Tc gi: Nguyn Lng Bch

Nh xut bn: Qun i Nhn dn

Nm xut bn: 1977

nh cho di tc.
nh cho en rng.
nh cho n chch lun bt phn.
nh cho n phin gip bt hon.
nh cho s tri Nam quc anh hng chi hu ch

LI GII THIU
Nguyn Hu l mt thin ti qun s, mt anh hng ca dn tc.
Khi ngha Ty Sn l mt cuc chin tranh nng dn chng ch ng tr
h khc ca phong kin Trnh - Nguyn, ng thi cng l cuc chin tranh gii
phng bo v nn c lp ca dn tc ta, bo v s thng nht ca t nc ta.
Cuc khi ngha Ty Sn gp mt phn ln lao vo lch s v cng ca dn
tc ta, v ng gp nhiu kinh nghim phong ph vo lch s u tranh gii
phng dn tc, lm giu thm cho kho tng l lun u tranh v trang ca nhn dn
ta.
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 Cuc khi ngha Ty Sn m linh hn l v anh hng dn tc Nguyn Hu l
biu hin c th ca tinh thn anh hng qut cng bt khut, ti thao lc tr dng
ca dn tc ta. Cun sch ny ni ln c iu ng thi cng gii thiu
c nhng kinh nghim u tranh v trang qu bu ca dn tc ta cho chng ta
hc tp v vn dng mt cch thng li vo cng cuc u tranh nh bi quc
M v bn tay sai hin nay.
ng nh ci tn ca n, cun sch i su vo vic trnh by v phn tch
nhng vn qun s ca ngha qun Ty Sn v ca Nquyn Hu. Cun sch
trnh by c tng i t m din bin ca cuc chin tranh v ca tng trn nh.
Ti liu c su tm tng i y , gip cho ngi c hiu c r rng hn,
c cn c hn v tnh hnh qun s thi .
iu ng ch l ngi vit khng nhng ch trnh by din bin, m cn tn
ln mt bc na phn tch c nhng s vic xy ra. Do phn tch t m v nm
c mt qun s ngi vit nu ra c mt s nguyn tc v qun s, qua
ngi xem nhn thc c r v su hn v cc vn chin lc, chin thut ca
ngha qun Ty Sn v ti ch huy bn lnh qun s cao cng ca Nguyn Hu.
Mun tm hiu ngh thut qun s ca ngha qun Ty Sn v thin ti qlun s
ca Nguyn Hu, cn cn c vo iu kin x hi ca nc Vit Nam lc by gi,
tnh cht ca hot ng qun s ca thi i , v tnh hnh lc lng so snh gia
cc tp on qun s i lp hi .
Do iu kin chnh tr thi by gi, x hi Vit Nam b chia ct thnh hai min
Nam Bc do hai tp on phong kin Trnh Nguyn thng tr v u tranh lin tc
vi nhau.
Do m tnh hnh kinh t rt kh khn, b ngng tr, x hi khng pht trin,
nhn dn b p bc bc lt nng n, i sng v cng cc kh. l iu kin x
hi, iu kin khch quan ca cuc khi ngha Ty Sn.
Ngha qun l nhng ngi nng dn b p bc vn mnh ni dy vi kh th
bng bng ca mt tinh thn quyt t chin u gii phng cho mnh.
i qun c s tham gia v ng h ca ng o cc tng lp nhn
dn khc.
l nhng c s to nn sc mnh ca ngha qun.
V pha qun th th lc lng thng tr b chia r v c nhiu mu thun, xung
t vi nhau.
Ni b ca tng tp on phong kin thng tr cng lun lun lc c, tranh
ginh quyn li, a v, v vt bc lt nhn dn; cc mt chnh tr, qun s, kinh t
khng c xy dng, cng c.
Nhn dn v qun lnh u chn ght v cm th chng.
l ci yu c bn ca bn thng tr.
Trn y l nhng iu kin khch quan cho vic ra ng li chnh tr v
qun s ca ngha qun.
V ch quan, b ch huy ngha qun bit cn c vo iu kin thc t gia
ch v ta m ra c ng li chnh tr v qun s ng n v bit ch o
thc hin mt cch kho lo v thnh cng.

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 Nguyn Hu, ngi lnh t xut sc ca ngha qun, bit li dng v pht
huy nhng ch mnh ca mnh v li dng ch yu ca ch lnh o cuc chin
tranh gii phng v ch huy cc trn nh mt cch ti gii.
Trong lch s chin tranh gii phng dn tc ca nhn dn ta, ty iu kin lch
s c th khc nhau m mi cuc chin tranh u c nhng im chung ging nhau
v cng c nhng im ring khc nhau.
Nhng im chung ging nhau l chnh ngha thng phi ngha, yu thng mnh,
t thng nhiu v da vo sc mnh on kt ca ton dn, v,v.
Cn nhng im khc nhau th thng l v phng php tin hnh chin tranh.
L Thng Kit ly tin cng trc, nh ph u ph tan m mu xm
lc ca ch.
Trn Hng o th d ch vo su ri phn cng tiu dit chng.
L Li th nh t nh n ln, dng k lu di ginh ly thin h.
Nguyn Hu th tin nhanh nh mnh, dng n bt ng p o chin
thng qun ch.
Tht l mi ngi mi v mi phn vn mi.
Nguyn Hu sng to pht trin thm mt li nh mi.
n thi i Nguyn Hu th ngh thut qun s ca dn tc ta c giu c
thm v cng c ton vn hn.
Ngha qun Ty Sn cng tin hnh mt cuc chin tranh chnh ngha thng phi
ngha, yu thng mnh, t thng nhiu, nh lu di, nh t kh n ln, v,v... nh
nhng cuc chin tranh gii phng khc ca nhn dn ta, nhng trong iu kin lch
s c th lc , tinh thn chin u ca qun i cng nh kh th cch mng ca
qun chng rt cao, trong khi k ch l cc tp on phong kin thng tr trong
nc ang h bi, yu ui v mu thun, lc c vi nhau.
Trong iu kin nh th, vn yu thng mnh, nh t nh n ln cng c
nhng im khc; c nhng ch khng ging nh ngha qun Lam sn.
Nguyn Hu pht huy c ci tinh thn qut khi ca mt i ngha qun.
Ngha qun Ty Sn pht huy c th tn cng lin tc, vn ln mt cch
nhanh mnh, nh nhng n mnh m, lm cho lc lng ln ln khng ngng v
nhanh chng.
iu khc vi ngha qun Lam Sn, lc u phi chng chi vi mt qun
th ln mnh hn mnh gp bi, nn phi tri qua mt thi k u chin u gian
kh, mt thi k phng ng lu di, ri mi tin ln ginh th tin cng c.
Cn v nh lu di, th ngha qun Ty Sn cng c im khc vi ngha qun
Lam Sn.
T khi bt u khi ngha nm 1771 cho n nm 1789 nh tan qun xm lc
nh Thanh, ngha qun Ty Sn phi tri qua 18 nm tri mi ginh c thng li.
Nhng cho n khi Nguyn Hu mt nm 1792, bn phn ng i ch vn cn c
c s trong nc chng li phong tro v tin ti ph hoi phong tro.
Cn ngha qun Lam Sn bt u ni dy t nm 1418 cho n nm 1427, tiu
dit c o qun ca Liu Thng, th gii phng c t nc. Nh th l mt 10
nm tri.
Hai th lu di u c iu kin khch quan v ch quan khc nhau.
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 Ty Sn nh vi cc tp on phong kin thng tr trong nc, c nhiu b
ng, th lc khc nhau. Mi lnh t phong kin, t trng nm lc lng mt vng,
gi quyn li mt vng.
Vic thng nht on kt ton dn y cng c ch khc nhau vi vic thng
nht, on kt ton dn khi chng bn xm lc nc ngoi.
Ngoi ra, mt s tn phong kin v s li i cu kt vi cc th lc phn ng
nc ngoi. Do m chng cng c mt ch da nht nh chng li ngha
qun.
V pha ch quan ca ngha qun, cc lnh t Ty Sn c mt ng li,
chnh sch on kt, tp hp cn b ng n cha? chnh sch c lp k th u s,
trung lp cc phn t lng khng, li ko cc phn t trung gian, v,v, nh th no?
cn l vn cn nghin cu thm. Nhng y chng ta cng thy vn
thng nht t nc v vic gii quyt nn ct c ca cc tp on phong kin thi
Ty Sn cng c nhng im khc nhau vi nhng vn y thi 12 s qun ct
c.
Nghin cu cc iu kin trn y, chng ta c th hnh dung c phn no
mt s im khc nhau v nh lu di, yu nh mnh, t nh nhiu, nh t nh
n ln gia ngha qun Ty Sn vi mt s cuc chin tranh gii phng khc.
Vi nhng c im ca cuc khi ngha, vi s trng ti nng ch huy ca
Nguyn Hu, ngh thut qun s ca ngha qun Ty Sn cng c nhng im c
o.
T tng qun s ca Nguyn Hu c tnh tch cc v kin quyt. Ngh thut
tc chin ca ng l tin nhanh nh mnh, dng th bt ng nh n quyt nh.
Cch nh ca ng l nh tp trung, i chi mt gip mt, vi kiu t kch
nhiu mt, kt hp t ph trc mt vi bao vy vu hi.
l im ni bt v cng l s trng qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Mi mt
cuc hnh binh, mi mt trn nh trong thi k u ca cuc khi ngha cho n
thi k cui ca cuc chin tranh gii phng, Nguyn Hu u tp trung lc lng
nh thng vo tp on ch yu ca ch, dn qun ra mt i mt vi ch.
Th trn ca ng do s dng ti tnh i hnh trung qun, v t, hu qun m
hnh thnh. ng thng dng i ch qun, do ch tng ch huy, nh thng vo
mt chnh trn a ca ch.
Ngoi o ch qun ra, cn c cc mi nh vo cc hng khc nhau ca trn
a ch, hnh thnh th bao vy vu hi.
Trong cc mi ny c mt mi him nh vo ch quan trng trong tp on
ch yu ca ch, kt hp vi cc mi khc v tc dng vi mi ch qun to thnh
thng li quyt nh cho trn nh.
Trong trn nh qun Trnh Ph Xun v trn i ph qun Thanh Thng
Long, cch nh ny c th hin tng i r nt.
Trong trn Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu thn t ch huy o ch qun nh theo
ng b, vt qua phng tuyn ca qun Trnh o Hi Vn, ri tin nh thnh
Ph Xun.
Mi th hai l mi quan trng i theo ng bin nh vo Ph Xun. Mi th
ba l mi vu hi i theo ng bin nh vo phng tuyn sng Gianh.
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 Trong trn i ph qun Thanh Thng Long, Nguyn Hu t ch huy o ch
qun, theo ng s 1, nh vo mt chnh H Hi, Ngc Hi ri tin vo Thng
Long.
Mi th hai l mi quan trng c tnh cht bao vy nh vo ch him ca ch
Khng Thng. Mi th ba l nh bao vy bn phi nh vo Khoi chu, Vn
Giang (Hng Yn); v mi th t l mi vu hi chin luc nh vo Phng Nhn,
Bc Giang.
Th trn ca Nguyn Hu rt mnh m li rt kn. Lun lun ng tm cch bao
vy, c lp v chia ct tp on ch yu ca qun ch, ri dng nhng mi di sc
nhn xuyn thng vo cho him yu ca ch, gii quyt trn nh mt cch kin
quuyt, nhanh gn v c tnh cht quyt nh.
Tc phong ch huy ca ng tht l dng cm, mnh bo, kin quyt v linh hot.
Kiu cch qun s ny ca Nguyn Hu vn dng vo trong chin dch th rt
tt. Nhng Nguyn Hu c b nh hng phn no ci kiu cch ny trong vic vn
dng vo chin lc.
Tuy cuc khi ngha Ty Sn l mt cuc chin tranh lu di, nhng Nguyn
Hu thng gii quyt cc tp on phong kin phn ng bng mt vi n chin
lc quyt nh. Vn c bn l trit c gc r ca i phng, trit c chn
tay ca n; ch khng phi ch l nh tan i phng, chim c thnh quch ca
i phng l gii quyt c. Vn l nh n u phi cng c ti y, phi
kt hp qun s vi chnh tr, phi li dnq kt qu ca qun s m m rng thng
li ca chnh tr.
Nguyn Hu 4, 5 ln nh thng Gia nh m vn khng gii quyt c
vn . V mt chin dch th gi tr thng li ca tng trn nh l rt ln. Nhng
vn cn gii quyt l ginh ly thng li quyt nh v chin lc ch khng phi
n thun thng li v chin dch. Tuy thng li v chin dch ca Nguyn Hu c
pht trin thnh thng li v chin lc, nhng khng c vng chc.
Nguyn nhn ca vn ny nh th no, cn phi nghin cu thm, hin nay
chng ta cha ti liu c mt kt lun xc ng. Nhng t , chng ta cng
c th rt ra c mt bi hc lch s rt ln l vic kt hp cht ch gia qun s
vi chnh tr, vic m rng thng li qun s thnh thng li chnh tr v phi cng
c thng li .
Nhng khi nh ra Bc H, tnh hnh cng gn ging nh th trong mt s
trng hp.
T tng qun s ca Nguyn Hu thuc h thng t tng qun s thi c
phng ng, ch yu l Vit Nam v Trung Quc, nhng ng vn dng c nhiu
c o v sng to.
Tnh tch cc, c ng v linh hot trong ngh thut qun s ca ng tng i
cao.
ng l mt ngi tng bch chin bch thng. Tr hn 20 nm chin u lin
tc, Nguyn Hu nh hng trm trn v nh u thng y. Cng nh cng
thng ln. Cng v cut i chin u ca ng, thng li cng huy hong, chin
cng cng hin hch.
Tht cng l mt ngi tng him c trong lch s.
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 Sau khi xem cun sch ny, chng ti c mt s thu hoch v cm ngh nh
trn. Ni ln c cm ngh , cng tc l mun ni ln gi tr ca cun sch.
y l mt cun sch lch s i su c v mt qun s. Cc tc gi phn
tch mt cch cng phu v chin lc, chin dch, chin thut ca ngha qun Ty
Sn v ti ch huy ca Nguyn Hu. c bit, cc tc gi i su trnh by v t
tng v nguyn tc chin lc, chin dch v chin thut ca ngha qun.
Qua , ngi c cng hiu r hn ti nng qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Do
m hiu bit, nh gi Nguyn Hu mt cch ng n hn, v cng khm phc
Nguyn Hu hn, cng t ho v dn tc ta c ngi anh hng ti gii nh th,
cng tin tng vo ti nng, tr tu ca dn tc, li cng tin tng v quyt tm nh
thng gic M xm lc di s lnh o ca ng v H Ch tch thi i ngy
nay.
l thnh cng ca cun sch.
Bn cnh mt thnh cng l cn bn , cun sch cng cn mt s nhc
im, khuyt im khng trnh khi. l vn cn b nh hng phn no v
ngn ng hin i, v b nh hng phn no v nguyn tc chin lc, chin dch
hin i trong vic phn tch nguyn tc chin lc, chin dch ca ngha qun Ty
Sn, v,v.
Hin nay, vn ny cng cn l mt vn cn phi nghin cu vic dng
ting ni ca ng cha ta, ca Vit Nam, cng nh vic dng ngh thut qun s Vit
Nam phn tch lch s ni chung hin nay vn cn c ch lng tng. Chng ta cn
tip tc nghin cu dn dn gii quyt vn ny.
Tuy cn mt s nhc im nh trn, nhng cun sch vn l mt ti liu lch
s qun s tt, gip cho chng ta nghin cu hc tp rt nhiu.
Chng ti rt hoan nghnh s c mt ca cun sch trong kho sch lch s qun
s ca nc ta v mong cc tc gi ng gp nhiu hn na vo trong kho tng l
lun lch s qun s ca nc ta.
Thiu tng
HONG MINH THO

LI NI U
Dn tc Vit Nam l mt Dn tc anh hng. iu c lch s chng
minh r rt v c th gii ngy nay tha nhn.
Sng trong nhng iu kin thin nhin khng thun li, sng trn mt v tr u
sng ngn gi ca chu , sng gia chng ng qua li ca bao th h thc dn
cp nc cc thi i, dn tc Vit Nam t khi dng nc n nay tri bao
phen sng gi, xng mu t cu mnh, cu nc v dn tc Vit Nam
trng tn mnh m. T nm ba mi ca th k ny, di s lnh o ca ng v
ca H Ch tch, dn tc Vit Nam kin cng u tranh chng thc dn d quc.
Dn tc Vit Nam lm Cch mng thng Tm thnh cng. Dn tc Vit Nam
khng chin chng Php thng li. Hin nay, dn tc chng ta ang trong giai on
quyt lit nht ca lch s, dn tc chng ta ang anh dng ngoan cng nh
quc M xm lc, k th hung bo nht ca thi i, cu mnh, cu nc, gp
phn bo v ha bnh v hnh phc ca ton th loi ngi. Chng ta rt t ho vi
6
nhim v chin u v vang ca chng ta hin nay, rt t ho vi dng kh ca chng
ta trc mi k th tn bo. Di s lnh o ca ng, vi truyn thng anh hng
ca dn tc, vi dng kh cch mng ca chng ta hin nay, chng ta nht nh thng
li, quc M nht nh phi tht bi thm hi.
Dng kh ca chng ta l biu hin trch nhim ca chng ta i vi T quc,
i vi T tin, i n ni i kia xng mu gi gn T quc cho chng ta
n ngy nay. Dng kh ca chng ta l k tha truyn thng anh hng ca dn tc t
ngn xa li. Truyn thng anh hng y th hin rc r trong rt nhiu s
nghip hin hch ca T tin chng ta, v ngy nay, di s lnh o ca ng,
nhng truyn thng anh hng y cng c pht huy cao . Tm hiu, pht huy
truyn thng anh hng ca dn tc tc l gp phn nng cao hn na dng kh ca
chng ta.
Truyn thng anh hng th hin trong lch s anh hng ca dn tc. Lch s dn
tc chng ta l lch s du tranh v trang lien tc xy dng t nc v bo v t
nc. C th ni l t khi dng nc n nay, T tin chng ta khng ngng cm
v kh chin u. Khi th chin u gii phng dn tc, nh ui k th xm lc
bo v T quc. Khi th chin u chng li mi p bc, km hm ca cc tp
on thng tr trong nc, m ng cho dn tc khng ngng tin ln trn pht
trin lch s ca mnh.
Trong tt c nhng cuc chin u y, T tin chng ta u chin thng v
tri my nghn nm u tranh lin tc chng th trong gic ngoi, nhn dn Vit Nam
c mt truyn thng qun s rt v vang. Truyn thng nh thng mi k th
mi thi i.
Cng t mun vn cuc chin u thng li v vang y, ln lt xut hin
trn lch s nhiu bc tng lnh kit xut, nhiu nh qun s li lc, ng ngang
hng vi nhng tng lnh v nhng nh qun s danh ting trn th gii. Nhng
chin cng oanh lit ca cc bc anh hng nh Ng Quyn, L Hon, L Thng
Kit, Trn Quc Tun, Trn Quang Khi, Phm Ng Lo, L Li, Nguyn Tri,
Nguyn Hu. v.v... cn mi mi ghi su trong tm tr ngi dn Vit Nam. ng li
qun s, cc chin lc, cc chin thut... ca cc nh qun s li lc v cc danh
tng Vit Nam cc thi trc u mun hnh mun v, linh hot v cng. Nhng
d khc nhau rt nhiu v, tt c cc bc anh hng qun s Vit Nam cc thi i
trc u ging nhau mt im, m l im c sc nht ca nn ngh thut
qun s Vit Nam sm hnh thnh t hng nghn nm nay. im c sc l: ch
bng nhng i qun nh, v kh t, cc bc anh hng y u chin thng mi k
ch ng gp bi mnh. Ch vi hai mi vn qun, Trn Quc Tun ba ln chin
thng qun Nguyn, p tan s xm lc ca mt quc ln mnh nht, hung hn
nht ca thi i . Ch vi vi nghn ngha qun lc ban u, L Li tin ti
nh thng hng my chc vn qun Minh ginh li c lp cho T quc. Ch vi
mi vn qun, Nguyn Hu tiu dit hon ton hai mi vn qun Thanh, vnh
vin chm dt nn xm lng ca cc tp on phong kin phng Bc khng
ngng e da dn tc Vit Nam trong hng chc th k.
Tt c nhng chin thng rc r c trong lch s, tt c cc tng lnh v cc
nh qun s li lc ca chng ta cc thi i trc u li cho chng ta rt
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nhiu kinh nghim, rt nhiu bi hc qun s v cng qu gi m chng ta cn khai
thc. Khai thc vn dng vo cuc chin tranh cu nc ca chng ta hin nay,
khai thc xy dng nn khoa hc qun s hin i ca chng ta, khai thc vn
dng vo vic gi gn non sng t nc ca mun i con chu chng ta.
Ni dung tp sch "Tm hiu thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu" l mt th
nghim bc u nhm thc hin nhng mc ch y. Khai thc nhng kinh nghim
v nhng bi hc chin u ca T tin chng ta l nhim v ca ton th qun i
chng ta, nhim v ca tt c nhng ngi am hiu v nghin cu lch s qun s
Vit Nam. Tp sch ny ch l mt ng gp nh vo cng cuc ln lao . Ngay i
vi thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu, v anh hng dn tc v i ca chng ta, tp
sch ny cng ch lm nhim v s b gi ln mt s vn m kh nng c hn ca
tc gi c th cp ti. Mun tht hiu Nguyn Hu v thin ti qun s ca ng,
chng ta cn phi c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu su sc hn na.
Nguyn Hu l mt trong nhng nhn vt kh c bit trong lch s Vit Nam.
ng l ngi biu hin tp trung nhiu s mnh lch s ca ng thi v cng tp
trung nhiu ti nng xut sc v nhiu mt.
Nguyn Hu va l anh hng v i ca dn tc, va l lnh t kit xut ca
nng dn Vit Nam cui th k XVIII. Nguyn Hu l mt nh chnh tr gii, ng
thi l mt nh qun s thin ti. ng khng ch nh mt trn m ng nh nhiu
trn, ng khng ch chin u mt ln m ng chin u lin tc trong hn hai
mi nm. ng khng ch chin u vi mt qun th m ng chin u vi nhiu
qun th: khi nh cha Nguyn, khi nh cha Trnh, khi nh qun Xim, khi nh
qun Thanh, khi nh qun Vn Tng.
ng l tng lnh ch huy, ng thi cng l ngi trc tip ra mt trn chin
u, cm v kh giao chin vi ch. Tri hn hai mi nm chin u lin tc vi
mi k th trong nc v ngoi nc, Nguyn Hu ch c thng m khng c bi.
Mc cho qun th ng o, hung tn n u, Nguyn Hu cha h chn bc
chin u. Nguyn Hu tin tng vo qun chng nhn dn v c mt quyt tm
chin u phi thng, quyt tm y thnh hin thc: nh trn no cng thng,
nh qun th no cng thng.
Tht l mt bc thin ti qun s.
Nh tn tp sch nh r, trong ni dung tp sch ny chng ti khng cp
ti ton b phong tro Ty Sn v nhng hot ng ca Nguyn Hu v cc mt
chnh tri, kinh t, vn ha, x hi, m ch nghin cu ring v nhng chin cng v
thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu cng nhng vn c lin quan cht ch vi i
lm tng ca ng.
Khi vit tp sch ny, chng ti khng c nh ng v pha s hc thun ty
nghin cu vn , cng nh khng mun i su vo phng php kho chng
ca nhng nh lm s, cho tp sch c c nhiu tnh cht ph cp v p ng
ng yu cu phc v qun i v mt khoa hc qun s v hc tp truyn thng.
Nhng v y l mt tp sch nghin cu v thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu,
chng ti thy cn c gng su tm thm nhiu ti liu m nhng sch vit v
Nguyn Hu v phong tro Ty Sn trc y t ni ti, c th trnh by nhng
chin cng v thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu c sng r, y hn.
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 Trn c s , chng ta c th nhn nh v nh gi ng n ti nng, t
tng qun s ca Nguyn Hu cng nh t tng chnh tr v o c ngi lm
tng ca ng. Trong tp sch ny, chng ti ch trng nhiu v mt s liu,
chnh v l do ni trn. Vi nhng s liu m cc sch trc y t cp ti, chng
ti u ghi xut x y bn c c th tra cu d dng. Vi nhng s liu
c dng ph bin nhng theo chng ti, cha tht xc ng hoc cc sch dng
v nhn nh khc nhau, chng ti u ghi ch thch ni r kin ca mnh.
Mong rng nhng s liu trong tp sch ny s gip bn c hiu r hn v
Nguyn Hu, v phong tro Ty Sn, v phn phn tch nhn nh trong tp sch s
em ti bn c mt vi nim s b v thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu, mt
danh tng v mt anh hng dn tc v i ca chng ta na cui th k XVIII.
cng l nhng iu mong mun cao nht ca nhng ngi vit tp sch ny.
H Ni - Sn La
1963 - 1966
Tc gi
Chng mt
NGUYN HU MI NM NH UI CHA NGUYN, GINH CH
QUYN T NC MIN NAM VIT NAM CHO NGHA QUN TY SN
NC VIT NAM TH K XVIII
Trong lch s cc nc trn th gii, c l Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc
t khng rng, ngi khng ng m trong thi k phong kin li c nhiu phong
tro nng dn khi ngha nht. X hi Vit Nam tri qua hn mt nghn nm di
ch phong kin th x hi Vit Nam cng c ti hng nghn phong tro khi
ngha chng phong kin ca nng dn Vit Nam. Di ch phong kin Vit Nam,
khng thi no v khng ch no l khng c nng dn khi ngha. Ch phong
kin cng i su vo bc suy vong ca n th phong tro nng dn khi ngha cng
nhiu, cng mnh. c bit l trong th k XVIII, phong tro nng dn khi ngha li
cng si ni, rm r, ln mnh hn bao gi ht: sut t u th k ti cui th k,
khng lc no l khng c nng dn khi ngha.
Chnh trong hon cnh xut hin phong tro nng dn Ty Sn vi v lnh
t kit xut ca phong tro l anh hng Nguyn Hu.
Cuc khi ngha Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu lnh o c th coi l mt phong tro
nng dn rt c o trong lch s Vit Nam. c o ch phong tro Ty Sn l
mt phong tro nng dn ln mnh bc nht v cng l mt cuc chin tranh nng
dn duy nht trong lch s Vit Nam, tin ti ginh c chnh quyn trong c
nc v tay nng dn. c o ch phong tro Ty Sn va l mt phong tro
nng dn chng p bc phong kin, nh mt tp on phong kin thng tr
trong nc, li va l mt phong tro gii phng dn tc, nh thng mi k th
ngoi nc m mu can thip v xm lc Vit Nam.
c o ch ngi lnh o phong tro Ty Sn, tc Nguyn Hu, va l mt
nh qun s thin ti, va l mt lnh t kit xut ca phong tro nng dn, va l
mt anh hng cu nc v i ca dn tc. Mt phong tro nng dn c c nhng
nt c sc y, t c nhng s nghip ln lao nh vy, qu tht l him c trong
lch s Vit Nam.
9
 Ch phong kin Vit Nam bc sang th k XVIII l bc sang thi k suy
vong nghim trng ca n. Tnh trng nc nh phn chia lm hai min, bn vua L
cha Trnh thng tr ng ngoi v bn cha Nguyn ct c ng trong vn tn
ti. Cc tp on phong kin c hai min ngy cng sa a, suy i, ngy cng tng
cng n p bc lt nhn dn mt cch tn khc.
Sang th k XVIII, ng ngoi, qung i qun chng nng dn cng kh n
cc , khng c rung t sinh sng. Rung t t ca nng dn phn nhiu b
bn phong kin, a ch chim ot mt ht. Bn thn cha Trnh ng thi l
Trnh Cng cng phi tha nhn rng "dn ngho mnh t cm di cng khng
c1. Rung t cng cc lng b ln chim gn ht, ch cn cung cp lng
cho binh lnh v ng lc cho quan li, ngi nng dn khng cn c th trng nh g
vo rung t cng tm ngun sng. Trong khi , su thu chng cht ln u
ngi dn li cng nng n khc nghit.
Nn bc lt cp ot y dn n kt qu l ng ngoi, khong nhng
nm 40 ca th k XVIII "dn phiu tn dt du nhau i kim n y ng. Gi go
cao vt, mt trm ng tin khng c mt ba no. Nhn dn phn nhiu phi n
rau, n c, n ni n c tht rn, tht chut, cht i chng cht ln nhau, s dn
cn li mi phn khng c mt. Lng no vn c ting tr mt cng ch cn li
nm ba h m thi2.
Trong khi y, tnh hnh ng trong cng khng km phn nghim trng. L Qu
n, mt quan li ng ngoi ng thi, khi vo Ph Xun nhn nh v i
sng ca cc tng lp x hi ng trong nh sau: T quan to n quan nh, nh
ca trm tr, tng xy bng gch , trng vc mn the, dng ton bng ng,
bng s, bn gh bng g n, g trc, m chn bng s, yn nga dy cng u
trm vng, nm bc, o qun l lt, nm hoa chiu my...
K sc mc trong dn gian cng mc o on, cn o the, o sa l mc
thng, ly vic mc vi mc mc lm h thn. Binh s cng ngi chiu my, da
gi xp, p l hng c, ung nc tr ngon, chn s bt bc, ng nh bng ng
thau, bt a n ung u l s Trung Quc... coi vng bc nh ct, thc go nh
bn, xa x rt mc3.
Bn nh cha li cng xa hoa dm dt n cc . Ch ly ring mt vic cha
Nguyn Phc Chu (1691 - 1725) c ti 146 a con cng thy bn chng xa hoa
dm dt n chng no.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. L Cao Lng, Lch triu tp k. Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H.V, 175,
q. 3, t 54.
2. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc. Nh xut bn S hc. H Ni, 1960, t.
XVIII, fr. 15.
3. L Qu n, Ph bin tp lc, Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca vin s hc, k hiu H.V. 190, q.
6, t 14.
T sau khi cha Nguyn l Phc Khot cht nm 1765, giai cp phong kin
thng tr ng trong li i su thm mt bc na vo con ng suy n ca n.
Phc Khot c nhiu con, ngi cha nh truyn cho mt trong nhng ngi con
ln tui. Nhng quyn thn Trng Phc Loan mu lp ngi con th 16 l
Nguyn Phc Thun mi 11 tui1 ln lm cha hn c th nm gi mi quyn
10
bnh, lng on triu nh. Nguyn Phc Thun nh tui, ham chi, dm lon. Trc
khi cuc khi ngha Ty Sn bng n, Phc Thun mi chng 16, 17 tui, m
mc "bnh khng gn n b c2 v mi mt t tui u nh vy hn thng
ngy "bt phng ht tr tui dm lon vi cung n lm tr vui3.
Cha nh vy, th bn triu thn cng n chi ru ch, dm dt khng km.
Mt i thn nh Nguyn Hon, sut ngy m say ru. Mt i thn khc nh
Nguyn Nghin c ti 120 v l nng hu. Mi vic triu chnh u trong tay
Trng Phc Loan. M quyn thn Trng Phc Loan th lng on triu chnh, mi
nm tham nhng hng chc vn quan tin. Nhng quan li khc cng ua theo nhng
hnh ng b i, cp ot n chi nh vy.
Bn phong kin cng tng cng bc lt, cp ot n chi bao nhiu th dn
tnh cng kh cc by nhiu.
Thi by gi Qung Nam l min tr ph nht ng trong. Qung Nam, c
bit l Qui Nhn, sn xut rt nhiu thc go, lc, ma, ht tiu, thuc l, tru cau.
Hng th cng rt pht trin. T la, nhiu, ng, min, du da u l hng xut
khu. Qung Nam li c nhiu rung mui, nhiu m vng, m st. Do ch Qung
Nam c nhiu hng nng, lm, hi sn xut khu, nn vic vn ti thng thng
y cng rt pht trin. Nm 1768, s thuyn chuyn ch ng trong l 447 chic,
th Qung Nam c 60 chic, ring Qui Nhn c 93 chic, cn nhng ni khc nh
chu B Chnh chng hn ch c 10 chic.
-----------------------------------------------
1.Tnh tui theo dng lch.
2, 3. L Qu n, Ph bin tp lc. q. 1.
Thi by gi cc nh bun Trung Quc v cc nc khc thng ra vo bun
bn Qung Nam, coi Qung Nam nh l trung tm kinh t vn ha bc nht ng
trong, h gi ng trong l Qung Nam quc. Mt nh bun Trung Quc thi y
miu t nn thng nghip thnh vng Qung Nam nh sau:
" Sn Nam1 khi v ch mua c mt th c nu. Thun Ha khi v ch mua
c h tiu. Cn nh Qung Nam th trm th ha vt, khng c ni no snh
kp. Cc ha vt t cc ph Thng Hoa, in Bn, Qui Nhn, Qung Ngi, Bnh
Khang v dinh Nha Trang u theo ng thy, ng b tp trung v Hi An. ,
rt nhiu nh bun phng Bc n mua hng em v nc. Trc y, hng ha
rt nhiu, d hng trm tu ln n chuyn ch mt lc cng khng ht c".
Chnh ci cnh tr ph, thnh vng y ca Quang Nam khin Qung Nam
tr thnh mt trung tm bc lt ca bn phong kin ng trong na cui th k
XVIII. Qung Nam, cc th thu m rt nhiu v cc k nng n, phin nhiu.
Theo L Qu n th "bn cai trng v quan li cc nha qu nhiu, mi mt trng
thu thu c ti vi ba mi ngi, c thc, tra kho rt l phin nhiu, li cn truy
hi, hnh h n lu, c tnh thm bt, sinh s lm kh dn"3.
i vi cc thuyn bun ngoi quc, bn cha ti nh Nguyn nh thu rt
nng. i vi nhng thuyn bun thng thng trong ni a, chng bt chu rt
nhiu tng thu v t s tun ty thu thu khp mi ni.
i vi mi th thu khc, ngi dn Qung Nam cng phi chu nng n hn
c. Ring cc th tin thu rng ni, thu m ao, thu ca quan, thu ch hai x

11
Thun Ha, Qung Nam, hng nm h Nguyn thu vo trn 76.467 quan th trong s
Qung Nam chim su phn, Thun Ha mt phn4. ng bo Chm, Thng
min ni cng phi chu rt nhiu th thu th sn, thu ngun, thu rung min ni,
v.v. L Qu n, phi nhn nh rng: "L ph thu Qung Nam khc vi Thun
Ho. L trng thu so vi Thun Ha nng n hn, cho nn s thu vo kho rt nhiu
v bng lc ca quan li cng rt phin nhiu. Dn y khi lon u tin cng v
c y"5.
l ton b tnh hnh Vit Nam th k XVIII. Giai cp phong kin thng tr
hai min Nam, Bc u thi nt n hn, qung i qun chng nhn dn trong c
nc u cng kh cc . Trong hon cnh d sng d cht y ngi nng dn Vit
Nam ng thi khng th khng vng dy ginh ly quyn sng. Chnh v th
m ngay t nhng nm u ca th k XVIII, nhng cuc khi ngha v trang chng
li s p bc bc lt ca cc tp on phong kin thng tr L, Trnh, Nguyn lin
tip n ra. Trong sut thi phong kin Vit Nam, khi ngha nng dn c nhiu,
nhng cha bao gi nhiu bng th k XVIII. Ngi ta c th gi th k XVIII trong
lch s Vit Nam l "th k ca nng dn khi ngha".
-------------------------------------
1. Tc ngoi Bc H.
2, 3, 4, 5. L Qu n, Ph bin tp lc, q. 3, 4.
Bc H, ngoi nhng cuc khi ngha nh, n ra l t khp cc a phng
m s sch phong kin thng gi l "gic c", t nm l734 ti khong gia th k
XVIII c rt nhiu cuc khi ngha ln n ra, nh khi ngha ca ngi Mng
do Quch Cng Thi lnh o, khi ngha ca nng dn Sn Ty Thi Nguyn do nh
s Nguyn ng Hng lnh o, khi ngha ca Nguyn C, Nguyn Tuyn, V
Trc Onh Hi Dng, khi ngha ca V nh Dung, on Danh Chn, T Cao
Nam nh, khi ngha ca Ton C Lng Sn, v.v. C nhng cuc khi ngha ko
di ti trn mi nm nh khi ngha vng min Bc H do Nguyn Hu Cn lnh
o, khi ngha vng Sn Ty, Tam o do Nguyn Danh Phng lnh o. C
nhng cuc khi ngha ko di ti trn ba mi nm nh khi ngha ca Hong
Cng Cht vng Ty Bc v khi ngha ca L Duy Mt vng Thanh Ha, Trn
Ninh.
Cng ha mt nhp vi phong tro u tranh ca nng dn Bc H, phong tro
khi ngha ca nng dn ng trong cng v cng si ni. Ngay t cui th k XVII
u th k XVIII, cc phong tro nng dn khi ngha ng trong lin tip n
ra. Nm 1695, nng dn v thng nhn Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn khi ngha di s
lnh o ca Linh Vng v Qung Ph. Nm 1697, ng bo Thng nm sch
thuc Qung Nam ni ln chng li nh Nguyn. Nm 1708, ng bo thiu s min
B Ra khi ngha. Nm 1746, ng bo Chm Trn Bin (min Gia nh) khi
ngha do Dng Bao Lai v Dip M Lng lnh do. Nm 1747, cng ti Trn Bin,
li n ra khi ngha do mt ngi Hoa kiu l L Vn Quang lnh o.
Nm 1770, ti H Tin n ra mt cuc khi ngha v trang gm ngt 1.000
ngi, c 15 chin thuyn v do mt ngi lnh l Phm Lam cng my ngi Ch
V, Chn Lp lnh o. Cuc khi ngha c qui m kh ln, c ng o qun
chng cc dn tc ng h. Cng nm 1770, tc l mt nm trc ngy phong tro

