -
,
. ,
-
.
-
.

5.5

-
( ) -
. -
, -
. . -
. -
, ,
,
().
.

5.6

. .
, -
, -
.
512 5

5.5: .

.

. -
S, . -
.
, -
, -
. -
,
fS = 50 Hz. , -
-
.


. -

. ,
.
-
.
. ,
-
. -
, .

, . -
. -
 5.7 513

-
, .

5.7

.
B(H) -
Br. ,
F = Ni, ,
H .
, -
. -

, ,
.
,
.

5.6: (A) . (B) .

.
NP , -
iP. FR = NPiP
P = NPiP/Rm, P = NPP =
(NP2/Rm)iP = LPiP. ,
514 5

.
mR
.

iP. -
, , -
iP. -
,
. ,
, , -
.

5.8

, -
-
, . -
. -
, -
.
. -
, -
. -
, .
, -
.
, , -
, ,
. -
.
, -
.
.

, , -
, . -
, .
 5.9 515

5.7: (A) . (B) .

5.9

-
, 5.8.
, -
, -
, .
. , -
, , -
. -
.
. ,
,
.

. 5.8.
-
Hz kHz. -
, ,
. -
, .
-
516 5

. -
.
,
. -
, 100120 oC
.

5.8: -
. (A) . (B) -
. (C) . (D)
. (P) -
, -
. (S) .

5.10

, -
. ,
, -
.
 5.10 517

,
. , ,
.
,
. -
(surface mount) (interior magnet,
buried magnet).
.

. -
, 0,1 0,5
0,01
0,1.

5.9: (A)
. (B)
.

-
.
,
sPob,
.
(5.3):
-
nn = 2850 o/min 90%.
518 5

, , , -
.
(5.3):
, -
, -
. , -
, sPob = PFe2 + PCu2. -
, sPob -
. snomPnom, (3000-
2850)/3000 = 5% . ,
10% - 5% = 5% .
95%.

5.11

.
H, -
,
. BR,
H = 0, 1T. , -
. -
-
. ,
, -
, -
H, -
.
, .

(H > -Hc/2), (0, BR)
, . -
, ,
(0, BR) . , H -
Hc,
.
.
(0, BR). .
, B(H) , -
. H , -
 5.11 519

, H = -Hc/2.
.

5.10: .

5.11: .

BRHc,
.
. ,
, , -
H .
, -
, -
, , H
, .
BRHc , -
.
520 5

B(H) ,
. -
H ,
, -
, B = 0
H. ,
, B
H -
. , -
R
.

5.12

H B -
PM, 0
Fe -
.

5.12: .

, Ni =
HPMPM + H00 = 0. -
S, PM = 0 =Fe PM = 0 =Fe.
 5.13 521

H0 = B0/0= BPM/0, BPM HPM -

BPM = -0(PM/0)HPM. -
B(H) BPM =
-0(PM/0)HPM, -
H . B-H
, , -
H .
, HPM =
-BPM(0/PM)/0 ,
BR. , BPM =
-0(PM/0)HPM ,
B(H) , HPM
. BPM HPM -
.

5.13

. -
0, -
PM, -
.

5.13: -
. (A) . (B) -
.
522 5

mR -
, LS iS -
, . LS
= N2/R R, , Fe
,
2 (5.3)
R = .
0 S
0,

.
= 0 + PM (5.4)
0 ( ) -
PM. -
.
, 1%, -
-
, 10% 70%.
XS =
SLS. -
,
-
I. E
fPWM = 1/T 10-20 kHz, -
, . -
-
I ET/(4LS).
LS, -
, -
, fPWM > 10 kHz.
-
. -
,
.

. =0+PM -
0. -
, -
. , -
10% 70%.
 5.14 523

5.14:
.

5.14

.
dia/dt = (ua - ea)/LS -
dia/dt 7000 Inom/s,
Mem = k |RmiS|. -
100-200 s. -

, ,
, -
.

. -
, -
jSS . S = Rm + LSiS
S(S) = nom(nom/S). -
LS 1%,
,
.
524 5

, -
, -
.
,

. -
.

5.15

, -
- .

.

, .
,
f = 50 Hz,

. ,
.
-
, , -
. ,
. -

.
, -
-
. -
.
.

. , -
,
.

,
.
 5.16 525

,

.
, , -
, -
.
N ,
,

.

5.16

5.15: .
526 5

.
5, 9, 17 ,
.

ia = I m cos S t , (5.5)
ib = I m cos( S t 2 / 3),
ic = I m cos( S t 4 / 3).

FS = Fa+Fb+Fc. , -
, S =S/p,
, FS = 3/2 NIm.
FS ,
, - -
,
a. 0 0.
a0 = 0, b0 = -2 0 +
0 (3)0,5/2 c0 = -2 0 - 0 (3)0,5/2.
G G
Fa = Nia 0 , (5.6)
G 1 G 3 G
Fb = Nib ( 0 + 0 ),
2 2
G 1 G 3 G
Fc = Nic ( 0 0 ).
2 2

G G G G 3 G
[ G
Fs = Fa + Fb + Fc = NI m 0 cos S t + 0 sin S t
2
] (5.7)

.
. ia + ib + ic
= 0, (
).
c (-ia - ib). ,
2/3 /2, -
, -
. -
.
, 0 0, -
 5.17 527

. , i i, -

.

5.17

FS,
.
, -

0 0. -
F = Ni, FS . -
, S S .
.
,
-
FS. -
- -
, Nabc = N.
FS
i(t) = ia(t) ib(t)/2 ic(t)/2 = 3/2 Imcosst, i(t) = (30,5/2) x (ib(t) ic(t))
= 3/2 Imsinst.
50%
.

5.16: .
528 5

, -

(5.8)
1 1 ia
i 1
= KI 2 2
ib
i 3 3 ic
0
2 2

5.18 3/2

,
. -
, -
.
(5.8) .
KI -
. , -
FS -
N = mNabc .
i(t) i(t)
KI = 1/m.
(3/2)/m.
,
, .
.
(5.9)
1 1 ua
u 1
= KU 2 2
ub
u 3 3 uc
0
2 2

(5.10)
1 1 a
1
2 2
= K b
3 3 c
0
2 2
 5.18 3/2 529

KU, KI K ,
3/2 -
, ,
-
. , 3/2 -
.
(5.4):
N = mNabc -
Fs
, ,

abc , ,
(KU = KI =K) ?
(5.4):
FS -

. u = m uabc.
FS
i = (3/2)x (iabc/m).
uabc/ iabc u /i
u m u abc 2m 2 u abc u abc
= = =
i (3 / 2)(iabc / m ) 3 i abc i abc
3 2
m= K U = K I = K =
2 3

(3/2)0,5 . ,
-
, , ,
3/2 KU =KI =K=
(2/3)0,5. -
, (3/2)0,5 ,
. -
.
3/2
.
K= (2/3)0,5 -
, , . ,
530 5

. ,
K= (2/3)0,5 .
(3/2)0,5
abc . (3/2)0,5 -

3/2 .
-
, , -
. 3/2
KU = KI =K= 2/3. 3/2 -
KI = 1, 50%
. ,
abc ,
K = 2/3. .
K = 2/3 -
. -
abc ,
. -
, , -
Pabc P. , -
-
Pabc = (3/2) P.

. , -
-
-
3/2 . K = 2/3
-
.
, N = (3/2)Nabc, -
FS. S = FS/R -

. u =
(3/2) uabc, -
.
3/2 K = 2/3 -
, ,
-
 5.19 531

. -
Pabc = (3/2) P.
, -
3/2 , -
K = 2/3.
, p = 1,
.

5.19

-
5.17.

d d d (5.11)
us = Rsis + s , us = Rsis + s , u p = R pi p + p .
dt dt dt

5.17: .

us us
, up . s, s p
s, s .
532 5

is, is ip .
, s
m = mt, -
.

s Ls 0 Lm cos m is (5.12)

s = 0 Ls Lm sin m is
p Lm cos m Lm sin m L p i pR

, s = LS is + Lmcos(m)ip. -

-
, e .

u s = R s i s +
d
(LS is + Lm cos( m )i p ) =
dt
d d
= R s i s + L S is + Lm cos( m ) i p m L m i p sin ( m )
dt dt
, -
is is ,
-
. -
,
.

5.20

S-S
, ,
.
-
,
.
,
,
, , .
S-
S (-
 5.20 533

, , ) S S. , -
, ,
, ,
. -
.
,
-
.
-
(S S) , dq
d
. ,
, . -
, dq -
.
-
, .

5.18:
.

,
FS, -
. -
. , -
534 5

-
FS.
, -
. dq -
d .
, , -
d
,
.
d q,
id iq iS = FS/NS
. ,
S-S -
d-q , -
.
d q ,
S-
S d-q ,
. d-q -
, .

5.21

dq
. d , -
Ld-p Lm, -
Lq-p q . , -
d q , -
, 33, 5 .
LS, Lp Lm .

d Ls 0 Lm id (5.13)

q = 0 Ls 0 iq
p Lm 0 L p i pR

id iq ,
FS . ,
id = iscos(m) +
issin(m) iq = -issin(m) + iscos(m).
 5.21 535

5.15. ,
. -
,
dq .

5.19:
.

d S
t (5.14)
dq = dq (0) + m d ,
0

id cos m sin m is (5.15)
i =
q sin m cos m is
, m
m.
p = 2 , 5.18 5.19
. 2
2/p. 5.18 5.19
, m
(5.14) m = pm.
536 5

5.22

, -
,
, -
, idq = id + jiq, is = is + jis. ej = cos() + jsin(),
dq
idq = e -j is. -
dq -
.
us = us + jus,
.
d d (5.16)
us = Rs is + s , u s = Rs is + s
dt dt
d
u s = Rs is + s
dt
dq

, .
i dq = id + jiq = e j m (is + jis ) (5.17)

, dq -

u dq = e jm u s , (5.18)

dq = e j s .
m

5.23

dq
,
( )
u dq = u d + ju q = u S e j m = RS i S + d S /d t e jm . (5.19)
 5.23 537

iS S -
dq ,
iS = idq exp(-m)
( ( ) )
u dq = RS i dq e + jm + d dq e + jm /d t e jm = (5.20)

= RS i dq + d dq /d t + j m dq

m = pm. , dq
u = Ri + d/dt,
. m
, . -
m =m .
(p>1),
pm =m. p>1, m,
, p -
. , -

d
u s = Rs is +
dt s

d
u dq = e j m Rs i s + s = e j m Rs e j m i dq +
dt dt
(
d j m
)
e dq ,

dq -
,
d (5.21)
u dq = Rs i dq + + jm dq .
dt dq
(5.21) .
.