12
Ty Sn xut hin, cng ti Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn, qu hng ca phong tro Ty
sn, bng n mt cuc khi ngha kh ln ca ng bo Thng. Ngha qun
nh ph min Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn. Bn cha Nguyn phi cho ton b qun lnh
cc o Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn, Ph Yn cng hp lc i nh dp.
Nhng min Nam cng nh min Bc, tt c nhng phong tro nng dn
khi ngha ni trn u khng thnh cng, u khng chin thng c giai cp
phong kin thng tr. Tuy vy, nhng cuc khi ngha y n ra lin tip khp mi ni
trong hn na th k, c mt tc ng rt ln, lm cho cc th lc phong kin
thng tr ng ngoi cng nh ng trong u lung lay n tn gc. Mt khc,
nhng phong tro nng dn v trang u tranh lin tip y cng cung cp c
nhiu tng ti cho phong tro nh Nguyn Hu Cu, Nguyn Danh Phng, Hong
Vn Cht, L Duy Mt, v.v. v em li nhiu kinh nghim chin u cho ngi nng
dn lm cch mng th k XVIII, nng cao ngh thut chin u v trnh t
chc qun s ca ngi nng dn, ng thi pht huy thm mt bc ngh thut
qun s Vit Nam th k XVIII.
Tnh th cch mng si sc trong c nc nh th cng vi s suy yu cc
ca cc th lc phong kin v s dy dn chin u ca ngi nng dn th k
XVIII l nhng yu t ht sc quan trng gip cho phong tro nng dn cui th
k XVIII c th pht ng thnh mt cuc chin tranh nng dn ln mnh sc
nh tan mi th lc phong kin ln nh trong c nc.
Chnh trong hon cnh lch s thun li , phong tro nng dn Ty Sn
xut hin v c iu kin pht trin ngy cng ln mnh.
NHNG NGY U CA CUC KHI NGHA
Trc cm hn si sc ca nhn dn ng trong i vi bn phong kin nh
Nguyn, nm 1771 ba anh em Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn L, Nguyn Hu, ngi Ty
Sn[1] nhm hp qun chng khi ngha.
Ba anh em u rt tr, Nguyn Hu khi y mi 19 tui. Nhng h nm ng
thi c khi ngha, v chun b tt cho cuc khi ngha.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Anh em Ty Sn c bn ngi, mt ngi em gi l t. Ty Sn, sau i thnh hai x An Kh v
Cu An, thuc huyn Tn An, tnh Cng Tum. Thi by gi ph Qui Nhn gm c 3 tnh Bnh
nh, Cng Tum v Ply-cu sau ny. Cch y 40 - 50 nm, An Kh v Cu An vn l hai x
ng dn nht, giu nht trong s 29 x ca huyn Tn An, v cng ng nht, giu nht trong
tnh Cng Tum.
Qun th ca phong tro Ty Sn cng nh ca ton th nng dn Vit Nam
thi y l bn cha Nguyn ng trong v bn vua L, cha Trnh ng ngoi.
Ni rng na cui th k XVIII, c hai tp on y u suy yu hoc suy yu
n cc l ni suy yu v mt chnh tr, kinh t... nhng v mt qun s th chng,
bng nhiu bin php, vn cn duy tr c mt lc lng mnh, nu so vi nhng
lc lng qut khi chng li chng th chng vn mnh hn hn. Bi v chng l
nhng tp on thng tr, lc no cng c lc lng v trang trong tay t v. Qun
i ca chng c t chc, c thao luyn, c kinh nghim chin u, sc i ph
vi mi phong tro nng dn khi ngha n ra cui th k XVII, u th k XVIII
cho n trc ngy phong tro Ty Sn qut khi. V nhng lc lng qun s y

13
vn c th l nhng tr lc ln cho phong tro nng dn Vit Nam na cui th k
XVIII.
Qun s v trang b ca nhng lc lng qun s y c th thay i tng thi
k, thi chin khc, thi bnh khc, nhng i th th con s khng x xch nhau
nhiu lm. Nh Nguyn lc no cng c khong non 10 vn lc qun. Thy qun c
khong 200 thuyn chin. Mi thuyn chin ca nh Nguyn c t 50 n 60 mi
cho, v t 3 n 5 khu i bc. K binh ca nh Nguyn c khong t 200 n 300
nga chin. Khng thy ti liu no ni nh Nguyn c t chc tng binh.
Qun i nh Trnh cn mnh hn qun i nh Nguyn. Lc qun nh Trnh
lc no cng c trn 10 vn ngi. C khi c ti ngt 20 vn ngi. Thy qun gm
c khong 500 thuyn chin, trang b ca thuyn chin Trnh cng tng t nh
thuyn chin Nguyn. Qun i Trnh c mt i tng binh ln gm t 300 n 500
voi chin. Mi voi chin c 6, 7 binh s cm v kh ngi trn. Voi chin ca nh
Trnh i khi mang c i bc na.
C hai qun i Trnh, Nguyn u dng v kh n dc kiu phng Ty,
hoc mua ca ngoi quc, hoc dng xng ch ly, thu ngi phng Ty trng
nom nh bn cha Nguyn lm.
Trc nhng qun th cn c lc lng mnh nh vy, ba anh em Ty Sn
quyt tm tm mi bin php tin ti u tranh v trang vi ch v nm chc
phn thng li t ra l nhng thng li bc u v mnh. H mt thi gian di,
khong t 1771 n 1773, xy dng cn c, tuyn truyn khi ngha v t chc
lc lng.
H ly ngay ni h sinh trng l vng Ty Sn, An Kh thuc min rng ni
Qui Nhn lm cn c a. Nh trn trnh by, phong tro bng n qung Nam
l mt iu thun li, cc lnh t Ty Sn li chn min rng ni Qui Nhn lm
cn c a khin cho phong tro cng c thm nhiu iu kin pht trin. Ph Qui
Nhn th k XVIII bao gm ba tnh Bnh nh, Cng Tum v Ply-cu ngy nay.
Vng rng ni Qui Nhn gm ba phn t t ai ph Qui Nhn v l mt vng ai
sit cht ly ph thnh Qui Nhn l dinh ly ca chnh quyn phong kin ca ph
ny. Chim gi c vng rng ni v cha cn nh, ph thnh Qui Nhn ca nh
Nguyn cng tr thnh c lp, ch v, i ngy mt v tay ngha qun m thi.
Ngha qun Ty Sn li ng bn doanh ti An Kh, mt cao nguyn rt bng phng,
cao 600 mt, rng mt chiu 50 ki-l-mt, mt chiu 35 ki-l-mt. y l mt a
im rt tt cho vic b tr doanh tri v tp luyn qun s. T Qui Nhn ln An Kh
ch c mt ng c o v cng nguy him. Chnh v th t nm 1771 l nm
ngha qun Ty sn bt u nhm hp n nm 1773 l nm ngha qun nh chim
ph thnh Qui Nhn, qun i nh Nguyn cha mt ln no dm tin cng vo cn
c a An Kh. Con ng Qui Nhn ln An Kh khng nhng l con ng c
o nguy him th k XVIII, m ngay cho ti ngy nay, con ng y - tc con
dng 19 - cng nhiu ln l m chn qun Php v qun M xm lc. T vng
rng ni tin xung chim nt vng ng bng Qui Nhn, ngha qun Ty Sn c
mt v tr v cng xung yu v mt chin lc, n ct t giang sn nh Nguyn ra
lm i khin s lin h tip t cho nhau b gin on, ng thi n cng chia tch
qun i nh Nguyn ra lm hai b phn ri nhau, lm cho lc lng chin u ca
14
chng b gim st, khi mt b phn no b ngha qun tin cng th b phn khc
mun ng cu cng rt kh khn. Vng rng ni Qui Nhn, c bit l min An Kh
li l ni tp trung nhiu thnh phn dn tc, ngi Kinh c, ngi Chm c, ngi
Ba Na, ngi Gia Rai, ngi X ng u c. l mt ngun cung cp nhn lc
rt tt cho phong tro. Min An Kh li l ni ng c giu c nht vng rng ni
Qui Nhn (tc vng Bnh nh - Cng Tum - Ply-cu ngy nay), cho nn cng l
ngun cung cp lng thc tt nht cho phong tro Ty Sn trong thi k u khi
ngha. Vng rng ni Qui Nhn cn l ni c sn voi ln, nga hay, sn m st,
dim tiu, g tt cho nn n cng l ngun cung cp vt liu v phng tin chin
tranh rt phong ph cho ngha qun Ty Sn.
Ngi Qui Nhn li c truyn thng thng v. Cho n th k XIX ngi ta
vn cn ca ngi truyn thng :
"Ai vo Bnh nh[1] m coi
Con gi cng bit i roi, i quyn".
Cng vi tinh thn si sc cm th bn phong kin nh Nguyn ca nhn dn
Qui Nhn, truyn thng tt p cng khin h nhit lit hng ng phong tro
Ty Sn v tham gia ng o vo i qun khi ngha.
-----------------------------------------
1.Bnh nh l tn nh Nguyn t cho Qui Nhn t u th k XIX
pht ng qun chng vng ln nh giai cp thng tr anh em Ty Sn
li dng nhng mu thun rt su sc trong ni b tp on phong kin nh Nguyn
lm mc tiu tuyn truyn khi ngha.
Nm 1765, cha Nguyn l Phc Khot cht. Trc kia, Phc Khot lp
ngi con duy nht ca chnh phi ln lm th t ni ngi cha, nhng ngi
cht sm, li mt a con l Nguyn Phc Dng. Khi Nguyn Phc Khot cht,
hong tn tc Nguyn Phc Dng cn nh tui qu khng ln cm quyn chnh
c, ng l ngi cha phi thuc v ngi con ln tui hn c ca Nguyn Phc
Khot l Nguyn Phc Lun v chnh Nguyn Phc Khot cng c nh vy t
khi cn sng. Nhng Nguyn Phc Khot cht, quyn thn Trng Phc Loan ph
lp Nguyn Phc Lun, bt Lun b ngc, git cht mi ngi thn cn ca Lun v
a ngi con 11 tui ca Nguyn Phc Khot l Nguyn Phc Thun ln lm cha.
T y, quyn thn Trng Phc Loan ngy cng tham tn, bo ngc. Bn quan li
v cc tng lp trn ca x hi ng trong lc y u on ght Trng Phc Loan,
thm tm mun ph hong tn Dng ln ngi cha, nhng khng c phng sch
hot ng. Nm c tnh hnh , nm 1771, cc lnh t Ty Sn nu khu hiu:
"nh Trng Phc Loan, ng h hong tn Dng" pht c khi ngha.
Trong mt bi hch xut qun ca ngha qun Ty Sn sau ny, phng hng u
tranh u tin l nh quyn thn Trng Phc Loan c nhc li r rng:
"Gin quc ph[1] ra lng bi bc, ln Ty Sn xng ngha cn vng
Trc l ngn ct gia dng, ko ng nghch t mu ngm ngh,
Sau l ti ma dm khi hn, ko cng dn ra chn lm than.
V lng tri cn nn np Ph Xun, t du c li c Hu H....

15
 Trong nhng ngy u khi ngha, ngha qun Ty Sn t nhn mnh l qun
ca hong tn Nguyn Phc Dng chng li qun ca quc ph Trng Phc
Loan, cho nn ngi ng thi gi:
"Binh triu l binh quc ph,
Binh l binh hong tn".
----------------------------
1. Ch Trng Phc Loan.
ngha l h reo. Ngha qun i ti u cng la , h reo, ku gi mi ngi
ln ng u tranh ng h hong tn Dng.
Trong my nm u khi ngha, nhng ngi lnh o phong tro Ty Sn
khng t nhn mnh l ngi lnh o phong tro, ch xng mnh l nhng ch tri
bnh thng v vn ly danh ngha hong tn Dng lm ngi cm u ngha qun.
Khu hiu u tranh ny tht l st hp tnh hnh v n li cun c nhiu tng
lp nhn dn tham gia phong tro Ty Sn ngay t thi k u. Nhng i vi qung
i qun chng nng dn th khu hiu u tranh y cha . Phi c mt khu hiu
u tranh c th hn st hp bi quyn li trc mt ca ngi nng dn hn na.
Cho nn bn cnh khu hiu u tranh ni trn, nhng ngi lnh o phong tro
Ty Sn ra khu hiu "ly ca k giu, gip ngi ngho" v khu hiu y
c thc hin ngay t nhng ngy u tin ca cuc khi ngha. Chnh v c khu
hiu st hp vi qun chng nh th m phong tro Ty Sn li cun c ng
o nng dn tham gia v sm c mt lc lng hng hu ngay t nhng ngy u
i ph vi qun th.
Nhng gio s phng Ty c mt Vit Nam lc y ni nhiu v nhng
hnh ng "cp ca nh giu, gip ngi ngho" ca ngha qun Ty Sn.
Gio s Ty Ban Nha -ma-nu-en Ca-xtu--ra (Emmanuel Castuera) ghi li:
"H tun hnh trong cc lng, tuyn b vi dn chng rng h khng phi l
gic cp m l nhng ngi lm theo tri, rng h mun thc hin cng l v
gii phng nhn dn khi ch chuyn ch ca bn vua quan. H tuyn truyn s bnh
ng v mi mt. Trung thnh vi ch ngha ca h, nhng bc tin khu ca ch
ngha x hi cn i y ly ca ci ca bn quan li v bn nh giu phn pht
cho dn ngho. Nhng lng mc b thu m h khc nng nhit lit tuyn th
hng ng khi ngha.."[1]
Mt gio s Ty Ban Nha khc l i--g Giu-mi-la (Digo de Jumilla) cng
vit:
"Nm ngoi, 1773, khong u thng 4, qun i ng trong bt u tun hnh
cc ni... Ban ngy h xung cc ch, k eo gm, ngi mang cung tn, li c
ngi mang sng. H khng h lm thit hi n ngi v ca. Tri li h t ra
mun bnh ng gia mi ngi ng trong; h vo nh giu, nu em np h t
nhiu th h khng gy tn hi, nhng nu chng c li th h cp ly nhng ca
qu em chia cho ngi ngho, h ch gi go v lng thc cho h m thi... Ngi
ta gi h l bn cp o c v nhn t i vi qun chng ngho kh..."[2].
------------------------
1. Li vn trn y l do Lorenzo Prez tm tt theo ti liu ca E. Castuera vit thng 11 nm
1785. Lorenzo Prez: Les Espagnols dans l'Empire d' An nam. Bulletin de la Socit des tudes
indochinoises, nouoelle srie, tome XV, n0 3, 4-1940, pp. 67, 68.
16
2. Th ca gio s Ty Ban Nha Dino de Jumilla vit ngy l5 thng 2 nm 177l - B.S.E.I. nouvelle
srie, t. XV, n0 3, 4. p. 74.
Nhng ng li vn ng cch mng v nhng khu hiu u tranh ni trn
on kt v tp hp c mi lc lng nh ch. Ngay t nhng ngy u cuc
khi ngha, trong hng ng ngha qun, ngi ta thy c mt hu khp cc tng
lp nhn dn v thnh phn dn tc ca vng Qui Nhn, Qung Nam. Bn cnh
qung i qun chng nng dn l lc lng c bn ca phong tro, ngi ta thy c
nhng th ho nh Nguyn Thung, nhng i ph nh Huyn Kh. Bn cnh ngi
Vit, c ngi Thng, ngi Chm v cc thng nhn Hoa kiu hoc dn tc Hn
nh cc o qun Ha ngha v Trung ngha ca L Ti v Tp nh. Mt phong
tro nng dn trong thi phong kin m c c nhiu tng lp nhn dn, nhiu
thnh phn dn tc tham gia nh th cng l him c. Vi s nhit lit hng ng
ca qung i qun chng nhn dn, ngay t nhng ngy u khi ngha, lc lng
v trang ca phong tro Ty Sn c ti 3.000 ngi[1]. Cn c a Qui Nhn li
c nhiu voi ln, nga tt. ng bo min ni Qui Nhn c truyn thng ua nga,
qun tng gii.
------------------------------------
1. Al. Faure. Les Franais en Cochinchine au XVIII sicle... Chaliamel, Paris, 1891.
ng bo c min Qui Nhn, Kinh cng nh Thng, u c truyn thng
thng v, gii roi, gii quyn, gii qun s. Cho nn nhng i qun u tin ca
phong tro Ty Sn l nhng i qun thin chin v dng cm.
Ti u nm 1773, lc lng v trang ca ngha qun c ti hng vn ngi,
cn c a ca ngha qun bao gm mt khu vc rng ln ca ph Qui Nhn:
vng ni An Kh v ba huyn Ph Ly, Bng Sn, Tuy Vin.
Trong thi k u Nguyn Hu v Nguyn L cha xut hin nh nhng lnh t
ca phong tro. Phn v h cn tr tui phn v mun thc hin chnh sch on ht
cc lc lng, ngha qun Ty Sn c ba ngi c tnh cht tiu biu nht lc by
gi ng ra lnh o phong tro: Nguyn Nhc, i din cho nhng ngi xng
phong tro, Huyn Kh, mt ngi giu c ln v Nguyn Thung, mt th ho c th
lc ph Qui Nhn. Ngha qun Ty Sn bt u xy dng chnh quyn ca nng
dn trong cn c a, theo hnh thc t chc ring ca mnh. Nguyn Nhc lm ch
tri nht, cm chnh quyn hai huyn Ph Ly v Bng Sn. Nguyn Thung lm ch
tri nh, cm chnh quyn huyn Tuy Vin. Huyn Kh lm ch tri ba, chuyn trch
vic qun lng.
Bn cnh nhng ngi lnh o, c my ngi tng gip vic l L Ti v Tp
nh, trc tip ch huy hai ton qun ngi Hoa kiu v ngi dn tc Hn do h
chiu m.
Ti y cng tc chun b khi ngha coi nh hon thnh. Ngha qun c kh
nng km sot hon ton vng Qui Nhn. Gi khi ngha ti. Ngha qun c th
m nhng t tin cng u tin vo qun ch v nm chc phn thng li.

17
18
 NGUYN HU CHIN THNG PH YN M U THI K PHT
TRIN LN MNH CA PHONG TRO TY SN
Gia nm 1773, cn c a c xy dng vng chc, nhng iu kin vt
cht v tinh thn v trang tc chin vi ch c y , ngha qun Ty Sn bt
u tin cng ch. Trong mt m1, ngha qun h thnh Qui Nhn. Tun ph Qui
Nhn l Nguyn Khc Tuyn b c v con, vt c n tn2, chy trn. Ngha qun Ty
Sn tin cng lin tip vo cc ph Qung Ngi, Din Khnh, Bnh Khang, Bnh
Thun v thu c thng li to ln trong bui u. Trong vng my thng cui
nm 1773, ngha qun Ty Sn lm ch c mt di t ai chy di t Qung
Ngi vo Bnh Thun. Ln u tin, ngn c 3 chin thng ca ngha qun Ty Sn
php phi bay trn cc thnh ly, dinh th ca bn vua quan phong kin, gt b uy
th chnh tr t hng bao i ca chng ti nhng ni y.
----------------------------
1. Theo th ca Digo de Jumilla vit ngy 15 thng 2 nm 1774. B.S E.I. nouvelle srie, t.XV, n0S
3-4. 3 et 4d trimestre 1940, p 74, th ngha qun Ty Sn nh thnh Qui Nhn vo mt bui
sng, khong gia thng 9 nm 1773.
2. Th ca Digo de Jumilla ngy 15 thng 2 nm 1774, ti liu dn, tr.74.
3. Cc ti lu c ca ta u ni c Ty Sn mu Al. Faure trong Les Franca en Cochinchine
au XVIII sicle, Challamel, Paris, 1891, tr. 31 cng ni c Ty Sn mu . Dingo de Jumilla
trong th vit ngy 15 thng 2 nm 1774, ni r c Ty Sn bng la .
Tuy vy, lc lng ngha qun cn yu, qun cha nhiu (mc du c c
26.000 ngi[1] nhng so vi ch th vn cn t), v kh cn thiu[2], kinh nghim
xy dng chnh quyn cha c, nn vic lm ch v gi gn mt vng t ai rng
ln nh vy khng phi khng c kh khn.
----------------------------------
1. Th ca Digo de Jumilla vit ngy 9 thng 8 nm 1774 ti liu dn. tr. 78.
2. Legrand de la Liraye trong Notes historiques sur la nation annamite. tr. 89, ni rng: trong trn
nh Qui Nhn nm 1773, v kh ch yu ca ngha qun l gio tre v uc. uc lm v kh
ni y chnh l ha kh, mt th v kh rt li hi m, qua ti liu ny, ta thy ngha qun Ty
Sn t ch to v s dng ngay t nhng ngy u khi ngha.
u nm 1774, cha Nguyn cho qun tin xung Qung Nam tin cng
ngha qun. Ch tng qun Nguyn l Tn Tht Thng, s thanh th ngha qun,
khng dm nh v b trn. Ma h nm 1774, cha Nguyn c Tng Phc Hip
em i qun t Gia nh theo hai ng thy b tin nh ngha qun. Ngha qun
Ty Sn phi rt khi Bnh Thun, Din Khnh, Bnh khang, gi vng t Ph
Yn tr ra Qung Ngi.
Trong phm vi t ai nh vy, ngha qun Ty Sn c th cng c cn c, pht
trin lc lng, chun b cho nhng t tn cng mnh m hn. Nhng cng trong
lc ny, li dng c hi cha Nguyn ang phi tp trung lc lng i ph vi
ngha qun Ty Sn, cha Trnh c Hong Ng Phc em i qun t Bc H tin
vo nh cha Nguyn.
Ma ng nm 1774, qun Trnh vt sng Gianh, ln lt nh chim B
Chnh, ng Hi, tin nhanh vo Thun Ha. Ngy 30 thng 1 nm 1775, qun
Trinh h thnh Ph Xun, cha Nguyn Phc Thun phi b kinh thnh chy vo
Qung Nam. Khng cho bn cha Nguyn kp ngh ngi, ngha qun Ty Sn
theo hai ng thy b tin ra nh Qung Nam. Nguyn Phc Thun vi chy vo
19
Gia nh, chu l Nguyn Phc Dng v mt s tng lnh li hot ng
vng Cu thuc Qung Nam.
Thng hai nm t Mi (1775), qun Trnh tin xung Qung Nam. Ngha qun
Ty Sn cng tin ln lng bt c bn Nguyn Phc Dng. Thng T m lch,
qun Trnh vt qua o Hi Vn, tin nh ngha qun Ty Sn. Ln u tin, ngha
qun Ty Sn tip xc vi qun Trnh ang thng li. Nguyn Nhc c Tp nh
lm tin phong, L Ti lm trung qun, tin nh qun Trnh Cm Sa thuc Qung
Nam. Nhng Tp nh b i bi; b trn khi hng ng ngha qun, tm ng chy
v Trung Quc. Nguyn Nhc v L Ti phi rt qun v Bn Tn (gip gii Qung
Nam - Qung Ngi). Qun Trnh vn tin. Nguyn Nhc phi rt v Qui Nhn.
Thy ngha qun Ty Sn ang b tht bi nng n trc sc tin cng ca qun
Trnh, thng Nm nm t Mi (1775), tng Nguyn Bnh Khang, Din Khnh l
Tng Phc Hip em ton qun nh chim Ph Yn.
Ngha qun Ty Sn phi ri b Ph Yn rt v Qui Nhn.
Nh vy l cn c a ca ngha qun b thu hp li trong phm vi Qui Nhn,
Qung Ngi v lm vo ci th b kp gia hai gng km. Qun Trnh uy hip sn
pha bc Qui Nhn. Sn pha nam Qui Nhn b qun Nguyn ca Tng Phc Hip
uy hip. Qun ch hai mt tng s c ti 5, 6 vn qun. Khng g khi ci th b
bao vy ny, ngha qun Ty Sn c nguy c b tiu dit nhanh chng. Cn c a
Qui Nhn ch thun li cho ngha qun Ty Sn trong trng hp i ph vi mt k
th, chia ct lc lng ca mt k th ra lm nhiu b phn tin nh d dng.
Nhng trong trng hp phi i ph vi c hai k th. Qun Trnh t pha Bc ko
xung, qun Nguyn t pha Nam tin ln, cng tp trung lc lng tin vo cn c
a th ngha qun Ty Sn vo ci th tht nguy him, khng th ng u ni
vi c hai k th mt lc.
i ph vi tnh hnh , ngha qun Ty sn c mt chin lc mu
nhim: dng bin php ngoi giao chn tay mt k th v chun b tin cng mt
k th.
Trong hai k th lc y, qun Trnh ca Hong Ng Phc vn l i th nguy
him nht. Cn phi ha hon c vi qun Trnh, tp trung lc lng tin cng
qun Nguyn. Nguyn Nhc cho ngi ti thng thuyt vi tng Trnh Hong
Ng Phc xin nhn lm i qun tin phong ca Trnh nh Nguyn. Qun Trnh,
sau mt thi gian hnh qun xa, t Bc vo v phi lin tc chin u trong gn mt
nm tri, cng c mun ngh ngi i cht ri s quyt nh sau, nn Hong Ng
Phc nhn li ha hon vi ngha qun Ty Sn v nhn danh cha Trnh, phong
cho Nguyn Nhc lm Ty Sn trng hiu trng tit tng qun. Nhng tng
Trnh vn khng lui qun, vn ng nguyn v tr c, st vi cn c a ca ngha
qun vi : nu ngha qun Ty Sn nh thng qun Nguyn, tin su c vo
Nam, th qun Trnh s tin theo sau, chim ly thnh qu chin thng ca ngha
qun, thu phc t ai mi m khng phi kh nhc. Tri li, nu ngha qun Ty
Sn khng thng c qun Nguyn, hoc b qun Nguyn nh bi th khi y qun
Trnh s tin vo cn c a Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn, tiu dit ngha qun, trc tip
i ph vi qun Nguyn. Ngha qun Ty Sn cng thy r nhng y ca qun
Trnh.
20
 Ngha qun quyt nh phi nh chim c Ph Yn, y li qun Nguyn v
pha nam, ng thi ly chin thng lm p lc buc qun Trnh phi t b
xm phm vo cn c a ca ngha qun.
Nhng nh c qun Nguyn ca Tng Phc Hip Ph Yn khng phi l
d dng. Ti y Tng Phc Hip c hai vn qun1. Tng Phc Hip ng bn doanh
Ph Yn v lp hai c im phng v cho Ph Yn, mt Xun i do b binh
ng gi, mt Vng Lm do thy binh n tr2. i vi mt lc lng ch mnh
nh vy, ngha qun s nh nh th no thng v ai s m nhim s mng quyt
chin vi ch, bo m thng li cho ngha qun. Cc tng ca ngha qun nh
Tp nh th b trn, L Ti th bi trn lin tip, khng cn tinh thn chin u
v cng khng c kh nng thc hin thnh cng mt trn quyt chin nh vy. Bn
thn Nguyn Nhc cng khng phi l mt tng ti c th m ng ci nhim v
qun s nng n y.
Chnh trong tnh hnh kh khn ny, Nguyn Hu xut hin nh mt v cu
tnh, ng ra gnh vc trng trch quyt nh vn mnh sng cn ca phong tro.
Nguyn Hu tc ny mi 23 tui. Khng ai ghi li c nhng hot ng ca ng t
khi phong tro Ty Sn mi bng n v ch t trn Ph Yn ny, tn tui ng mi
ghi trong s sch ca nh Nguyn. Nhng chc chn rng t 1771 ti 1775 Nguyn
Hu kinh qua chin u nhiu, c nhiu kinh nghim v t ra l mt tng lnh
xut sc. Cho nn khi ng lnh trch nhim ch huy trn nh Ph Yn, th ngha
qun u tin tng v nhng tng lnh c nh L Ti, cng phi chu lm ph
tng gip vic ng.
---------------------------------
1. Trnh Hoi c, Gia nh thnh thng ch. Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, q. 3,
t 67.
2. Xun i cch Vng Lm 4 ki-l-mt, Vng Lm cch Ph Yn khong 10 ki-l-mt.
pht huy yu t bt ng, to iu kin nh thng d dng cho ngha qun,
cc lnh t Ty Sn cho ngi ti Ph Yn thng lng vi Tng Phc Hip v
vic lp hong tn Dng lm cha v ngha qun Ty Sn hp tc vi qun Tng
Phc Hip cng tin nh qun Trnh.
Cuc thng lng cha i ti kt qu th Nguyn Hu bt ng em qun tp
kch Ph Yn. Cho n nay nhng ti liu su tm c cha cho bit r Nguyn
Hu nh Ph Yn nh th no, phng chm, hnh thc tc chin ra sao t
c thng li nhanh chng. Nhng cng bit i khi c rng Nguyn Hu h
thnh Ph Yn rt mau l. Qun Nguyn trong thnh Ph Yn ra ng chin b tan r
trong chp nhong. Tng Nguyn l Nguyn Vn Hin t trn. Mt tng Nguyn
khc l cai c Nguyn Khoa Kin b Nguyn Hu bt sng. Ch tng Nguyn l
Tng Phc Hip phi b thnh Ph Yn rt qun chy. c tin Ph Yn tht th,
tng Nguyn trn th Bnh Khang l Bi Cng K em qun theo ng ni tin
ra cu vin cho Ph Yn. Nguyn Hu cho qun n nh v bt sng Bi Cng K1.
Mt tng Nguyn khc l Tng Vn Khi em qun t Khnh Ha tin ra, cng b
qun i ca Nguyn Hu nh cho i bi Tam c, Tng Vn Khi cht ti
trn2.
-----------------------------------
1, 2. i Nam 1il truyn tin bin, Sch ch Hn, q. 4.
21
 Nh th l hai vn qun ca Tng Phc Hip b tan r, Ph Yn li thuc quyn
kim sot ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Qun Nguyn b y lui xung pha nam v t
y mt hn kh nng tin cng ngha qun Ty Sn.
Trong khi Nguyn Hu nh Ph Yn th tng Trnh, Hong Ng Phc cng
tha c tin su thm mt bc vo gn cn c a ca ngha qun v ng qun ti
Chu . Nhng chin thng vang i ca Nguyn Hu khin qun Trnh phi chn
bc. Theo yu cu ca Nguyn Nhc, Hong Ng Phc phi chu nhn danh cha
Trnh phong chc Ty Sn hiu tin phong tng qun cho Nguyn Hu. Sau t
thy khng th n p c phong tro Ty Sn v cng khng th tin su thm vo
Nam, Hong Ng Phc b t Qung Nam, lui v Ph Xun, ri khng bao lu,
mt t qun tng li gi Ph Xun, cn mnh th rt hn i qun v Bc H.
Ngha qun Ty Sn t y hon ton rnh tay khng phi lo i ph vi mt k ch
mnh hn hn mnh lc y l qun i Trnh.
Sau khi qun Trnh rt khi Qung Nam, d ng ca nh Nguyn y, do
Tn Tht Quyn v Tn Tht Xun tp hp li, ni y chim gi Qung Nam.
Nguyn Hu li t Ph Yn tr v Qui Nhn, iu qun ln nh Qung Nam. Cuc
ni dy ca d ng nh Nguyn b dp tan nhanh chng. Qung Nam li thuc
quyn kim sot ca ngha qun Ty Sn.
Nh vy l chin thng Ph Yn ca ngha qun Ty Sn di s ch huy ca v
anh hng tr tui Nguyn Hu c mt tc dng v cng quan trng, lm thay i
hn cc din, hon ton c li cho ngha qun Ty Sn. Chin thng Ph Yn g
cho ngha qun Ty Sn ra khi ci th b kp trong hai gng km ca c hai th lc
phn ng Trnh - Nguyn, vnh vin ngn chn bc tin vo Nam ca qun Trnh,
lm suy yu hn lc lng ca nh Nguyn v m ng cho s pht trin rng ln
ra ton quc ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn. T y cho ti khi ng cht, tri gn
hai mi nm rng r, Nguyn Hu i ti u l c chin thng ca ng u
ging cao n . Cng t y, Nguyn Hu tr thnh linh hn ca phong tro Ty
Sn, ngi t chc nn mi thng li ca phong tro Ty Sn sau ny.

NGHA QUN TY SN TP KCH QUN NGUYN GIA NH

Sau chin thng Ph Yn ca ngha qun Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy, c
hai k ch, qun Nguyn v qun Trnh u b y li xa cn c Qui Nhn ca ngha
qun Ty Sn. c rnh tay i ph vi nh Trnh pha bc, cc lnh t Ty Sn
quyt nh tp trung lc lng tiu dit th lc nh Nguyn min Nam.
T khi bn cha Nguyn phi b kinh thnh Ph Xun cho qun Trnh chim
ng, em tn qun chy vo Gia nh v tng Nguyn, Tng Phc Hip b
Nguyn Hu nh bt khi Ph Yn, lc lng qun s ca nh Nguyn suy yu
nhiu so vi trc, nhng chng vn m mu phn cng chim li v tr mt. Vo
ti Gia nh, Nguyn Phc Thun ra sc tng cng lc lng, tch cc tuyn m
binh lnh, tch tr binh lng. Trong vi thng, qun s ca Nguyn Phc Thun
Gia nh c ti 25.000 ngi, Nguyn Phc Thun li c mt ngi Hoa kiu lm
tng trn H Tin l Mc Thin T nhn em qun ph tr. Gia nh tr thnh cn
c ca bn cha Nguyn chun b phn cng mnh vo ngha qun Ty Sn.

22
 Bit r L Ti, tng Ty Sn gi thnh Ph Yn, ng bt mn vi cc lnh
t Ty Sn, v chc i tng ca hn trc kia, nay thuc v ngi anh hng tr
tui Nguyn Hu, Tng Phc Hip lin cho ngi chiu d L Ti. Qu nhin L Ti
em thnh Ph Yn v qun bn b ca y u hng Tng Phc Hip, theo v vi
Nguyn. Tng Phc Hip li tm cch thu phc c Chu Vn Tip, mt tng lc
tm, phn ng, chng Ty Sn, t min ni Ph Yn, em hn mt nghn qun theo
v vi Tng Phc Hip. Do y, qun th ca nh Nguyn min Bnh Thun, Ph
Yn li mnh dn ln.
Trc tnh bnh , cc lnh t ngha qun Ty Sn thy cn pht hnh ng kp
thi, p tan k hoch chun b phn cng ca bn cha Nguyn ti Gia nh, ko
bt lc lng qun Nguyn Ph Yn, Bnh Thun v Gia nh lm cho chng mt
kh nng phn cng cng nh kh nng uy hip trc tip vo cnh sn cn c a
ca ngha qun.
Cc lnh t Ty Sn ch trng nh bt ng vo cn c Gia nh ca ch, vi
mc ch tiu dit mt phn sinh lc ch v thu ht qun lng ca ch Gia nh.
Trn tp kch u tin ny cha c mc ch gii phng t ai v tiu dit ton
b qun Nguyn, v ngha qun lc y cha c kh nng thc t lm cng vic .
u nm 1776, cc lnh t Ty Sn m thm qun v Nguyn L c trao
nhim v ch huy trn tp kch ny.
Ngy 27 thng 3 nm t776, tc ngy 8 thng Hai nm Bnh Thn, Nguyn L
em thu qun tin vo Gia nh. B nh bt ng, qun Nguyn khng kp tr tay.
Nguyn Phc Thun phi b thnh Gia nh, em qun chy ra Trn Bin (vng
Bin Ha ngy nay). Nguyn L vo thnh Gia nh, kim im kho tng, thu thp
qun lng, chun b phng tin vn ti a v Qui Nhn. ng thi, Nguyn
L cho mt b phn ngha qun tin xung pha nam tp kch dinh Long H. Qun
Nguyn Long H b tiu dit. Tng Nguyn Long H l Bi Hu L b ngha
qun bt sng ti trn.
Trc sc tin cng mnh m ca ngha qun Ty Sn, Nguyn Phc Thun
phi chy v B Ra. Ti y, c ln b ngha qun truy tm ro rit. Nguyn Phc
Thun phi chy trn vo nh mt gio s Ty Ban Nha l Digo de Jumilla, nm n
di gm ging mi thot nn1, v ngha qun khng xm phm ti nh ca
nhng ngi lm ngh tn gio.
Trc tnh hnh nguy khn , Nguyn Phc Thun vi phi Thanh Nhn i
M Tho m qun cn vng, cho ngi i cu vin Mc Thin T Cn Th em
qun ln gip v triu Tng Phc Hip Ph Yu em qun v cu cha.
Ti thng Nm m lch, Thanh Nhn chiu m c hn 3.000 qun, gi l
qun ng Sn, t xng l ng Sn thng tng qun, t Tam Ph (thuc M
Tho) tin qun v Gia nh. Trong khi y, Mc Thin T em qun t Cn Th tin
ln, Tng Phc Hip v L Ti cng ang trn ng hnh qun t Ph Yn vo
Nam v ti Trn Bin, gn Gia nh.
Thy qun cu vin ca ch cc ng ko ti, Nguyn L h lnh rt qun,
em theo hn 200 thuyn lng ly c Gia nh, a v Qui Nhn. Ti y,
nhim v tin nh Gia nh ca ngha qun Ty Sn do Nguyn L ch huy hon
thnh trn vn. Qun i Ty Sn bo ton lc lng tr v cn c.
23
---------------------------
1. Lorenzo Prez. Les Espagnols dans 1'Empire d'Annam, Archives Ibro-americano. 1932, n0 107

NGUYN HU TIN QUN GII PHNG GIA NH LN TH NHT

(1777)
Sau khi ngha qun Ty Sn rt v Qui Nhn, Nguyn Phc Thun cng bn
Thanh Nhn em qun tr v thnh Gia nh. Tng Phc Hip v L Ti cng t
Trn Bin v ti ni. By gi l thng Nm nm Bnh Thn (1776).
Sang thng su Tng Phc Hip cht. L Ti v Thanh Nhn u mun,
ginh quyn thng lnh ton b qun i nh Nguyn v mnh. Hai k y tham vng
gp nhau, khng th cng chung sng. L Ti em qun bn b gi ni Chiu Thi,
chng li Thanh Nhn. Hai bn nh nhau. Thanh Nhn yu th phi p ly
Bn Ngh v sng Th Ngh ti Si Gn (tc thnh Gia nh) c th.
Thng M nm Bnh Thn (1776), Nguyn Phc Dng t Qui Nhn trn
c v Gia nh. Phc Dng vi vng gi L Ti v lm vy cnh cho mnh. L
Ti tin qun v Gia nh, Thanh Nhn phi b Gia nh, chy v cn c c Ba
Ging (tc Tam Ph) L Ti p Phc Thun nhng ngi cha cho Phc Dng.
Phc Dng xng l Tn chnh vng v tn Phc Thun lm Thi thng vng.
L Ti c phong lm bo gi i tng qun.
Phc Thun v bn chu l anh em Nguyn nh (tc Gia Long sau ny) b Gia
nh trn v Ba Ging vi Thanh Nhn. L Ti n bt Phc Thun a v Gia
nh. Ch c anh em Nguyn nh trn thot v vi qun ng Sn.
Nh vy l bn cha Nguyn chia lm hai phe: phe Nguyn Phc Thun v
phe Nguyn Phc Dng. Lc lng qun s ca nh Nguyn Gia nh cng chia
lm hai phe, nh ln nhau. L Ti v qun Ha Ngha ng h Nguyn Phc Dng.
Thanh Nhn v qun ng Sn ng h Nguyn Phc Thun.
Tnh hnh chnh l thi c thun li ngha qun Ty Sn tin vo i ph
Gia nh. V ngha qun Ty Sn khng b l thi c. V anh hng tr tui
Nguyn Hu c c lm tng, em qun i nh Gia nh.
Ln ny, tin cng qun Nguyn, cc lnh t Ty Sn tp trung mt lc
lng tng i quan trng, c thy binh v b binh cng phi hp tc chin.
K hoch tc chin quy nh:
1. Dng thu qun lm lc lng tin cng ch yu, nh chim Gia nh tiu
dit qun ch lc ca nh Nguyn, sau m rng nh chim cc a im
quan trng pha nam Gia nh nh Long H, Phin Trn.
2. Dng b binh nh thnh Bnh Thun, tiu dit qun Nguyn phng ng
y, sau gii phng vng Bnh Thun, Trn Bin pha bc Gia nh.
C hai o qun u t di quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu.
Thng Ba nm inh Du (1777), qun i Ty Sn bt du tin cng.
Cnh qun ng thy do Nguyn Hu trc tip ch huy, tin thng vo ca bin
Cn Gi, nh ln Gia nh.
Cnh qun ng b tin theo ng ni nh ph khp mt di t Ph Yn,
Bnh Thun vo n Trn Bin, ct t s lin h gia nhng cnh qun Nguyn
y vi nhng cnh qun Nguyn Gia nh.