Re{u dq } ud = Rs id +
d
d m q
dt
Im{u dq }
d
uq = Rs iq + q + m d
dt
,
,
538 5

d (5.22)
ud = Rs id + d m q ,
dt
d
uq = Rs iq + q + m d
dt
,
.
, , d
.
.
d (5.23)
u p = R pi p + p
dt

5.24

, .
.
, -
. , -
, -
. , ,
, .
-
, R . -
. -
N2/R, d q
Ld = Lq = LS. -
d q, .
, , Ld Lq.
, ,
.
.
 5.24 539

5.20: dq .

dq
d d (5.24)
u d = Rs id + m q ,
dt
d q
u q = R s iq + + m d ,
dt
d p
u p = R pi p + ,
dt
,

d = L*s id + Lmi p (5.25)

q = L*s iq (5.26)

p = L p i p + Lmid (5.27)
540 5

LS* (5.25) Ld LS*

(5.26) Lq
Ld Lq. p = Lpip + Lmid. -
Lp , Lm
-
d. Lm -

. -

. -
, ,
, d -
d = Lsid + Lmip, q q = Lsiq.

5.25

-
.
Pe = (3/2) (udid + uqiq), -
, -
,
(5.28)
3
Pe =(ud id + uqiq ) =
2
3 d d d q 3
= Rs (id2 + iq2 ) + id + m ( d iq q id ) =
3
+ iq
2 2 dt d t 2
d Wm
= PCu1 + + Pem .
dt
-
. ,
,
. dWm/dt
.
, , dWm/dt
. , Pem = (3/2)S (d iq -q id) -
-
. S -
pm = m, -
 5.26 541

. dq d q
, (5.24) (5.28) m
.
Pem -
. , ,
Pem , -
PmR = Pem. , -
Rpip2. , , -
, upip = Rpip2.
PmR = Pem.

Mem
m = m/p.

M em =
PmR P
= p em =
3p
( i qid ) (5.29)
m m 2 d q
d = Ldid + Lmip, q =
Lqiq. -
, Ld = Lq = Ls.
,

M em =
3p
( d iq qid )= 3 p Lmi piq = 3 p (Lmi p )iq = 3 p Rmiq (5.30)
2 2 2 2
Rm = Lmip
.
, Rm
.
,
.

5.26

d q , -
Ld Lq. , -
, ,
, -
Ld Lq. -
542 5

,
Ld Lq . -
.
d d = Ldid + Lmip,
q q = Lqiq.
q . , -
Ld Lq , Ld =Lq= Ls.
5.21
d q . , -
, .
.
, q , -
.
q , -
.
L N2/R, Rd < Rq Ld > Lq.
5.21 -
. -
d ,
d .
q , Rd > Rq Ld < Lq.

5.21: (A)
d q . (B) .
 5.27 543

d = Ld id + Lmi p (5.31)

q = Lq iq
p = L p i p + Lmid

5.27

d- q-
3p
M em = ( d iq qid )= (5.32)
2
3p
= Rmiq +
3p
(Ld Lq )id iq .
2 2
,
. -
, -
, . -
.
-
.
, -
d-
q-, .
(5.5):

. Im.
.
.
(5.5):
id iq.
, -
id = Imcos() iq = Imsin(), -
d.
M em =
3p
(Ld Lq )I m2 cos sin = 3 p (Ld Lq )I m2 sin 2 .
2 4
544 5

= /4, id = iq =
Im/20,5, (3p/4)(Ld - Lq)Im2.

5.28

-
, -
, .
.
. -
-
5.22. -
.
, -
. , ,
,
, ,
-
.
-
.

-
, -
.
.
, -
E0 = mRm. -
, -
IKS E0/XS = Rm/LS.
,
.

. , ,
Rmiq,
, id iq.
 5.28 545

5.22: .

M em =
3p
(Ld Lq )id iq (5.33)
2
Mem/IS -

Mem/IS .
, -
. -
-
.
Mem/IS,

. , -
id iq . -
Mem idiq -
. idiq -
id iq, -
.
. -

.
/4, id = iq.
546 5

5.23: (A) id - iq . (B)

, dq .

5.29

-

, , , -
. , -

.

() , , -
. ,
.

.
-
.

5.30

-
. , -
 5.30 547

dq -
, ,
. ,
udq, idq dq ,
us, is s. .
.
-
. us =
(ud2+ uq2)0,5 us K -
3/2 . K=2/3, us
. ,

.
,
i p = const. = I p
Lm I p = Rm .
, Rm -
.
, m = S. S,
S, , S = S/p,
m = S = S/p = m/p. -
d , -
. , dq
m. -
= p,
m = pm.
S = m.

di d
u d = Rs id + Ls S Ls iq = Rs id S Ls iq
dt
di q
u q = Rs iq + Ls + S Ls id + S Rm = Rs iq + S Ls id + S Rm .
dt

u d = Rs id S Ls iq
ju q = jRs iq + j S Ls id + j S Rm ,
548 5

u s = RS i s + j S s = RS i s + j S Ls i s + j S Rm , (5.34)

u s = u d + ju q , i s = id + jiq .
Rm = Lmip -
. , , Rm
-
. d ,
Rm ,
. , , Rm ,
Rm = Rm +j0.

5.31

, (5.34)
U s = RS I s + j S s = RS I s + j S Ls I s + j S Rm . (5.35)

,
5.24, RS, LS
E0.

5.24: .

E0 = jmRm .
E0 -
 5.32 549

. ,

, XS = SLS RS.

Ld = Lq = LS.
US , US = Ud
+ jUq. , -
-
.
, () IS
.
, US -
. -
IS,
5.24.

5.32

-
. -
ua(t), ub(t) uc(t),
K = 2/3, -
Ud + jUq |US |
, Ueff 20,5. -

, |E0| -
. Rm ,
-
. S = LSIS + Rm |S |
. ,
Pe = (3/2)US IS*, -
PCu1 = (3/2)RSIS2. -
Pem =Pe PCu1 = (3/2) E0 IS*. Rm
d , ,
E0 = jmRm q, -
d + jq . E0 IS*
mRmIq, Pem = (3/2) mRmIq. -
Pem S = S/p.
550 5

Pem 3 p 3p (5.36)
M em = = m Rm I q = Rm I q
S 2S 2
-

.
.
US |US |
Ueff. |E0|
. Rm
20,5
. |S| = |LSIS +Rm|
20,5.
Pe = 3US IS*,
PCu1 = 3RSIS2,
Pem =Pe PCu1 = 3 E0 IS* = 3mRmIq.

Pem 3 p (5.37)
M em = = m Rm I q = 3 p Rm I q
S S

(5.6):
LS ,
RS , ,
Rm.
, fS = 50 Hz,
USn.
.
.
(5.6):
-
. IS = (US E0)/jXS,
E0 = jSRm. -
, d,
+/2.

U S = U Sn sin + jU Sn cos ,
U E 0 U Sn sin + jU Sn cos j S Rm
IS = S = =
jXS jXS
 5.33 551

U Sn cos S Rm U sin
= + j Sn .
XS XS

U Sn ( S Rm ) U (U S Rm cos( ))
sin ( ) + j3 Sn Sn
*
S = 3U S I S = 3 = Pe + jQe
XS XS
Pe = 3USnE0sin()/XS.

5.33

-
, . -
-
. 5.25 -
. d -
1. q -
. -
d , Rm
, Rm = Rm.
Rm
. E0 = jmRm -
. US -
ZS = RS + jmLS.
IS, -
/2. -
E0 . -

1
. , -
, . , -

d .
.
552 5

*
S = 3U S I S = (5.38)

U Sn ( S Rm ) U (U S Rm cos( ))
=3 sin ( ) + j3 Sn Sn =
XS XS
= Pe + jQe
Pe
U Sn E0 (5.39)
Pe = 3 sin ( ) .
XS
. ,
,
.
< 0, ,
, -
.

5.25: .

, -
, , S = m =
pm.
S = S/p m =
 5.33 553

m/p.
. -
, -
. , -
US, .
(5.7):

5.25,
3/2.
(5.7):
(* * *)
(5.8):
-
.
, , US = E0, .
t = 0, Mm
. . p =
1, m = m S = S.
(5.8):
, ,
US
E0 . = 0 US = E0,
. -
, J
dm/dt = Mem Mm = 0 Mm < 0. , -
US .
US E0, .
Pe Mem -
Mm . -
, Mem Mm,
dm/dt . -
,
-
. d/dt = S m -
.
, (d/dt =0), -
S = m.
***
554 5

,
. E0 -
. (E0, ) -
E0sin() . , -
, . -

, .
, -
(-
) .
.

"" . -
, -
.
(5.38),

U Sn (U Sn E0 cos( )) (5.40)
Qe = 3 .
XS
Ip, E0 =
mLmIp . Qe
, ,
. ,
-
,
. , ,
, .
-
. -
. -

S2 = P2 + Q2,

.
,
.
-

.
 5.34 555

5.34

d- q-. -
US = E0 + ZSIS = E0 + (RS + jmLS)IS
.

.
Ud = RSId mLqIq, Uq = E0 + RSIq + mLdId. LdId
LqIq Xd Xq, .

5.26: (m = S).

, -
m = pm -
S. d q
U d = U s sin = Rs id S Lq iq , (5.41)
U q = +U s cos = Rs iq + S Ld id + S Rm .
, Rm = LmIP
.
556 5

,
Rm .
.
U s sin U s sin (5.42)
iq = + =
S Lq Xq
U s cos S Rm U s cos E0
id = =
S Ld Xd
, ,
5.26.