24
 c tin Nguyn Hu em qun theo hai ng thy b tin vo, Nguyn Phc
Dng L Ti li gi thnh Gia nh, t mnh em mt o qun ln ng
Trn Bin, vi nh trnh n nh mnh lit ca Nguyn Hu, gi vng lc lng,
ch thi c phn cng. nh y b ph tan: b binh Ty Sn vo ti Trn Bin
v bt u tc chin vi qun Nguyn. Hai bn gip chin. Qun Nguyn b thit hi
nng n, ph tit ch Nguyn Cu Tun, chng trng Nguyn i L u cht
trn.
Trong lc , ti Gia nh, Ngyyn Hu tin cng lin tip vo thnh. L Ti
a ch lc ra c chin. Trc sc mnh ca qun Ty Sn, o qun L Ti b tht
bi dn dp v tan r dn.
Thy nguy c mt thnh Gia nh, Nguyn Phc Dng quyt nh li mt
b phn lc lng ng ph vi ngha qun ti Trn Bin, cn em ht qun v tng
vin cho L Ti, vi nh cng L Ti c th Gia nh. Nhng Nguyn Phc
Dng v ti Gia nh th cng l lc thnh Gia nh tht th. Nguyn Hu em i
qun tin cng mnh lit vo thnh Gia nh.
L Ti phi b thnh em qun tho chy. Nguyn Phc Dng v Nguyn
Phc Thun chy theo L Ti ra Hc Mn1.
----------------------------------------------------
1. i nam chnh bin lit truyn. s tp. q. 27, t 23 ni rng Nguyn Hu nh thnh Gia nh,
L Ti thua phi lui v Hc Mn.
i nam thc lc tin bin q. 12, li ni rng khi Nguyn Hu nh Gia nh, Nguyn Phc
Dng sai L Ti em qun ra Hc Mn c chin.
y chng ti theo ti liu ca lit truyn m khng theo thc lc. Bi v thy qun ca
Nguyn Hu t pha ca bin Cn Gi, tc l t pha ng nam Si Gn tin nh Si Gn, m L
Ti li em qun ra Hc mn, pha ty bc cch Si Gn 20 ki-l-mt nghnh chin th khng
hp l. Trnh Hoi c trong Gia nh thnh thng ch ni rng thy qun ca Nguyn Hu
ng Bn Ngh, ng tin cng thnh Gia nh, m L Ti li em qun ch lc ra Hc Mn
n nh b binh Ty Sn pha Trn Bin tip xung. iu cng khng hp l.
Nguyn Hu vo thnh Gia nh v cho mt o qun tin v pha Hc Mn
truy kch bn L Ti, Nguyn Phc Dng. Ti y, trong khi L Ti ang tc chin
tuyt vng vi qun Ty Sn th pha sau lng, mt o qun khc lao mnh tin
ti. L Ti hong s, cho l Thanh Nhn em qun ng Sn n nh p mnh,
vi vng em qun bn b chy khi Hc Mn, b mc Nguyn Phc Dng,
Nguyn Phc Thun li i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Nhng o qun mi ti
li chnh l qun Nguyn. Tng Nguyn Trng Phc Thn em qun t Cn Vt
(Kampot) i gp v Gia nh cu vin cho bn cha Nguyn v L Ti. c
qun Trng Phc Thn ti cu, Nguyn Phc Dng v Nguyn Phc Thun cng
Trng Phc Thn chy v Tranh Giang (thuc nh Tng).
o qun L Ti sau khi ri khi trn a Hc Mn, khng cn con ng no
khc ngoi con ng chy v pha Ba Ging, v cc ng ng u b qun Ty Sn
chn gi. M chy v Ba Ging th nguy him cho L Ti, v Ba Ging l cn c ca
qun ng Sn. Nhng cng ng, L Ti nh liu em qun chy v pha Ba
Ging, v qu nhin, chy gn ti Ba Ging, qun L Ti b qun ng Sn n
nh v tiu dit gn. L Ti cng b git cht. Sau khi tiu dit qun L Ti,
Thanh Nhn cng Nguyn nh em 4.000 qun ng Sn i tm bn cha Nguyn.
Gp qun ng Sn, Nguyn Phc Thun lin tch khi bn Nguyn Phc Dng,
25
i theo qun ng Sn v Ti Ph (thuc nh Tng) v trao quyn tng sy cho
Thanh Nhn.
L Ti cht, mi xung t trong ni b cha v tng nh Nguyn tm ha
hon. Thanh Nhn v Nguyn Phc Thun ch trng phi hp tc chin vi
Trng Phc Thn v Nguyn Phc Dng. K hoch d nh l: hai cnh qun ly
sng Tranh Giang lm ranh gii da lng vo nhau cng chng cuc tin cng
ca qun ty Sn.
Trng Phc Thn v Nguyn Phc Dng ch huy hng Tranh Giang.
Nguyn Phc Thun ch huy hng Ti Ph, Thanh Nhn ng qun ti Gi Kh.
Thng T m lch, Nguyn Hu cho qun tin nh c hai hng: Ti Ph v
Tranh Giang. Ti mt trn Ti Ph, qun ng Sn i bi. Nguyn Phc Thun
chy bt sang Long Hng (thuc nh Tng). T Gi Kh, Thanh Nhn cng
em qun chy theo sang Long Hng.
Trc sc truy kch mnh m ca ngha qun Ty Sn, Nguyn Phc Thun v
Thanh Nhn phi chy sang Cn Th mong da vo qun i ca Mc Thin T
i ph vi qun Ty Sn.
Ti mt trn Tranh Giang, Nguyn Phc Dng v Trng Phc Thn cng
khng ng ni sc tin cng mnh lit ca ngha qun Ty Sn v phi rt chy
xung Tr Tn (thuc nh Tng) ri cng thy qun do chng c Thim Lc ch
huy rt v Ba Vit (tc Ba Vt, pha bc c lao M Cy, trn sng Ci Mng,
thuc a phn tnh Bn Tre ngy nay). Ti y, Nguyn Phc Dng c Tng
Phc Hu em qun gi M Lung, Thim Lc gi Hng i, cn Nguyn Phc
Dng v Tng Phc Ha ng qun ti Ba Vit.
pha Cn Th, sau khi Nguyn Phc Thun chy ti, Mc Thin T cho con l
Mc T Duyn em qun tin ra o ng Khu nhm chn ng cuc tin cng v
bo ca qun Ty Sn. Nhng Mc T Duyn tht bi nng n, phi chy v Cn
Th, cng Mc Thin T lo k phng th1. Qun ca Mc Thin T cng nh qun
ng Sn ca Thnh Nhn v ton th qun Nguyn Gia nh, u khip s
tinh thn v sc mnh chin u ca qun i Nguyn Hu v s c mt th v kh
ring ca qun i Nguyn Hu l ha h.
Gia lc chin tranh ng din ra c lit nh th, mt gio s Gia nh
vit th truyn tin cho gio hi ca h bit v th v kh li hi . Theo miu t ca
gio s ny th ha h ging nh mt ci lao2, gm hai b phn. Mt b phn ta nh
mt ci gy ngn lm bng loi g cy c nhiu gai di, nhng gai c un cong
nh nhng li cu. Gy gai li cu y buc ni vo mt b phn th hai, di nh
ci so. Pha trn u so trt dy mt th nha t, bn ngoi qun l, lm thnh
mt th uc c bit, va l uc va l lao. Khi ra trn, ngha qun t u uc
nha v khua so ra pha trc, nha uc t chy, vung bn vo ch, bt chy,
ch s b cht chy, nu khng th cng b chy bng nghim trng. Khi ti gn
ch, ngha qun khua so, lao u gy gai li cu vo ngi ch, gai li cu mc
vo qun o ch. ch lng tng khng g ra c, nh chu cht chy v nha
uc hoc nh ngha qun bt sng ti trn3.
Thy Mc Thin T khng th ng u ni vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Nguyn
Phc Thun sai Thanh Nhn v thuc tng Nguyn Qun tm ng ln ra Bnh
26
Thun, Ph Yn, gi bn Chu Vn Tip, Trn Vn Thc vo cu. Thng By m
lch, Thanh Nhn ti Bnh Thun, Trn Vn Thc em qun tin vo cu bn
cha Nguyn. Chu Vn Tip li Bnh Thun i ph vi b binh Ty Sn ang
nh ph sut min Ph Yn, Bnh Thun, Bin Ha... Nhng qun cu vin ca
Trn Vn Thc cha ra khi a phn Bnh Thun th b binh Ty Sn pha Bin
Ha tin ln chn nh v tiu dit ton b o qun cu vin ny.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. i Nam lit truyn tin bin q. 6, t 9.
2. Lao, ch Hn vit l phiu, l mt th v kh c, nhiu nc phng ng xa c dng. Lao
hoc phiu l mt ci so di bng tre hay g, u so c buc mt ci vng, khi nh ch th
khua so, lao mnh ci vng vo u ch git cho ch ng cht. Ci lao Vit Nam xa c
khc v nh ch nguy him hn. Lao Vit Nam l mt th so di, trn u so buc mt ci
gy ngn. C so v gy u lm bng g rn. Dy buc l mt b dy tht chc hoc l dy
xch st. Dng lao nh ch xa hoc cao hn tm gm gio. Khi nh th ma so, lao
mnh u gy vo ch. u gy c th p cht ngay ch hoc nh gy v kh gm gio
ca ch. th k XV, ngha qun Lam Sn nh cht Liu Thng,ch tng qun Minh
cng bng phng lao. Ti th k XVIII, nhng ngi Chu u sang Vit Nam cng phi nhn
nh lao l mt th v kh ng s nht ca ngi Vit Nam "Khi ma lao m nh, th gm
gio ca ch cng b p gy tan, ng n ca ch bn ra cng b chn li" (De la
Bissachre: tat actuel du Tonkin, de la Cochinchinc et des royaumes de Cambodge, Laos et
Lc Th, Paris, Galignani, 1812, tome I, p. 319).
Ha h va l lao, va l uc tung nha chy nn cng li hi hn. S c cn ni n "Ha
phn ng" tc ng phun la ca Ty Sn. Chng ti cha r cc tc gi sch s c hiu v gi
ha h ca ngha qun vi tn nh th hay l mt th v kh na ca ngha qun.
3. Th ca gao s Jean de Jsus, vit ti Gia nh thng 5 nm 1777, trong Archives Ibro-
amricano 1932- n0 107.
Trn Vn Thc cht trn. Chu Vn Tip b chy. Ngha qun Ty Sn chim
ng Bnh Thun.
Trong khi b binh Ty Sn nh ph qun cu vin Bnh Thun, thy binh Ty
Sn cng tin cng vo qun i ca Nguyn Phc Dng Ba Vit. Nhiu tng
lnh thn cn ca Nguyn Phc Dng nh Tn Tht Ch, Nguyn Mn, Tng Phc
Hu u cht ti y. Ch cn li Tng Phc Ha mt mnh cm qun c gng
chng .
Thng Tm m lch, Nguyn Hu cho thm mt cnh qun i nh Hng i.
Tng Nguyn ng gi y l Thim Lc phi b chy v Ba Vit. B qun Ty
Sn bao vy cht ch, Nguyn Phc Dng thy n th cng, qun tan lng ht,
mun tm ng chy trn theo Chu Vn Tip. Nhng Nguyn Phc Dng
khng th thot khi vng vy ca qun Ty Sn, v vng vy y ngy cng tht cht
li. Qun Nguyn Phc Dng b bt gn, khng trn thot mt ngi no.
Nguyn Phc Dng v 18 tng lnh ty tng b a v Gia nh chu ti t hnh1
ngy tn hi thng Tm nm inh Du2 tc 18 thng 9 nm 1777.
Nguyn Phc Thun Cn Th nghe tin Nguyn Phc Dng b vy Ba Vit,
cng rt lo s cho s phn mnh. Thy Cn Th khng phi l ni th him, khng
sc ng u vi nhng cuc tin cng ca qun Ty Sn. Mc Thin T quyt
nh cng Nguyn Phc Thun ri khi Cn Th, i theo sng Thin Giang, lnh ra
t Kin Giang (Rch Gi) vi nh nu qun Ty Sn ui ti Kin Giang th ln

27
trn ra cc hi o. Mc Thin T li cho con l Mc T Duyn cng mt s qun s
li sau, cht cy, lp dng sng Hip Giang ngn chn qun Ty Sn truy kch3.
Nhng Nguyn Phc Thun, Mc Thin T cha kp n Kin Giang, c
tin Nguyn Phc Dng b bt. Nguyn Phc Thun v cng hong s, khng yn
tm chy ra Kin Giang. Cng ng, Mc Thin T bn vi Nguyn Phc Thun
cng em v con chy sang Qung ng, nng nh nh Thanh v yu cu vua
Thanh cho qun sang nh Ty Sn. Mc Thin T cho ngi a Nguyn Phc
Thun tm lnh sang Long Xuyn ch tu4, cn mnh th i ra ca bin Rch Gi,
tm chic tu bin ca mt ngi quen l Quch n nh a gip thy tr nh
Nguyn sang Qung ng5.
Nguyn Phc Thun v mt s tng lnh ti Long Xuyn thng Tm nm inh
Du (1777).
---------------------------------------------------
1. Theo Gia nh thnh thng ch. Bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, q. 2, t 42 v Nouoelles lettres
difiantes et curieuses tome VI, introduction, p. LVII.
2. i Nam thc lc. Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. I, tr. 263.
3, 5. i Nam lit truyn tin bin, q. 6. t 10.
4. Theo th ca Jean de Jsus vit ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1777, th Nguyn Phc Thun mun ch
n mt tu ca ngi B o Nha Ma Cao, nhng tu ny i mt ri.
Thng Chn m lch, qun Ty Sn do Chng C Thnh ch huy, truy kch ti
Long Xuyn. Nguyn Phc Thun v ton b tng lnh nh Nguyn y u b
qun Ty Sn bt sng, ch c Nguyn nh lc y mi 15 tui, cng m v mt s
anh ch em trn thot. Qun Ty Sn tip tc tin xung Rch Gi, tm bt Mc
Thin T. Nhng Mc Thin T kp thi chy trn ra o Ph Quc[1].
Nguyn Phc Thun v cc tng lnh nh cha con Trng Phc Thn, Nguyn
Danh Khong, Nguyn Phc ng (anh rut Nguyn nh), v.v. u chu ti cht
Gia nh ngy canh thn thng Chn nm inh Du, [2] tc ngy 19 thng 10 nm
1777.
Nh th l c bn cha Nguyn ng thi, Thi thng vng Nguyn Phc
Thun v Tn chnh vng Nguyn Phc Dng cng i b phn tng lnh v
qun i nh Nguyn u b tiu dit. Ton b t ai min Gia nh, t Ph Yn
n H Tin, thuc quyn kim sot ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Nhim v ca Nguyn
Hu trong cuc tin qun ny ti y hon thnh. Cho nn cng trong thng Chn m
lch, sau khi cuc tin cng kt thc, Nguyn Hu em qun ch lc v Qui Nhn,
ch mt vi vin tng v mt i qun nh li chim ng Gia nh.
-----------------------------
1. i Nam lit truyn tin bin q. 6, t 10.
2. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch, t. I, tr. 263.
***
y l ln u tin Nguyn Hu ch huy mt cuc tin qun ln. Nm y ng
mi 25 tui. Cuc tin qun din ra trong vng su thng v thnh cng rc r.
Vi cuc tin qun ny, Nguyn Hu nh tan qun i nh Nguyn, lt ngi cha
my trm nm ca dng h Nguyn v cng mt lc git cht c hai cha Nguyn:
Thi thng vng Nguyn Phc Thun v Tn Chnh vng Nguyn Phc Dng,
em li ton b t ai min Gia nh cho ngha qun Ty Sn.

28
 Thng li ca cuc tin qun ny tht l ln lao. Chin cng ca v tng tr
tui ch huy cuc tin qun ny tht l ng knh. V bn thn chin cng y cng l
mt bi hc qu bu cho chng ta.
Khc vi cuc nh p nm 1776, cuc tin qun ny c mc ch rt kin
quyt, c hai nhim v ch yu rt nng n: tiu dit lc lng qun s ch yu ca
cha Nguyn v gii phng ton b t ai min Gia nh. hon thnh nhim v
v vang , cn c mt quyt tm chnh xc v mt th trn tht thch hp. Lc ,
tng binh lc ca cha Nguyn cn ng, chia thnh nhiu o qun ng ri t Bnh
Thun qua Gia nh n Cn Th.
Bnh Thun c o qun Chu Vn Tip, ti thnh Gia nh, c o qun L
Ti, Ba Ging c cn c qun ng Sn ca Thanh Nhn, pha Cn Th, c
o qun ca Mc Thin T, xa hn na, v pha ty, cn c mt b phn lc lng
do Trng Phc Thn ch huy ng gn Cn Vt.
Nguyn Hu h quyt tm tin cng qun ch trn hai hng, ng b v
ng thy, ly hng ng thy lm hng tin cng ch yu, nhm vo mc tiu
trc mt l o qun L Ti thnh Gia nh. Hng tin cng th yu o b binh
m nhim, nh ph Ph Yn, Bnh Thun, chn gi khng cho o qun Chu Vn
Tip tin vo tip vin cho cc o qun Nguyn Gia nh.
Xung t vi o qun Thanh Nhn v khng lin lc c vi o qun
Chu Vn Tip, o qun Nguyn Phc Dng - L Ti Gia nh tuy kh mnh
nhng tr thnh c lp. Tin cng thnh Gia nh trong iu kin k ch y b c
lp nh vy, Nguyn Hu nht nh nm chc phn thng li. Qua s ch huy cuc
tin qun ny ca Nguyn Hu, ngi ta thy ng phn tch ton din tnh hnh
ch, phn on chnh xc nhng ch yu ca ch, chn ng hng tin cng v
mc tiu tin cng, b tr lc lng mt cch thch ng ginh ton thng v pha
ngha qun.
Trong qu trnh din bin ca cuc tin qun, mt vn ni bt ln l s ginh
quyn ch ng ca c hai bn.
ng nhin, vi lc lng u th tin cng trn mc tiu ch yu, qun i
Ty Sn gi quyn ch ng ngay t lc u. Nhng qun i Nguyn khng b
nh bt ng v chun b i ph. Khi chy sang u hng cha Nguyn, L Ti
em theo qun bn b Ha ngha gm trn 8.000 ngi. Sau , lc lng ny cn
c th tng ln, v tr thnh o qun ch lc ca phe cha Nguyn Phc ng.
Vi lc lng kh ln, c thnh ly, cng s che ch, o qun L Ti li Gia
nh c kh nng ngn chn c cuc tin cng ca qun i Ty Sn, ko di thi
gian chin u, to iu kin thun li cho cuc phn cng sau ny. Cn Nguyn
Phc Dng t em mt lc lng v trang chuyn v Trn Bin vi nh da vo
a th phc tp y bo ton lc lng, ch i thi c. ng thi Nguyn
Phc Dng iu ng o qun Trng Phc Thn t Cn Vt v Gia nh nhm
nh vo sau lng o qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu. Mc ch ca Nguyn Phc
Dng l mun dng qun L Ti ko di cuc phng ng, nhm tranh th thi gian,
a lc lng t nhiu hng n. Khi cuc tin cng ca qun Ty Sn b
ngn chn li, v lc lng t cc hng ti ni, Nguyn Phc Dng s t b
ng ginh li ch ng, to nn u th cc b v hnh thi c li ri chuyn sang
29
phn cng, nhm nh tan cuc tin cng ca Nguyn Hu. Th l ngay t nhng
ngy u ca cuc tin qun th hin r rt s u tranh ginh quyn ch ng
ca c hai bn.
V tng tr Ty Sn ph tan m mu ca qun Nguyn. ng tp trung
binh lc, u th, kin quyt nhm vo mc tiu trng yu m nh mnh lit, lin tc
v nhanh chng. Trn tin cng ca Nguyn Hu vo Gia nh c s hip ng
tch cc v mt thit ca cnh qun tin cng trn hng th yu ca chin dch. T
mun thot khi th b ng, Nguyn Phc Dng v L Ti cng i su vo b
ng. Nguyn Phc Dng b bt buc phi tng cng lc lng cho L Ti.
Nhng vic tng cng khng c tc dng. Qun Nguyn mun ko di thi gian
phng ng thnh ch ng, nhng thng li nhanh chng ca Nguyn Hu y
qun Nguyn i su vo b ng.
Tp trung binh lc tin cng, gi vng quyt tm tin nh mc tiu ch yu,
khng cho tnh hung bin ha phc tp, Nguyn Hu gi hon ton quyn ch
ng, t c tiu dit sinh lc ch, hon thnh nhim v nng n ca t u l
tiu dit o qun L Ti v gii phng thnh Gia nh. Thi k quyt lit nht, cng
l thi k quyt nh, mang li ton thng cho qun i Ty Sn.
Trong thi k hai ca cuc tin qun, s ch huy ca Nguyn Hu cng linh
hot. Tiu dit xong o qun L Ti, ng thc hin s chuyn bin so snh lc
lng c li cho ngha qun Ty Sn. Qun i Nguyn Gia nh mt mt o
qun ln. L Ti cht v o qun Ha ngha b tiu dit tuy c lm cho cuc xung
t gia hai phe cha Nguyn bt cng, nhng chng vn khng th thng nht c
lc lng tp trung i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Trn bc ng cng,
chng phi tm thi ha hon, tm thi hp tc vi nhau, nhng chng vn l nhng
o qun hon ton c lp, khin qun i Ty Sn c th tp trung tiu dit nhanh
chng tng o qun Nguyn.
Trn chin trng Gia nh lc y, qun Nguyn c hai o qun. o qun
Nguyn Phc Dng - Trng Phc Thn yu nhiu v mt o qun Ha ngha
ca L Ti.
o qun Nguyn Phc Thun - Thanh Nhn tng i mnh hn v o
qun ng Sn vn cn nguyn vn v o qun ny cn kh nng c o qun
Mc Thin T Cn Th tip vin. Nhn nh r ton h chin trng, Nguyn Hu
nhanh chng h quyt tm mi: tin cng ch trn c hai hng, dn n lc ch yu
vo o qun ng Sn. Nm chc tnh hnh cc o qun Nguyn Ph Yn, Bnh
nh khng th lin lc c vi Gia nh, khng th tip vin cho Gia nh v b b
binh Ty Sn chn ph, Nguyn Hu yn tm a ch lc tin nh Ti Ph v
Tranh Giang. ng tp trung binh lc tiu dit nhanh chng mt lc lng qun
Nguyn, sau li mau l tp trung trn hng khc, lin tc tin cng, tiu dit
nhanh chng mt lc lng khc, khin cho cc o qun Nguyn khng cn thi
gian i ph mt cch c hiu qu v ri vo th hon ton b ng.
Kt qu l c hai o qun Nguyn Phc Dng v Nguyn Phc Thun u ln
lt b tiu dit nhanh chng trc sc tin cng mnh m v lin tc ca o qun
ch lc Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy.

30
 Trong trn gii phng Ph Yn v cuc tin qun gii phng Gia nh ln ny,
nhng c trng c bn v t tng chin thut ca Nguyn Hu th hin rt r:
Trong tc chin, iu m Nguyn Hu quan tm trc ht l khi sinh lc ch cn
phi tiu dit, ch khng phi thnh ly, t ai cn chim gi. Cho nn d trong mt
trn chin u hay trong ton b cuc tin qun cng lm hai nhim v: tiu dit ch
v gii phng t ai, bao gi Nguyn Hu cng ly tp on v trang ch lm mc
tiu cng kch v tiu dit trit . Gii quyt c mc tiu , tc hon thnh
c c hai nhim v.
Trong chin u, Nguyn Hu thng tp trung binh lc ginh u th cc b
nh mnh lit vo mt im, mt mc tiu, ri li tp trung binh lc nh mt im,
mt mc tiu khc. Do cc n t kch u c tnh cht quyt nh. Hnh ng
ca Nguyn Hu bao gi cng vo th ch ng, m kt qu l thc hin c tiu
dit sinh lc ch.
Trong mt trn chin u v c mt cuc tin qun ln trong bao gm nhiu
trn chin u, b tr th trn ca Nguyn Hu thng thng l tp trung cng kch
mt mc tiu, mt hng, ng thi c lc lng tr cng trn nhiu mt, nhiu
hng khc. B tr nh vy, mt mt Nguyn Hu vn thc hin c tp trung binh
lc, mt khc, li phn tn binh lc v sc i ph ca i phng.
Trong qu trnh tc chin, thc hin c ng mau l v nh nhanh gii quyt
nhanh, khng ngng to thnh nhiu u th cc b, ginh u th ton cc.
Hip ng cht ch v kho lo gia cc binh chng, c bit l gia b binh v
thy binh. Nguyn Hu s dng linh hot cc binh chng, ty theo tng trn chin
u, tng tnh hung chin u m trao cho binh chng ny hay binh chng khc
nhim v c tnh cht quyt nh, c s phi hp c lc ca cc binh chng khc
cng tham chin.
Xt v thc cht, l t tng nh tiu dit, ly vic tiu dit trit sinh lc
lm mc tiu ch yu, khng phi t tng ly vic nh chim thnh ly lm mc
ch ca tin cng. T tng chin thut c qun xuyn trong ton b cuc tin
qun v cc trn chin u m Nguyn Hu t chc v thc hnh sau ny trong sut
cuc i lm tng ca ng.

NGUYN HU TIN QUN GII PHNG GIA NH LN TH HAI (l782)

Sau khi thot khi Long Xuyn, Nguyn nh v gia quyn ca y ln trn vo
rng v ln chy v pha trng o Mc Bc (thuc Tr Vinh) mong nng nh
c o B a Lc ang 1. Nhng B a Lc cng khng dm bn Nguyn
nh trong trng o, phi giu Nguyn nh trong mt khu rng gn nh trng
v hng ngy cho ngi c o bn x H Vn Nghi em cm vo rng cho n2. Li
sng y khng th ko di v y cng khng phi l ni an ton, thot khi s lng
bt ca qun Ty Sn, nn Nguyn nh xin cho ln chy ra ngoi hi o.
B a Lc ng v cho ngi a Nguyn nh3 i v pha sng Khoa Giang
(tc sng ng c, thuc Bc Liu), xung thuyn chy ra o Th Chu (o
Polllopanjang), cch b bin vnh Xim La 200 ki-l-mt. y, cy rng rm rp,
khng c ngi , ch i khi c nhng thuyn nh c qua li. Cho nn, thi y, o
Th Chu c th l ni ln trn an ton cho Nguyn nh.
31
----------------------------------
1. Nuuvelles lettres diiantes et curieuses. Paris, 1818 - 1828, tome VI, introduction, p. LVII.
2, 3. De la Bissachre: Etat actuel du Tonkin. de la Cochinchine et des royaumes de Cambodge,
Laos et Lc Th. Edition Galignan, Paris, 1812, tome II, p. 163. - Ch. B. Maybon: Histoire
moderne du pays d'Annam. Librairie Plon, Paris, 1920, pp. 192 - 193. - Cl. E. Maitre:
Documents sur Pigneau de Behaine. Revue Indochinoise, 2 semestre, Septembre 1913, n0 9,
pp.344 - 347.
Trong khi Nguyn nh lao mnh chy trn khp ni nh vy th mt s tng
lnh ca nh Nguyn cn n nu c min Gia nh. Thanh Nhn, th lnh
qun ng Sn, trc y chu lnh ca Nguyn Phc Thun ra Bnh Thun gp Chu
Vn Tip xin qun cu vin, nhng vic khng thnh. Qun cu vin do Trn Vn
Thc ch huy b tiu dit ngay t khi cn trong a phn Bnh Thun. M qun
cn li ca Chu Vn Tip th qu t khng dm tin xung Gia nh. Khi thy i
qun ca Nguyn Hu tr v Qui Nhn, Chu Vn Tip mi cho em r l L Vn
Qun v mt s ty tng i cng Thanh Nhn v Gia nh hot ng. Thanh
Nhn v bn L Vn Qun li ti Ba Ging l cn c c ca qun ng Sn m
qun.
Trong khi m qun, Thanh Nhn mt mt cho ngi i tm bn bi tng
ca nh Nguyn l Nguyn Vn Hong, Tng Phc Khung, Tng Phc Lng,
Dng Cng Trng, H Vn Ln ang ln trn cc ni, em tn binh v hi qun.
Mt mt, Thanh Nhn cho qun ra Th Chu - n Nguyn nh v. Cui thng
Mi nm inh Du (1777), Nguyn nh v ti ni. Thng Mt m lch, bn
Thanh Nhn m cuc tin cng vo qun Ty Sn v nh chim c dinh Long
H. Thng Chp m lch, bn Thanh Nhn nh chim c Gia nh. Cc tng
Ty Sn Gia nh phi chy v Qui Nhn.
Thng Hai nm Mu Tut (1778), Nguyn Nhc cho qun theo hai ng thy
b vo nh qun Nguyn. Tng c Ty Sn l Chu ch huy thy qun tin vo
nh ph cc min ven sng Bin Ha v Gia nh. H gi Ty Sn Phm Ngn
em b binh nh xung Bin Ha. Nhng c hai o qun u khng thng li. Ti
thng Nm m lch, c hai o qun u rt v Qui Nhn. mt Gia nh, Ty Sn
li mt thm Bnh Thun.
Nhn thy cha th gii quyt ngay c vn Gia nh v cn phi c thi
gian xy dng hu phng, tng cng lc lng, cc lnh t Ty Sn quyt nh
ngng nhng cuc tin cng hng nm vo Gia nh cho ti khi c y iu kin
chin thng. V pha i phng, cng trong thi gian ny, Nguyn nh c c hi
thun li xy dng lc lng v tin ti mu tin cng li ngha qun Ty Sn.
u nm 1781, Nguyn nh c ba vn qun thy b, 80 thuyn chin hng va, 3
thuyn chin ln1, 2 chic tu kiu u chu v 3 tu B o Nha do cc s quan v
thy th B o Nha iu khin, c 3 tu ny u t di quyn ch huy ca mt s
quan Php l cai c Mn He (Manuel)2. Nhng v ni b c nhiu xung t v
quyn li, a v, nn bn Nguyyn nh khng sc tin cng qun Ty Sn.
Thng Ba nm Tn Su (1781) Nguyn nh m st Thanh Nhn, ngi ly li
t Gia nh cho hn, em hn t o Th Chu v Gia nh, t hn ln ngi cha.
Thanh Nhn t nn cho Nguyn nh t mt a tr 16 tui tr thnh mt ng
cha, c qun, c t, c quyn thng tr. Vy m Nguyn nh git Thanh Nhn.
32
Nguyn nhn ch v Nguyn nh lo s uy quyn ca Thanh Nhn s nh hng
khng li ti a v v quyn hnh ca hn. Khi Thanh Nhn b git cht, cc
thuc tng ca Thanh Nhn v qun ng Sn lp tc ni dy chng li
Nguyn nh v cc tng lnh thn cn ca Nguyn nh. Cuc xung t lm cho
c hai bn hao binh tn tng kh nhiu v lm cho lc lng ca Nguyn nh b
suy st nghim trng.
---------------------------------------------
1. Theo gio s Ginestar trong th vit t Sa c nm 1784 th Nguyn nh c trn 470 thuyn
chin cc loi, khng k nhng tu Ty do ngi Php v ngi B o Nha ch huy (Lorenzo
Prez: ti liu dn, tr. 89).
2. Lorenzo Prez, ti liu dn, tr. 88.
Thng Nm nm Tn Su (l781), Nguyn nh c binh tin nh qun Ty Sn
ti Bnh Khang (tc Khnh Ho ngy nay, cch Nha Trang 11 ki-l-mt).
Ba o qun c iu ng. Hai o b binh do Chu Vn Tip v Tn Tht D
ch huy, t Bnh Thun, Ph Yn chuyn sang tin cng. Mt o thy qun do Tng
Phc Thim, Nguyn Hu Thy, Dng Cng Trng ch huy, xut pht t Gia
nh phi hp vi b binh nh Bnh Khang v chn nh thu qun ng cu ca
Ty Sn.
Qun Nguyn tin st Bnh Khang. o Qun Chu Vn Tip ng ti Din
Khnh (cch Bnh Khang 2 ki-l-mt). o qun Tn Tht D ng ti Hn Khi
(cch Nha Trang 40 ki-l-mt). Qun Nguyn o cng s, p ly i din vi qun
Ty Sn[1].
Ti Bnh Khang qun Ty Sn c mt i tng binh kh ln. Khi qun Nguyn
ti ni, cha kp khiu chin th qun Ty Sn tin cng trc. Qun Ty Sn cho
ton i voi chin xung trn, qun Nguyn hong s, b chy hn lon. Qun Ty
Sn ui nh dn p. Trong tnh hnh nguy ngp , o thy qun ca Tng
Phc Thim Gia nh li khng ra c, v qun ng Sn Ba Ging ni lon.
Qun tng nh Nguyn Gia nh cng ng tht bi nng n trc s tin cng
ca qun ng Sn.
Thy khng th ngn chn c sc nh ui mnh lit ca qun Ty Sn
Bnh Khang, Tn Tht D nh phi em tn qun chy v Bnh Thun, cn Chu
Vn Tip th em qun theo ng ni chy v Tr Lang l cn c c Ph Yn
ch thi c hot ng.
---------------------------------------------
1. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 37. i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp,
q. 6, t 23 - 24, c mt vi chi tit khc v vic ny. Theo Chnh bin lit truyn th Chu Vn
Tip v Gia nh t nm 1780 v trong trn ny, Chu Vn Tip a qun t Gia nh
ln Din Khnh, khng phi l t Ph Yn xung.
m mu nh chim Bnh Khang ca Nguyn nh nh th l hon ton tht
bi.
Sau thng li Bnh Khang, cc lnh t Ty Sn thy khng th yn cho
Nguyn nh pht trin lc lng v t ch thng tr lu di Gia nh.
Thng Ba nm Nhm Dn (1782), Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu ch huy mt
o b binh v mt o thy qun[1] gm vi trm thuyn chin[2] xut pht t Qui
Nhn tin nh Gia nh. Thy qun i thng vo ca bin Cn Gi.