5.35

5.26,
US = Ud + jUq -US sin()+jUS cos(),
US = |US|. (5.41)
id iq.
. (5.42),
U s sin U cos E0
iq = , id = s .
Xq Xd

, Pe =
Re(3USIS*) = 3(UdId + UqIq). RS 0,
, -
Pe S = S/p.
Pe (5.43)
M em = =
S
3p U cos( ) E0 U sin ( )
= U S sin ( ) S + U S cos( ) S

=

S X d X q
3 p U S E0 sin ( ) 3 p U S2 1 1
= + sin (2 ) = M P + M R
S Xd S 2 X q X d
 5.36 557

MP
.

3 p U S E0 sin ( ) (5.44)
MP =
S Xd
MR .

.

3 p U S2 1 1 (5.45)
MR = sin (2 )
S 2 X q X d

5.36

5.27.
/2.
. -
,
.
, Xd = Xq = XS.
=
/2.
3 p U S E0 (5.46)
M em _ max =
S X d
558 5

5.27: .

5.37

Mem(m) -
, -
. -
-
. -
. Mem(), -
Mem(m) -
Mem .
-
, m -
S. , Mem(m) -
m= S.
Mem_max =
3pUSE0/(SXS).
5.28.
 5.38 559

5.28: .

5.38

, -
fS = 50 Hz 60 Hz,
-
. ,
.
.
, .
, , -
.
,
.
.
,
,

.
, ,
. ,
560 5

. -
, -
-
. ,
-
.
.
.
-

.
.
, -
, .

5.39

6 kV
25 kV MW. -

MT. MT ,
J dm /dt = Mem+MT.
dm /dt = 0, Mem -
Mem = -MT, Pe
= Memm. , ,
.
, E0 ,
. Pe

U Sn E0 (5.47)
Pe = 3 sin ( ) = PG ,
XS
PG . -
, d/dt = S pm -
, S/p.

, -
.
 5.39 561

. -
.
, MT
. Mem0 = -MT0,
MT1 = MT0 + M
Jdm /dt = Mem+MT = M.
.
E0 ,
US ,
. ,
, .
PG = -Pe = -3(USnE0/XS)sin() , -
Mem = -MT1.

,
, PG
,
Mem. J dm /dt = Mem+MT = M .
, , -
.

, -
.

(5.9):
,

.
(5.9):
(* * *)

US.
, .
d/dt=Spm, -
=0. , PG= -3(USnE0/XS) sin()
, .
562 5

,
(P-f),
.

PG = -3(USnE0/XS)sin()
.
E0sin(), E0
. ,
, .

( ).


U Sn (U Sn E0 cos( )) (5.48)
Qe = 3 .
XS
Ip, E0 =
mLmIp ,
Qe . ,
. -
. -
, -
. -
-
, .
,

, -
.
, -
(U-Q), -
.

, -
, -
. , , -
.
 5.39 563

. -
,
US 0. 2 -
d/dt = S m = S pm. -
,
,
. -

US, E0 .

5.29: .

5.29. , ,
. -
Mm, ,
d/dt = S pm .
. -
, Mem = Mm.
, ,
,

2
.
,
/p, p .
564 5

d/dt = S pm.
Eo .
, -
, .
, -
sin() -
Mem k. ,
. -
J dm/dt = MemMm = 0.
, m=S. O -

-
. ,
, p = 1,
(m, S) -
(m, S). J dm/dt =
MemMm. ,
d (5.49)
= s pm = s m ,
dt

dm dm (5.50)
J =J = M em M m ,
dt dt

d2 (5.51)
J = M em ( ) + M m .
dt2
,
. dq
,
, Ud Uq
dq . , ,
d- q-,
. , d q
.
,
Mem k,
.
 5.41 565

5.40

-
.
. , -
-
-
.
, -
-
= L/R, L R -
. , -
, -
= L/R -
. , -
.
. -

. -
. -
-
, -
. ,
-
Mem k.

5.41

d/dt = S m
d2/dt2 = dS/dt - dm/dt.
S , dm/dt = -d2/dt2. ,

d2 (5.52)
J = k + M m .
dt2
, -
,
566 5

f(t) F(s). -
Mm(t) t = 0
Mm(0-) = 0 Mm(0+) = Mm, -
((0)=0, d/dt(0)=0), -

, s -

d 2 (t )
J + k (t ) = M m
dt 2
Mm 1 Mm M
Js 2 (s ) + k (s ) = (s ) = = W (s ) m
s Js + k s
2
s
Mm/s
. W(s) -
,
,
, (s) , ,
. f(s) =
Js2+k, .
, f(s) = 0, -
.
. f(s)=(s-s1)
( s-s2), s1 s2, -
exp(s1t) exp(s1t). -
f(s) = Js2+k s1/2 = j (k/J)0,5 = j o. -
, (t) exp( jot), -
, sinot / cosot. , -
-
.
-
.
, -
LC
t = 0 E.
ZC = 1/(sC) ZL = sL, . -
(E/s) ZC/(ZC+ZL) = (E/s) /(1+LCs2).
LC .
LC o, -
1+LCs2 = 0, s1/2 = j(LC)-0,5. LC , -
W(s) -
f(s) = Js2+k, o = (k/J)0,5.
 5.41 567

, (s)
Js 2 ( s ) + k ( s ) = M m ( s ) ,

k
f (s ) = s 2 + ,
J
5.30.

5.30: .

, .
5.30, M = 0 = Mm
Mem -
Mem = 0 Mem = 2Mm. -

.