33
 Ln ny, Nguyn nh chun b sn sng i ph[3]. Khi c tin thy qun
Ty Sn tin vo ca bin Cn Gi, Nguyn nh h lnh cho Tng Phc Thim
a thy qun ra nghnh chin. o thy qun ny ca Nguyn nh gm hn 400[4]
thuyn chin v c mt s tu ca Php v B o Nha tham d[5]. Tng Phc
Thim dn thuyn chin thnh hng ngang Ng By (Tht K Giang). K hoch
ca qun Nguyn l chn ng v nh tan thy qun Ty Sn ti Ng By.
Nhng mc cho thuyn chin qun Nguyn bn chn d di, thy qun Ty Sn
ang trn chiu thun gi, vn o t tin ln v tin cng rt mnh.
-------------------------------------
1. Trnh Hoi c, Gia nh thnh thng ch, Sch ch Hn, q. 3, t 71.
2. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 39.
3. De la Bissachre trong Etat actuel du Tonkin... t. II, tr. 164 ni rng: ln ny Nguyn nh c ti
7 vn qun. Chc l ni qu s tht.
4. Theo th ca Ginester vit nm 1784. Lorenzo, Prez, ti liu dn, tr. 89.
5. De la Bissachre, Etat attuel du Tonkin... t. II, tr. 164 - 165. J.Barrow, Voyage la Cochinchine
en 1793, Paris, 1807 tr. 257.
Nguyn Hu ch huy thy qun dng cm tin st thuyn chin ch v tung ho
cng nh ph [1]. Trn thy chin din ra rt c lit. Trc sc mnh ca thy qun
Ty Sn v ti ch huy ca Nguyn Hu, cc thuyn chin ca Nguyn nh phi lui
dn. Thy qun Ty Sn vn bm st thuyn chin ch v tp trung ha lc bn ph
rt d di. Nhng tu B o Nha v Php u b chy [2].
Ch cn li mt tu kiu chu u c 10 i bc [3] do cai c [4] Php Mn He
(Manuel) ch huy. Nguyn nh b thuyn, ln tu iu khin cuc rt lui. Nhng
thy qun Ty Sn ui rt qu, Nguyn nh li phi b tu [5] xung thuyn nh
chy nhanh vo b. Chic tu ca Mn He b hm trong vng vy ca thuyn chin
Ty Sn. Mc d Mn He c sc chng c, thuyn chin Ty Sn vn bao vy cht.
Cui cng chic tu Ty b t chy v nh m. Tn tng Php Mn He t trn.
-------------------------------------
1. i Nam thc lc chnh bin, nht k. q I. De la Bissachre, mt gio s Php Vit Nam,
cui th k XVIII, ht sc ca ngi php nh ha cng ca Vit Nam v nhn nh rng: php
nh ha cng lm cho thy qun Vit Nam thi y rt ng s. Theo De la Bissachre, ha
cng l mt th tn la (fuse) to bng cnh tay; la ha cng rt mnh, c th t chy mi
th tu thuyn. Ha cng cng gp nc cng chy d, ha cng ch dp tt c trn t m
thi. Cng theo De la Bissachre, trn t, b binh cng dng ha cng, nhng ha cng trn
t khng nguy him bng nh trn mt nc, v trn t c th dp tt ho cng d dng hn.
(De la Bissachre: Etat actuel du Tonkin, de la Cochinchine et des royaumes de Combodge,
Laos et Lc Th. Librairie Calignani, Paris, 1812, tome I, tr.325.
2. De la Bissachre, ti liu dn, q. II, tr. 164 -165. Barrow, ti liu dn, tr. 257.
3. Theo li B a Lc bo co vi vua Php, ti triu nh Php khong u thng 5 nm 1787,
dn trong Al. Faure ti liu dn, p. 82.
4. Cai c l mt chc v quan cao cp ca qun Nguyn thi y.
5. Th ca Ginestar, ti liu dn, tr. 89.
Cng lc , Nguyn nh trc tip ch huy mt i thuyn chin n cu vin,
nhng b ha lc trn thuyn chin Ty Sn chn nh rt d di. Thuyn ca
Nguyn nh b bn gy ct bum. Nguyn nh phi rt chy v Bn Ngh.
Bn Ngh l mt n qun pha nam thnh Gia nh (trn ng i Ch Ln
ngy nay). Nguyn nh rt qun v Bn Ngh l nhm mc ch tm ni an ton v

34
thun li i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Trc Bn Ngh l thnh Gia nh, trong
vn c qun Nguyn ng gi, lm bnh phong bo v cho Bn Ngh. Pha bc
thnh Gia nh c mt n tin tiu l n Th Ngh kh kin c.
n ny lp ti mt a im trn ng ba sng Th Ngh v c th khng ch tt
c my ng sng Th Ngh v sng Gia nh. Do y, n Th Ngh che ch cho
thnh Gia nh rt kn o. n ny c lp t nm 1772, c mt chin ly ln,
chu vi 15 dm, tc khong 7 ki-l-mt [1]. Nm 1780, chin lu Th Ngh li c
lm bng thn cy da ken vi nhau, ngoi p t [2]. Thi by gi chin ly lm
bng thn cy da hay cy c, t xen vo nhau, c coi nh l bt kh xm phm
[3], sng thng v c i bc bn u khng suy xuyn v thn cy da, g xp,
khng b n bn v, m tri li, n b thn cy da gi cht, khng xuyn qua v
lt ra ngoi c.
---------------------------------------------------
1 L. Malleret. Les anciennes fortifications et citadelles de Saigon (1674 - 1859). Imp. Nguyn Vn
Ca, Sai gon. 1936, p. 20.
2, 3. AL. Faure, ti liu dn, tr. 41, 82. - Khong th k XVIII nhng ni trng nhiu da nh
min Nam Vit Nam v n , ngi ta thng ken thn cy da lm chin ly rt kin c.
Pondichry, trong cuc chin tranh gia Anh v Php, Dupleix lm mt chin ly nh
vy. Ba trm khu i bc ca hi qun Anh do dc Boscaven ch huy, bn d di vo
chin ly, nhng chin ly khng h b lay chuyn. V cui cng, hi qun Anh phi tht
bi trc ci chin ly c bit ny.
Nhng thnh ly kin c ca Nguyn nh khng th ngn cn c bc tin
ca qun i Ty Sn. Thy Nguyn nh rt chy, Nguyn Hu h lnh ui nh.
Ngha qun Ty Sn lin tip chim ng n Th Ngh, h thnh Gia nh v tin
nh qun Nguyn nh ti Bn Ngh.
Thy qun Nguyn nh hon ton tan r. Nguyn nh em tn qun chy trn
v Ba Ging.
Nguyn Hu cho cc i thuyn chin nh tip lc ui nh ch trn cc ng
sng.
Nguyn nh phi chy v L Ph (thuc nh Tng). Cng i c mt s
tng lnh v tn binh, cng 300 ngi. Nguyn nh cho xy n, p ly L Ph
c th. Mt i chin thuyn nh ca Ty Sn i tun tiu ti dy. Nguyn nh
cho thy binh nh chn. Chin thuyn Ty Sn thua chy. Nguyn nh ui n
dinh Trn nh. Ti y, Nguyn nh tp hp thm c mt s qun, chnh n li
hang ng, ri tin ln ng Ng T (T K Giang, thuc Gia nh).
Nguyn nh va em qun vo ng Ng T th thy qun Ty Sn do
Nguyn Hu ch huy xut hin v tin nh rt mnh lit. Trn thy chin kt thc rt
mau chng, thy qun Nguyn nh tan r ngay t nhng pht chin u u tin.
Nguyn nh chy i Lt Giang, ri sang Hu Giang.
Trong khi thy qun Ty Sn ui nh bn Nguyn nh, chng phi chy di
t Gia inh xung min Hu Giang nh vy, th b binh Ty Sn do tng Nguyn
Vn Kim tin nh Bin Ha. Ti y, Nguyn nh c mt o qun tng i ln
do Nguyn Hu Thy, em r Nguyn nh, ch huy. chng c vi qun Ty Sn,
Nguyn Hu Thy cho thy binh tin ng Bnh Ha, b binh tin ng Tn

35
Nhun. Nhng c hai cnh qun thy b u b qun ty Sn nh cho i bi.
Nguyn Hu Thy phi thu thp tn qun chy v Giang Lng.
Tng Ty sn Nguyn Vn Kim em qun truy kch, tiu dit hon ton o
qun Nguyn Hu Thy ti Giang Lng [1]. Nguyn Hu Thy b c cha, c v
mt trn, mt mnh chy thot ly thn, trn v min Hu Giang vi Nguyn nh [2].
Qun Nguyn Bnh thun nghe tin Gia nh tht th lin tin v cu vin.
Thng T nm Nhm Dn (1782), tng Nguyn Bnh Thun l Tn Tht D cng
cc tng Trn Xun Trch, Trn Vn T, Trn Cng Chng em qun vo Bin
Ha. Qun Nguyn ti cu Tham Lng th gp tin binh Ty Sn. Hai bn giao
chin, bn Ty Sn, tng Phm Ngn t trn, bn qun Nguyn, tng H Cng
Siu cng b cht. Qun Ty Sn tin cng mnh, qun Tn Tht D phi li. Va
khi , Chu Vn tip em qun ti ng cu [3], ri c Chu Vn Tip v Tn Tht D
u rt qun tr v Bnh Thun.
c tin qun Nguyn tht bi khp ni, Nguyn nh t thy khng cn sc
i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn v t Hu Giang cng khng phi l ch dung thn
an ton cho hn. Nhn c Nguyn Hu Thy t Giang Lng chy v, Nguyn nh
vi cho Nguyn Hu Thy cng bn Trn Xun Trch, Cao Ph Tr, tt c 150 ngi
[4] i qua Chn Lp, sang Xim cu vin.
Hnh ng nhc nh "cng rn cn g nh" ca dng h cha Nguyn th
hin trong vic Nguyn Phc Thun mun chy sang Qung ng cu xin nh Thanh
em qun sang nh Ty Sn, th nay li c Nguyn nh k tc trong vic mn
tay ngi Php, ngi B o Nha cung cp thuyn chin, kh gii v trc tip cm
sng bn vo ngi Vit Nam.
-------------------------------------------------
1, 2. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 3. t 45 v q. 13, t 5, 6.
3. i Nam chn bin lit chuyn, s tp q. 4, t 8.
4. Th ca gio s Castuera ngy 7 thng 7 nm 1782 trong Lorenzo Prez, ti liu dn. tr. 87.
Tht bi trong trn ny, Nguyn nh li v s nga tay cu xin qun Xim tin
sang can thip. Nhng hnh ng "cng rn cn g nh" nh th, cn c Nguyn
nh nhiu ln thc hin tch cc hn na.
Sau khi bn Nguyn Hu Thy i ri, Nguyn nh em l bi tng cng mt
t tn qun lui xung Rch Gi, nh i H Tin xung thuyn chy ra bin.
Mt bn chn tay khc ca Nguyn nh l gim mc B a Lc v mt s gio
s Php tr v Gia nh vi Nguyn nh t cui nm 1777, cng ng tm
ng chy trn. B Da Lc cng mt s gio s Php, Ty Ban Nha em theo hn
80 ngi cng gio Vit Nam chy sang Chn Lp [1] v chng ti Chn Lp
khong trung tun thng 7 nm 1782 [2].
Nh vy l ton b min Gia nh li thuc quyn kim sot ca ngha qun
Ty Sn. Vi nhng thng li mi ny, cc lnh t Ty Sn Nguyn Nhc v
Nguyn Hu c mt Gia nh lc y, cho ngi sang thng hiu vi Chn Lp.
t tnh giao ho v s ng h ca mnh i vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Chn Lp
cho qun chia lm 3 o i chn bt Nguyn nh v bn chn tay ca y.
Mt o qun Chn Lp i n bt bn Nguyn Hu Thy. Ton b phi on
i cu vin Xim ca Nguyn nh b qun Chn Lp bt v tiu dit gn [3].

36
 Mt o qun Chn Lp gm hn 30 thuyn chin i theo hng Rch Gi,
nh ui Nguyn nh n tn Sn Chit. Nguyn nh v bn ty tng trn thot ra
H Tin, xung thuyn chy ra o Ph Quc [4].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc vit ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785 trong Lettres difiantes et curieuses. Paris.
1843. tome IV. p. 617 v Nouoelles lettres difiantes. tome VI, pp. 415, 437.
2. Th ca B a Lc ngy 21 thng 7 nm 1782 trong Al. Faure. ti liu dn. tr. 44.
3. 4. i Nam thc lc. Bn dch ca Vin S hc. t. 1I. tr. 41
Mt o qun Chn Lp th 3 c lnh di lng bt bn B a Lc ng n
nu trong t Chn Lp. Bn B a Lc phi ln trn trong rng, lin my thng cho
n khi Nguyn nh tr v c Gia nh th li dt du nhau theo v Gia nh.
Thng Nm nm Nhm Dn (l782), tnh hnh Gia nh tng i n nh,
Nguyn Nhc cng Nguyn Hu em i qun tr v Qui Nhn. Mt hng tng l
Nhn Trp, nguyn tng c ng Sn c trao trch nhim cng h b Ty
Sn tn l B, lnh 3.000 qun li gi Gia nh.
***
Cuc tin qun ny bt u trong iu kin hai bn u c thi gian tng
cng lc lng v c nhiu kinh nghim trn chin trng Gia nh.
Ngoi vic m rng b binh, Nguyn nh xy dng c mt i thy qun
kh mnh, trong ch lc l nhng thuyn chin ln v cc chin hm u chu, do
cc tng Php v B o Nha iu khin. Khu vc Gia nh c t chc thnh
mt h thng phng ng kin c. Nguyn nh tin hnh phng ng c chun b sn,
v tin tng rng vi u th v s lng qun i. vi u th v k thut tin tin -
phng tin k thut thy qun v k thut trc thnh -, hn hon ton c kh nng
nh tan cuc tin cng ca Nguyn Hu. Rt kinh nghim nhng trn nh trc
ca qun Ty Sn, Nguyn nh nh quyt tm gi vng Gia nh v vng ph cn,
nh tan qun i Ty Sn t pha ngoi ca ng thnh Gia nh. Nhm thc hin
quyt tm y, Nguyn nh b tr mt lc lng thy qun kh mnh trn phng
tuyn th nht, ti ca bin Cn Gi. B phn ct cn ca phng tuyn ny gm c
cc chin hm Php v B o Nha.
ng thi, Nguyn nh nm mt lc lng thy qun d b t pha trong, s
tung ra tham chin vo thi c thch hp. trnh b uy hip trn cnh sn pha
bc, Nguyn nh phi mt o qun gm c b binh v thy binh, do mt tng
thn cn, em r Nguyn nh l Nguyn Hu Thy ch huy, vi nhim v ngn chn
b binh Ty Sn t hng Bnh Thun tin vo. Li b tr kn o , cch t chc
phng th vng chc , qu l li hi v bo trc tnh cht quyt lit ca cuc giao
chin sp ti. Cc chuyn gia qun s u chu ng mt vai tr kh quan trng
trong vic gip Nguyn nh.
Nhng, quyt tm v nh ca Nguyn nh ch l mt nguyn vng ch quan,
bt ngun trong s phn on sai lm v kh nng k thut ca qun i Ty Sn,
nht l trong s nh gi ht sc sai lm v dng kh ca binh s Ty Sn v ngh
thut ch huy ca Nguyn Hu.
Qun i Ty Sn ln mnh. Tin qun vo Gia nh ln ny, Nguyn Hu
c trong tay mt hm i tc chin kh mnh, v mt hm i vn ti kh ln ch
theo mt o b binh. Khc vi cuc tin qun trc, ln ny Nguyn Hu khng
37
tin qun trn hai hng thy b, m da vo nhng kh nng mi ni trn, quyt
nh tp trung ton b thy qun v lc qun nh thng vo Gia nh. Nguyn Hu
trao cho thy qun nhim v chc thng phng tuyn Cn Gi ca thy qun
Nguyn nh; m ng cho b binh tin vo cng kch khu vc thnh ly Th Ngh,
Gia nh, Bn Ngh, c s phi hp ca thy qun. Sau khi chim gi dc khu
vc ny, qun i Ty Sn chia thnh hai cnh: cnh qun ch lc do thy qun m
nhim tin v nh Tng; cnh qun th hai do b binh m nhim tin v Bin
Ha, nh vo sau lng o qun Nguyn Hu Thy. Nh vy, phng php tc
chin c bn ca Nguyn Hu vn khng thay i, tc tp trung binh lc nh mnh
ti mt mc tiu, ri li tp trung n mt mc tiu khc. Nhng cch nh c th li
thay i: t chia thnh nhiu hng tin qun hp li nh mt mc tiu,
chuyn thnh tin qun trn mt hng, chim xong mc tiu ch yu ri li ta
thnh hai hng khc nhau.
Chng ta hc y cch dng binh c trng im ca Nguyn Hu, v nhng
cch nh c th khc nhau trong nhng tnh hnh khc nhau. l tnh linh hot cao
trong ngh thut ch huy. Nguyn Hu khng nhng s dng mt cch thnh tho
chin thut m cn thay i nhanh chng chin thut. Nguyn Hu t ra bit mnh
bit ch, do m h nh l chc thng.
Nhng trn chin u ln ny ch yu do thy qun hai bn tin hnh. Nhng
trn c tnh cht quyt nh u c thy qun hai bn lm lc lng chnh. Cuc
sc u tin ny gia thy qun Nguyn Hu v thu qun Nguyn nh trn phng
tuyn Cn Gi kt thc bng thng li rc r ca thy qun Nguyn Hu, mc d
Nguyn nh in cung i ph, lin tc tng cng v nh li. Dng kh cch
mng ca thy binh Ty Sn p o hon ton i phng, mc d Nguyn nh
c phng tin k thut tin tin v qun ngoi quc gip sc. Hm i Ty Sn cn
thng ch v mt k thut na: k thut ha cng ca Nguyn Hu d gy bt ng
ln cho ch. Khng nhng thy binh Nguyn nh khip s, m thy binh Php v
B o Nha cng u kinh hong. Khi tin vo nh ph thnh ly kin c Th
Ngh, mt ln na, chnh tinh thn dng cm ca qun s Ty Sn chin thng k
thut trc thnh tin tin ca Nguyn nh.
Ngoi nhng thng li v qun s, chin thng ln ny cn chng minh rt hng
hn cho chn l: nhn t quyt inh thng li ca chin tranh l con ngi, khng
phi v kh. Tinh thn chin du ngoan cng, dng cm ca qun i Ty Sn, r
rng chin thng tu chin v i bc, tc nhng v kh ti tn nht ca ng
thi do ngi phng ty a vo Vit Nam gip Nguyn nh nh li ng bo
mnh. Nhng v kh ti tn y phi khut phc, hon ton mt tc dng trc
dng kh chin u v mu tr ca qun i Ty Sn, mt qun i cch mng Vit
Nam na cui th k XVIII.

NGUYN HU TIN QUN GII PHNG GIA NH LN TH BA (1783)

Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu va em i qun ri khi Gia nh thng Nm
nm Nhm Dn (1782) th thng sau, mt tng ca Nguyn nh, cn ln lt min
nam Gia nh l H Vn Ln li bt u hot ng. H Vn Ln tp hp c mt
s tn qun, nh chim dinh Long H (Vnh Long ngy nay). Mt s tng khc
38
nh Dng Cng Trng, Nguyn Vn Qu cng em tn binh li hp lc vi H Vn
Ln cng tin nh qun Ty Sn sng Lt Giang. Qun Ty Sn thua chy, b mt
hn 10 thuyn chin.
Trong khi bn H Vn Ln hot ng pha nam Gia nh, th bn Chu Vn
Tip n nu vng ni Lng Sn (pha nam Ph Yn) cng tch cc m qun, b
sung lc lng v thng Tm m lch (1782), Chu Vn Tip ging c Lng Sn
t quc (ngi Lng Sn gip nc), tin qun vo Gia nh, Chu Vn Tip chia
qun ra lm nhiu cnh cng tin, cn t mnh lnh mt cnh qun mnh tip vin
cho cc cnh qun trn. Qun th ca Chu Vn Tip kh mnh m lc lng Ty Sn
Gia nh th yu, ch c 3.000 qun ng ri khp min Gia nh. Khi qun Chu
Vn Tip ti thnh Gia nh, tng Ty Sn gi thnh l Nhn Trp li phm sai
lm l ngay t u tung ht qun chia ra cc mt cng chng . Qun Chu
Vn Tip lin tip tin cng. Qun Ty Sn b tiu dit phn ln. Nhn Trp cng
s qun cn li, m mt ng ph vy rt v Qui Nhn.
Chim c Gia nh, Chu Vn Tip sai ngi bo tin v n Nguyn nh t
Ph Quc tr v Gia nh. Cui thng 10 nm 1782, bn c o B a Lc cng t
Chn Lp ko v Gia nh [1].
Bit chc Ty Sn s vo nh, Nguyn nh ra lnh tng cng phng th, xy
dng nhiu n ly, c tng ch huy cc a im then cht trong h thng phng
th Gia nh, ng thi cho ng thuyn chin, khi phc thy qun.
pha nam sng Gia nh, t n Tho Cu (Vm C) do Dng Cng Trng
ng gi. Pha bc t n Dc Ng (C Dc) do Tn Tht Mn ch huy. Gia hai
n ln ny, bc mt cu phao qua sng tin vic i li.
Trong lng sng ng cc [2] v trn Sng lc no cng dn sn hn 100 thuyn
chin lm lc lng c ng, c Chu Vn Tip iu khin. pha trc li t thm
mt con rng c v nhiu b nh ha cng [3].
---------------------------------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785.
2. Trnh Hoi c. Gia nh thnh thng ch, Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, q. 3.
t 72.
3. Chng ti cha r "con rng c" v "b ha cng" lm nh th no v s dng trong chin u
nh th no. Nhng c hai th u c dng ph bin trong cc trn thy chin ca ta th k
XVIII, XIX. Khi Php sang xm lc, ngi ta vn cn dng rng c v b ha cng nh
Php. Khi Francis Garnier ra xm lc Bc K, Jean Dupuis a cho Garnier ngy 12 thng 11
nm 1783, mt n khiu ni cc quan li Vit Nam Bc K, gm 19 iu. Trong iu th 19,
hn khiu ni rng: t H Ni n Hng Ha v xa hn na, Nguyn Tri Phng cho lm
nhiu b ho cng (radeaux contenant des matires incendires) v rng c (dragons en paille)
t ph nhng thuyn vn ti n dc ca Php (Bulletin de la Socit des Etudes
Indochinoises. Nouvelle srie, tome XII. n0s 3 et 4, 3 et 4 timestre 1937. p. 60)
So vi trc, h thng phng ng Gia nh ca qun Nguyn vng chc hn
nhiu.
Nhng mc du t chc phng th, Nguyn nh vn lo khng th chng li
c vi sc mnh ca qun Ty Sn, nn y phi cho L Phc Din, L Phc Bnh
em vng bc sang biu vua Xim v cu vin qun Xim ln na.
Nhng chn tay ca cha Nguyn nh bn c o B a Lc cng bit chc
khng th lu c Gia nh, nn chng tranh th thi gian Gia nh chun b
39
lng thc, tin bc v thuyn b, phng khi qun Ty Sn tin vo th chng rt
chy [1].
---------------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1875.
Qu nhin, thng Hai nm Qu Mo (1783), Nguyn Hu v Nguyn L em
thy qun vo tin cng Gia nh.
Thy qun Ty Sn vo ca bin Cn Gi, ngc dng tin ln. Bit r Nguyn
nh tp trung ton lc bo v thnh Gia nh v mu dng ha cng mnh
ph thy qun Ty Sn, ngy 24 thng Hai nm Qu Mo, tc ngy 26 thng 3 nm
t783 ch khi c thy triu dng ln, gi t ca bin thi mnh tr vo, Nguyn Hu
cho hai cnh qun tin vo ph phng tuyn Gia nh. Cnh qun th nht do t
khu Nguyn Vn Kim ch huy, tin nh n Dc Ng b bc sng Gia nh.
Cnh qun th hai do c L Vn K ch huy, tin nh n Tho Cu b nam.
Tng Nguyn l lu th Thng v tin phong Ty em k binh tin ra nghnh
chin, ri li chy mun nh thy qun Ty Sn vo khu vc nh ha cng
tiu dit nh k hoch nh t trc ca Nguyn nh.
Nhng ca Nguyn nh v cc tng Nguyn khng th thng c ti
dng binh ca Nguyn Hu, ngi bit trit li dng nhng yu t thin thi, a
li nh ch. Nguyn Hu chn lc thy triu dng ln mi xut qun. Chin
thuyn Ty Sn cng tin, nc thy triu cng nng cao, gi t ca bin thi vo
cng mnh. c chiu gi, nc thun li, chin thuyn Ty Sn o t tin ln,
nh thng vo khu vc ha cng ca ch.
Trc sc tin cng mnh lit ca thy qun Ty Sn, gim qun T, ngi
iu khin ha cng ca qun Nguyn, tun theo k hoch nh, vi vng h lnh
phng ha cng, nhm t ph thuyn chin Ty Sn, hoc t nht cng ngn chn
c sc tin ca thuyn chin Ty Sn. Nhng, ngc chiu gi, cc b ha cng
phng ra, khng tri v pha thuyn chin Ty Sn m li quay v t ph thuyn
chin qun Nguyn, khng th no ngn chn, dp tt c. Trong khi , i qun
ca Nguyn Hu tin ti. Qun Ty Sn tp trung ha lc bn vo thuyn chin qun
Nguyn. Va b b ha cng ca mnh quay v t ph, va b n ca qun Ty Sn
bn ti d di, thy qun ca Nguyn nh tan v, rt chy hn lon. Qun Ty Sn
tin ln bao vy hai n Tho Cu v Dc Ng. Tn Tht Mn, tng gi n Dc
Ng, khng chng ni, vi em tn qun qua cu phao, nh chy vo thnh Gia
nh. Nhng tng Ty Sn L Vn K cht gy cu phao, Tn Tht Mn v tn
qun Nguyn ri xung nc cht. n Dc Ng b tiu dit hon ton. Qun Ty
Sn tng cng tin cng n Tho Cu. Tng gi n Tho Cu l Dng Cng
Trng b bt sng ti trn [1]. Ton b tng s n Tho Cu u xin hng [2].
Sau khi tiu dit hai n Tho Cu v Dc Ng, qun Ty Sn tp trung truy
kch cnh qun Chu Vn Tip.
---------------------------------
1 2. i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp q. 7. t 2.
Cnh qun ny b hon ton tan r. Chu Vn Tip b trn, theo ng ni chy
bt sang tn Xim.

40
 Ph tan phng tuyn ca qun Nguyn. Nguyn Hu tin qun vo thnh Gia
nh. Nguyn nh hong s vi vng em gia nh b thnh chy trn. i theo
Nguyn nh ch c nm, su tng lnh ty tng v khng y mt trm qun.
Nguyn nh chy v Ba Ging. Sang thng T nm Qu Mo, tn qun cc ni
cng v tp hp Ba Ging. Nguyn nh t chc li qun i, c Nguyn Kim
Phm lm tin phong, Tn Tht D, Nguyn nh Thuyn, Trn i Th, Trn i
Hu, H ng v Minh lm trung qun, Hong lm t chi, Nguyn Vn Qu lm hu
chi, Nguyn Hong c em 500 qun lm hu ng. Tt c u cng tin ln ng
qun ng Tuyn chng nhau vi qun Ty Sn.
c tin Nguyn nh ng cng c lc lng v b tr phng ng ng
Tuyn, Nguyn Hu lin em mt lc lng b binh v tng binh kh ln tin cng
mnh vo ng Tuyn [1]. Qun Nguyn khng chng c ni v b thit hi rt
nng. Cc tng Nguyn nh Thuyn, Nguyn Vn Qu, Trn i Hu v hnh b
Minh u t trn. H ng v Nguyn Hong c cng 500 qun hu ng u b bt
sng ti trn. Tin phong Nguyn Kim Phm b nh bt i, khng lin lc c vi
Nguyn nh, phi chy trn vo H Tin ri b bt ti dy.
Nguyn nh em tn qun cng 50 thuyn chin [2] chy i Lt Giang. Qun
Ty Sn truy kch ro rit. Nguyn nh phi ngy m chy i M Tho, ri chy ra
vng ca bin Ba Thc v gp B a Lc. Trc y, B a Lc vn Gia nh vi
Nguyn nh. Nhng t u thng 3 nm 1783, khi c tin Nguyn Hu sp tin
nh Gia nh, B a Lc vi vng em lng thc, tin bc, thuyn b chy trc
vo Mc Bc ( Tr Vinh) l ni c trng o do gio s Li- (Liot) qun c. Ngy
19 thng 3 nm 1783, c tin Nguyn Hu nh vo Gia nh, B a Lc v Li-
, cng hai gio s Ty Ban Nha, Ca-xtu--ra (Castuera) v Gi-nt-xta (Ginestar)
em bn ty tng v cc hc sinh trng o Mc Bc chy ra vng ca bin Ba
Thc. B a Lc n y c 8 ngy th Nguyn nh cng chy ti. S cng mt
ch th nguy him cho mnh, B a Lc em ng bn chy i ni khc [3].
------------------------------------------------
1 Theo De la Bissachre, Nguyn Hu cho nhiu voi trn tin cng mnh lit, Nguyn nh tht bi
nng n, phi chy (La Bissachre. ti liu dn. q. 2, tr. 165).
2. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785.
3. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1783
Thy B a Lc chy. Nguyn nh cng chy ra H Tin, ri chy thng ra o
Ph Quc. Khi ti H Tin, Nguyn nh c thm c mt tng Xim l Vinh-li-
ma em 200 qun n xin gia nhp. Vinh-li-ma trnh ni bin Xim, chy ra vng
hi o. Cng trong cnh nh Nguyn nh, Vinh-li-ma sn sng i theo Nguyn
nh.
Nhng mc du Nguyn nh chy ra tn Ph Quc, Nguyn Hu vn khng
ngng truy kch. Ngy 12 thng By nm Qu Mo [1] tc ngy 9 thng 8 nm 1783,
tng Ty Sn l Phan Tin Thn em qun tin nh Nguyn nh hn o ip
Thch. Tn qun Nguyn nh b thit hi nng. Cc tng Tn Tht Cc, Chng
C Hong, Vinh-li-ma v Tn Tht in (em Nguyn nh) u b qun Ty Sn bt
sng. Nguyn nh khip s phi ci o ng cho L Phc in mc ln trn cho
d v Nguyn nh cng mt s tng s chy thot c ra o C Long [2].
-------------------------------------------
41
2. Trnh Hoi c, Gia nh thnh thng ch, q. 3. t 73.
3. Tc o Koh Rong.
Nguyn nh nh cho ngi sang Ma-ni (Manille), do hai gio s Ty Ban Nha
dn ng, mua lng thc v cu vin ngi Ty Ban Nha [1] lc y ng
thng tr Phi-lip-pin. Nhng Nguyn nh cha kp cho ngi i Ma-ni [2], th
Nhuyn Hu c ph m Trng Vn a em mt lc lng thy qun ln ti
nh. Trng Vn a dn thuyn chin thnh 3 vng, vy cht o C Long. By
gi l ngy 18 thng 8 nm 1783 [3]. Qun Ty Sn tin cng rt d di. Nhng gp
phi ngy ma bo ln, thuyn chin Ty Sn khng th dn ra bao vy m phi
dn li gh cht vo nhau chng vi gi to, sng ln. Do , vng vy gin ra.
Nguyn nh nhn c hi, em tn qun chy thot, trn sang o C Ct (Koh Kut),
ri li chy v Ph Quc. Ti y, khng c g n, lng thc ht, bn Nguyn nh
phi hi c, o c sng. Khng th yn Ph Quc cht i, Nguyn nh li
em tn qun v ca bin Ma-li, hng kim chc.
------------------------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785, th ca Castuera ngy t4 thng 7 nm 1784 v
th ca Ginestar nm 1784.
2. Nguyn nh ng chun b ghe thuyn cho bn chn tay i Ma-ni th c tin qun Ty Sn
sp nh ti. Nguyn nh v ton qun nhn nho lo s. Hai gio s Ty Ban Nha, Castuera v
Ginestar, vi b o C Long, xung mt chic "ghe bu" chy vo t lin. Nhng c hai u
b qun Ty Sn bt a v Gia nh. Nguyn Hu cho th hai gio s ny v cho php h
t do i li truyn do.
3. Theo th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785, Trng Vn a nh Nguyn nh o C
Long 5 ngy sau khi hai gio. s Ty Ban Nha b qun Ty Sn bt, v theo th ca c o Vit
Nam Andr Tn th hai gio s Ty Ban Nha b bt ngy 13 thng 8 nm 1783. Nh vy c th
l Trng Vn a nh o C Long ngy 18 thng 8 nm t783 (Th Andr Tn vit Sa c
ngy 1 thng 7 nm 1784, trong Lettres difiantes et curieuses, Paris. 1843. tome VI, p. 624).
Nhng chng va ti ni, qun Ty Sn em hn 20 thuyn chin n vy
bt. Bn Nguyn nh b chy ra khi. Qun Ty Sn truy kch. Nguyn nh chy
trn, 7 ngy 7 m, lnh nh trn mt bin. Sau my ngy truy kch, qun Ty Sn
quay v, Nguyn nh mi chy thot tr li Ph Quc.
Nhng cng nh ln trc, khng th Ph Quc ch cht, Nguyn nh li
m v ca bin ng c kim n v nh tin vo Long Xuyn.
c tin y, tng Ty Sn Nguyn Ha em hn 50 thuyn chin ra phc
ngm ca bin ng c n nh. Thy nguy c b tiu dit, bn Nguyn nh
quay thuyn chy nhanh ra bin. Chuyn ny, Nguyn nh phi b Ph Quc, chy
qua hn Chng, ri chy thng ra o Th Chu, cch t lin khong 200 ki-l-mt.
Khng c lng n, bn Nguyn nh phi nhn i, cho thuyn my ngy m lin,
trn thot s truy kch ca qun Ty Sn.
Tnh hnh Gia nh ti y tng i n nh, nhim v gii phng Gia nh
hon thnh. Nguyn Hu cng Nguyn L em i qun tr v Qui Nhn, lu ph
m Trng Vn a v chng tin Bo li gi Gia nh.
Khc vi nhng ln trc, ln ny, trc khi tr v Qui Nhn, Nguyn Hu b
tr phng th Gia nh chu o hn. L-g-rng la Li-re (Legrand de la Liraye),
tc gi cun "Bt k lch s v dn tc An-nam" da theo d s, nhn nh v vic
Nguyn Hu t chc phng th Gia nh ln ny nh sau:
42
 "Vt vic chim ng Gia nh, Long Nhng [1] hon ton lm ch c
ng Trong. ng ny khng phi ch l mt ngi cm qun m cn l mt nh cai
tr rt gii v khc vi nhng tng lnh m Nguyn Nhc c vo ln u, ng
nm c c min Gia nh trong tay, bng nhng n Binh vng vng khp cc
ng b, ng sng, ca bin v bng mt k lut nghim minh, ng thi li
nhn t vi nhn dn..." [2].
Qun Ty Sn li Gia nh ln ny khng nhng sc phng th lnh th
ca mnh, m cn c kh nng i dp lon gip nc lng ging Chn Lp. S l
trong my thng cui nm 1783, mt s ngi M Lai em qun sang nh chim
Chn Lp. Nc Chn Lp cu vin ngha qun Ty Sn. Thng 12 nm 1783, tng
Ty Sn Trng Vn a em qun sang Chn Lp nh i qun M Lai gii
phng t nc Chn Lp. Qun M Lai chy trn sang Xim [3]. Ngha qun Ty
Sn rt v Gia nh.
Qua cuc tin qun ca Nguyn Hu vo nh Gia nh ln ny, nhn vo kh
nng chin u ca ch th ta c th thy, lc lng qun s ca Nguyn nh suy
yu rt nhiu k t sau ln i bi trc. Tuy qun Nguyn c phn cng thng li
i vi mt o qun nh ca Ty Sn, v khi phc lc lng c t nhiu vo
u nm l783. Nhng so vi qun i Nguyn Hu, lc lng qun s ca Nguyn
nh mt u th. V vy, Nguyn nh phi tp trung gn nh ton b thy qun v
lc qun phng th khu vc Gia nh. V mt ch o tc chin, Nguyn nh
mt dn tnh tch cc tng i ca nhng nm trc, m chuyn sang phng th
n thun. iu phn nh s mt tin tng vo thng li ca hn.
------------------------------------
1. Long Nhng hay Long Tng tng qun l chc tc m Nguyn Nhc phong cho Nguyn
Hu.
2. Legrand de la Liraye: Notes historiques sur la nation annamite, Sai gon, 1865, tr. 95.
3. Th ca Ginestar vit nm 1784. B.S.E.I, tome XV, n0s 3-4, 19410, tr. 98.
Nhng, mt khc, phi tha nhn rng Nguyn nh c nhiu c gng tm
ra mt hnh thc phng th mi, trong mt khu vc a th c li cho qun Nguyn.
Khu vc phng th tuy rt hp li, nhng binh lc, thuyn chin, cng s c tng
ln rt nhiu, c s dng phi hp nhiu loi phng tin chin u, k c b ha
cng v rng c, do s vng chc trong phng th c tng ln. Khc vi nm
trc, phng th t xa, c khc sng rng, ln ny Nguyn nh t chc phng th
gn thnh Gia nh, c on sng hp hn, khin cho thy qun Ty Sn kh c
ng, v khng s dng c tht nhiu thuyn chin trong t t kch u tin.
Nguyn nh li tin cy k thut ha cng c th p o c qun i Nguyn
Hu.
Ti khu vc phng th, Nguyn nh s dng thy qun lm qun c ng, v
b binh n tr trong hai c im mnh lm nhim v ngn chn cuc tin qun ca
thy qun Ty Sn.
Kh khn cng ln, li cng lm ni bt tinh thn dng cm tin cng ca qun
i Ty Sn v ngh thut ch huy qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Chnh ln ny, Nguyn
Hu thnh cng trong vic t chc i hnh chin u ca thy qun v trit li
dng con nc, li dng chiu gi trong thy chin tin cng ch, nh ph k

43
hoch ha cng ca ch. Nguyn Hu chn ng lc nc triu dng ln, gi
bin theo nc triu thi mnh vo m tin qun.
Cn vin tng Nguyn ch huy nh ha cng th ht hong cc trc uy
lc tin cng ca qun i Ty Sn phng ha t ba, khng cn kh nng phn
bit nc triu ln xung v gi thun hay ngc. n nh mnh lit ca Nguyn
Hu lm cho t chc phng th vng chc ca qun Nguyn b chc thng ht sc
nhanh chng n ni Nguyn nh khng dm, m cng khng cn phng tin c
th thnh Gia nh.
n nh th hai ca Nguyn Hu vo ng Tuyn li gy thm cho qun i
Nguyn nh mt bt ng mi, mt khng khip mi: s xut hin ca i tng
binh li hi ni ting ca qun i Ty Sn lm cho Nguyn nh khng kp tr
tay. Trong lc cc i tin phong, trung qun t chi, hu chi ca Nguyn nh b voi
nghin nt th i hu qun cha xut trn b b binh Ty Sn bao vy bt gn
khng st mt tn. Qun i Nguyn nh tng nm mi tht bi trc i tng
binh Ty Sn, trong trn chin u ti Bnh Khang nm xa, nhng y l ln u
tin, i tng binh ng s xut hin ti chin trng Gia nh, xa xi vi
cn c Qui Nhn ca ngha qun. a i tng binh vo chin trng Gia nh,
Nguyn Hu t ra rt mnh bo trong vic s dng binh chng c bit ny. Chin
trng Gia nh nhiu sng ngi, t li xp, c nh hng nht nh n vic vn
ng ca voi. Nguyn Hu khng nhng mnh dn dng thuyn vn ti ch voi,
b mt vn chuyn c mt i tng binh quan trng, m cn s dng n mt cch
tp trung thnh mt lc lng rt mnh, hip ng cht ch vi b binh cng kch.
Qua hai n nh mnh lit v giai on nh ui lng sc tch cc, trn chin
u kt thc thng li. Thi gian tuy ngn, chin u tuy t, nhng trong trn
chin u ny, Nguyn Hu hon thnh vic t c s vng chc cho chin thut
cn i ca qun i Ty Sn: chin thut hp ng ca thy qun, pho binh t
trn thuyn chin v b binh; chin thut hp ng ca b binh, tng binh v pho
binh d chin.
cng l bc pht trin mi v ngh thut tc chin ca qun i Nguyn
Hu v cng l ngha quan trng ca trn chin u ny.

NGUYN HU TIN QUN NH TAN LIN QUN XIM NGUYN

GII PHNG GIA NH LN TH T (1785)
Nguyn Hu em i qun ri khi Gia nh th cng nh cc ln trc, mt s
tng ca Nguyn nh nh H Vn Ln, Tn Tht Hi, L Vn Qun cn ln trn
Gia nh li ra mt hot ng.
Thng Mi nm Qu Mo (1783), H Vn Ln em tn qun nh thng mt
cnh qun Ty Sn Tn Chu, ri tin ln Cn Th, nh bi tng Ty Sn
Nguyn Ha v bt c 13 thuyn chin ln i bin ca qun Ty Sn. Tn Tht
Hi cng thu thp tng s c, tin ln gi n Tinh Ph. L Vn Qun cng m
qun chim gi song Tn Ha.
Nhng, nh chng ta thy trn, ln ny Nguyn Hu b tr phng th
chu o, khng cho bn tng Nguyn c th m rng hot ng, ginh git li

44
t Gia nh nh cc ln trc. Khi Tn Tht Hi tin gi n Tinh Ph th lp tc
tng Ty Sn Trng Vn a cho qun ti vy cht ly n Tinh Ph.
Thng Ging nhun nm Gip Thn (l784), H Vn Ln em qun n cu n
Tinh Ph. Tn Tht Hi trong n, c nh ph vng vy vt ra, cng H Vn
Ln chy v Tn Ha, hp qun vi L Vn Qun. Trng Vn a cng qun Ty
Sn tin nh Tn Ho. Qun Nguyn tan v, cc tng Nguyn b chy. Bn L
Vn Qun. Tn Tht Hi, cng ng, phi chy sang Xim.
Trong khi cc tng ca Nguyn nh cn li Gia nh phi chy trn mt
cch tuyt vng nh vy th Nguyn nh v bn ty tng cng ang sng Th
Chu mt cch vt vng, tuyt vng khng km. Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1783,
Nguyn nh vit th cu cu gio s Li-, nguyn l gim c trng o Mc
Bc. T ngy 19 thng 3 nm 1783, Li- cng B a Lc chy trn trn cc hi
o vnh Xim La. Khi bit tin Nguyn nh b tht bi ln o C Long v thy
khng cn hy vng tr v Gia nh, Li- v B a Lc chy ti Chan-ta-bun (thuc
Xim) ngy 21 thng 8 nm 1783. c bit Li- v B a Lc Chan-ta-bun,
Nguyn nh cho cai i Sng c Hu cm th v 10 nn vng i Chan-ta-bun gp
Li-, trnh by hon cnh khn qun, thiu thn, ch cn lng n trong 12 ngy.
Nguyn nh khn khon yu cu Li- mua gip lng thc v nh nhng ngi dn
c o chuyn ch ti gip [1].
-----------------------------------------------------------
1. L. Cadire, Les Francais au service de Gia Long, Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu, Janvier -
Mars l9l26, n0 1, pp. 15 - 19
B a Lc v Li- cha kp tr li v mua gip lng thc th khong gia
thng Ging nm 1784, bn Nguyn nh chy lang thang ti mt hn o cch
Chan-ta-bun chng hn mt dm. Lc y Nguyn nh cn mt tu Ty v chng 15
chic thuyn cng vi 600 - 700 qun. Nhng i lm, mi ngi phi o c, r,
n cho qua ngy. Bn B a Lc v Li- c tin, ti thm bn Nguyn nh v
nhng li cho Nguyn nh mt phn lng thc. vi Nguyn nh chng na
thng, bn B a Lc chy ra o Th Chu ri ra o Pu-L-Oay (Poulo - Way),
v y t thng 3 n thng 12 nm 1784 [1].
V pha Nguyn nh, vi mt s t lng thc ca bn B a Lc nhng li,
khng sng lu di. Thng Hai nm Gip Thn (1784), Nguyn nh quyt nh
chy theo bn Chu Vn Tip sang Xim, mt ln na cu cu vua Xim. Mun
nhn dp ny gy n hu vi Nguyn nh ginh quyn khng ch Chn Lp v
xm ln mt phn t ai Gia nh, vua Xim nhn li cho qun gip Nguyn nh
v nh nhau vi ngha qun Ty Sn.
u thng Su nm Gip Thn, vua Xim cho hai chu l chiu Tng l chiu
Sng [2] em 2 vn thy qun v 300 thuyn chin theo Nguyn nh tin vo Gia
nh. Nguyn nh cng tp hp tn qun v c Chu Vn Tip lm Bnh ty i
c, iu khin cc qun.
Ngy 9 thng Su nm Gip Thn [3] tc 25 thng 7 nm 1784, lin qun Xim -
Nguyn t Vng Cc xut pht.
----------------------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785, trong Lettres difiantes et curieuses. Paris,
1843, tome IV, pp. 621 622.
45
2. Chiu hay chiu l mt chc tc, khng phi tn h, c th gi l chao, chu nh ting Lo,
ting Thi. Ch nho vn vit l *** (chiu), v king hy vua cha nh Nguyn, cc s thn nh
Nguyn mi vit l *** (chiu).
3. Trnh Hoi c. Gia nh thnh thng ch. q. 3, t 75.
Qun i Xim l mt qun i nh th no, ra i c kh nng chin thng qun
Ty Sn khng? m mu "cng rn cn g nh" ca Nguyn nh c thc hin c
khng? Thc t chin u sau ny s cho chng ta bit r nhng iu . Nhng
qun i Xim cng l mt lc lng v trang ng k. S can thip ca qun i
Xim khng phi khng l mi nguy c cho nn c lp ca nc nh thi by gi.
V t chc, qun i Xim c lc qun v thy qun. Trong lc qun, b binh
v tng binh l hai binh chng ch yu. Qua nhng cuc chin u chng qun
Min in, b binh v tng binh Xim t ra kh thng tho trong tc chin rng
ni.
Nc Xim c nhiu sng ngi, c bin, nn thy qun Xim c iu kin pht
trin kh mnh. Thy qun Xim c cc loi thuyn chin: thuyn chin ln i
bin, thuyn chin va v thuyn chin nh i sng.
V trang b, qun i Xim cn bn khng khc g cc qun i phong kin Vit
Nam, Trung Quc v cc nc phng ng khc. T gia th k XVIII, y
mnh m mu xm lc Chn Lp, phong kin Xim lin lc vi t bn phng Ty
mua v kh trang b cho qun i ca h. Thuyn chin i bin ca Xim c trang
b kh y .
Qun i Xim nhiu ln tc chin vi qun i Nguyn trn cc a hnh
nhiu sng ngi min Nam nc ta v Chn Lp, nhng ln ny mi l ln u
tin h chm trn vi qun di Ty Sn hng mnh.
phn cng chim li Gia nh ln ny, Nguyn nh da vo ch lc l hai
vn thy binh thin chin v 300 thuyn chin ca bn can thip Xim. Ngoi ra,
Nguyn nh c mt s qun chiu m trn t Xim v mt b phn nh qun
Nguyn cn ln lt ti mt vi ni min Gia nh.
K hoch tin cng ca cc tng Xim v Nguyn nh l trc ht dng u
th thy qun nhanh chng tiu dit cc i qun nh ca Ty Sn n tr ti cc ni
xa Gia nh, bo m cho Nguyn nh c cn c xy dng lc lng, ng thi
ko mt b phn qun Ty Sn ra khi Gia nh tiu dit. Sau , do lc lng
c tng cng, h vn c u th i ph vi s tng vin ca Ty Sn t Qui
Nhn a ti. Nu qun tng vin ca Ty Sn khng ti kp th u th tin cng ca
h li cng ln, khi h tin ln Gia nh. Cho nn, phn cng ln ny, qun Xim -
Nguyn khng vi vng nh thnh Gia nh ngay, m trc ht nh chim cc
vng t vnh Xim La n Tin Giang, nh n u cng c n . Phng chm
tc chin ca h l va nh n chc, va gii quyt nhanh.
Thng By nm Gip Thn (l784) cuc phn cng ca Nguyn nh bt u.
Qun Xim - Nguyn b ln Rch Gi, chim gi khu vc ny lm mt u cu
chin lc, va thun tin cho vic cung cp, va thun tin cho vic pht trin hoc
rt lui. Tuy nhin, qun Xim - Nguyn tin trin cng rt chm. Trong vng hn 3
thng, t thng By n gia thng Mi m lch, qun Xim - Nguyn mi tin
c ln Cn Th, chim gi my n Ba Xc, Tr n, ri tin ln Sa c.