M em (t ) M m
M em (t ) = M m (1 cos 0 t ), (t ) = = (1 cos 0 t ).
k k
d/dt = S m = (Mm/k) 0 sin0t
. , -
m S. -
. -
= /2,

Mmax= Mem(/2), -
568 5

, -
. = kt = (S -m)t ,
Mem sin(kt) .
Mm.
,

J dm/dt = Mem Mm. Mm < 0
, Mem
< 0 . ,
E0 US,
0 > > -/2,
. , -
, /2.
, Mem(t) -
.
,
. ,
.

5.42 LC

LC . ,
RLC , t = 0, E.
0 = n(1- 2)0,5,
RLC .

5.31: LC .
 5.42 LC 569

R ,
, 0 = n = (LC)-0,5,
C
uC (t ) = E (1 cos(0 t )) .
R > 0, f(s) = 0
s1/2 = - n j0 n = 1/ = R/(2L).
uC(t) exp(s1t),
exp(-nt) = exp(-t/).
RLC
f (s ) = s 2 + 2n s + n2 ,

s1/ 2 = n jn 1 2 = n j0 .

e s1t = e nt e + j0t .

UC(s) = (E/s)/(1+RCs+LCs2)

uC (t ) E E e nt cos(0t ) E e nt sin (0t ) .
0. -
. = 2L/R
e = 2,71 . -
T =
2(LC)0,5, . -
R ,
, .
s1/2 -
n, -

s1. < 1 .
, (), s1/2 s
,
, (B).
570 5

5.32:
.

1, -
,
uC (t ) K1 + K 2 e t / 1 + K 3 e t / 2 ,
1 = -1/s1 2 = -1/s2 -
s1/2, 1 -
.

5.33:
.
 5.44 571

5.43

-
f(s) = s2 + 2ns +n2 s.
, f(s) =
Js2+k -
. -
J dm/dt Mem = k,
.
d 2 (t )
J + k (t ) = M m f (s ) = Js 2 + k
dt 2
,

.
d 2 (t ) d (t )
J 2
+ kP + k (t ) = M m f (s ) = Js 2 + k P s + k
dt dt

Mm, -
Mm(t) = Mm0 - kP d/dt.
Mm -
.
,
Mem .
Mem=k + kP d/dt.
Mem = kP d/dt -
.
, -
. , -
,
. Mem = kP d/dt -
.

5.44

d/dt = S m, Mem = kP d/dt

S m. ,
572 5

S m. -
,
, S m .
, -

d/dt = S m = k.
, -
,
. -
, . , -
. -
, ,
. -
, ,
,
.
. , S m = k
, -
,
. ,

. , -
.

5.34:
.

-
.
, -
 5.45 573

.
, .
, S m = k 0,
.
-
. d/dt = k. -
, -
, Mem = kP d/dt.
.

5.45

-
, .
.
-
.
110 kV, 220 kV 400 kV
. ,
.

.
, .

, . ,
. -
, d-, q-, -
d- q-.
-

. . -
, -
.
-
, US = 0.
, US =
0, -

. , -

574 5

. , -

(US = 0)
.

. , -
RS , -
,
u dq = RS i dq + d dq /d t + j m dq (5.53)

u s = 0 = d dq /d t + j m dq

d- q- ,
,
dq .

. -
, ,
. -
, .
,
. , a ua = 0 =
RSia + da/dt. RSia, da/dt
= 0, a (0-)
. RS = 0,
. , -
, . -
,
(RS = 0)
.
,
m = S,
a. a . -
, a a (0-).
RSia, a a (0-)
. , a .
RSia,
. = LeS/RS,
 5.45 575

-
. -
- dq--

.
. -
, -
= LeS/RS , -

. -
, -
a
(0+)=b (0+)=c (0+)=0, d (0+)=q(0+)=0.

. d
=q = 0.
ISK.
-
.

, id(0-) iq(0-)
. -
.
.
ISK1 -
. ISK1
,
Ri .
ISK2 -
.
, ISK3
.

ISK1

ISK1 -
, iP(t) = IP. -
. ,
.
d =q = 0, , -
Lqiq = 0, Ldid + LmIP = 0. ISK1
576 5

(5.54), E0
. E0 -
IS = 0.
iq = 0, (5.54)
Lm I P L I L I E
id = = s m P = s m P = 0
Ld s Ld s Ld Xd
, ISK1 =
0,707 E0/Xd. ISK1 ,
.
3/2 -
(5.54).

ISK2

,
,
.

. -
UP = RPIP,
, . -
IP -
, iP(t)
. -
, .
UP = RPIP , -
dP/dt = 0. -
, -
, P = LPiP + Lmid
LPIP .
, . -
,
.
iP(t),
.
(dP/dt 0),
(5.55).
 5.45 577

Lq iq = 0, iq = 0, (5.55)
Lm
P = L P i P + Lm i d = P 0 = L P I P , iP = I P0 id ,
LP
L2m
d = Ld i d + Lm i P = 0 = Ld i d + Lm I P 0 id .
LP
id (5.56).
Lm I P 0 Lm I P 0 L I (5.56)
id = = = m ' P0
L 2
Ld LP Lm
2
Ld
Ld m
LP LP
L'd
d,
.
5.35, L'P = (NS/NP)2LP
, L'm =
(NS/NP)Lm .
, -
d Ld = Ld + L'm, Ld
.
L'P = L'P + L'm.

5.35:

.

, -
L'd
578 5

Ld (NS/NP)2 LP, -
.

X d Ld LP L2m (5.57)
Ld = = Ld + LP
s LP
L'd k
. L'd
Ld.
ISK2,
, (5.58).
ISK1 < ISK2.

Lm I P 0 2 Lm I P 0 2 E0 (5.58)
id = , I SK 2 = =
Ld 2 Ld 2 X d
, ISK2 > ISK1 -
ISK1,
. id
iP,
. -
,
UP = RPIP = RPiP + dP/dt, -
dP/dt = RP(IP-iP) < 0.
,
. -
, -
'
5.35.
R'P, , -
' (5.59).

1 L L (5.59)
= LP + d m
RP Ld + Lm

' T = 2/m
.
, ,
T. ' >> T -
, -
.
 5.45 579

-
.
, ISK2,
ISK1
.
'.
d . -
, q -
. d- q-, -
q-.

. q-
.
, d-.

ISK3

-
.
, -
,
. ,
, -
. d-, -
q-.

, , -
dq , d-. -
d , , -
d-.
d, P, -
d- K.
d- ,
L''d X''d
ISK3. L''d -
, -
.
5.36, L''d (5.60).
580 5

5.36:

.

1 1 1 L L (5.60)
Ld = Ld + + + Ld + P K
L L LK LP + LK
m P

5.46 L

, L''d
,
. -
ISK3,
(d(0-),P(0-),K(0-)) -
(d(0+),P(0+),K(0+)).
id(0-) = iq(0-)
=0, iP(0-) = IP0.
, -
, iK(0-) d- -
.
d-
 5.46 L 581

d Ld LdK Lm i d (5.61)
[ ] = K = LdK LK LPK i K = [LdPK ][idPK ] .
P Lm LPK LP i P
LdK d-
d-. LPK
d-,
Lm
. LK, Ld LP -
. -
iK(0-) = id(0-) =0 iP(0-) = IP0,
K(0-) = LPKIP0,P(0-) =
LPIP0 d(0-) = LmIP0. ,
.
-
. -
K(0+) = K(0-) P(0+) = P(0-). ,

. , -
, RS
,
. RS = 0, -
-
. , -

a(0), b (0), c(0) .

a(0+)=b(0+) =c(0+) = 0, d (0+)=q(0+)=0.
id(0+) (5.62).

( )
id 0 + ( )
d 0 + Ld LdK Lm 0
1 (5.62)

( ) + 1 +
( )

iK 0 = [LdPK ] K 0 = LdK LK LPK LPK I P 0 ,

( )
iP 0 +
( )
P 0 + Lm LPK LP LP I P 0

( )
id 0 + =
(
Lm LP LK L2PK ) I P0
Ld LK LP Ld L2PK LP L2dK + 2 LdK Lm LPK LK L2m
-
. , -
582 5

,
-
. -
, d-
, , L'm =
L'PK = L'dK, Ld = L'm + LS, L'K = L'm + L'K L'P = L'm + L'P.
L'PK, L'dK, L'K, L'K, L'P L'P
. -
, id(0+)

( )
id 0 + =
(
Lm L'P + L'K ) L I
I P 0 = ' 'm P 0
L I
= m P0 .
L P L K + Ld L K + Ld L P
' ' ' '
L P L K Ld
+ Ld
L P + L K
' '

ISK3, (5.63),

ISK2,
( (5.64)).

2 Lm I P 0 2 E0 (5.63)
I SK 3 = =
2 Ld 2 Ld

2 Lm I P 0 2 Lm I P 0 (5.64)
I SK 3 = > = I SK 2
2 L P L'K
'
2 L'P + LS
+ LS
L'P + L'K
-
.
L'e = L S + L'P
L''e = L S + L'PL'K/(L'P +L'K), -
. iK (t) . -
, . -
'', ,
L'Ke
iK (t). ''
5.36.
, R'K, ,
(5.65).
 5.47 e e 583

(5.65)
L 1 1 1 1
= d = Ld + + +

RK RK Lm LP LK
1 LP LK
Ld +
RK LP + LK

, ,
,
'' ''.

.

5.47 e e

, -
ISK3, -
L''d.
''.
35 '', ISK2. -
,
.

,
ISK2, -
L'd. -
'. 35 '', -
ISK1, -
-
IP0 = UP/RP, .

,
ISK1, -
584 5

-
Ld Lm.
.
, 1
, X''d = S L''d -
. 2 ,
X'd = S L'd . -
-
,
-
. -
-
.
, xd
0,8 2,0. x'd -
0,2 0,4, 0,1 0,2. -
' 1 2 s, -
'' 20 ms 50 ms.

5.48

-
, , -
. ,
. -
, -
-
.
-
.
. ,
,
UPIP = RPIP2, -
. ,
. , -
, -
.
, .
,

 5.49 585

, .
, -
2030 % .
,
sPob, -
.
, -
,
. -
-
. -
-
.
.
. -
.

.