46
 Ch quan vi nhng thng li t c v tin tng ln ny da vo hai vn
qun Xim, s nht nh chin thng qun Ty Sn, Nguyn nh vi vng vit th
gi bn B a Lc v Li- tr v Gia nh, Ngy l0 thng 10 nm 1784, Nguyn
nh gi th cho Li- Cham-ta-bun [1].
------------------------------------
1 Cadire. Les Francais au service de Gia Long. Bulletin des Amis du vieux Hu, Janvier - Mars
1926, n0 1.
Nhng ni vui ca Nguyn nh khng c my ngy th phi tht vng v
qun Xim. Vi nhng thng li t c, qun Xim sinh kiu cng, khinh mn,
khng ngh g n chin u, ch chuyn n p nhn dn, git ngi cp ca v
cng tn bo. Khp ni, nhn dn on hn cao . Thy tnh hnh nh vy, Nguyn
nh rt hong s v ht sc lo lng, lo cho s phn ca mnh, lo khng chin thng
c Ty Sn, khng lp li c ngi cha. Cho nn, tuy sng bn cnh qun
Xim, da vo qun Xim, nhng Nguyn nh mt tin tng, i cu vin ni
khc. Khong thng 11 nm 1784, B a Lc tr v Gia nh tm gp Nguyn nh.

Chn dung Pigneau de Behaine (B a Lc)

Nguyn nh khn khon nh B a Lc i cu vin nc Php gip qun v
gi B a Lc a con u lng ca mnh l Cnh lm con tin. Trong quan h vi
Nguyn nh t trc ti by gi, B a Lc vn mun tm nhng tin v to
nn nhng yu t thc hin mu cp nc Vit Nam cho t bn Php. B a
Lc vn mong mun c mt c hi buc Nguyn nh phi cu vin Php Php c
c mang qun can thip vo Vit Nam. C hi y ti. B a Lc khng th b l,
mc du hn l k khoc o thy tu. B a Lc vi v nhn li v lp tc ln ng.
Ngy 15 thng Mi m lch, tc ngy 27 thng 11 nm 1784 [1], B a Lc a
Cnh xung thuyn, tm ng sang Php. Cui thng 2 nm l785, B a Lc v
Cnh ti Png-i-s-ry (Pondichry - thuc n ) [2].

Chn dung hong t Cnh lc by tui do ha s Mauprin v ti Php vo nm 1787

47
 Trong khi Nguyn nh ang mt ln na mu cu ngoi vin nh vy th tng
Ty Sn Trng Vn a em thy qun t Gia nh tin xung Long H chng
nhau vi qun Xim - Nguyn. Vi mt lc lng ht sc chnh lch, qun Ty Sn
Gia nh ch c khong my nghn ngi m qun Xim - Nguyn c trn hai vn,
cuc chin u ca qun Ty Sn tht kh khn. Ngy 18 thng Mi nm Gip
Thn [3] tc 30 thng 11 nm t784. Nguyn nh v Chu Vn Tip em thy qun
tin theo sng Mng Tht (thuc a phn Long H, tc Vnh Long ngy nay)
nh qun Ty sn. Tng Ty Sn Trng Vn a em qun chng c. Tin qun
Ty Sn do chng qun l Bao ch huy, chin u rt mnh lit. Tin qun Nguyn
b qun Tm Sn vy cht. Tng ch huy qun Nguyn l Chu Vn Tip nhy sang
thuyn Ty Sn nh ph, b qun Ty Sn m cht. Nguyn nh vi em qun
cu vin. Tng Ty Sn Trng Vn a thu qun v Long H [3].
----------------------------------------------
1. Th Nguyn nh vit cho Liot ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1785.
2. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1785, dn trn, i nam thc lc, Bn dch ca
Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 56.
3. Trnh Hoi c. Gia nh thnh thng ch. Bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, q. 3, t 75.
3. i Nam chnh lin lit truyn. s tp q. 30, t, 11 ni rng Nguyn nh tin ng Long H, nh
th c ngha l Trng Vn a chy khi Long H, nhng chy i u th khng thy ni r.
y chng ti theo i Nam thc lc chnh bin.
Sau trn Mng Tht, L Vn Qun c c lm tng nhung thay Chu Vn Tip.
Thng Mt m lch, L Vn Qun cho qun i nh p n Ba Lai, ven sng Ba
Lai (thuc Bn Tre ngy nay) v n Tr Tn, ven sng M Tho, ri li rt v. Trong
nhng trn nh ny, tng Nguyn l chng c ng Vn Lng t trn.
Ngoi hai trn tp kch ni trn, qun Xim - Nguyn, t sau trn Mng Tht n
ht nm 1784, khng tin hn na, vn gi nhng v tr c nh trc trn Mng Tht.
Vic khng tin qun thm nh th cng c nhiu l do.
Mt l qun Xim l qun i nh thu, nng v mt cp bc n p nhn dn
kim li ring hn l i chin u vi qun Ty Sn v li ch ca Nguyn nh.
Hai l Nguyn nh cng mun tranh th thi gian m thm qun, xy dng lc
lng ca mnh. Ba l v qun Ty Sn, tuy khng lc lng tn cng qun Xim
- Nguyn, nhng vn c bm st qun ch, ht sc c th nhng v tr ca mnh.
Tng ch huy qun Ty Sn Gia nh l Trng Vn a vn ng qun Long
H i din vi i bn doanh qun Xim - Nguyn Sa c v n ng ng tin
qun ca Nguyn nh v cc tng Xim.
Lin qun Xim - Nguyn cng ng qun lu ti ch, cng tr hon tin qun
th mu thun gia qun Xim, Nguyn nh v nhn dn Gia nh ngy cng tr nn
su sc. Qun Xim cy mnh l k cu gip Nguyn nh nn n p, cp bc nhn
dn, khinh mn Nguyn nh v qun Nguyn. Cng ng qun lu, qun Xim cng
nhn ri, cng tng cng nhng hnh ng bo ngc trn min t Hu Giang. Vi
cc ln phn cng trc, Nguyn nh cn c th mau chng khi phc qun i,
nhng ln ny, t khi Nguyn nh ti Cn Th, Sa c cho ti ht nm 1784, lc
lng qun s ca Nguyn nh ch c chng ba, bn nghn, ch lc vn l hai vn
thy binh Xim v 300 thuyn chin ca h.

48
 Thy r ch yu ca lin qun Xim - Nguyn, cc lnh t Ty Sn ti Qui
Nhn quyt nh t chc phn cng, p tan k hoch chin lc ca qun Xim v
ph tan mu chim li Gia nh ca Nguyn nh. V tng tr nhiu mu lc l
Nguyn Hu li ng ra a thy qun vo Nam nh gic.
Nguyn Hu khng em qun vo thnh Gia nh n ch ch, m tin thng
xung gn a im tp kt ca ch. u thng Chp nm Gip Thn, thy qun ca
Nguyn Hu ti nh Tng (M Tho).
Nguyn Hu khng tin cng thng vo i bn doanh ca qun Xim - Nguyn
Sa c. Bi v lin qun Xim - Nguyn khng phn tn lc lng vn s dng tp
trung ton b thy qun ti Sa c. M lc lng y gm hai vn qun Xim, 300
thuyn chin v my nghn qun Nguyn cng l mt lc lng kh ln, khng th
nh thng d dng. Mt khc, a im Sa c c u th v dng sng (u on
sng Tin Giang ra bin) gip cho tc vn ng, trin khai ca thy qun Xim
c tng cng. l iu bt li, nu Nguyn Hu nh thng vo Sa c.
Cho nn, cn c vo tnh hnh y, Nguyn Hu quyt nh ko ch ra khi cn
c a chng n khu vc sng v a hnh c li nht cho mnh, bt ng nht cho
ch, tin cng tiu dit ton b thy qun ch.
Thc hin quyt tm , Nguyn Hu chn khc sng M Tho, t Rch Gm
n Xoi Mt lm on sng quyt chin vi ch.
on sng ny, t Rch Gm n Xoi Mt, di chng 6, 7 ki-l-mt v cch
i bn doanh ca Nguyn Hu M Tho 6 ki-l-mt. Trong on sng ny, lng
sng m rng thun tin cho vic dn my trm chic thuyn ch tp trung vo
cng kch. Ti y, thy qun v cc thuyn chin Ty Sn c giu kn trong
cc sng nh: Rch Gm, rch Xoi Mt v giu sau c lao Thi Sn.
Pho binh Ty Sn mai phc hai b sng v trn c lao Thi Sn. Khi ton b
thu qun Xim -Nguyn lt vo khc sng ny, th thy qun Ty Sn Rch
Gm v rch Xoi Mt s tin ra chn nh hai u.
Thuyn chin Ty Sn pha sau c lao Thi Sn cng tin ra nh vo ngang
hng thy qun Xim, chia ct i thuyn chin Xim - Nguyn ra lm nhiu mnh
nh ph. ng thi pho binh ca Ty Sn hai bn b sng M Tho v trn c
lao Thi Sn s bn s vo thuyn chin Xim - Nguyn sut dc sng t Rch Gm
n rch Xoi Mt.
Ti khc sng ny, ton b thy qun Xim - Nguyn s b qun i Ty Sn
bao vy cht ch, khng th chy thot d dng nh khc sng Sa c - Vnh Long,
l khc sng c nhiu ngch sng, rt kh thc hin bao vy tiu dit ton b thy
qun ch.
Sau khi b tr xong, Nguyn Hu cho qun ti khiu chin ch ti cn c Sa
c, thc hin nh ko ch ra khi cn c, a ton b thu qun Xim - Nguyn
n on sng quyt chin tiu dit.
Cc tng Xim ch quan, cy c u th, mun nhn vic truy kch qun Ty
Sn m tin ln chim ng M Tho. Ngy mng 8 thng Chp nm Gip Thn [1],
tc ngy 18 thng 1 nm 1785, cc tng Xim v Nguyn nh em ton b thy
qun Xim - Nguyn, tin theo song M Tho, nh ui qun Ty Sn khiu chin
v ton b thuyn chin Xim - Nguyn lt vo on sng Rch Gm - Xoi Mt.
49
---------------------------------------
1. Th Nguyn nh vit cho Liot ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1785 trong Cadire, Les Francais au service
de Gia Long, Bulletin des Amis du vieux Hu, Janvier - Mars 1921, n0 1. pp. 20 - 21.

Khi qun ch dn thn vo ng khu vc c b tr, Nguyn Hu ra lnh tin

cng.
Qun thy, qun b ca Ty Sn cng gip cng mnh lit. ng nh k hoch
nh, trn chin u kt thc nhanh chng v em li thng li rc r cho qun
i Ty Sn. Ton b thuyn chin ca lin qun Xim - Nguyn u b ph hy v
nh m. Hai vn qun Xim ch cn li vi nghn, trn ln b chy thot, lch rng
vt ni qua Chn Lp chy v Xim.
Qun ca Nguyn nh c chng ba, bn nghn cng hon ton tan r [1]. Cc
tng Nguyn b chy thot thn mi ngi mt ng, L Vn Qun, ch tng ca
qun Nguyn, em tn qun chng 600 ngi [2] chy trn mt ni, ti gia nm
sau, mi ln ng sang Xim vi Nguyn nh.
Mt tng Nguyn khc l Nguyn Vn Thnh ch huy hn 1.000 qun cng b
qun i Ty Sn nh tan. Nguyn Vn Thnh v 50 - 60 tn qun cng nhau chy
trn. Cc i qun ca Tn Tht Hi, Tn Tht Huy cng u tan v [3].
Nguyn nh phi b thuyn, trn ln b, i theo ch c 12 tn, va qun va
tng, cng chy n ng Vn, ri theo hng Thi Giang chy v Cn Th [4].
------------------------------------------
1. Chng ti phng on l 3 - 4 nghn qun, v ring Nguyn Vn Thnh ch huy hn 1 nghn
qun, L Vn Qun thua chy cng cn 6 trm qun.
2. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 27, t 2.
3, 4. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp q. 21, t 3.
Nh th l trong trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt ngy 18 thng 1 nm 1785, trc
sc tin cng ca ngha qun Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy, lin qun Xim -
Nguyn gm trn hai vn ngi b hon ton tiu dit. Qun Nguyn nh tan tc,
t thy lc lng. Qun Xim t hai vn ngi ch cn chng hai nghn ngi, cng
bn bi tng chiu Tng, chiu Sng tm ng chy v nc.
T sau trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, "ngi Xim s qun Ty Sn nh cp".
Cn bn Nguyn nh b trn khi mt trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, nhng vn
khng c yn thn. Nguyn Hu cho qun truy kch ro rit. T ng Vn tr i,
Nguyn nh khng cn sc chy b c na, mt ty tng l Nguyn Vn Tr
phi cng Nguyn nh chy ra Thi Giang [2]. Ti y, mt s tng lnh ca
Nguyn nh l Nguyn Vn Thnh, Tn Tht Huy, Tn Tht Hi, cng chy ti ni,
50
mi ngi cn c 50 - 60 tn binh i cng. Nguyn nh v c bn cng chy ra
H Tin v tm tr Cn Khi [3].
Mt tun l sau trn tht bi thm hi ny, ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1785, t Cn
Khi, Nguyn nh vit th cho gio s Li- Chan-ta-bun, bo tin bi trn v nh
Li- gip cho my ngi chn tay l Mc T Sinh v cai c Trung i sang Xim
bo tin tht bi vi vua Xim [4].
Nguyn Hu vn cho qun i lng bt Nguyn nh. Nguyn nh phi b Cn
Khi, chy ra o Th Chu.
Sng ti y, Nguyn nh v bn qun tng i qu, xoay ra lm ngh cp
bin. C ln Nguyn Vn Thnh i n cp b trng thng v b thuyn bun nh
tr li [5].
----------------------------------------------
1 i Nam thc lc, bn dch ca Vin S hc. t. II, tr. 65.
2. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn. s tp, q. 1 5, t 26.
3, 4. Th ca Nguyn nh gi cho Liot ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1785.
5. i Nam chnh lin lit truyn, s tp, q. 21, t 3.
Qun Ty Sn khng ngng truy kch Nguyn nh. Thng Ba nm t T
(1785), qun Ty Sn tm ti o Th Chu. Nguyn nh phi chy sang o C
Ct, ri chy sang Xim, qun tng cng i c khong hn 200 ngi. Ln ny,
Nguyn nh thy r sc mnh ln lao ca ngha qun Ty Sn v bit khng th tr
v Gia nh ngay c, nn Nguyn nh nh tr ng lu di trn t Xim. Nguyn
nh xin vua Xim cho ra khu ng Khoai, ngoi thnh Vng Cc. Nguyn nh
tnh k cng qun tng quay ra lm rung, khn hoang, n ci nui nhau.
Bit Nguyn nh chy sang Xim v ng trong cnh cng ng, tuyt
vng, tnh hnh Gia nh khng c g ng lo ngi, thng T nm t T (1785)
Nguyn Hu em i qun v Qui Nhn; y ng Vn Trn li gi Gia
nh.
***
Tri qua 14 nm, k t ngy phong tro bng n ti u nm 1785, ngha qun
Ty Sn ginh c nhiu chin thng ln, nhng cha c chin thng no nhanh
gn, to ln, rc r bng chin thng Rch Gm Xoi Mt.
Ch trong mt thi gian rt ngn, c th l mt ngy, hoc cha n mt ngy,
qun i Ty Sn di quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu tiu dit gn hn 2 vn
qun Xim - Nguyn. Chin thng v vang ny kt thc giai on chin u nh
th lc nh Nguyn, t ton b lnh th ng trong di quyn kim sot ca
ngha qun Ty Sn.
Trong trn tin cng Gia nh ln trc, ph tan ton b thy qun ca
Nguyn nh, Nguyn Hu trit li dng kh hu, thi tit nh thng ch.
Trong trn nh ln ln ny, c im chin thut ca Nguyn Hu l li dng a
hnh c li nht tiu dit ch. S vn dng chin thut mt cch linh hot chnh l
mt trong nhng b quyt thnh cng ca Nguyn Hu trong cuc i chin u ca
ng.
Trong trn quyt chin ny, tnh ch ng, tnh linh hot, tnh k hoch trong
hnh ng tc chin ca Nguyn Hu v thy qun Ty Sn t ti mt trnh
m trc cha tng c.
51
 Nt c sc trong trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt l Nguyn Hu t vn nh
tiu dit ln hng u, biu hin c th trong vic la chn php nh hay tm on
sng quyt chin tt, by th trn gii, v.v.
Chng ta bit rng lin qun Nguyn - Xim ang trn phn cng chin lc.
Lc lng mnh ca chng hu nh cn ton vn. Ring qun i Nguyn nh th
bt u khi phc v tng cng. Chnh trong tnh hnh qun s , Nguyn Hu
nhn nhim v phn cng chin lc, tiu dit lin qun Nguyn - Xim, thu hi ton
b t ai min Gia nh. lm trn nhim v y, Nguyn Hu c th chn mt
trong hai kiu nh nh sau: mt, l a hm i vo Gia nh, t chc phng ng
kin c, tiu hao ch, sau s phn cng; hai, l lp tc tin cng, ch ng a
thy qun nh ch vo lc v ni thun li nht. Nguyn Hu quyt tm tin
cng. Song, khng phi c ch ng tin cng l c th tiu dit mt cch trit .
Hn na, thy qun Xim cha b st m. Lin qun Nguyn - Xim vn duy tr sc
mnh tin cng ca h. Thy qun Xim ng Sa c c nhng u th v u im
ca n, nh trnh by trn. Nu a thy qun tin su vo ni a, nh ch
trong cn c, th thy qun Xim vn mnh s c iu kin pht huy u th v u
im ca chng. ch ng trong cn c th dng mu tr ko ch ra khi cn c, d
ch vn ng tin n on sng no m thy qun ta c th nh mt n tht bt
ng, tht mnh lit, ni m ta c th pht huy cao tinh thn chin u, uy lc tin
cng v sc c ng, th mi c th t c mc ch ra cho tin cng, tc l
tiu dit ton b qun ch. Chng ta thy rng Nguyn Hu thnh cng trong vic
chn hnh thc tin cng ch ang vn ng, ko ch ra xa cn c tiu dit
chng.
Sng to quan trng na ca Nguyn Hu l s vn dng th on tc chin.
Ln u tin, v thy chin, Nguyn Hu thc hin hp vy ton b thy qun
Xim v ct t dch ra tng mnh tiu dit. Chng ta hc y ngh thut hp
vy c tnh cht chin dch v chia ct v mt chin thut ca Nguyn Hu. Do hp
vy nn qun i Ty Sn nh ch trn c bn mt, nhng Nguyn Hu em

52
ch lc ca mnh nh tht mnh vo cnh sn ch. Chnh v vy m ton b thy
qun ch b tiu dit, khng mt thuyn chin no lt li.
Mt sng to khc na, l s b tr lc lng chnh xc, ph hp vi nh tiu
dit ton b v th on tc chin ni trn. Th trn ca thy qun Ty Sn rt cht
v kn, trong c b phn nh d ch, ko ch n on song quyt chin, c b
phn nh chn u, c b phn nh chn ui; cn ch lc, gm thy qun v b
binh th b tr trn cnh sn ca i hnh tin qun ca ch.
Cui cng, sng to ca Nguyn Hu cn th hin vic chn on sng lm
khu vc quyt chim. Cn chn mt on sng tng i rng ln, khin cho i b
phn thy qun ch phi lt vo khu vc tc chin. Ngc li, cng ch trn on
sng rng ln, thy qun Ty Sn mi c th trin khai ton b thuyn chin nng,
nh, pht huy tt c sc mnh ca ha lc v sc vn ng nhanh chng ca thuyn
chin. Song, v dng mu mo d ch, cho nn, mun tranh th xut kch bt
ng, cn cn phi giu kn thy qun ca ta. on sng t Rch Gm n - Xoi
Mt, vi lng sng m rng, vi nhng nhnh sng nh, vi c lao Thi Sn, p
ng nhu cu ca tc chin.
Cuc xm lc v trang ca phong kin Xim b p tan tnh. Xt v ton
cc cuc tin cng chin lc ny c ngha chnh tr, qun s rt to ln, c tc dng
quyt nh i vi cc din min Nam. Qun i Ty sn khng nhng t ra hn
hn qun i Nguyn nh, m cn hn hn qun i Xim, khng nhng sc tiu
dit tng on b binh ln, m cn sc tiu dit tng on thy qun mnh. Qun
i Ty Sn gi vng u th qun s, ginh c u th chnh tr trn min Gia
nh. Ton b lc lng v trang ca Nguyn nh b tiu dit.
Qua mi cuc tin qun, Nguyn Hu u a ngh thut qun s ca qun i
Ty Sn ln mt bc pht trin mi.
c bit ln ny ng a thy qun ln mt a v cao, a tc chin hp
ng thy - b n trnh mi. Chin thng v cng oanh lit ca thy qun tr tui
ni ring v qun i Ty Sn ni chung gi vng v pht huy nhng truyn
thng v vang ca thy qun Vit Nam, m Ng Quyn, L Thng Kit, Trn Quc
Tun xy dng nn. Nguyn Hu va l mt tng lc qun c ti, va l mt
tng thy qun rt gii.

Chng hai
NGUYN HU TIU DIT CC TP ON PHONG KIN TRNH-L,
LP LI NN THNG NHT TRN TON LNH TH VIT NAM
CUI TH K XVIII
NGUYN HU CHIN THNG PH XUN
TNH HNH SUY YU CA CC TP ON PHONG KIN BC H
Sau khi nh chim Ph Xun nm 1775, bn cha Trnh ginh c khi
tay bn cha Nguyn mt vng t ai rng ln. Nhng khng phi v th m tnh
hnh Bc H sng sa hn trc. Tri li, t nm 1776 tr i, ni b tp on phong
kin Trnh L ngy cng lc c v suy yu hn, x hi Bc H ngy cng ri ren,
nhn dn Bc H ngy cng i kh.

53
 V kinh t, nn i din ra lin tip. Nm 1776, mt ma, nn i rt nghim
trng. "Ngi sang trng phi nhm tng ca xin lm thu hoc vay mn m
cng khng t, h hp nhau n cp n trm..." [1].
Nm sau, 1777, nn i li din ra, v c bit nghim trng l vng Ngh An.
Cha Trnh phi cho em tin, em go vo pht chn v thi hnh nhiu bin php
cu i khc.
Nm sau na, 1778, li i to: "Gi go cao vt, mt chn nh go tr gi mt
tin, y ng nhng thy cht i" [2].
----------------------------------------
1. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch, t. XIX, tr. 51.
2. Bn dch dn, tr. 60.
Tnh hnh i km nh th ko di.
V chnh tr, tnh hnh li cng thi nt. T sau khi nh chim Ph Xun, Trnh
Sm cng thm kiu ngo, lng quyn. Vua L hon ton l b nhn. Trnh Sm ngy
cng hoang dm, tu sc, n chi xa hoa rt mc, ngy m mit mi vo yn tic,
vo cc tr chi v cng hoang ph. Bn cung nhn, quyn thn, th lm cn, ph
ri triu chnh, c hi, bc lt nhn dn thm t. Nm 1782, Trnh Sm cht, cc con
l Trnh Khi v Trnh Cn m mu st hi ln nhau ginh ngi cha. Th lc ca
bn thng tr h Trnh suy yu n cc .
Nm 1782, qun lnh kinh thnh Thng Long lm binh bin, ph Trnh Cn,
lp Trnh Khi lm cha, git bn quyn thn Hong nh Bo v cung phi ng Th
Hu, m Trnh Cn. u nm 1784, qun lnh kinh thnh Thng Long li ni dy
mt ln na chng bn quyn thn, thn thch ca Trnh Khi l Nguyn L,
Dng Khung, Nguyn Trim. Nguyn L chy trn. Trnh Khi phi em tin bc
ra chuc mng cho Dng Khung, phi cch chc bn Nguyn L, Dng Khung
v a Nguyn Trim ra cho qun lnh nh cht. Quyn bnh triu nh v ph
cha u nm trong tay qun lnh. Mi vic thay i, ct t quan li, tng lnh, u
phi lm theo mun ca qun lnh.
Ti cc a phng, khi ngha ca nng dn lun lun bng n. Nm 1778,
Thc Toi lnh o mt cuc khi ngha c ti hng vn ngi, nh ph bn quan
qun nh Trnh khp cc vng Yn Qung, Sn Nam, Hin Nam (tc vng Qung
Ninh, Hi Phng, Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Hng Yn ngy nay). Nm 1779, th ty
Hong Vn ng ni dy vng T Long (thuc H Giang), tin nh ph Tam K
(thuc huyn Hm Yn, tnh Tuyn Quang).
Ngoi my cuc khi ngha tng i ln ny, cn c nhiu cuc ni dy khc
n ra nhiu ni. Ti Thi Bnh c cuc khi ngha do th lnh Du lnh o, nhm
mc ch "cp ca nh giu em nui dn i". Ti Kinh Bc (H Bc) inh Vn
Tr lnh o nng dn khi ngha tin nh cc vng Bo Lc (thuc H Bc v Chi
Lng (thuc Lng Sn). Ti nm 1785, vng ven bin li c cuc khi ngha ln do
hai th lnh Thim Lin v Sn lnh o hot ng cho ti nm 1786, khi ngha qun
Ty Sn tin ra Bc H.
Thun Ha, Ph Xun, bn quan, tng nh Trnh, ng u l Phm Ng
Cu li l nhng k nhu nhc, bt ti [1], nhng hng hch, p bc nhn dn rt tn
nhn [2] khin nhn dn ht sc cm hn, on gin.

54
 Tnh hnh trn y cho thy chnh quyn phong kin L Trnh Bc H v
Thun Ho lung lay n tn gc, nhn dn hon ton i lp vi bn thng tr,
chng li chng v mong ch ngy nh chng.
Nm 1786, Nguyn Hu em qun nh ra Bc H chnh l nm nn i trm
trng ang lan trn khp Bc H. S c ghi rng: "Thng 3, dn b nn i, gi go
cao vt, dn trong kinh k v t trn b i to, thy cht nm lin nhau. Trnh Khi
h lnh chiu m nhn dn, ai np ca s trao cho quan chc nhng khng ai hng
ng. Bn dng sc lnh bt c nh giu ly tin chia ra pht chn" [3].
---------------------------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hon L nht thng ch. Bn dch. tr. 94.
2. Th ca La Bartette ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1786 trong L. Cadire, Documents relatifs l' poque
de Gia Long BEFEO. 1912. n0 7, p, 13.
3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc. t. XX, tr. 12.
Mt gio s Php l Le Roy, c mt Bc H nm , m t nhng t nn v
cnh i kh lc y nh sau: "Bn "cc li" [1] lm giu trong lc i km, chng
tha dp mt ma bn go rt t, Khng mt cht t tm mc cho nhng ngi
khn cng cht i y ng y ch" [2].
Tnh hnh i kh ny cng khi su thm mu thun gia qung i qun
chng vi cc tp on phong kin thng tr Bc H, to iu kin thun li cho vic
ngha qun Ty Sn tin ra lt th lc nh Trnh.

K HOCH TIN CNG QUN TRNH CA NGUYN HU

Nm 1785, sau khi nh tan qun Xim v ui bn Nguyn nh cng tn qun
ca hn chy sang Xim, ngha qun Ty Sn c rnh tay pha Nam i ph
vi pha Bc. T nm 1775 n by gi, tri qua 10 nm rng r, ngha qun Ty
Sn phi chu cho qun Trnh lm ch Thun Ha v chim ng t o Hi Vn
tr ra, v ngha qun ci th khng th cng mt lc ng u vi c hai tp on
phong kin thng tri: bn cha Nguyn min Nam v bn cha Trnh min Bc.
Nhng n lc ny tnh th i khc, min Nam tng i n nh, tp on
phong kin nh Nguyn tan r m min Bc th tnh hnh ri ren n cc , bn
cha Trnh ht sc suy yu. l thi c thun li ngha qun Ty Sn tin hnh
tiu dit tp on phong kin nh Trnh.
---------------------------------------
1, 2. Th ca Le Roy, gio s K Vnh (Ninh Bnh) vit gi v Php ngy 6 thng 2 nm 1786
trong Cadire, dn. tr 6. Hai ch "cc li", Le Roy t vit bng ting Vit trong bc th
ting Php, ch nhng li bun.
Nhn nh r thi c , u nm 1786, Nguyn Hu xut vic tin nh Bc
H [1], nhng Nguyn Nhc ngn ngi. Thng T nm Bnh Ng (1786), tng
Trnh Phm Ng Cu Ph Xun cho s gi Nguyn Phu Nh vo Qui Nhn, mn
ting trao i v vn bin gii, d xt tnh hnh ngha qun Ty Sn. Ti Qui
Nhn, Nguyn Phu Nh li khuyn cc lnh t Ty Sn nn tin nh Ph Xun v
vch r rng: "Hai x Thanh - Ngh v c bn trn hin ang b i ln, dn chng
u ta on ku kh, dn vi lnh chng a g nhau, tnh th khng th lu bn, nu ly
c Thun Ha th vic dp yn thin h khng kh g na" [2].

55
 Mt tng gii ca Trnh l Nguyn Hu Chnh theo v Ty Sn t nm 1782,
cng nhn nh nh Nguyn Phu Nh. M Nguyn Phu Nh c thi phn li nh
Trnh cng chnh v Nguyn Phu Nh l bn c ca Nguyn Hu Chnh. Thy mi
ngi u nht tr, Nguyn Nhc lin quyt nh tin nh Ph Xun v c Nguyn
Hu lm thng lnh cc qun thy b, V Vn Nhm lm t qun c, Nguyn
Hu Chnh lm hu qun c v Nguyn L ch huy i d b thy qun [3].
-----------------------------------------------
1. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 61.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 92 - 93.
3. i Nam chnh bin 1it truyn, s tp q. 30, t 12.
Vic nh Ph Xun tht ra khng phi l n gin. Lc lng qun i Trnh
y kh hng hu. Sut t sng Gianh ti o Hi Vn, khng k qun a phng,
ring qun i Trnh t Bc H a vo cng c trn ba vn ngi, m s qun n
tr thnh Ph Xun cng c ti vi vn. Qun s ca nh Trnh ng hn hn
qun s ca Nguyn nh nm pht trin nht l nm 1781 v cng ng hn hn
lin qun Xim - Nguyn hi u nm 1785.
Cch b tr phng th ti y cng rt kn o. T sng Gianh ti o Hi Vn,
trn mt a th hp ngang v chy di, khng ch no l khng c qun Trnh ng
gi. Khi c chin tranh, cc n qun Trnh c th nhanh chng tip vin, ng cu
cho nhau. Chin trng Thun Ha r rng khng ging chin trng Gia nh.
Thun Ha cn hn hn chin trng Gia nh ch Thun Ha c c min Bc H
rng ln lm hu phng an ton.
Qun Trnh Bc H lc no cng c th t Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Thng Long
tin vo cu nguy cho Thun Ha.
V pha ngha qun Ty Sn, qun s khng phi l ng hn hn qun Trnh
Thun Ha c th p o ch mt cch d dng. Lc lng ngha qun tin nh
Ph Xun ln ny, cng nh cc ln tin nh Gia nh, khng phi l mt lc lng
quan trng, dng qun s thng ch. Nht l vi ln tin nh Thun Ha, d s
c khng cho bit s liu c th, chng ta cng thy rng lc lng qun s ca Ty
Sn khng c c l bao [1], bi v i b phn qun i Ty Sn phi ng ri
sut t Qung Nam, Quang Ngi, Qui Nhn, Ph Yn, Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun vo
cho ti Gia nh, Long Xuyn lm nhim v bo v, cng tc l qun i Ty
Sn phi c mt trn na t nc Vit Nam lc by gi. Nh th ngha qun Ty
Sn khng th dnh c mt lc lng ln tin nh Thun Ha. Cho nn mun
chin thng Thun Ha, ngha qun Ty Sn cn phi c mt phng chm khc
trc y v phi c mt quyt tm chin u rt ln ca ton qun. Tin cng
Thun Ha, khng th nh thng ngay vo Ph Xun nh nhng ln nh Gia nh,
v qun Trnh hai pha sng Gianh v Hi Vn c th dn v ng cu d dng.
Cng khng th nh dn tng bc t o Hi Vn nh ra, v nh th nht nh s
b qun Trnh Ph Xun chn ng li.
-------------------------------------------
1. Legrand de la Liraye trong cun Notes historiques sur la nation annamite, xut bn nm 1865.
tr. 92 ni rng qun Ty Sn tin nh Ph Xun c tt c 1 vn: tin qun 5 nghn, hu qun 2
nghn v thy binh 3 nghn. Nhng khng r tc gi cn c vo ti liu no.

56
 Tuy nhin Thun Ha lc y vn c nhng nhc im cn bn c th lm t
lit u th ca n. t lu, t Thun Ho khng c chinh chin, qun Thun Ha
t chin u, qun ng, n tri nhiu, nhng phng th khng cn mt. Tng lnh
tham nhng tn bo, nhn dn on ght. l nhng iu kin tht bi ca Thun
Ha mt khi b tin cng.
Nm vng tnh hnh chung v trit li dng thi tit thun li ca ma h, gi
nm thi mnh c th a thy qun tin nhanh ln nh ph cc c im xa.
Nguyn Hu quyt nh mt k hoch tin cng bt ng v chp nhong tt c cc
c im, t Hi Vn nh ln, t sng Gianh nh xung, t cnh sn nh vo Ph
Xun, lm cho qun Trnh khp ni trn t Thun Ha, khng kp gi tay v
khng th ng cu c cho nhau.
thc hin k hoch , Nguyn Hu chia qun tin nh theo ba ng:
- Mt o thy qun tin nh Ph Xun.
- Mt o thy qun khc tin thng ln sng Gianh. Ti y, o qun ny chia
lm hai: mt cnh ng n ng sng Gianh, phng qun Trnh Bc H tin
vo cu vin, mt cnh nh xung cc n qun Trnh B Chnh, Leo Heo, ly
ng Hi v hp qun vi b binh t Ph Xun tin ra cng nh Dinh Ct.
- Tt c b binh tp trung tin nh o Hi Vn, gii quyt xong o Hi Vn,
tin ln phi hp vi o thy qun th nht nh thnh Ph Xun, gii quyt xong
Ph Xun s tin nh n Dinh Ct v nu cn, s tin ln pha sng Gianh, tip
vin cho o thy qun th hai cng nh ly ng Hi v cc n chung quanh.
Bit Phm Ng Cu, ch tng Trnh Ph Xun l ngi rt m tn d oan v
lm t lit cnh gic ca chng, Nguyn Hu cho thuyn a mt ngha qun Hoa
kiu ti Ph Xun trc, gi lm "thy Tu" xem tng s. "Thy Tu" vo ra mt
To qun cng Phm Ng Cu, thng gi l Qun To [1], ni ha phc v
khuyn Phm Ng Cu lm chay, cu tri pht tai qua nn khi. Khi Phm Ng
Cu chun b t chc n chay cu phc, th ngha qun Ty Sn Qui Nhn bt u
ln ng nh Ph Xun. Ngy 28 thng T nm Bnh Ng [2], tc ngy 25 thng 5
nm 1786, cc o qun thy b, di s ch huy ca danh tng Nguyn Hu, c
lnh xut pht.

NH O HI VN
Hi Vn l mt rng ni thuc dy Trng Sn, chy ngang ra bin, lm thnh
mt ranh gii thin nhin gia hai tnh Tha Thin v Qung Nam. Rng ni ny
gm nhiu ngn ni to cao v him tr. T ngang lng rng ni tr ln, lc no cng
c my m bao ph, v th xa gi l Hi Vn sn. Ch gn bin l mt qu ni thp
hn, khng g gh lm, ngi xa m li i qua rng ni, nn gi l o Hi Vn.
o ny tuy thp so vi cc ngn ni ca rng Hi Vn. Nhng cng vn l cao lm.
ng di chn o nhn ln, my ph mt m, khng thy nh o. Cng i ln,
ng o cng quanh co, my m cng dy c. Nhng ngy xu tri, i trn o,
cch nhau khong 5 mt khng nhn thy ngi. T Qui Nhn, Qung Nam ra Tha
Thin, i ng b nht thit phi qua o Hi Vn. l ng c o, ng o
li dc cao, quanh co lm khe nhiu sui. i ng v c th ln xung khe, xung
sui.
57
-------------------------------------
1. Ti liu ca cc gio s phng Ty thi by gi thng gi Phm Ng Cu l "Co tao", tc
Qun To, hoc Quan i tc quan i tng.
2. Mt vi tc gi vit v Nguyn Hu, thng ni ngy xut qun l 18 thng Nm m lch v ngy
nh Hi Vn l 24 thng Nm m lch. Vn thi gian nh th, cn bn li. T Qui Nhn ti
o Hi Vn, ng di hn 300 ki-l-mt. Nu xut qun ngy 18, ngy 24 h xong n
Hi Vn, tc l i hn 300 ki-l-mt, ch mt 6 ngy, mi ngy hnh qun trn 50 ki-l-mt.
Trong iu kin hnh qun khng bng c gii nh thi by gi th khng th i nhanh nh th
58
 c. y chng ti ly ngy xut qun theo Hong L nht thng ch (Bn dch ca Nh
xut bn Vn hc, H Ni, 1964, tr. 93).
Thi xa trn ng o y c nhiu th d ra hi ngi qua ng. Cho nn,
qua o Hi Vn, khng th i ring l tng ngi m phi i thnh tng on ng
gip nhau trong nhng chng ng o nguy him. o Hi Vn c mt pha
sn ni chy ra bin, nhng t mt bin khng c ng i ln o v qung bin
chn ni y, gi l hang Gii, thng thng sng to, gi ln, ghe thuyn t khi dm
qua li ch .
Qua Hi Vn cng nh qua hang Gii, thi xa tht l kh khn nguy him, cho
nn ngi xa c cu:
"i ng th s Hi Vn
i ghe th s sng thn hang Gii"
Nh vy, o Hi Vn r rng l mt vi tr xung yu.
Nh Trnh, sau khi chim c Ph Xun, cho lm ti nh o Hi Vn mt
dy ly kin c, chng gi vi nhng bt trc pha nam. V c dy ly ny nn
o Hi Vn thi y, ngi ta cng cn gi l nh Ly [1].
---------------------------------------------
1. Cao Xun Dc, i Nam nht thng ch. q. 5, Qung Nam tnh.
tin cng mt v tr xung yu nh o Hi Vn, Nguyn Hu b tr k
hoch nh th no? Tt nhin khng dng thy binh, v khng c ng t bin ln
o, nh trn chng ta thy. Qung bin hang Gii li khng phi l ni thun li
cho thy chin, nn nh o Hi Vn, phi dng b binh. Tin nh v tr Hi Vn
ca qun Trnh, tc l tin nh theo mt ng c o, m li l ng o cao,
dc trn nh o c chin ly kin c v qun Trnh c u th t trn nh xung.
Cho nn tin cng o Hi Vn c a th him tr nh vy tht l mt vic kh
khn. Nhng ngha qun Ty Sn vt qua tt c nhng kh khn y. o Hi
Vn b ngha qun Ty Sn nh chim rt nhanh. Hi Vn tuy l mt v tr xung
yu, c thnh ly kin c, nhng qun tng phng th Hi Vn tr trng, v hn
10 nm khng c chinh chin, qun tng nh Trnh y sng nhn tn thi bnh
qu lu, khng lc no ngh n b nh, nn b nh l bt ng, tr tay khng kp.
Trong trng hp y v tr xung yu, thnh ly kin c u khng pht huy tc dng
c. Hi Vn li l con ng qua li ca nhn dn Thun, Qung. Cho nn Hi
Vn tuy l mt ni xung yu c thnh ly kin c, nhng li l mt ni s h, lc
no cng c th b tp kch bt ng. Mt c im s h, tinh thn qun tng phng
th tr trng m b nh bt ng, th d xung yu, kin c n u, cng b h d
dng. Nu lc lng i phng ng mnh hn, th li cng b tiu dit nhanh
chng. cng l nhng nguyn nhn khin Hi Vn b h, mt khi ngha qun Ty
Sn tin nh.
Trong trn nh Ph Xun, ngha qun Ty Sn gm c qun thy v qun b
th b binh l o qun ch lc do Nguyn Hu trc tip ch huy v Nguyn Hu
Chnh lm ph tng [1]. o b binh ch lc ny c nhim v nh o Hi Vn
tin ln nh ph thnh Ph Xun.
---------------------------------------
1. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 18.

59
 Khong trung tun thng Nm nm Bnh Ng, o qun ch lc Ty Sn tin ti
o Hi Vn. B nh bt ng, qun Trnh y khng kp tr tay v tan v nhanh
chng trc sc tin cng mnh m ca qun ch lc Ty Sn. Ch tng Trnh l
Hong Ngha H t trn.
Ly xong o Hi Vn, Nguyn Hu lp tc cho qun tin nhanh nh ph Ph
Xun.
lm k ly gin cc tng lnh ch Ph Xun, trc khi ri o Hi Vn,
tin qun ra ph Xun, Nguyn Hu h lnh cho Nguyn Hu Chnh ly tnh quen c
vit th d hng ph tng Trnh Ph Xun l Hong nh Th [1] v cho ngi
phi nga em ra Ph Xun, nhng trao th cho Phm Ng Cu m khng trao cho
Hong nh Th [2], khin ch hoang mang chia r.

H THNH PH XUN
Trong khi qun thy b Ty Sn ng o t tin v Ph Xun th Phm Ng
Cu, ch tng thnh Ph Xun vn mi m vi n chay cu phc, t chc rt ln,
by ngy by m lin ti cha Thin M [3], ngi cha to nht thnh Ph Xun, do
cc cha Nguyn xy dng. Hu ht cc tng lnh v qun lnh nh Trnh thnh
Ph Xun u phi ti n chay chu chc, phc dch sut ngy m, rt vt v, mt
mi [4].
----------------------------------------
1. i Nam thc 1c, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 62.
2. i Nam thnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30 v Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr.
95.
3. Th ca gim mc La Bartette gi v Php ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1786 trong L. Cadire,
Documents relatifs l' poque de Gia Long, B.E.F.E.O, n07, 1912, p.12, Th ca Le Breton gi
v Php ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1787 cng trong ti liu Cadire.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 95.
Khi mt vi tn binh Trnh o Hi Vn chy v ti Ph Xun, bo cho Phm
Ng Cu l o Hi Vn b chim ng, tng Hong Ngha H t trn, qun
Trnh Hi Vn b tiu dit v qun i Ty Sn ng rm r tin ln, sp ti
Ph Xun th Phm Ng Cu vn cn trong cha Thin M cu cho tai qua nn
khi. Nghe tin qun Ty Sn sp ti, Phm Ng Cu hong s, bit vic lm chay l
mc mu thm t Ty Sn [1], vi chy v thnh tr tnh mu k i ph. Nhng
qun s mi mt v n chay v khip s trc thanh th dng mnh ca qun i
Ty Sn, nn ht thy u khng cn tinh thn chin u.
Trong khi bi ri, Phm Ng Cu li nhn c th ca Nguyn Hu Chnh gi
cho Hong nh Th, lng cng thm hoang mang. Phm Ng Cu ng Hong nh
Th c mun hng Ty Sn v lo s Hong nh Th s hi mnh ly cng vi
Ty Sn, nn t bn thn Phm Ng Cu cng sn mun hng. Cu dm bc th
ca Chnh gi cho Th [2].
Gia lc y, qun thy b Ty Sn u ti st Ph Xun. o thy qun do
V Vn Nhm ch huy [3] ti ca bin [4] gn thnh Ph Xun th gp mt tu B
o Nha, u ti bn. Tu ny c quan h cht ch vi Ph Xun, nn thuyn trng
v cc s quan trn tu c mun ng h Phm Ng Cu, chng ngha qun Ty Sn.
Ngha qun Ty Sn lin bao vy v t ph tu B o Nha. Thuyn trng v cc
60
s quan B o Nha u b qung xung bin. Cc thy th tu B o Nha c
thu dng v phn phi vo cc i thy qun Ty Sn. Chic tu b chy, c ph
ra tng mnh lm cu phao [5].
----------------------------------------
1, 2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch, tr. 95.
3. Trong chin dch ny, di quyn tit ch ca Nguyn Hu. c 3 o qun v 3 i tng l
Nguyn L, Nguyn Hu Chnh, V Vn Nhm. Nguyn Hu Chnh i vi o qun ch lc,
Nguyn L ch huy o thy qun nh pha sng Gianh - Quang Bnh, cn o thy qun
nh Ph Xun, chng ti on l do V Vn Nhm ch huy, v khng cn vin i tng no
khc na.
4. C th l ca bin Thun An. Nhng khng ti liu no ni r tn.
5. Th ca La Bartette Dinh Ct vit v Php ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1786 v th ca Longer
Dinh Ct vit v Php ngy 22 thng 7 nm 1786 trong L. Cadire, Documents relatifs 1'
poque de Gia Long B.E.F.E.O, 1912. n0 7, pp. 14 - 17.
Sau trn nh tu B o Nha, thy qun Ty Sn theo sng Hu tin vo Ph
Xun th b binh Ty Sn cng ti ni, ang bao vy thnh. trong thnh, cc
tng Trnh hi bn xem nn hang hay nn nh. "Quan i" Phm Ng Cu v mt
s tng lnh mun treo c bc [1] (tc c trng) xin hng v dng thnh cho ngha
qun Ty Sn. Nhng ph tng Hong nh Th v mt s tng lnh khc mun
pht c iu [2] quyt chin. Phm Ng Cu nh phi Hong nh Th ch huy
cuc chin u, cn mnh li trong thnh, mn ting lm nhim v "gi thnh"
ty nghi x tr c li cho s phn ca mnh.
Hong nh Th em qun ln mt thnh, tp trung pho bn xung rt d di.
B binh Ty Sn gin vng vy li ra xa chn thnh. B binh pha trc thnh phi
li xung thuyn chin tp trung bn b sng Hu [3]. Thuyn chin Ty Sn bn i
bc ln thnh ph ha lc ca ch. Nhng t mt thnh ti mt nc, cao hn hai
trng, i bc ca Ty Sn bn khng ti. Qun Trnh trn thnh vn bn xung
nh ma, mt thuyn chin Ty Sn b bn chm. Nguyn Hu h lnh tm ngng
chin, cho qun ngh ngi, nghin cu cch nh thch hp, n m s tip tc tin
cng. Thnh Ph Xun gn ca bin, sng Hu chy quanh thnh chu nh hng
ca thy triu, mc nc lun lun thay i, ban ngy th xung thp, m ti li
dng cao. By gi l thng 5, ang ma nc l, nc triu thng dng ln rt cao.
Nm vng quy lut con nc v a th thnh Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu quyt nh
nh thnh v m, khi thy triu dng cao, khong cch gia mt thnh v mt nc
c rt ngn, va tm bn ca i bc trn thuyn chin Ty Sn ph ha lc
ca qun Trnh trn mt thnh. Qu nhin, ti m nc triu dng ln v m cng
khuya, nc dng cng cao, trn ngp c chn thnh Ph Xun [4]. Ginh c li
th chc chn, Nguyn Hu h lnh tin cng. Cc thuyn chin Ty Sn tin st
chn thnh. B binh Ty Sn xng ln vy cht cc ca thnh. Thy binh Ty Sn t
cc thuyn chin bn ln mt thnh rt mnh lit [5]. Pho binh ca Hong nh Th
ln ny mt tc dng, khng dm ln mt thnh chin u, v li n dy c ca
thy qun Ty Sn bn ln. Hong nh Th nh phi cng bn thuc tng V T
Kin v hai con em qun m ca thnh ra ngoi nghnh chin.
------------------------------------------

61
1,2. Th ca gio s Doussain vit gi v Php ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1787 trong L. Cadire, ti liu
dn. tr. 18. My ting Vit "c bc", "c iu" l do Doussain t vit trong th ting
Php.
3. i Nam chnh bin 1it truyn, s tp, q. 30. t 18.
4, 5. i Nam chnh bin lit trvyn. s tp, q. 30, t 18 - 19. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht
thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 95 - 96.
Hai bn nh nhau c hn mt trng canh th qun ca Hong nh Th ht
thuc n. Hong nh Th cho ngi vo thnh ly thm thuc n. Nhng Phm
Ng Cu sai ng ca thnh, khng cho. Thy nguy c mt thnh, Phm Ng Cu
vi ko c trng xin hng. Trng ln c trng trn thnh, qun Ty Sn kh th cng
hng,nh cng rt. Nhn v c trng trn thnh, Hong nh Th thy tnh th khng
th cu vn c, nh chin u mt cch tuyt vng, Ngha qun Ty Sn dn li,
sit cht vng vy khng cho qun Hong nh Th trn thot. V T Kin v hai
con Hong nh Th b cht ngay trong vng vy. Qun Hong nh Th hon ton
tan r. Hong nh Th phi t t trn mnh voi [1].
Tiu dit xong qun Hong nh Th, ngha qun Ty Sn tin ln ph cng
thnh, xng vo. Qun Trnh trong thnh Ph Xun khng chng c ni, b chm
git rt nhiu. c th V Trng ang ch huy qun Trnh chin u trong thnh b
cht ti trn. Phm Ng Cu, ch tng thnh Ph Xun, t tri mnh [2], xe quan ti
[3] ra xin hng.
Nh th l trong mt m chin u vi qun i Ty Sn; hn hai vn qun
Trnh thnh Ph Xun b hon ton tiu dit. C vi trm qun Trnh trn thot
c ra ngoi thnh, nhng b nhn dn a phng, vn on hn nh Trnh t trc,
n bt git ht [4]. Ch c mt tn lnh duy nht sng st chy trn v bo tin cho
qun Trnh n Dinh Ct bit [5].
-----------------------------------------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi. Ti liu dn. tr. 97.
2. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 62. i Nam chnh hin lit truyn.,s tp,
q. 30, t 19.
3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc. t XX, tr, 13. Hong L nht thng ch,
Bn dch ca Nh xut bn Vn hc, tr. 97.
4. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 97.
5. Th ca Doussain gi v Php ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1787. trong L. Cadire. Ti liu dn, tr.
18.
Trn nh h thnh Ph Xun din ra trong m 20 thng Nm nm Bnh
Ng [1], tc ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1786 v hon thnh tt nhanh chng.

CC TRN NH T SNG GIANH TR VO

Trong khi Nguyn Hu nh thnh Ph Xun th o thy qun ca Nguyn L
[2] cng tin ti ca sng Gianh.
Thc hin k hoch ca Nguyn Hu nh t trc, Nguyn L chia qun
lm nhiu ton. Mt ton ng n ng trn di sng Gianh, phng qun Trnh t
ngoi Bc vo cu vin. Mt ton t sng Gianh tin xung nh chim n B
Chnh, tc Dinh Ngi (thuc huyn B Trch, Qung Bnh ngy nay) v ng ti
lm nhim v n bt tn binh Trnh t cc n pha trong chy trn ra Bc. Mt
ton tng i mnh quay xung lm nhim v tin cng ly ng Hi.
62
 T sng Gianh ti Dinh Ct, qun Trnh c rt nhiu n ly, doanh tri ng
gi, nhng qun i Ty Sn khng phi giao tranh mt trn no. Qun i Ty
Sn, thy qun cng nh b binh, i ti u, qun Trnh b thnh chy trn n y.
-----------------------------------------------
1. Ngy h thnh Ph Xun, Hong L nht thng ch ni l 14 thng Nm m lch. y chng
ti ly ngy 20 thng Nm m lch theo Bi Dng Lch trong L qu dt s, v thy nhng ngy
hnh qun trong chin dch Thng Long ghi trong L qu dt s n khp vi nhng ngy ni
trong th ca cc gio s phng Ty thi y (xem Bi Dng Lch, L qu dt s, Sch ch
Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H.V. 1951). Th ca gio s Longer, khi y gn
Dinh Ct. cng ni ngy h Ph Xun l ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1786, tc ngy 20 thng Nm
Bnh Ng ca Bi Dng Lch.
2. Hoa Bng, Quang Trung anh hng dn tc. Nh Xut bn Bn phng, H Ni, 1951. tr. 63.
Ton thy qun nh chim dinh B Chnh [1] hon thnh nhim v mt
cch d dng. Ton thy qun tin xung nh ly ng Hi, cha ti ni, qun
Trnh n Leo Heo [2], mt n pha trc ly ng Hi, trng thy bng thuyn
chin Ty Sn, vi b n m chy, nh tm ng trn v Bc. Nhng c tng
v qun chy gn ti dinh B Chnh th b nhn dn a phng bt gn em np cho
qun Ty Sn ng dinh B Chnh [3].
Ly ng Hi, cng gi l ly Thy, l mt h thng gm c nhiu ly kin c,
nh ly Sa Ph, ly Trn Ninh, ly ng Hi, ly u Mu v qu v pha nam, cn
c ly Trng Dc lm hu thun. H thng ly ng Hi ny trc y gip cho
qun Nguyn chng nhau c vi qun Trnh, ph tan nhiu cuc tin cng ln
mnh ca qun Trnh trong hn mt trm nm. Nhng nay trc thanh th ln mnh
ca qun i Ty Sn, tt c h thng n ly kin c y tr thnh v dng. S b
qun Ty Sn tn cng hai mt, thy qun trn nh xung, b binh di nh
ln, nn khi thy bng chin thuyn Ty Sn, tng gi ly ng Hi l V phi hu
v vin hip trn l Ninh Tn vi em qun chy trn [4]. H chy theo ng ni,
nn trn thot v Bc [5]. Ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1786 tc 26 thng Nm nm Bnh
Ng, thy qun Ty Sn tin vo chim gi ly ng Hi [6].
-------------------------------------
1 3. Th ca Doussain vit v Php ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1787. trong cadire, dn, tr. 18.
2. n Leo Heo c th l n o Heo ghi trong Ph lin tp lc ca L Qu n. Nm 1661, cha
Nguyn Phc Tn p mt chin ly chy di t o Heo ti ca An Nu chng nhau vi
cha Trnh. Ca An Nu l ca sng Dinh, huyn B Trch, tnh Qung Bnh. o Heo l
pha trn ng Hi. y chng ti vit Leo Heo v ti liu v Leo Heo ny l theo th ca
Doussain, m Doussain l ngi tho ting Vit v ch Vit.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hon L nht thng ch.,Bn dch ca Nh xut bn Vn hc, H Ni. 1964.
tr. 97. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp q. 30, t 19, li ni Ninh Tn l th tng v
khng ni n Vi phi hu.
5. Th ca Doussain vit v Php ngy 6 thng 6 nm l787, trong Cadire, dn. tr. 18.
6. Th ca La Bartette vit v Php ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1786, trong Cadire. dn. tr. 12.
Trong khi thy qun ca Nguyn L hot ng vng sng Gianh - ng Hi
nh vy th mt ton b binh Ty Sn c lnh t Ph Xun tin ln nh chim
n Dinh Ct (cch tnh l Qung Tr ngy nay khong hai ba ki-l-mt v pha bc).
Dinh Ct l mt n qun tng i quan trng, do mt vin tng l con r cha
Trnh [1] ng gi. Ngy 22 thng 6 nm 1786 [2], b binh Ty Sn tin ti Dinh
Ct th n ly b trng. Vn l ngay sau khi mt tn binh Ph Xun chy v
63
bo tin Ph Xun tht th, cc tng s n Dinh Ct vi vng b n, mnh ai
ny chy, tm ng trn ra Bc. Bn qun tng n Dinh Ct chy v gn ti B
Chnh th b nhn dn a phng ngn gi, nhng chng khng chu hng. Nhn dn
chy bo qun Ty Sn dinh B Chnh. Qun Ty Sn dinh B Chnh cho mt
b phn i vy bt qun Trnh, 200 tng s nh Trnh cng ba voi chin [3] v vin
ch tng, con r cha Trnh, u b bt [4].
--------------------------------------------------------
1. Th ca Longer vit v Php ngy 22 thng 7 nm 1786. trong L. Cadire. Ti liu dn. tr.
16.
2. Nhng ngy nh chim ng Hi 21 thng 6 nm 1786 v nh chim Dinh Ct 22 thng 6
nm 1786 l tnh theo th ca La Bartette vit ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1786. Khi y La Bartette
ngay Dinh Ct. Nhng ti liu ca ta khng ni n nhng ngy nh chim hai ni ny.
3. Th ca Doussain ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1787, dn trn.
4. Th ca Longer vit v Php ngy 22 thng 7 nm 1786. trong L. Cadire, Ti liu dn, tr.
16.
Nh th l ch trong thi gian cha y mi ngy [1], qun i Ty Sn, do
Nguyn Hu ch huy, lm ch tt c mt khu vc rng ln, t o Hi Vn ra ti
b sng Gianh. Tt c nhng mc tiu chin lc, chin dch quan trng ca qun
Trnh u lt vo tay qun i Ty Sn. Hn ba vn qun cng ton th tng lnh
cao cp ca nh Trnh ti y u b tiu dit. Cuc tin cng Thun Ha kt thc
bng s thng li hon ton, mau l v rt rc r ca qun i Ty Sn di s ch
huy ti tnh ca anh hng Nguyn Hu.
-----------------------------------------------
1. La Bartette hai ln (th ngy 23 thng 6 nn 1786 v th ngy 10 thng 7 nm l786) nhn mnh
rng cuc tin nh Thun Ho, t Hi Vn ti sng Gianh, ch din ra trong vng 5, 6 ngy.
Nu qu thi gian 5, 6 ngy l ng, m theo ngy nh Dinh Ct 22 thng 6 nm 1786 ca La
Bartette th ngy h Ph Xun v Hi Vn phi li li 4 ngy. Ngy h Ph Xun s l ngy 19
thng 6 nm 1786 tc 21 thng Nm m lch, Hong L nht thng ch ni ngy h Ph Xun l
14 thng Nm m lch. Nhng ngy trong Hong L nht thng ch thng sm hn ngy tht
10 ngy. Cho nn ngy h thnh Ph Xun cng c th l ngy 21 thng Nm m lch. Nhng
cha r ti liu no ca ta ni c th ngy m lch ny. Do y chng ti vn tm ly ngy ca
Bi Dng Lch v Longer.

***
Chn nm sau khi xy ra n tin cng chin lc u tin vo Gia nh v hn
mt nm sau thng li quyt nh Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, chin tranh bc sang
mt cc din mi: ngha qun Ty Sn t tin cng chin lc i vi qun Nguyn
min Nam, chuyn sang tin cng chin lc i vi qun Trnh trn min Bc.
Chin thng Ph Xun nh du s chuyn bin chin lc cn bn .
T pha nam, trung tm ca chin trng di chuyn ln pha bc. Nh din
bin ca cc trn nh c trnh by, k t trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt cho n
trn i ph qun Thanh, tt c nhng trn tin cng ln tiu dit ch ca ngha qun
Ty Sn, di s ch huy ca Nguyn Hu, u mang nhng yu t ca mt chin
dch [1]. Trn tin cng Ph Xun l mt trong nhng chin dch ln ca ngha qun
Ty Sn - mt chin dch c tin hnh trong tnh hung chin lc c li cho qun
i Ty Sn. Song, xt v cc b, th kh khn cho Nguyn Hu khng phi l t v
nh. Trc ht, phi tnh n u th v s lng ca o qun ch lc Phm Ng
64
Cu. Cn c vo nhiu mt, chng ta c th khng nh rng, t nht mt ngi lnh
Ty Sn phi chin u vi t hai n ba lnh Trnh.
------------------------------
1. V vy cng t trn Rch Gm - Xoi Mt n trn i ph qun Thanh, chng ti dng khi
nim chin dch nghin cu nhng trn nh ln ca qun di Ty Sn c nhng yu t
ca mt chin dch.
Hn ba vn qun Trnh chim lnh mt tuyn a hnh chin lc rt li, k c
trn ranh gii v trong chiu su. Trn a hnh cht hp, mt bn l ni st n gn
bin v mt bn l bin, qun Trnh li dng tuyn chng ngi thin nhin b
tr kh kn o trn mt chnh v ven bin. o Hi Vn tht s l mt thnh ly kin
c. Thnh Ph Xun nm trong mt v tr tng i kn o, tuy gn bin, nhng
ca bin thng cn, ngn cn s ra vo ca cc thuyn chin ln, v hn ch vic s
dng thy qun vi s lng ln. B tr ch lc Ph Xun, qun Trnh bin Ph
Xun thnh mt khu phng ng mnh, thun tin cho vic i ph vi mt cuc tn
cng t ngoi bin vo v t Qung Nam ln. Vi a hnh y vi s b tr lc lng
nh vy, qun Trnh khng phi l khng gy kh khn cho k hoch tn cng ca
qun i Ty Sn.
Cho nn, vi binh lc c hn, Nguyn Hu phi hon thnh nhng nhim v rt
nng ra cho chin dch: va phi tiu dit o qun ch lc ca qun Trnh, va
phi nhanh chng chim tuyn sng Gianh, ngha l tiu dit trn ba vn qun ch,
tin su trn 300 ki-l-mt vo t ch. Trong chin dch ny, ni bt ln ngha ln
lao v tranh th thi gian: binh lc cng c hn, li cng phi lm sao trnh nh lu
di. Ni mt cch khc, phi lm sao tiu dit tng b phn ch, chim tuyn sng
Gianh trong mt thi gian ngn nht, khin cho ch khng c cch no vn ng v
c ng thay i b tr, bin yu thnh mnh, trong khu vc chin lc Ph Xun,
cng nh tng vin t Bc H vo. Khi t k hoch chin dch, c th Nguyn Hu
phi suy tnh trc mt vn l, vi binh lc c hn nhng c u th v chnh tri -
tinh thn, phi lm sao, trong nhng trn quyt nh nht xy ra khi bt u chin
dch, s dng c nhiu binh lc nht bo m tiu dit ch lc ch? Lm sao
nhanh chng chim Ph Xun, nhanh chng thc su? Dng nhng phng chm,
phng php, th on no, lm cho kh nng c trong tay ph hp vi mc ch
ca chin dch?
li dng trit tnh hung chin lc ang c li, Nguyn Hu ra
phng chm tc chin nh nhanh, gii quyt nhanh v p dng hnh ng bt ng.
Trong nh chin dch ca Nguyn Hu, chng ta thy ni bt ln ch lm cho ch
lc ch ng ti Ph Xun mt quyn t do hnh ng ngay t nhng ngy u ca
chin dch. l ch khng ch trc ch lc ca ch, bin trn hai vn qun
Trnh Ph Xun tr thnh mt lc lng khng cn kh nng c ng na, phi b
ng i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn ngay ti cn c ng qun ca n. Cho nn,
nu tranh th c thi gian, nh ch tht bt ng vo ni v lc m chng khng
h d liu, khng h chun b, th s nh mt n rt mnh vo tinh thn chin u
ca ch, giam chn ch, lm ri lon h thng phng ng ca chng, v nht nh
t ti tiu dit sinh lc ch. Do , chc thng phng ng ch phi nhanh, pht
trin phi nhanh; tiu dit ch cho nhanh, nh chim tuyn a hnh chin lc cho
nhanh. Trong chin dch ny, yu t thi gian v bt ng c ngha ht sc quan
65
trng. Nhng tranh th thi gian, hnh ng bt ng ch t c hiu qu cao nht
nu n phc v cho vic tiu dit ch lc ch, tc trn hai vn qun ch ng ti
thnh Ph Xun. Nh vy vic tranh th thi gian, nh ch bt ng lin h rt
mt thit vi vic chn mc tiu t kch ch yu. Nguyn Hu tp trung mi quan
tm vo vic tiu dit tht nhanh chng v bng hnh ng bt ng tp on ch lc
ca ch. ng tm mi cch lm t lit cnh gic ca i phng v do , lm t
lit kh nng phn ng ca cc tng lnh Trnh v kh nng chin u ca qun i
ch, trc v trong khi din ra nhng hnh ng qun s quyt nh.
thc hin tiu dit ch, Nguyn Hu ch trng tin cng ch yu trn
hng ng b, ng thi dng mt b phn thu qun nh phi hp trn mt
chnh thnh Ph Xun, nh th s trnh c ch mnh, nh ch yu, tin cng ch
trn c mt chnh, sau lng v cnh sn, thc hin c tp trung binh lc, buc
ch phi phn tn binh lc i ph trn nhiu mt. t kch vo ch yu, nh phi
hp c tnh cht kim ch ch mnh, nht nh s tiu dit ch mt cch nhanh
chng, theo nh chin dch ca Nguyn Hu. Hn na, tin cng ch yu trn
hng ng b, trc ht Nguyn Hu thc hin c u th cn thit ti o Hi
Vn, tiu dit nhanh chng b phn lc lng y, m ng cho ch lc tin n
Ph Xun. nh nh vy, chc chn thng li; ng thi nh o Hi Vn l thc t
chun b cho b i tin ln nh thnh ln. Quyt tm ca Nguyn Hu tin cng
ch yu trn hng Hi Vn - Ph Xun, b tr ch lc t kch vo cnh sn v
sau lng thnh Ph Xun, ng thi nh phi hp mnh trn mt chnh, l biu hin
c th nguyn tc ch o tc chin ca ng: tp trung binh lc to thnh th mnh
tiu dit ch tng b phn.
Nhng, ngh thut ch o chin dch ca Nguyn Hu cn cao hn na. Trong
khi tp trung i b phn lc lng vo cc b trng im - tc Ph Xun - ng
khng qun mt cc b tuy khng phi l trng im nhng ht sc quan trng, l
phng tuyn sng Gianh. ng trao cho i thy qun ca mnh nhim v vu hi
su vo chiu su ca ch, nhanh chng tiu dit ch v nh chim cc thnh ly
pha Nam sng Gianh. Bng hot ng bt ng ny, din ra ng thi vi vic t
kch vo thnh Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu thc hin c bao vy chin dch v chia
ct chin dch, trit c lp o qun ch lc ca ch Ph Xun. Vic nh
chim nhanh chng phng tuyn sng Gianh va c ngha rt quan trng n vic
trc tip tiu dit ch lc ch, va c tc dng rt ln i vi s pht trin sau ny
ca chin dch, khi Nguyn Hu tin ln gii phng Thng Long.
Nguyn Hu cn t ra rt t m trong k hoch tin cng ca mnh. thi i
m vic s dng cc qun, binh chng vi s hnh ng n khp gia cc o qun,
gia cc qun, binh chng, theo thi gian v a im, nh vy l t ti trnh
chun xc cao. K hoch quy nh trc ht dng lc qun t ph o Hi Vn,
sau lc qun nh vo cnh sn v sau lng o qun ch lc ch Ph Xun,
hip ng cht ch vi thy qun kim ch tch cc trn mt chnh; cng lc , i
d b thu qun vu hi nh vo phng tuyn sng Gianh v ng Hi. Trong k
hoch tin cng ny, chng ta nhn thy Nguyn Hu tinh thn mnh dn bao gi
cng i i vi s thn trng v ngh thut s dng binh lc mt cch tp trung i
i vi ngh thut s dng cc qun binh chng mt cch c hiu qu nht.
66
 Sau cng, Nguyn Hu gii quyt nhiu vn chin thut, trong c vn
chc thng cc thnh ly kin c.
thi di , cc thnh ly kiu ly Thy, ly ng Hi, ly Hi Vn, thnh
Ph Xun... c th xem l phng tin phng ng kin c cao. Qun i Trnh
nhiu ln dng sc mnh t ph cc ly ca cha Nguyn, nhng u tht bi.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn tht bi, l qun Trnh khng thnh tho s dng pho
binh. Tri li, Nguyn Hu va c u th tuyt i v pho binh - pho binh thy
qun v pho binh d chin do voi mang theo -, va thng tho s dng n mt cch
tp trung, mnh lit, pht huy c y uy lc ln lao ca binh chng ny. Ti
thnh Ph Xun, ng tp trung rt nhiu pho binh: pho binh thy qun bn
thng vo mt chnh din, kim ch rt c lc pho binh ca qun Trnh tp trung
trn hng ny; trong khi , pho binh d chin bn mnh vo cc mt khc, ni m
qun Trnh thiu hn hoc hu nh khng c pho binh. Giai on u trong cuc
chin u ny l giai on m hai bn u pho vi nhau. Nguyn Hu t ra thng
tho kh nng chin thut, k thut ca pho binh s dng n mt cch c hiu
qu nht, khi ng ra lnh pho binh tm ngng bn cho n khi thy triu ln. S
xut hin bt ng ca qun i Nguyn Hu trn bn mt thnh, s bn ph mnh lit
ca pho binh Ty Sn, gy thit hi nng n cho qun Trnh, lm ri lon s ch
huy ca cc tng lnh Trnh. Chin dch Ph Xun chng minh rng, di quyn ch
huy ca Nguyn Hu, qun i Ty Sn khng nhng gii nh vn ng, m cn
gii nh cng thnh na.
Chin dch gii phng Ph Xun l mt chin dch ln. Ngh thut ch o chin
dch v ti vn dng chin thut ca Nguyn Hu biu hin mt cch y y
v cn c biu hin mt cch tp trung nht, y nht, trong cc chin dch tip
sau, khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc, nh nh Trnh, tiu dit qun Thanh v
kt thc ch thng tr ca nh L.