5.49

/ , -
, .
() m -
*, Mem*
= *- m. -
J dm/dt = Mem Mm, Mm -
(), , Mem -
.
Mem* = Mem, ,
.

. -
, Rm, -
Mem = (3p/2)Rmiq. Mem/IS -

q- .
/2. .

. Mem*, -
586 5

d-
, iq = (2/(3p)) Mem*/Rm = K Mem*. , -

.
. -
.
, .

. -
.

5.50

5.37 -
.
.
iq . id -
.
d , id = 0
.
id iq .

5.37:
.
 5.51 587

. -
ia, ib ic. ,
-
. , -
. -
ia*, ib* ic* -
Mem* . -
-
-
.

5.51

.
, A, B C.
VDC = 2E, -
. -
, uA(t) +E,
uA(t) = -E.
T 100s,
tON, T-tON
. tON -
0 T.
ua(sr) = E(2tON - T)/T.
ia(t) -
. -
T ua(sr). -
,
, -
da/dt, .
-
,
. m = Lmis +Rm -
m, m . -
Rm , -
Lmis .
, T, -
m ,
m = Lmis +Rm is. -
, m
588 5

, , -

. f =
1/T 10 kHz,
. -
. -
, .
T
.
m,
m = 0 + pmt. a
mcos(m). a LSia, -
a = mcos(m) + LSia. -
ua = RSia + LS dia/dt - mmsin(m).
ea = - mmsin(m),
ua = LS dia/dt +. -

di a 1 (5.66)
= (ua ea ) = 1 ( E ea ) .
dt LS LS
E |ea|,
. ,
. -
, ia = ia*- ia . -
-
. ia > 0,
.
. , .
. , id = id*- id =
0- id iq = iq*- iq dq . -
ud uq
. ud uq -
-
-
. -
udq=ud+juq -
idq = id + jiq ,
.
,
 5.52 589

. .
.
, , -
.
ia*=ia, ib*=ib ic*=ic, -

.
-
. -
.

5.52

,
.
, E = VDC/2 |ea|
= |mmsin(m)|. id = 0,
d-
d = Rm + Ld id = Rm (5.67)

q- q = Lqiq. -

(0,01 0,05 ..), q- Rm. -
m
Rm + Lmid = Rm= nom. nom =
nom/p E/Rm/p = E/nom/p, -
. id = 0 -
, -
. , -
.
. -
mm ,
m -
. m(m)=nom(nom/m)=Rm(nom/m),

. Lqiq q-

. Rm >>
q m d , m d,
590 5

nom (5.68)
d (m ) = Rm = Rm nom .
m > nom
m m
m Rm + Ldid,
id,

Rm (5.69)
id ( m ) = 1 nom Rm 1 nom .
m nom
Lm m Ld m

5.38: id .

(5.10):

LS = 0,05.
.
(5.10):
,
id, -
, -
. iq = 0,

. , -
, id = -1 .. id(m) -
, (1- nom/m) = LS/Rm= LS/nom. -
,
nom/m = 1 0,05 = 0,95, m = 1,0526 nom.
 5.53 591

. -
. PCu2 = sPob, -
. , ,
-
-
. -
.

. -
. -
dia/dt = (ua - ea)/LS dia/dt
7000 Inom/s, Mem=
k |RmiS|.
100-200 s. -
, -
, -
, . -
, -
.

5.53

LSrel= 0,01 0,05 ..,

-
m [-nom..+nom]. -
M-
max(exp) = nom/(1- LSrel)
. , -
M = Mnom, Mnom
.

. -
,
, ,
, .
-
. -
Imaxrel = Imax/Inom 5 10.
592 5

, -
.
.
,
. -
. , . ,
BPM-HPM
, BPM = 0, HPM = HC < 0. -
HC -
,
.
-
Imaxrel.
-
max(tran)=nom/(1-ImaxrelLSrel).

5.39:
(m = m).

(5.11):
-
LS = 0,05. -
, -
Imaxrel = 5. .
 5.53 593

(5.11):
id(m) ,
(1- nom/m) = Imaxrel LS/Rm= Imaxrel LS/nom.
,
nom/m = 1 5 0,05 = 0,75, m =
1,33 nom.
, -
, -
. -
,
. ,

. -
, -
.
 595

[1] A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, Elektrine maine za naizmeninu i za jedno-

smernu struju, (1962), Nauna Knjiga (prevod)
[2] P. L. Alger, Induction Machines, (1965), Gordon and Breach, New York
[3] B. J. Chalmers, Electric Motor Handbook, (1988), Butterworth, London
[4] , , (1985),

[5] , ,
[6] P. Krause, Analysis of Electrical Machines
[7] , , (1986),

[8 ] J. D. Edwards, Electrical Machines: Introduction to Principles and Charac-
teristics, Intertext Books
[9 ] G.R. Slemon, A. Straughen, Electrical Machines. Addison Wesley
[10] , , (1987),

[11] Slobodan N. Vukosavi, Digital Control of Electrical Drives, Springer, New
York, 2007.
[12] Theodor Wildie, Electrical machines, drives and power systems
[13] Samuel Seeley, Electromechanical Energy Conversion, McGraw Hill
[14] D. Brown, E.P. Hamilton, Electromechanical Energy Conversion, McMillan