NGUYN HU TIN QUN RA THNG LONG LT NH TRNH

Sau khi hon thnh vic chim ng khu vc Thun Ha rng ln, t o Hi
Vn ti sng Gianh, Nguyn Hu mt mt cho sa sang li cc n ly a gii La
H, min sng Gianh, phng qun Trnh t Bc H vo phn cng, mt mt hp
bn vi cc tng s xem nn tip tc tin cng hay nn cng c a gii La H phn
chia Nam Bc nh c, hay nn m rng chin qu, tin nh Thng Long.
Ton th tng s u mun nhn thng li, tin thng ra Bc H, lt nh
Trnh, vnh vin xa b ranh gii phn chia Nam Bc, lp li nn thng nht ca T
quc. Nguyn Hu Chnh, vn c tham vng tr li Bc H xng hng xng b,
nn tnh nguyn i tin phong, m ng cho ngha qun Ty Sn tin ra Bc H.
Thy r quyt tm tin cng ca ton qun v nm vng tnh hnh suy yu ca
Bc H, Nguyn Hu cho ngi v Qui Nhn bo vi Nguyn Nhc nh ca mnh
v h lnh chun b tin qun ra Bc, tuyn thm qun, sa cha gp cu ng t
Ph Xun tr ra. Nhn dn khp vng Thun Ha n nc tng qun. Tt c thanh
nin t 15 tui tr ln u nhp ng [1]. Ph lo, ph n cc a phng nhit lit
tham gia cc cng vic sa sang ng s, cu cng, xay thc, gi go [2], chun b
lng thc cho cuc hnh qun ra Bc sp ti.
67
----------------------------------------------
1, 2. Th ca gio s Longer vit ngy 22 thng 7 nm 1786, trong L. Cedire, Ti liu dn, tr.
17.
Tin cng Bc H, i vi ngha qun Ty Sn, tht ra c nhiu kh khn hn
tin cng Thun Ha v tin cng Gia nh trc y. Bc H t rng, ngi ng
hn nhiu so vi Thun Ha v Gia nh. Tnh hnh chnh tr v qun s Bc H
cng rt khc vi tnh hnh Thun Ha v Gia nh. Gia nh, ch c mt tp on
phong kin l bn cha Nguyn, ngy cng suy yu v ht sc mt lng dn, cho nn
ngha qun Ty Sn, mi ln tin cng Gia nh, ch cn p tan lc lng v trang
ca chng l chng phi chy di ra khi Gia nh ngay. Tri li Bc H c hai tp
on phong kin thng tr: va vua L va cha Trnh. Bn vua L, tuy ch l b
nhn, nhng cn c nhn dn ng h, v c coi l triu i chnh thng. Bn
cha Trnh, tuy b nhn dn on ght, nhng chng vn cn thc lc. Ni rng chng
suy yu l so vi bn thn chng tng thi k tin trin ca ch phong kin.
Nhng d suy yu, chng vn l k cm quyn thng tr, vn c qun i trong tay,
vn cn sc dp tan mi cuc khi ngha ca nng dn n ra l t cc ni.
Trong trng hp b tin cng, c hai tp on vua L cha Trnh c th da vo
nhau, ku gi nhn dn Bc H chng li ngha qun Ty Sn, v nh th chng s
gy nhiu kh khn cho vic tin qun ra Bc H ca Nguyn Hu. Nu nh tin
qun ra Bc, ch tiu dit c mt tp on vua L, m tp on cha Trnh vn tn
ti, vn tip tc khng c th nhim v nh ra Bc c th coi nh khng hon thnh.
Tri li, nu ch nh c tp on cha Trnh, m tp on vua L vn tn ti,
vn i lp vi ngha qun Ty Sn, da vo tng lp s phu ku gi nhn dn cn
vng cu gi th ngha qun Ty Sn cng cha d chim ng c Bc H
hoc n nh c tnh hnh Bc H cng rt kh khn. Tnh hnh chnh tr Bc H
khng nhng khng ging Gia nh m cng khng ging Thun Ha. Ngha qun
Ty Sn chin thng v n nh tnh hnh Thun Ha mt cch nhanh chng, mt
phn cng v Thun Ha ch mi t li di quyn thng tr ca h Trnh khong
mi nm v nhn dn Thun Ha ang rt cm ght bn quan li tham nhng ca
nh Trnh. Tri li, nhn dn Bc H l thn dn ca vua L cha Trnh t my
trm nm, ngha qun Ty Sn t min trong xa xi tin ra m lm lay chuyn c
lng "ph vua, luyn cha" ca ngi Bc H, khng phi l mt vic d dng lm.
V qun s, qun Nguyn Gia nh t hn qun Trnh Thun Ha, thng
ch c mt vi vn ngi, nhiu nht l ba vn ngi. Khi nh ra Ph Xun, hn ba
vn qun Trnh Thun Ha l mt lc lng ch rt ng k i vi ngha qun
Ty Sn. Nhng qun i Trnh Bc H cn ng hn nhiu so vi Thun Ha, v
Bc H l ni tp trung i b phn lc lng v trang ca cc tp on phong kin
L Trnh.
Tiu dit mt lc lng v trang quan trng nh th, ti ngay cn c ca h, nu
khng c chin lc chin thut tht ng n sc bn th khng th thnh cng.
Hnh th chin trng Bc H cng khc vi Thun Ha v Gia nh. Bc H t
rng, nhiu c im qun Trnh su trong ni a, qun i Ty Sn khng th vn
ng nhanh chng ti c. Trc y mt ln tin cng Gia nh qun i Ty Sn
c th theo ng bin, tin thng ngay vo trc thnh Gia nh, v thnh ny gn

68
b bin. Thnh Gia nh mt, l lc lng qun Nguyn b tan r ngay. Khc vi
thnh Gia nh, Thng Long vo trung tm Bc H, su trong ni a, qun i
Ty Sn khng th m trn tin cng u tin vo ngay Thng Long. Vi hnh th
chin trng Bc H nh vy, khng th tin cng cng mt lc nhiu c im nh
khi nh Thun Ha, cng khng th vi trn u tin nh thng ngay vo Thng
Long, trung tm chnh tr, qun s ca Bc H nh nhng khi tin cng Gia nh.
Nu ngha qun Ty Sn tin cng Bc H theo li tin dn tng bc, t song
Gianh ln lt nh chim Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Sn Nam, v.v. th cuc tin cng
khng th tin hnh nhanh chng. M cuc tin cng khng tin hnh c nhanh
chng th mc ch ca n cha chc t c.
Mun tin cng Bc H trong nhng iu kin chnh tr, qun s c th ca n
lc by gi, khng th p dng nhng chin lc, chin thut nh Thun Ha v
Gia nh trc y, m phi c nhng chin lc, chin thut thch hp vi hon
cnh Bc H v cng nhm t ti mc ch nh nhanh, thng nhanh nh nhng khi
tin cng Gia nh, Thun Ha. Tin ra Bc H lc ny, nh chm th khng phi l
ch c thng chm, m c th l khng thng.
Cn c vo tnh hnh c th ca Bc H nh vy, Nguyn Hu nh ra ch
trng v phng hng tin cng Bc H nh sau:
1. V chnh tr. Cn c vo tnh hnh chnh tr ca Bc H lc y, cn phi phn ha
k th, xc nh k th chnh tr trc mt l tp on thng tr h Trnh. Cn nu
khu hiu "ph L dit Trnh" tranh th s ng tnh ca cc tng lp nhn dn
Bc H v trit c lp bn cha Trnh. ng thi, tp hp mi lc lng chng
i nh Trnh Bc H, tng cng sc mnh ca ngha qun Ty Sn, mt
khi i qun ca Nguyn Hu tin ra thc hnh quyt chin vi nh Trnh. Trong
tnh hnh b c lp nh vy, nh Trnh khng th ng u c vi sc tin
cng ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Dit c nh Trnh, tc l gii phng nng dn
Bc H khi mt ch phong kin thng tr nng n nht, tn bo nht Bc H,
xo b c s phn chia Nam Bc, thc hin thng nht nc nh. Nh th,
nhim v tin cng Bc H s c hon thnh tt p.
2. V qun s. Mun thc hin khu hiu "ph L dit Trnh", gii phng nhn dn
trong tnh hnh chnh tr Bc H phc tp nh vy, th v qun s phi thc hin
chin lc: nh nhanh thng nhanh. Trong iu kin lc y qun i Ty Sn
khng th nh thng vo Thng Long, khng th cng mt lc nh nhiu c
im quan trng, cng khng th nh dn tng bc, t Ngh An nh ra, m
mun nh nhanh thng nhanh th phi tin cng bt ng nh chim ly mt v
tr xung yu gn Thng Long, lm bn p nh ra Thng Long v cng lm ni
thu ht i b phn lc lng ch tiu dit.
By gi l ma h, mun nh bt ng v mun hnh qun nhanh chng trong
iu kin gi nm ang thun li th phi dng thy qun v v tr tin cng u tin
phi va gn bin, va tin ng tin ln Thng Long. V Hong, th ph trn
Sn Nam, c Nguyn Hu chn lm mc tiu tin cng u tin. V Hong l
mt v tr chin lc quan trng trn ng t Bc vo Nam, ng thi l mt kho d
tr lng thc rt ln, bo m lng thc cho mi cuc hnh qun ca cha
Trnh, hoc nh vo Nam H, hoc nh ph cc cuc khi ngha min Nam v
69
ng nam Bc H. V Hong gn bin khin thu qun Ty Sn c th tin ra nh
tp kch d dng. V Hong li tin ng thu b ngha qun Ty Sn c th t
y tin nhanh ln nh chim Thng Long.
Trong khi mt b phn qun i Ty Sn tin nh V Hong, th mt b phn
khc s ln lt chim ng Ngh An, Thanh Ha. Khi ngha qun Ty Sn t V
Hong tin nh Thng long, th t V Hong tr vo sng Gianh tr thnh hu
phng an ton ca ngha qun, ni tip t V Hong vo ti Ph Xun, Qui Nhn,
Gia nh.
Trn c s ch trng v phng hng tin nh Bc H c vch ra nh
trn, Nguyn Hu quyt nh chia qun lm ba o: mt o li cng Nguyn L
[1] lm nhim v gi Thun Ha, cn hai o tin ra Bc H.
Trong hai o qun ny, mt o lm nhim v tin phong, do Nguyn Hu
Chnh ch gm 400 thuyn chin [2], theo ng bin tin ra nh chim V Hong,
v o qun ch lc do Nguyn Hu trc tip ch huy, c V Vn Nhm lm ph
tng, s theo hai ng thu b cng tin [3], ring thy qun gm hn 1.000
thuyn chin [4]. Trong o qun ch lc, c tng binh i cng [5].
Nhim v chin lc v k hoch tin cng c Nguyn Hu trao c th cho
tng o qun.
-----------------------------------------
1. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp, q. 30. t 20.
2. Th ca Le Roy vit ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1786 trong Cadire, ti liu dn, tr. 6.
3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. XX, tr. 14.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch, tr. 100.
5: Khng r c th tng s lc lng qun di Ty Sn tin ra Bc H l bao nhiu. Ch thy Vit
s thng gim cng mc v Hong L nht thng ch ghi mt cu ni ca Nguyn Hu khi vo
Thng Long: "Ta em my vn qun ra y ch nh mt trn m dp yn thin h..." th c th
hiu i khi qun s Ty Sn tin ra Bc H l khong vi ba vn ngi.
o qun tin phong ca Nguyn Hu Chnh c nhim v:
1. nh p V Hong. Sau khi chim ng V Hong, khng m rng chin u
m li V Hong lm nhim v chun b qun lng v thuyn b chuyn ch
phc v ton qun trong sut c thi gian tin cng Bc H.
2. Khi tin ra Bc, o qun tin phong s cho nhng ton du binh nh chng vi
trm ngi nh p vo cc n binh, cc doanh tri qun Trinh gn b bin,
sut dc ng t b bc sng Gianh ti V Hong va tiu hao sinh lc ch,
va uy hip tinh thn ch lm cho qun tng Trnh Ngh An, Thanh Ha phi
khip s, to iu kin cho i qun ca Nguyn Hu tin ra thu phc Ngh An,
Thanh Ha c nhanh chng.
3. Khi chim ng V Hong, o qun tin phong s lm nhim v chnh tr, nu
r khu hiu "ph L dit Trinh" [1], cho mt ton qun nh b mt vo Thng
Long bo v hong cung v trao cho vua L t mt tu tn ph ca Nguyn Hu
[2] trn tnh nhn tm trong triu, mt khi i qun Ty Sn tin ti ni, ng
thi tuyn truyn, vn ng nhn dn Bc H hng ng cuc tin qun ra Bc
ca ngha qun Ty Sn [3] v tm cch thu phc cc ton ngha qun ang chng
nh Trnh min nam v ng nam Bc H [4], nh k hoch cng h phi hp
tc chin.

70
-----------------------------------
1 Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr 99 Vit s thng gim cng
mc. Bn dch dn, t XX tr. 14. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp. q. 30, t 21.
2, Vit s thng gim cng mc Bn dch dn, t. XX, tr 1 9.
3, 4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 100.
V o qun ch lc do Nguyn Hu trc tip ch huy, nhim v c bn ca n
l thc hin bng c mc ch ca ton b cuc tin cng: tiu dit lc lng v
trang ca cc tp on phong kin Bc H, nh nh Trnh, thng nht lnh th v
n nh tnh hnh chim ng Bc H, sut t b bc sng Gianh tr ra.
lm trn nhim v c bn , o qun ch lc Ty Sn s theo k hoch
tin hnh tng bc nh sau:
1. o qun ch lc s theo hai ng thy b tin ra Ngh An, Thanh Ha, cng c
nhng v tr mi chim ng.
2. Khi dc tin ca o qun tin phong bo v, o qun ch lc s ln ng ra
Bc, cng o qun tin phong nhanh chng nh tan i b phn qun lc ca
nh Trnh tin v gn V Hong n ng ng tin ln Thng Long ca
ngha qun Ty Sn.
3. Sau khi tiu dit i b phn sinh lc ch gn V Hong, o qun ch lc
Ty Sn s tin gp ln Thng Long, nh nh Trnh, hon thnh ton b
nhim v ca cuc tin cng.
Vi nhim v v k hoch trao cho, o qun tin phong ca Nguyn Hu
Chnh c lnh xut pht [1].
Theo k hoch nh, dc ng t sng Gianh tr ra, o qun tin phong
Ty Sn cho nhiu ton du binh ln b nh ph cc n tri qun Trnh, dn
ng cho o qun ch lc tin ln chim ng. Vn s uy danh qun i Ty Sn,
qun Trnh cc n tri ny thy bng c Ty Sn l b chy. Trc ht, n dinh
Cu [2] ( pha nam H Tnh hin nay) b mt vo tay du binh Ty Sn. Sau cc
tng Trnh trn th Ngh An, Thanh Ha l Bi Th Toi v T Danh Thy, nghe
tin qun Ty Sn tin ra cng u b thnh chy trn.
--------------------------
1. Cha thy ti liu no ni r ngy xut pht ca o tin qun Ty Sn.
2. Th ca gim mc La Bartette, ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1786 trong Cadire, ti liu dn, tr. 13.
Dc ng tin ra Bc, i qun tin phong Nguyn Hu Chnh khng gp mt
cn tr g, nn i rt nhanh. Sng sm ngy 11 thng 7 nm 1786 [1], i qun
Nguyn
Hu Chnh gm 400 thuyn chin ti V Hong. Qun Trnh ng y,
hong s, khng ng qun Ty Sn tin ra Bc nhanh nh th, vi vng b chy,
Nguyn Hu Chnh em qun vo thnh V Hong thu c hn trm vn hc thc
trong kho [2] v rt nhiu tin bc [3], kh gii, n dc. Chim xong V Hong,
Nguyn Hu Chnh lp tc mt mt "t la hiu" bo cho qun ch lc ca Nguyn
Hu Thanh - Ngh bit [4], mt mt cho mt vin t tng cng mt ton qun nh
b mt tin vo kinh thnh Thng Long.
Cc tng lp nhn dn n nc ti V Hong hoan nghnh qun i Ty Sn.
Tnh hnh qun i nh Trnh v tnh hnh Bc H u c nhn dn trnh by
tng tn vi qun i Ty Sn [5]. Ch trong vng my ngy, hn 100 vn hc thc
71
trong kho Vi hong c nhn dn a phng em ra xay gi v vn chuyn
xung cc thuyn lng, chun b cho i qun ca Nguyn Hu tin ra, nh ln
Thng Long [6]
--------------------
1. Th ca gio s Le Roy K Vnh (Ninh Bnh) vit ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1786 v th ca gio s
Srard vit t Bc H ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786 - Ngy dng lch 11 thng 7 nm 1786 tc
ngy m lch 16 thng Su nm Bnh Ng. Ti liu ca ta nh Hong L nht thng ch, chp l
Nguyn Hu Chnh ti V Hong ngy 6 thng Su nm Bnh Ng, tc l sm hn 10 ngy.
Chc l ti liu ca ta ghi nhm 16 ra mng 6.
2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch..., tr. 100 v i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30. t
2l.
3. 4, 5. Th ca Srard ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786.
6. Cc s c ghi Nguyn Hu Chinh t la lm hiu bo tin, nhng khng ni r cch t la
bo hiu. Da vo mt vi cu ghi chp trong sch Description hisstorique de la Cochinchine
ca J. Koffler, mt gio s Vit Nam th k XVII, chng ti thy cch t la hiu c th nh
sau: Ti cc i ni ven bin, c cch mt nghn bc lp mt chi thng tin, chy ni nhau qu
cc a phng ven bin. Khi mt chi t la bo hiu, th ln lt c h thng chi thng tin
s theo nhau cng t la. Do y, a phng cui h thng d rt xa, cng c th trong thi
gian ngn nhn c bo hiu ca a phng u h thng. Trong nhng iu kin v
phng tin thng tin lin lc thi xa, cch t la bo hiu ny c th l nhanh chng hn c.
Mt s thuyn bun ca ngi Trung quc u bn V Hong cng dc trng
tp vn chuyn qun lng [1]. Nhng ton ngha qun Bc H ang nh nhau
vi tng Trnh inh Tch Nhng vng Hi Dng, nghe tin qun Ty Sn ti
V Hong, cng b trn a, v V Hong gia nhp on qun cch mng Ty Sn
[2].
i qun ca Nguyn Hu, tuy cha ra ti ni, nhng thanh th qun Ty Sn
Bc H cng ln mnh lm k t khi i qun tin phong Nguyn Hu Chnh
nh chim c V Hong. K hoch cho i tin phong Nguyn Hu Chnh i
trc, nh ly V Hong lm bn p tin cng ln Thng tong to nhiu iu
kin thun li cho ngha qun nh chim Bc H c mau chng.
Khi c tin ca o qun tin phong t V Hong bo v Nguyn Hu lin dn
ton qun, theo ng bin rm r tin ra Bc, kh th v cng mnh m. Gp gi
nam thi mnh [3], hn 1.000 thuyn chin Ty Sn lt sng, i "nh bay", qun k
Ty Sn " rc c mt bin" [4]. Nhn dn Ngh An nhn theo on thuyn chin
Ty Sn hng dng xut pht, c qut rp tri, u tm tc: "y cng l mt vic
khng my i c" [5].
Ngy 17 thng 7 nm 1786 [6], tc 22 thng Su nm Bnh Ng, Nguyn Hu
cng i qun ti V Hong. Nguyn Hu h lnh ngay cho i qun tin phong v
i qun phi lp tc chun b ngy hm sau tip nh qun i Trnh ang tp trung
min Sn Nam thng i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn. Vy th qun i Trnh
tp trung nh th no v c kh nng i ph vi ngha qun Ty Sn hay khng?
------------------------------
1, 2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch..., dn, tr. 100, l01.
3, 4, 5. Ng gia vn phi. Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch dn, tr. 100.
6. Th ca Srard ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786, trong Cadire, dn, tr. 10.
S tht th tnh hnh Bc H lc y v cng ri ren, lc lng qun s ca nh
Trnh suy yu n cc v tinh thn chin bi trong qun i nh Trnh bc
72
l r rt hn bao gi ht. Qun tng nh Trnh khip s qun i Ty Sn ngay t
khi mt Thun Ha.
Nguyn Hu tin nh Ph Xun, khng phi l triu nh Bc H khng bit.
Bit, nhng s, khng dm ng binh. Ngay t ngy 24 thng Nm nm Bnh Ng
[1] tc 19 thng 6 nm 1786, triu nh L Trnh c tin qun Ty sn tin nh
ti sng Gianh [2]. Cha Trnh c hp qun thn li bn vic c binh cu vin v cho
qun i tng cng phng th cc thnh trn duyn hi. Nhng cha Trnh khng c
c binh v khng tng no chu i [3]. Cc tng Trnh cng t bit rng i nh
nhau vi qun i Ty Sn, tc l i vo ch cht, s phn mong manh nh si tc.
Ngy mng 3 thng Su nm Bnh Ng [4] tc 28 thng 6 nm 1786, triu nh
Bc H li nhn c tin ca trn thn Ngh An cho chy trm v co cp Ph Xun
tht th [5]. Cha ti nh Trnh li hp bn ln na. Nhng, xut pht t tinh thn
chin u bc nhc n cc , mi ngi u cho rng: "Thun Ha vn khng
phi l b ci ca triu nh, tin triu hao ph bao nhiu ca ci trong nc mi ly
c x y, ri li phi em qun ng gi, rt cuc chng c ch g. Ngy nay mt
i cng l mt ci may. By gi ch nn bn tnh vic ng n trn Ngh An v
nh r cng gii c m thi. Ta ly s mt Thun Ha lm may, t h pht ly s
ly t ca ta lm iu ng ngi. Nh vy hn l ta khng phi lo g na" [6].
-------------------------
1, 2, 3. Bi Dng Lch. L qu dt s, t 23.
4, 5. Bi Dng Lch. Ti liu dn, t 24.
6. Ng gia vn phi. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 100 - 101. Vit s thng gim
cng mc, Bn dch, t. XX, tr. 14.
Th l cha ti nh Trnh, ai ny u yn lng lm theo li bn y. Trnh Khi
h lnh cho Trnh T Quyn lm thng tng, em qun lnh 27 c vo ngay Ngh
An, gi ly u a gii, phng Ty Sn tin qun ra [1]. Nhng hn 10 ngy sau
khi nhn c lnh, Trnh T Quyn vn khng th chun b xut qun c, v qun
lnh chn ch khng mun i, v khng tin kh nng ch huy chin u ca Trnh
T Quyn, qun lnh i thay ngi khc lm thng tng [2]. Ti khi Trnh T
Quyn xut qun c th qun va ra khi thnh Thng Long 30 dm [3] tc mi i
c khong na ngy ng [4], triu nh Thng Long c tin qun tin
phong Ty Sn chim ng V Hong. Trnh Khi vi h lnh cp tc cho Trnh T
Quyn a qun xung chng gi min Kim ng (thuc Hi Hng), mt mt phi
sc cho Th Dn, trn th Sn Nam, lp tc em b binh tin ng b sng
Ph Xa (mt khc h lu sng Hng, thuc a phn thn Ph Xa, huyn Khoi
Chu. tnh Hi Hng) v inh Tch Nhng, c lnh cc qun thy o, ang hnh
qun ti vng Hi Dng, phi lp tc a ton b thy qun v gi sng ca Luc.
Ba o qun ny phi phi hp chin u ngn chn bc tin ca ngha qun Ty
Sn v y cng l ton b qun ch lc ca Bc H i ph vi Ty Sn.
Nhng nhng o qun ch lc y ca cha Trnh khng sc ng u vi
sc tin t nh v bo ca qun i Ty Sn.
Ngy 17 thng 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu ti V Hong, lp tc ngy 18 thng 7
nm 1786 [5], Nguyn Hu xut qun, tin ln ph Hin, th ph trn Sn Nam
thng v l ni tp trong cc o qun ch lc ca nh Trnh. Chiu ngy 18,
thuyn chin Ty Sn tin vo trung tm trn a ca qun Trnh. inh Tch Nhng
73
em thuyn chin chn ngang sng, dn thnh th trn hnh ch "nht" chng
nhau vi qun Ty Sn. Th Dn dn b binh ra hai bn b sng, nh vo hai
bn sn thy qun Ty Sn [6].
----------------
1, 2, 3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch, t. XX, tr. 14.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 101.
5. Th ca Srard ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786 v th ca Le Roy ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1786.
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 102.
Khong 6 gi ti [1], cuc chin u bt u.
Lc y gi ng nam ang thi mnh, Nguyn Hu cho nm thuyn chin ln,
ging bum thun gi xung phong ln trc, i qun t t tin theo sau. inh Tch
Nhng h lnh cho qun lnh tp trung ha lc bn tan on thuyn chin xung
phong ca Ty Sn. n sng v tn n thuyn chin qun Trnh bn ra nh ma.
Mt chin thuyn xung phong ca Ty Sn b bn m. Nhng cc thuyn chin
khc vn theo chiu gi ni nhau o t tin ln. Tn, n ca qun Trnh bn ra ti
tp nhng khng sao cn c. Qun Trnh v cng hong s. Khi nhng thuyn
chin ln y ti gn, qun Trnh mi bit l thuyn khng ngi, chn so trn
thuyn ch l nhng b nhn. Nhng khi y, tn n ca qun inh Tch Nhng
kit v i i thuyn chin Ty Sn cng tin st thuyn chin qun inh Tch
Nhng. Qun Ty Sn va nh trng va h reo xung phong "thanh th kinh thin
ng a" [2]. Thy qun ca inh Tch Nhng ku la thm thit, tranh nhau b
thuyn m chy [3]. T di thuyn chin, qun Ty Sn bn i bc ln ln hai bn
b sng, ting sng i bc n nh sm [4], cy c th trn b sng b n i bc
lm gy [5]. Thy i bc ca Ty Sn bn ln, qun Th Dn trn b khip
s khng dm nh tr li. nh tan thy qun ca inh Tch Nhng, ngha qun
Ty Sn tha thng ko ln b, xng thng vo trn a Th Dn, dng ha h
tung la t ph lan trn. B binh ca Th Dn hong s, b chy ht. Ch tng
Th Dn v vin c ng Nguyn Huy Bnh cng b mc qun lnh, chy thot
ly thn. T pha Kim ng, 27 c binh ca Trnh T Quyn nghe thy ting sng
trn trn sng ca Luc cng vi vng chy trn, khng nh m tan.
------------------------------
1. Th ca Srard ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786.
2, 3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX, tr. 15.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. l02.
5. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 102.
Nh th l cc o qun ch lc ca cha Trnh hon ton tan r. Cuc chin
u ch din ra trong mt m [1] kt thc vo lc rng sng ngy 24 thng Su nm
Bnh Ng [2] tc 19 thng 7 nm 1786 [3]. Nguyn Hu cng on qun chin thng
ngay sng hm y, rm b tin vo ph Hin, th ph ca trn Sn Nam thng.
---------------------------------
1. Gio s Srard c mt Bc H trong lc ny, hiu rt r s yu hn ca qun tng nh Trnh,
nn trong th vit v Php ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786 cho rng: cc tng Trnh c m
cuc chin u vi Ty Sn vo bui ti phng khi thua trn th trong m ti chy trn c
d dng.
2. Bi Dng Lch, L qu dt s, t 24.
3. Th ca gio s Le Roy ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1786.

74
 Tin thua trn ti tp a v Thng Long, triu nh hong s, vn v triu thn
cung qut lo ct giu ca ci, a v con chy trn, khng mt ai dm ng ra nhn
ly trch nhim chng nhau vi qun Ty Sn.
Cha Trnh ang rt lng tng li thy t tng Bi Huy Bch khng c mt
mu k, sch lc no i ph vi tnh hnh, lin bi chc t tng ca Bi Huy
Bch v bt ra trn c chin [1]. Thy Bi Huy Bch, mt vn thn phi ra trn c
chin, lng ngi cng mt tin tng. C kinh thnh xao xuyn, no ng. Cu tham
tng Nguyn L t Ngh An v triu hin k:
"Nn rt ra khi kinh thnh, a vua L ln Sn Ty, khng ch min thng du
tnh vic i ph v sau. khc sng bn bi T nhin [2], nn ging nhng b
ni trn mt nc chn thuyn chin ch. Hai bn b sng t nhiu n b binh
nh t kch. Chiu d bn thy ph, cho quan tc h nh tp hu thy qun
Ty Sn. Gic ly danh ngha "tn ph" m ti, nhng khng thy vua L s tin
thoi u bt li. Chin trn ko di, lng ht, gic s kkng th li lu c. Khi
y, bo cho ho mc Thanh Ngh nh chn ng v ca gic th gic s i bi.
Nhc bng nay c giao chin vi gic th kiu binh khng th dng c, nht nh
s tht bi, vic nc s hng" [3].
K hoch ca Nguyn L, nu c thc hin, d khng th chin thng qun
i Ty Sn, cng c th gy kh khn cho chin lc tc chin tc thng ca
Nguyn Hu. Nhng k y b qun tng nh Trnh phn i kch lit. Bn ti
cha nh Trnh tuy s cht trong tay qun Ty Sn, nhng li s gian kh khi phi
chy ra khi kinh thnh, nn ngn ngi khng mun theo mu k ca Nguyn L.
Lnh tam ph - tc kiu binh - vn ght Nguyn L, c ln lm binh bin nh
ngi t tng ca Nguyn L (nm 1784) li cng phn i Nguyn L d di.
Nguyn L phi chy ln Sn Ty.
------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 102.
2. Bi T Nhin trn sng Hng, thuc huyn Thng Tn, H ng, gip a phn Hng Yn.
3. Nguyn Thu, L qu dt s, Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H.V. 108, t
8.
Cha Trnh li mt ln na cng triu thn bn k i ph vi ngha qun Ty
Sn. Trn Cng Xn [1] hin k:
"Gic ko qun vo su x l l iu m trong binh php rt k. Nn d cho
chng ti gn na, ri nh mt trn m tiu dit cho ht, l ci thut k diu
trong php dng binh. V li, kinh s l ci gc ca thin h, ri b th s i u?
Chng nhng th, nu kiu cha lt t ra ngoi thnh, tt lng ngi s phi la
tan, y l em nc m trao cho gic vy. By gi ch nn xin thi phi v c su
cung hy tm lnh ra ngoi thnh m thi" [2].
-------------------------
1. Cng c tn l Trn Cng Thc.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch, tr. l03
kin ca Trn Cng Xn chng t y khng hiu bit binh php l g, khng
bit mnh, bit ngi, khng bit sc mnh ca qun i Ty Sn nh th no. Tuy
vy, kin y, lm va lng cha Trnh. Nhng ly ai l ngi ng ra bo v
kinh thnh, ng ra "nh mt trn m tiu dit ht ch" nh kin Trn Cng Xn.
75
Trnh Khi nh phi tm n nhng vin tng gi cn li v lp tc sai ngi ln
Sn Ty gi lo tng Hong Phng C v triu cu cha.
Hong Phng C lc y ch c vn vn 500 qun. Trnh Khi phi b ra nm
nghn lng bc Hong Phng C m thm qun v trong mt ngy m c hn
mt nghn lnh c. Nhng mc du c thm qun, bn cha ti nh Trnh khng mt
ai dm ngh n vic xut qun n nh qun i Ty Sn, m ch ngh n vic
phng th Thng Long, ngi ch cho Ty Sn n nh.
Trnh Khi v cc tng lnh b tr k hoch phng th Thng Long nh sau:
- Cho i thy qun T Th, l i thy qun duy nht cn li kinh thnh, ti
dn thuyn chin bn sng Thu i [1] chn gi thu qun Ty Sn. Hai vin
tiu tng gi l Ng Cnh Hon v Nguyn Trng Yn c ct c ra qun lnh i
thy qun ny.
Cho i b binh do Hong Phng C ch huy ti h Vn Xun [2] i ph vi
b binh Ty Sn, v khi cn thit th tip vin cho thy qun bn Thy i.
Cn Trnh Khi th ngay t ngy 25 thng Su m lch [3] tc ngy 20 thng 7
nm 1786, thn c xut ht thy b binh cn li trong kinh thnh v mt i
tng binh gm hn 100 con voi chin [4] ra qung trng lu Ng Long [5] by
thnh trn th chng gi kinh thnh. Qun ca Trnh Khi chia lm nm o:
o T b gi mt ng Long, o Hu b gi mt Ty H, o Tin b gi mt
ca thnh Tin lu, o Hu b gi mt Hu lu cnh b h Thy qun [6], o
trung qun gm hai hiu lnh Nhng, Kiu [7] v i tng binh ng ngay ti
qung trng sau Ng Long bo v Trnh Khi.
---------------------------------
1. Bn Thu i l mt bn sng Hng, nay thuc thn Thu Lnh, huyn Thanh Tr,
ngoi thnh H Ni.
2. T xa, cc sch s u ch thch h Vn Xun 1 m Vn Phc, thn Vn
Phc, huyn Thanh Tr, gn y, c nhng cng trnh iu tra nghin cu ti ch
xc nh li v tri ca h Vn Xun khng phi l m Vn Phc thn Vn
Phc m chnh l h Vn Xun thuc a phn thn Thanh Tr v thn Vnhh Tuy
oi, huyn Thanh Tr, ngoi thnh H Ni hin nay. H Vn Xun, sau ny ting
xun c trch thnh xoan, nn cng gi l h Vn Xoan. Xa kia h rng khong
10 - 50 mu, hin nay cn li mt phn h v vn mang tn l h Vn Xoan.
Chng ti tn thnh kt qu iu tra nghin cu ny, xc nh v tr h Vn Xun
nh th l ng. Pht hin mi ny gip chng ta hiu c chnh xc hai vn
lch s:
ng tin qun ca Nguyn Hu ra Thng long: nh qun Trnh bn Thu
i ri tin ln nh qun Trnh h Vn Xun, nh th l hp l.
Khu vc h Vn Xun chnh l ni L Nam th k th VI lp i Vn
Xun, nh Vn Xun v nhn ly tn nc l Vn Xun. y l nhng
iu m t trc cc s sch khng xc nh c. (Xem thm bi nghin cu
ca V Tun Sn: V hai cuc hnh qun ca Nguyn Hu ra Thng Long,
Tp ch Nghin cu lch s, s 119, thng 2-1969, tr. 14 - 15).
3. Bi Dng Lch, L qu dt s, t 26.
4. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca vin S hc. t. XX. tr. 17.
76
5. Ng Long l mt lu cao chng 300 thc c, xy dng khong th k XVIII, bn
cnh h Hon Kim. Lu mang hnh nm con rng, dt bng mnh s v cm
thch. Chung quanh lu l mt qung trng rng ln v c nhiu dinh th to.
Cha Trnh tng ly qung trng y lm ch thi hng cho hng ngn cng
s. Qun Ty Sn tin ra Bc ln ny, sau khi vo Thng Long, lt nh Trnh
th Nguyn Hu ng qun trong ph cha Trnh. V Vn Nhm ng qun pha
trc lu Ng Long v Nguyn Hu Chnh ng qun pha sau lu Ng Long
(Hong L nht thng ch). Nn c ca lu Ng Long l khong khu vc S bu
in H Ni v vn hoa Ch Linh ngy nay (Lch s th H Ni, Nh xut bn
S hc, H Ni, 1960, tr. 61, 77, 82).
6. H Thy qun khi xa pha di h Hon Kim.
7. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 105.
K hoch b tr c v chu o nh vy, nhng tinh thn chin u ca qun
tng nh Trnh rt u oi, qun lut rt lng lo. o qun tin tiu ca nh Trnh l
nhng i thy qun ng bn Thu i th li ch quan cho rng qun i Ty Sn
cn lu mi tin ti ni, nn thng ct thuyn vo bn, ln b i chi tn mt.
Khng ng rng Nguyn Hu h xong Ph Hin, trn thnh Sn Nam, lin tin
qun ngay. ang ma h, gi ng nam thi mnh, i i thuyn chin Ty Sn
ging bum thng tin nh bay ln pha kinh thnh Thng Long. Sng ngy 26
thng Su m lch, tc ngy 21 thng 7 nm 1786, thy qun Ty Sn ti bn Nam
D [1]. Nguyn Hu cho mt cnh qun b ln bn Nam D [2], vng ln nh p
thy qun Trnh bn Thu i. Khi cnh qun Ty Sn ny ti ni, qun Trnh
bn Thu i vn cn i chi tn mt trn b. Qun Ty Sn mt mt nhy xung
chim gi ht cc thuyn chin ca qun Trnh, mt mt nh bt thy binh Trnh
trn b. Bn Trnh ch c hai vin tng Ng Cnh Hon [3] v Nguyn Trng Yn
l cn di thuyn. Khi thy qun Ty Sn p ti. Ng Cnh Hon v Nguyn
Trng Yn vi cm siu ao ra ng mi thuyn chng c, nhng u b qun
Ty Sn dung sng ln bn cht ngay.
Tiu dit xong o thy qun Trnh bn Thu i, cnh qun Ty Sn ny tin
ngay ln pha h Vn Xun, tp kch qun Hong Phng C. Qun Hong Phng C
ang n cm b nh bt ng, b c kh gii m chy. Qun Ty Sn chia lm hai
ton t hai pha nh p li, qun Hong Phng C khng sao trn thot, thy cht
ngn ngang khp trn a. Qun ca Hong Phng C nhy c xung h Vn Xun,
cht ui khng bit bao nhiu m k. Mt thuc tng ca Hong Phng C l Mai
Th Php c sc chng c b qun Ty Sn nh dn ra ti tn b sng Nh. Th
cng, Mai Th Php phi nhy xung sng m cht. Hn mt nghn nm trm qun
[4] ca Hong Phng C ch cn sng st vi chc tn, cng vi ch tng Hong
Phng C v tm ngi con ca Hong Phng C c sc chng . Nhng 6 ngi
con Hong Phng C v my chc tn lnh u cht trn ngay, Hong Phng C phi
nhy khi mnh voi xung t, cng hai ngi con sng st, c sc cp ly ng
chy thot thn.
------------------------
1. Bn Nam D x Nam D, nay thuc x Trn Ph, huyn Thanh Tr. Bn Nam D pha di
bn Thy i.

77
2. Chng ti trnh by thy qun Ty Sn b ln bn Nam D l theo Hong L nht thng ch
v trong cc sch s c th Hong L nht thng ch vit v cc trn nh t bn Nam D ln
Thng Long l tng i chi tit hn c, tuy nhin cng khng c th r rng lm. Trong Hong
L nht thng ch ch ni thy qun Ty Sn ti bn Nam D th b thuyn ln b. y chng
ti trnh by mt cnh qun b ln bn Nam D, cn i i thy qun Ty Sn tin thng
ln bn Ty Long v my l do sau y:
a) Ch nh mt "m lnh thu ca Thu i" nh Hong L nht thng ch ghi, v
nh hn mt nghn qun ca Hong Phng C h Vn Xun, th khng th cho ht thy
my vn qun b ln b nh v khng cn thit.
b) Trnh by nh th ph hp vi cch nh ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Mi khi m cuc tin
cng, i qun Ty Sn thng tin thng nhm mc tiu chnh m nh, ch cho nhng
ton qun nh, thng gi l "du binh" lm nhim v nh p cc v tr nh v cn c
khng quan trng ca ch dc ng m thi. Cch nh ny rt thch hp vi chin
trng Thng Long, t Thu i ti bn Ty Long. Mt ton thy qun b ln nh Thu
i v Vn Xun, cn i b phn thy qun vn tip tc ng sng tin ln, nn Hong L
nht thng ch mi ghi l "Thu qun tin thng ln bn Ty Long". Theo cch ghi chp ca
Hong L nht thng ch th khi cnh qun b ln b, nh nhau trn b, ti Thy
i, Vn Xun, sch ny ch ghi l qun Ty Sn hay qun ch, khng ghi l thy qun. Cn
qun Ty Sn tin ln Ty Long, th sch ny ghi c th l thy qun, c ngha l b phn
qun ny vn i ng sng, vn trn thuyn chin ch khng phi l i trn b, nh
trn b.
c) Nu trnh by tt c my vn qun Ty Sn u b ln bn Nam D, nh Thy i,
nh Vn Xun, ri theo ng b tin ln nh bn Ty Long, th vic b my vn qun
nh my nghn qun Trnh Thu i, Vn Xun l khng cn thit. M b li nghn
ri thuyn chin (i qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu gm hn 1.000 chic, i tin phong
ca Nguyn Hu Chnh gm trn 400 chic, cha k hng trm thuyn lng em t V
Hong ln) t bn Nam D tr xung, khng dng n, i b hng chc ki-l-mt ln
nh bn Ty Long li cng khng hp l. Nu cho my vn qun y nh xong Thu i,
Vn Xun ri li lc tc xung thuyn tin ln bn Ty Long th tn cng, tn sc v mt
nhiu thi gian qu. Cch tin qun, iu qun chin u nh th, va khng hp l, va
tri vi php dng binh s trng v ni ting ca Nguyn Hu l i nhanh, nh nhanh,
thng nhanh.
3. Ng Cnh Hon khi y ngoi 70 tui.
4. 500 qun ca Hong Phng C em t Sn Ty v v qun mi m c hn 1.000 ngi.
Trong khi cnh qun Ty Sn chin u thng li bn Thu i v h Vn
Xun th i i thuyn chin Ty Sn vn tin ln pha trc kinh thnh Thng
Long, b ln bn Ty Long (hoc Ty Lung) [l], nh thng vo trn a ca
qun Trnh Khi chung quanh lu Ng Long.
--------------------
1. Nhiu ti liu gn y vit v trn nh Thng Long ca Nguyn Hu thng ch thch bn Ty
Long pha ph Nguyn Trung Trc by gi, tc pha bc H Ni. Chng ti thy rng ph
cha Trnh pha nam H Ni, st h Hon Kim. Trnh Khi by trn lu Ng Long, cnh h
Hon Kim, m qun Ty Sn li tin ln tn pha bc, bn trn cu Long Bin by gi ri mi
nh xung th khng hp l. Bn Ty Long phi l mt bn gn lu Ng Long nht, thun
tin cho vic b nh thng bn doanh ca Trnh Khi. th k XVIII, ti Thng Long c
ca Ty Long v bn Ty Long. Ca Ty Long gn bn sng, c th l gn bn sng Ty
Long, cho nn c ca v bn sng u mang mt tn Ty Long. m 17 thng Tm Bnh Ng
(1786), Nguyn Nhc v Ngyn Hu t Thng Long rt qun v Nam, sng hm sau, Nguyn
Hu Chnh c tin ra ca Ty Long xung bn sng, xui thuyn chy theo.
Bn H Ni v nm 1831, tc 45 nm sau khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc cn ghi ca
Ty Long khong u ph Trng Tin ngy nay, pha qung trng nh ht thnh ph H Ni.
78
Phm nh H trong V trung ty bt ghi rng: "... nhng phng Thi Cc, ng H, ng Cc,
nh hai dy ph xen lin mi cho n vn Hng Mm, vn Hng , bn Ty Long v u thnh ra
ph phng hi c". Theo ci trnh t th bn Ty Long phi l pha ng nam thnh
Thng Long, di Hng Mm, Hng B, khng th pha bc. Nh vy bn Ty Long c th l
ca Ty Long i ra, khong pha trc Bo tng lch s v bi Phc Tn by gi (xem thm V
trung ty bt, Bn dch ca nh xut bn Vn ha, H Ni. 1960, tr. 20 v lch s th H Ni,
tr. 64)
Ngha qun Ty Sn t bn Ty Long o t tin vo. Qun tin b ca Trnh n
sng bn ra. Qun Ty Sn khom mnh va trnh n va xung phong, tin st lu
Ng Long, bn doanh ca Trnh Khi [1]. Trnh Khi phi thn t ln mnh voi trc
tip ch huy chin u. Nhng mc du Trnh Khi h lnh phn kch, qun s Trnh
ch "nhn nhau khng dm tin" [2]. Trong khi y, qun Ty Sn o t tin vo chm
git v dng ha h tung la hng hc vo hng ng qun Trnh. Qun Trnh hon
ton tan v, vt c kh gii m chy ly thn. Mt ton tin qun Ty Sn, chng vi
chc ngi tin thng vo chim ng ph cha Trnh. Trnh Khi thy bn mnh ch
cn hn 100 con voi chin, nh phi trt b nhung phc "tt xung ngi np trong
ngn hm da m sau bnh voi" [3] ri co u voi chy trn v ph, nhng ti
gn th thy c Ty Sn php phi bay ngoi ca ph, Trnh Khi vi chy
trn theo ng i Sn Ty.
-------------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch v L qu k s u ni Trnh Khi ng lu Ng Long by trn.
Duy sch Vit S thong gim cng mc khng ni ti lu Ng Long m ch ni Trnh Khi by
trn bn Ty Long. Nhng ti liu ny khng mu thun nhau. S tht th khu vc Ng Long
lu l gn st bn Ty Long. C th l Trnh Khi by trn t bn Ty Long vo ti lu
Ng Long v Trnh Khi ng bn doanh, tc ch huy s, ti lu Ng Long.
2. Vit s thng gim cng mc, bn dch. t. XX. tr. 17.
3. Ng gia vn phi, Hon L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 106.
Trong khi i qun Ty Sn tin nh lu Ng Long th ton qun ca vin t
tng Ty Sn b mt vo thnh t trc cng chim gi hong thnh v trao mt tu
"tn ph" ca Nguyn Hu cho vua L.
Nh th l qun Ty Sn lm ch kinh thnh Thng Long v ngay ngy hm
y, 26 thng Su nm Bnh Ng, tc ngy 21 thng 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu v i
qun tin vo Thng Long, ng ti ph cha Trnh.
Cuc tin cng Bc H ti y kt thc rt v vang. Ch trong vng 10 ngy,
k t ngy 11 thng 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu Chnh nh V Hong n ngy 21
thng 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu tin vo Thng Long, ngha qun Ty Sn di s
ch huy thin ti ca Nguyn Hu mau chng lt tp on phong kin h Trnh
thng tr Bc H t 300 nm v chnh quyn Bc H t sng Gianh tr ra thuc v
ngha qun Ty Sn.
Sau khi vo thnh Thng Long, Nguyn Hu lp tc cho thi hnh nhng bin
php an ninh, nghim cm qun s khng c lm phin nhiu dn, khng c
my may xm phm n ti sn ca dn [1], ng thi cho ly vng bc chu bu
trong kho cha Trnh em pht thng cho ht thy tng lnh, binh lnh [2] v cho
php ton qun ngh ngi li sc.
i vi triu nh Bc H, sng sm ngy hm sau 22 thng 7 nm 1786,
Nguyn Hu vo triu yt kin vua L v cho ngi i mi cc triu thn vn v nh
79
L tr li triu nh lm vic. i vi nhn dn Bc H, ngay t lc vo thnh,
Nguyn Hu h lnh chiu an [3]. Kinh thnh Thng Long trong nhng ngy cui
cng ca ch nh Trnh lm vo tnh trng hn lon trm trng, cho nn vic
lp li trt t kinh thnh cng nh cc a phng l v cng khn cp. Trong
cng vic ny, ngha qun Ty Sn c nhn dn Bc H hng ng nhit lit. K
lut ca qun di Ty Sn li rt nghim minh, nhn dn cng tin tng v ht sc
gip qun i. Nhn dn phi hp cht ch vi qun i chin thng lng
bt trm cp, cn . Gio s L Roa (Le Roy) ging o Bc H lc y vit
trong th ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1786 rng: "V trong nc hn lon, khp ni u c
git ngi, t nh, cp ca, nn gic Qung [4] sai qun lnh i ch ny ch khc
truy n cn . Nhng qun ng trong y thi hnh cng l rt gt gao. Ch bo vi
h mt li l khng cn th tc di dng h cht u ngay bn trm cp hoc
nhng k b co nhng ti trng tng t. u u ngi ta cng hoan h s cng
bng v v t ca h; v h khng cp ca ai m ch cht u trm cp" [5].
--------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 106.
2, 3. L s b, Sch ch Hn, Bn vit tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H.V. 41, t 221.
4. Ch qun i Ty Sn.
5. Cadire, Documents relatifs Ppoque de Gia Long, B.E.F.E.O., n0 7, 1912, p. 8.
Gio s X-ra (Srard) trong th ngy 4 thng 7 nm 1789, on ti bt, cng
vit: "Ti bt. Ngy 7 thng 8. Thi th i thay. Bn trm cp c thi ca chng
th nhn dn cng c thi ca h. Ngi ta sn bt trm cp rt hng hi. Hm qua
ngi ta cht u mi mt tn cp ti y; bn hm trc, ngi ta cng
nh cht hoc ct u mt tn khc. Nhng ng quan mi ca chng ti [1] hnh
ng rt nhanh gn, khng cn xt hi li thi g; khi c mt s chng t co gic
mt ngi no th d bc, tin, cu khn, cng khng th cn c bn tay ca h...
[2].
------------------
1. Ch cc tng s Ty Sn.
2. Cadire, Ti 1iu dn, tr. 11.
Chnh nh nhng hnh ng tch cc v v t y ca qun di Ty Sn, trt t
an ninh Bc H c lp li rt nhanh chng.
My ngy sau khi ngha qun Ty Sn h thnh Thng Long, Trnh Khi cng
b nhn dn bt gii a v np qun Ty Sn. Dc ng, Trnh Khi t t cht.
Nguyn Hu cho lm l an tng rt trng th theo nh nghi thc cc vua cha mt.
Ch trong vng mi ngy sau khi ngha qun cm quyn thay h Trnh, tnh
hnh Bc H, t trong triu n ngoi trn u n nh. Mt i sng vui v, phn
khi trn y min Bc. Trong khng kh tng bng y, ngy 7 thng By nm Bnh
Ng tc ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu cng cc tng s Ty Sn v cc
quan vn v Bc H vo triu chc mng vua L Hin Tn.
Ngy 1 thng 8 nm 1786, vua L Hin Tn sc phong Nguyn Hu lm
"Nguyn soi ph chnh dc v, Uy quc cng". Nh th l binh quyn v chnh
quyn Bc H hon ton trong tay Nguyn Hu, ngi lnh t kit xut ca phong
tro nng dn Ty Sn.

80
 Ngy 11 thng By m lch tc ngy 4 thng 8 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu lm l
ci cng cha Ngc Hn, con gi yu ca vua L Hin Tn.
Vua L Hin Tn gi v b bnh lu ngy nn n 17 thng By nm Bnh
Ng tc ngy 10 thng 8 nm 1786, th mt. Quyn bnh Bc H vn trong tay
Nguyn Hu, ngi lnh t nng dn Ty Sn, nhng gi ng ch trng "tn ph
nh L" Nguyn Hu lp chu L Hin Tn l L Duy K ln lm vua, tc l L
Chiu Thng.
Tnh hnh Bc H ti y l hon ton n nh. T ngy Nguyn Hu vo thnh
Thng Long cho n khi L Chiu Thng ln ngi, mi vic lp li trt t an ninh
trong
dn chng v sp xp li vic triu chnh u do Nguyn Hu quyt nh. Quyn
chnh Bc H tht s trong tay Nguyn Hu v ngha qun Ty Sn.
K t ngy u nm 1785, Nguyn Hu nh tan lin qun Xim - Nguyn,
buc bn Nguyn nh phi chy sang Xim n nu mt cch tuyt vng, cho n
ngy Nguyn Hu h thnh Thng Long gia nm 1786, ton lnh th Vit Nam t
H Tin, Rch Gi pha cc nam n min bin gii Vit - Trung pha cc bc
hon ton thuc quyn kim sot ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Vi nhng chin thng
Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, chin thng Ph Xun, chin thng Thng Long, Nguyn Hu
lt mi tp on phong kin thng tr ng thi. Nguyn Hu vnh vin
xa b ranh gii phn chia Nam Bc m cc tp on phong kin Mc, L, Trnh,
Nguyn dng nn t 300 nm trc . Vi nhng chin thng oanh lit y, Nguyn
Hu tht s lp li nn thng nht cho nc nh cui th k XVIII. Mt trong
nhng cng lao v i ca Nguyn Hu i vi dn tc, vi T quc, chnh l s
nghip thng nht t nc. Mt iu ng ch na l s thng nht nc nh
cui th k XVIII c mt tm quan trng hn hn s thng nht nc nh thi L
Thnh Tn, L Li v cc thi trc.
T thi L Thnh Tn tr v trc, s thng nht t nc th hin trn mt
phm vi lnh th t Thun Ha tr ra Bc. Nhng thi Nguyn Hu, s thng nht
y th hin trn mt phm vi rng ri hn nhiu, sut t H Tin, Rch Gi tr ra
Bc. Chnh v th m s nghip thng nht nc nh ca Nguyn Hu thi k ny
cng thm huy hong, v i.
K t trn nh V Hong n trn nh Thng Long, cuc tin qun gii phng
Bc H din ra trong 10 ngy trn mt chiu su chng 90 ki-l-met. Bng bn
trn chin u, bt u l trn nh chim cn c chin lc V Hong, v kt thc
bng s tiu dit cc o qun ch lc qun i Trnh v gii phng Thng Long,
qun i Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy th hin ti t chc v thc hin chin
u vi nhng yu t ca mt chin dch ngy cng r rt v ginh thng li ht sc
to ln.
Thng li huy hong chng minh Nguyn Hu l mt nh chin lc v i,
mt v ch huy kit xut trong vic t chc v thc hnh cc chin dch tin cng.
c im ca chin dch ln ny l:
- Quy m rng ln: lc lng tham chin u l cc lc lng ch lc, tinh nhu
nht ca c hai trn, tc chin xy ra trong mt khong khng gian rng ln, trn
ng bng Bc H. Qun i Ty Sn bt u tin cng trong iu kin chin ng
81
xa hu phng. Tri li, qun i Trnh chin u ngay trn "t nh" gn cc cn c
chin lc quan trng nht ca h. Cn c vo tnh hnh chung lc , Nguyn Hu
nhanh chng thc hnh mt cuc quyt chin chin lc, hon ton tiu dit
qun i Trnh, khng cn tri qua mt s chin dch trung gian khc. S cn thit
phi nh nhanh, v kh nng thc t gii quyt nhanh l c s cho quyt lm ln
lao ca Nguyn Hu.
Song, cn c vo c im ca chin dch sp tin hnh, mun bin kh nng
thnh hin thc, Nguyn Hu phi gii quyt nhiu kh khn ln, ra nhiu bin
php quan trng th mi c th thc hin c quyt tm chin lc .
i vo c th, c nhng vn ln nh sau:
- Trc ht l vn hnh qun n chin trng. T sng Gianh n ng
bng Bc H ch c th hnh qun bng hai con ng: ng b qua cc trn Ngh
An, Thanh Ha, v ng bin. Nu tin qun theo ng b, th r rng khng th
thc hin c phng chm nh nhanh gii quyt nhanh. Qun i hnh qun trn
mt con ng di nh vy, trc khi n khu vc tc chin, khin cho qun i
Trnh c th kp thi thay i th trn, c th gi ng vin lc lng, tp trung cc
i qun a phng, ko di chin tranh. Trong trng hp , kh khn cho qun
i Ty Sn s tng ln rt nhiu. i ng bin th trnh c nhng kh khn ni
trn, tranh th rt ngn thi gian hnh qun, ginh c bt ng chin dch, v ngay
khi bt u thc hnh chin dch, c th a chin trng n trung tm ca giang
sn cha Trnh.
Trong trng hp ny, vn ln duy nht phi gii quyt l chuyn ch qun
i. Thy qun Ty Sn c sc lm vic . Kinh nghim ca mt s trn tin
cng qun Nguyn Gia nh hon ton chng minh qun i Ty Sn c kh
nng nh ch t rt xa cn c ca mnh vi phng tin chuyn ch ca thy qun.
Nguyn Hu chn con ng tin qun trn ng bin.
Nhng, mt khi tp trung ton b lc lng, s dng ton b thuyn chin
chuyn ch v tc chin, m khu vc tc chin li b ngn cch vi cn c hu
phng bng mt min t ai rng ln do qun Trnh kim sot, th hai vn rt
ln t ra: Lm sao loi tr c mi uy hip ca qun Trnh i vi hu phng
trc tip ca qun i tc chin, v lm sao bo m cung cp tip t cho i qun?
Nguyn Hu quyt nh dng nhng ton du binh ca o qun tin phong bt
ng nh chim cc thnh Ngh An, Thanh Ha. Lm nh vy Nguyn Hu s t
c ba mc ch ln: loi tr mi uy hip i vi hu phng, bo m cho ch lc
tin qun thun li, v trnh nhng hnh ng qun s quy m ln nh chim
cc trn ny. i vi nhim v nng n l nhim v cung cp cho qun i tc chin
trn ng bng Bc H, Nguyn Hu khng th trng mong hu phng xa xi. V
mun bo m cung cp cho mt o qun ln, trn mt tuyn vn chuyn di, phi
c mt on thuyn chin vn ti ln chuyn mn ch lng thc, binh kh, n
dc. Trong iu kin lc y Nguyn Hu khng th xy dng ngay c mt on
thuyn chin vn ti nh vy. Phng php duy nht l qun i Ty Sn phi nh
chim cc kho lng thc, v kh ca ch, thc hin cung cp, tip t ti ch.
Nguyn Hu chn phng php ny.

82
 Nhng vn trn lin quan rt mt thit n vic chn hng tin cng ch
yu. Trn ng bng Bc H, c nhiu ca sng ln m thy qun Ty Sn c th
tin vo, a qun i tin st Thng Long. Nhng xt k th sng Nam nh, ngoi
ci li l con ng ngn nht qun i Ty Sn c th nhanh chng vo tc
chin, nhanh chng tin n Thng Long, cn c mt ci li ln na: cc kho lng
thc, v kh, n dc quan trng nht ca qun i Trnh u tp trung y. nh
chim c V Hong, s gii quyt v cn bn vn kh khn nht cho qun i
Ty Sn lc .
Song, gi tr chin lc ca V Hong khng phi ch thu gn vo a v cn c
cung cp ca n. V Hong cn l mt v tr ngn chn ng tin qun t pha nam
ln Thng Long, mt v tr chin lc c ng cho thy qun v lc qun Trnh. C
th ni rng ai chim c V Hong, s khng ch c mt vng rng ln pha ng
nam ng bng Bc H. Do , khng k xt v mt mt no, chnh tr, qun s hay
kinh t, V Hong mt v tr chin lc trng yu i vi c hai bn.
Nguyn Hu chn hng tin cng ch yu trn con sng Nam nh m mc
tiu u tin phi nh chim l V Hong.
n y, cc vn kh khn ln c Nguyn Hu gii quyt. Sau khi h
quyt tm v nh hng tin cng ch yu trn con sng Nam nh, nhm thng
vo Thng Long m t kch ch, Nguyn Hu xc nh k hoch hnh qun v k
hoch tin cng.
a qun t rt xa n chin u ngay trn t ch, th trong k hoch tin
cng, vic quan trng u tin l nh chim mt u cu chin lc bm chc vo
u cu lm bn p pht trin rng ra v su hn. Ch khi u cu c
cng c v m rng, th ch lc t pha sau mi c th tin vo chin u c. Nhn
li nhng chin dch trc, t Gia nh n Ph Xun, y l ln u tin, cn c
vo c im ca chin dch ny, Nguyn Hu ra nhim v nh chim mt u
cu chin lc. l bc pht trin mi trong ngh thut t chc v thc hnh mt
chin dch quy m ln ca Nguyn Hu. ng t chc mt i thy qun tin
phong, mnh n 400 thuyn chin, c y ha lc v b binh, lm nhim v
nh chim u cu chin lc V Hong.
Trong k hoch tin cng, chng ta cn thy Nguyn Hu tnh ton rt k lng
thi gian hnh qun ca cc o qun, v thi gian tc chin ca ch lc. S hip
ng gia cc o qun rt cht ch: cc i du binh chim xong cc thnh Ngh An,
Thanh Ha th ch lc cng va ti ni, trong khi i qun tin phong nh chim V
Hong v cng c u cu chin lc, thc hin nhng nhim v ra, th ch lc
chun b sn sng tin vo chin u. V ch sau khi i thy qun tin phong
hon thnh mi nhim v, to nn mi iu kin thun li, th ch lc mi vt bin
tin vo khu vc quyt chin. Trong iu kin phng tin giao thng, phng tin
thng tin lin lc ca thi i , trong iu kin hnh qun ng bin ph thuc rt
nhiu vo thi tit, gi ma... m cc o qun ca Nguyn Hu hnh ng nht tr
nh mt b my chnh xc, tht ng khm phc v lm cho qun ch phi khip s,
b tay.

83
 Trn y l mt s vn ln trong vic t chc chin dch m Nguyn Hu
gii quyt thnh cng. V ngh thut ch huy ca Nguyn Hu trong khi thc hnh
chin dch v chin u cng c nhiu im c sc.
Nt ni bt u tin l vic pht hin, nm vng v li dng thi c chin u.
T khi qun tin phong chim V Hong ti lc ch lc ca Nguyn Hu n
u cu chin lc ny, thi gian l su ngy. Thi gian cha Trnh t chc
mt trn phn cng, nh bt i thy qun tin phong ca Ty Sn. Cha Trnh lc
nm trong tay hai o qun ln l o qun Trnh T Quyn v thy qun inh
Tch Nhng, so vi qun Ty Sn, hai o qun ny c u th tuyt i v s
lng. Qun Trnh gn cn c xut pht ca mnh, h c lc lng, thi gian,
t chc v thc hnh phn cng.
Nhng b nh bt ng V Hong, qun Trnh khp ni u hoang mang
tng tng, khng kp iu ng lc lng phn cng, trc khi Nguyn Hu em
i qun ti V Hong. Hong s, do d trc sc mnh v bo ca qun i Ty
Sn, cc tng Trnh khng dm tin cng, nh a qun ra phng ng chn ng
tin ln Thng Long ca ngha qun Ty Sn.
Tri li, va n V Hong, Nguyn Hu nhanh chng nm vng tnh hnh
ch, thy r t tng phng ng n thun ca cc tng Trnh, pht hin ch yu
trong h thng phng ng ch, ng nm ngay thi c c li, lp tc h lnh tin
qun, chn thy qun inh Tch Nhng lm mc tiu ging n u tin, tp trung
lc lng tiu dit o qun ny, m dng cho thy qun tin vo Thng Long.
Nguyn Hu khng cho cc tnh hung ph li ko. ng nm rt vng ch
yu nht ca qun Trnh l tinh thn chin u cc k bc nhc, nn sau trn quyt
nh u tin sng ca Luc, Nguyn Hu khng ui theo o qun ln Trnh T
Quyn ang tan r, m lp tc tp trung ch lc, nh mt mi dao cc mnh chc
thng vo tri tim ca nh Trnh l Thng Long. Nhng hnh ng mnh lit lin
tc din ra, gy t bt ng ny n bt ng khc, khin qun Trnh b nh khng kp
tr tay.
iu ng ch l, trong chin dch ny, tr trn ca Luc c tin hnh trong
iu kin c chun b, cc trn chin u tip sau hu nh ch do cc i tin v ca
Nguyn Hu m nhim. Bng mu tr bng hnh ng dng cm, thn tc, cc i
tin v ny t trong hnh qun lp tc bc vo chin u m ginh thng li hon
ton. Cho n trn nh cui cng vo Thng Long, ch lc ca Nguyn Hu hu
nh cn nguyn vn, v rt t phi s dng n.
Cn cha Trnh th cung qut s hi, bo bo gi ly kinh thnh, b tay chu
cho ht o qun ny n o qun khc ca mnh b tiu dit.
Nh trn trnh by, v mt ch huy chin dch, Nguyn Hu lun lun nm
vng v tn dng thi c c li, ng thi nm vng tnh hung chnh tin cng
tht dng cm, thn tc t mc tiu ny n mc tiu khc.
Song, qua tng trn chin u, ta thy bao gi Nguyn Hu cng phn tch mt
cch c th tnh hnh c th lc quyt nh nn vn dng nhng phng php
thch hp no nhm t ti mc ch tiu dit sinh lc ch.
Trong trn sng ca Luc, trc mt qun i Ty Sn l my o qun ch lc
ca nh Trnh, trong trn tuyn th nht c thy qun inh Tch Nhng cn
84
mnh, ngn chn trn sng, v o b binh Th Dn phi hp b tr trn hai b
sng. K ch cn mnh, chun b sn sng ch cuc tin cng. Vi cch dn trn
cht ch, c qun thy, b trn cng mt on sng, r rng cc tng lnh Trnh c
nh buc i phng phi chin u trn mt a th bt li, ri t ba mt nh
mnh vo thy qun Ty Sn. Thy ch c chun b sn, Nguyn Hu khng ra lnh
nh ngay, ng tm cch la ch, li dng khi tri bt u ti, cho my thuyn chin
ln khng ngi cho, tin thng vo ni b tr ca ch, khin inh Tch Nhng
lm tng l thuyn chin xung phong ca Ty Sn. Ch sau khi nhn thy qun
Trnh mt nhiu tn, n, v tinh thn hoang mang cc v my chic thuyn
ln c tin, th Nguyn Hu mi nm thi c, h lnh cho thy qun xng ln, nh
thng vo i hnh thy qun inh Tch Nhng. Pho binh ca thuyn chin cng
bt u n sng bn mnh lit vo b binh Trnh trn hai b sng. l mt phng
php tin cng c o ca Nguyn Hu: cng trong mt thi gian, dng thy qun
tin cng thy qun ch, thc hnh nh gip l c v chim ot thuyn chin ch,
cn pho binh tp trung ha lc bn mnh vo b binh ch. Kt qu, ch trong mt
thi gian ngn, Nguyn Hu t c mc ch: nh ri lon h thng phng ng
thy b ca ch, tiu dit nhanh chng thy qun ch, lc lng phng ng ch
yu, v ch p mnh b binh ch. Tip sau l cuc b ln hai b sng, chuyn
sang tin cng vo trn a ca b binh Trnh. Ln u tin, b binh Trnh gp mt
loi v kh c bit ca qun i Ty Sn l ha h. Ngha qun Ty Sn dng cm
chin u, c ha h ym h c lc, xung phong mnh lit vo trn a qun
Trnh v tiu dit ton b o qun Th Dn... Ch trong mt m, trn nh u
tin ny quyt nh s phn ca qun i Trnh, c ba o qun ch lc ca cha
Trnh cn li lc , b tiu dit v hon ton tan r. Phng tuyn th nht, phng
tuyn ch yu ca qun Trnh b chc thng. Ca ng a ti Thng Long m
rng.
Khi ch lc Ty Sn tin n gn phng tuyn th hai ca qun Trnh, Nguyn
Hu thy r ch y suy yu nhiu, li tin hnh phng ng vi v, tuy thy b
da vo nhau v ym h ln nhau, nhng h thng phng ng khng cn tnh cht
vng mnh nh trn sng ca Luc. Hn na, qun Trnh hon ton b bt ng,
khng tin rng Nguyn Hu c th tin qun nhanh chng nh vy. Nguyn Hu
quyt nh khng tin cng bng sc mnh, m p dng phng php tp kch bt
ng. ng dnh ch lc cho n nh cui cng vo Thng Long, ch phi mt i
tin v nh lm nhim v vu hi vo sau lng i thy qun Trnh ng ti bn Thy
i. Ton b i thy qun ny nhanh chng b loi khi vng chin.
Vi hnh ng dng cm, thn tc, i tin v Ty Sn lp tc chuyn sang tp
kch bt ng i qun Hong Phng C ng ti h Vn Xun. i qun ny mt hn
nng lc chng c c t chc, v b hon ton tiu dit.
Tc phong chin u dng cm, mnh lit, thn tc, lin tc ca binh s Ty Sn
khc xa vi tc phong chin u ca binh s trong cc qun i phn ng. Vi dng
kh p o ch, h cn thng tho vn dng cc th on chin u nh vu hi, bao
vy ch, khin cho qun ch khng kp i ph, tinh thn cng mau chng suy sp.
C tinh thn v tc phong chin u nh vy, li bit vn dng nhng th on chin

85
u ng n, qun i Ty Sn tuy t so vi ch trong tng trn, nhng vn chin
thng mt cch v vang.
Trn nh vo Thng Long kt thc rt nhanh chng. Lc lng cn li trong
tay cha Trnh khng c bao nhiu. Cha Trnh tuy b tr kh chu o, li gi
nguyn vn mt i tng binh quan trng, nhng lc lng khng cn l ch
th xng ng ca ch lc Ty Sn. Sau khi b ln bn Ty Long, Nguyn Hu
cho mt di qun nh thc thng vo ph cha Trnh, cn ch lc th nh thng vo
trn a qun Trnh, hng ch yu nhm lu Ng Long, bn doanh ca cha Trnh.
Mt ln na, sc xung phong v bo v ha h ca qun i Ty Sn gy
thit hi nghim trng v khng khip cho tn qun Trnh. Ha h cn gy s hi cho
i tng binh qun Trnh.
Chin dch gii phng Bc H, tiu dit qun i Trnh kt thc sau 10 ngy
chin u. Tri qua bn trn chin u ln, Nguyn Hu hon ton tiu dit qun
i Trnh, gm my vn thy binh, b binh, tng binh v hng trm thuyn chin.
Trong khong hn mt thng (thi gian tc chin l 20 ngy) bng hai chin
dch ln, t Ph Xun ra Thng Long, qun i Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy
h nhiu thnh ly, tiu dit trn mi vn qun ch, nh tp on phong kin
phn ng nh Trnh, a nn ngh thut qun s ca dn tc ta i ln nhng bc
pht trin mi.
Hai chin dch Ph Xun v Thng Long l hai chin dch tin cng. Trong c
hai chin dch tin cng ny, c im ni bt l s kt hp rt cht ch gia tin
cng thn tc vi t chc tip t kp thi, gii quyt vn pht trin chin dch lin
tc. Do , cc cuc tin cng lun lun ginh c thng li, lm cho ch mt kh
nng tp trung lc lng ln phn cng.
Nh bo m tc tin cng cao, nn ngn chn s c ng ca ch, cng
tc l buc ch nm trong trng thi phn tn. Bo m tc tin cng cao, gi
vng lc lng tp trung, nn thc hin c tp trung u th thc s, pht huy cao
tnh ch ng, s dng u th ln lt tiu dit tng o qun phn tn ca
ch. Kt qu ca phng php l ginh c thng li, hon ton t c mc
tiu ch yu l tiu dit sinh lc ch.
Trong hai chin dch ny, tc tin cng cao ca qun i Nguyn Hu l mt
trong nhng yu t quan trng nht bo m thc hnh chin dch mt cch thng
li. Song, mun bo m tin cng vi tc cao, iu cn bn l phi bit s dng
thy qun, lc qun mt cch thch hp, chc thng phng ng ch mt cch
nhanh chng m pht trin thng li cng tht nhanh. Vic trao nhim v thch hp
cho thy qun, lc qun (trong chin dch v tng trn chin u), vic hnh ng n
gia thy qun, lc qun nhm hon thnh nhim v chung, c Nguyen Hu
gii quyt tt.
Mt im quan trng khc, l tc tin cng cao khng th tch ri vic bo
m cung cp kp thi lng thc, v kh, n dc, thuc men cho qun i tc
chin. Nguyn Hu c bit ch trng gii quyt chu o vn phc tp ny. Lc
lng cng ln, thy qun, lc qun cng nhiu thnh phn, tc chin xy ra xa cn
c hu phng, th vn bo m cung cp cng thm phc tp. Trong hai chin
dch ny, nht l trong chin dch gii phng Thng Long, ngoi thy i vn ti,
86
vic nh chim cc kho lng thc, v kh ca ch, vic huy ng vt lc ti ch,
c Nguyn Hu t thnh nhim v quan trng, thm ch l mt trong nhng
nhim v hng u, ngang hang vi nhim v tiu dit ch.
Ngoi nhng vn ln trn y, c Nguyn Hu gii quyt rt ti tnh,
chng ta cng cn ch n mt s im ni bt khc trong ngh thut ch o chin
dch ca Nguyn Hu. Trc ht phi ni rng chin dch nh Bc H nm 1786
ny ca Nguyn Hu l c mt chui bt ng em n cho ch. T trn m u
chin dch ti trn kt thc chin dch, qun ch u hon ton b nh bt ng. o
Hi Vn b nh bt ng, thnh Ph Xun b nh bt ng, t sng Gianh, ng Hi
tr vo u b nh bt ng. Trn ng Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc, qun ch
mi c im u b nh bt ng. Ngh An, Thanh Ha, V Hong b nh bt ng.
Nhng ni by binh b trn hn hoi, qun Trnh cng vn c b nh bt ng, nh
ca Luc, bn Thy i, h Vn Xun. Cho c ti cha Trnh ti lu Ng Long
trong ni thnh Thng Long cng b nh bt ng, v ph cha, hong cung tt thy
u b chim ng bt ng, ngoi s tng tng ca qun Trnh, cha Trnh v vua
L. C th ni rng trong chin dch nh Bc H ny, Nguyn Hu pht huy cao
yu t bt ng nh nhanh, thng nhanh v hon ton thng ch.
Cng nh trong cc ln nh Gia nh trc, trong chin dch nh Bc H,
Nguyn Hu trit li dng nhng yu t thin nhin thun li, s dng nhng
lc lng v nhng phng tin chin u thch hp nht tin hnh nh ch.
Nguyn Hu nhm ng ma h, khi c gi nm thun li tin qun ra Bc.
Nhn ma gi, trong giai on u ca chin dch, qun Ty Sn chia lm ba o th
hai o i ng thy, ch c mt o i ng b. Trong giai on hai, qun tin
phong Ty Sn i ng thy tin nhanh ra nh chim V Hong. Sau , i
qun Ty Sn cng theo ng thy tin nhanh ra V Hong kp nh tan ch lc
qun Trnh tp trung ca Luc. Sau trn ca Luc, nhn khi gi nm ang thi
mnh, ton qun Ty Sn theo ng thy tin nhanh ln nh chim Thng
Long. Nguyn Hu cn li dng sc gi vn dng chin thut, s dng phng
tin chin u trong cc trn nh. Ti trn ca Luc, Nguyn Hu nhn khi gi
nm thi mnh nh ph thy qun inh Tch Nhng v dng ha h nh ph
b binh ca Th Dn trn b sng Luc. Nguyn Hu cng li dng lc thy
triu ln, mt nc dng cao, dng ha lc ym h cho qun thy b tin cng
vo thnh Ph Xun.
Trong ngh thut ch o chin dch nh Bc H ca Nguyn Hu, c mt im
ni bt hn ln rt ng ch . l s kt hp gia qun s v chnh tr. Vn
ny, trong nhng ln tin nh Gia nh, cc lnh t Ty Sn t ch ti, v mt
trong nhng l do khi y l, bn cha Nguyn suy yu, v trn thc t, Gia nh
t nm 1777 tr i, l t ai thuc quyn kim sot ca ngha qun Ty Sn.
Nhng tnh hnh Bc H th khc. Lc lng cha Trnh cn mnh, nhn dn Bc H
cn tin nh L.
Nguyn Hu khng th khng ch n nhng vn chnh tr. Do y trong
chin dch ny, Nguyn Hu nu khu hiu "ph L dit Trnh", truyn hch
ku gi s ng h ca nhn dn Bc H v tm cch thu phc cc ton ngha qun
ang chng Trnh min duyn hi Bc H.
87
 l mt s bi hc ln rt ra t hai chin dch quy m ln ny. cng l
nhng bi hc ln v chin lc, chin thut c ng linh hot ca anh hng Nguyn
Hu.

Chng ba
NGUYN HU ANH DNG CHNG NGOI
XM NH TAN 20 VN QUN THANH,
GI VNG NN C LP CA T QUC
TNH HNH VIT NAM T SAU KHI NGUYN HU NH NH TRNH TI
NGY QUN THANH XM LC BC H
(T THNG 8 NM 1786 N CUI NM 1788)
Sau khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Ph Xun v Thng Long nh th lc nh
Trnh, ton b lnh th Vit Nam u thuc quyn kim sot ca ngha qun Ty
Sn, chnh quyn trong c nc u thng nht trong tay ngha qun Ty Sn.
Trn c s nc nh c thng nht nh th, cc tp on phong kin thng
tr hai min Nam Bc b hon ton nh , chnh quyn trong c nc
trong tay, ngha qun Ty Sn c th lp li mt nn trt t x hi lu di, bn vng
cho dn tc v a nc nh ln nhng bc pht trin mi ca lch s. Ngi nh
ot vn mnh ca nc nh trong nhng iu kin lch s thun li y chnh l cc
lnh t phong tro Ty sn.
Nhng li chnh v cc lnh t Ty Sn quyn hn khc nhau, t tng, ch
hng khc nhau m nc nh sau khi thng nht li gp mt s kh khn c
hai min Nam Bc. Nu khng c ngi anh hng dn tc Nguyn Hu ng ra cu
vn tnh th th nn c lp ca T quc ri vo tay 20 vn qun Thanh xm lc,
dn tc Vit Nam phi chu ch h ca phong kin ngoi bang, cha bit n
bao gi mi thot ra khi.
Ngi gy nn nhng tnh hnh kh khn y chnh l ngi lnh t ti cao ca
phong tro Ty Sn, ngi nm ton quyn nh ot mi hot ng ca phong tro
Ty Sn. Ngi lnh t ti cao ca phong tro Ty Sn, t khi cuc khi ngha bt
u cho ti ngy Nguyn Hu tin ra Thng Long dit nh Trnh, khng phi l
Nguyn Hu, m l Nguyn Nhc. Mc du Nguyn Hu chin thng khp
y, uy danh ca Nguyn Hu lng ly khp nc, nhng t trc cho n by
gi Nguyn Hu vn ch l mt ngi tng chu quyn chi phi ca Nguyn Nhc.
T trc cho n by gi, nhim v ca Nguyn Nhc trao cho Nguyn Hu ch l
nhim v nh gic. nh c gic l nhim v ht, Nguyn Hu li quay v ng
di trng ca Nguyn Nhc, khng c quyn hnh g khc. Vn mnh ca phong
tro Ty Sn cng nh cch x l mi cng vic sau mi ln chin thng l hon
ton do Nguyn Nhc. Nguyn Nhc sm tha mn vi ngi hong ngay t sau
nhng chin thng u tin ca qun Ty Sn Gia nh. Nguyn Nhc lo s ngi
ch tn ca mnh b xm phm, khng mun uy quyn ca mnh b chia s, c i vi
anh em rut tht. Nht l i vi Nguyn Hu, mt ngi c ti c vt hn Nguyn
Nhc, Nguyn Nhc cng e ngi, khng bao gi mun Nguyn Hu ri khi cnh
mnh, tch xa quyn khng ch ca mnh. Nhng Nguyn Nhc ci th phi
Nguyn Hu i nh ch. V ch Nguyn Hu i nh th mi chc thng. Nhng

88
thng xong phi v ngay. Cha ln no Nguyn Nhc chu Nguyn Hu lu Gia
nh, c sau mi ln chin thng, Nguyn Hu li phi vi vng em qun v Qui
Nhn vi Nguyn Nhc, khin bn cha Nguyn lun lun c iu kin t chc phn
cng, nh chim li Gia nh rt d dng. Nguyn Nhc cng tng khng tn
thnh ngh nh Ph Xun ca Nguyn Hu. Nguyn Nhc li cng khng bng
lng vi vic Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Thng Long, tiu dit nh Trnh. Nguyn
Nhc khng nhn thc c rng vic Nguyn Hu nh ui Nguyn nh khi Gia
nh v nh nh Trnh Bc H l nhng s nghip cch mng ln lao, ph hp
vi li ch ca giai cp, ca dn tc, to c s cho phong tro Ty Sn xy dng mt
chnh quyn vng mnh v thng nht trn c nc. Thy Nguyn Hu tin ra Thng
Long, dit c nh Trnh, Nguyn Nhc vi vng i mi ngy m ra Thng Long,
gi Nguyn Hu v v h lnh cho qun di Ty Sn rt ht khi Bc H, b mc
Bc H cho bn vua quan bt lc nh L mun lm th no th lm.
Nhng sai lm y ca Nguyn Nhc gy nn tnh hnh ri ren Bc H, dn
ti vic qun Thanh sang xm lc to iu kin cho Nguyn nh tr li xm chim
Gia nh, ng thi cng gy nn tnh hnh chia r xung t trong ni b phong tro
Ty Sn trong mt thi gian ngn.
Trc tnh hnh , nu nh Nguyn Hu khng sm thot khi s kim ch ca
Nguyn Nhc, th bn thn Nguyn Hu cng khng th pht trin c ht ti nng
ca mnh trn mi lnh vc, m phong tro Ty Sn v vn mnh ca T quc cng
s cn gp nhiu kh khn hn na, t sau nm 1786 tr i.
Trc khi t Ph Xun tin qun ra Bc, Nguyn Hu vit th bo cho
Nguyn Nhc bit. Nguyn Nhc khng ng , cho ngi cm th ra ngn li,
nhng khng kp. Ngy 26 thng Su Bnh Ng tc 21 thng 7 nm 1786. Nguyn
Hu li gi th bo tin thng trn vi Nguyn Nhc, v hn n thu ng, sau khi
xp t xong mi vic Bc H, s em qun v Qui Nhn. Ngy 14 thng By m
lch, tc 7 thng 8 nm 1786 [1], th v n Nguyn Nhc.
Nguyn Nhc rt khng bng lng v cng rt lo ngi, t ngh rng: "... Nu
mnh khng thn hnh ra Bc bt hn phi v, y l th hm ra khi ci, khng bao
gi cn c th nui dy c na vy" [2].
Hong L nht thng ch thut li vic Nguyn Nhc ra Bc nh sau:
"Th ri, lun trong na [3] vua Ty Sn t em nm trm tn lnh th v ra
thng Ph Xun. Ti ni, li ly thm hn hai ngn qun Ph Xun i gp ra kinh
s. on qun tt ti ko i, dng dp tiu ty, ngi ta khng cn nhn ra l
m quan qun no na" [4].
Ngy 5 thng Tm nm Bnh Ng, tc 26 thng 8 nm 1786, Nguyn Nhc ra
ti Thng Long. Nguyn Hu trao li quyn bnh cho Nguyn Nhc, cc tng lnh
v ngha qun Ty Sn Bc H li thuc quyn iu khin trc tip ca Nguyn
Nhc, nht thit mi vic u phi tun theo mnh lnh ca Nguyn Nhc [5].
-------------------------
1, 2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch d dn, tr.135. La Bartette trong th ngy 1 thng 8
nm 1786 ni rng Nguyn Nhc t Qui Nhn ra ti Ph Xun ngy hm trc, tc ngy 31
thng 7 nm 1786. Nguyn Hu vo Thng Long ngy 21 thng 7 m ngy 31 thng 7 Nguyn
Nhc ti Ph Xun ri th nhanh qu, khng thi gian th i, ngi i na. Ngy
ca HongL nht thng ch hp l hn.
89
3. Ngy 14 thng By nm Bnh Ng.
4, 5. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 135 - 136, 138.
Ngy 17 thng Tm Bnh Ng, sau khi ti Thng Long hn 10 ngy, Nguyn
Nhc b mt h lnh cho tt c cc qun thy b Ty Sn chun b ln ng, rt v
Nam. Canh hai m hm y, Nguyn Nhc cho ngi vo t bit L Chiu Thng ri
lng l em qun i, b mc Bc H cho bn vua quan nh L xoay x [1].
Thy ngha qun Ty Sn b i, bn vua ti nh L hong s, khng bit lo liu
vic nc nh th no. L Chiu Thng nh phi: "Vit th triu ht nhng ngi
th gia v by ti c dy qun vo bo v hong thnh. V th ho mc cc ni chim
gi chu qun, chiu tp binh m u mn danh njha "bo v". Nhng hng v li
nh git ln nhau, trong nc thnh ra ri lon" [2]. Tnh hnh Bc H tr nn ri
ren t y.
-------------------------
1. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. XX, tr. 22. Hong L nht thng
ch. Bn dch..., tr. 145.
2. Vit s thng gim cng mc. Bn dch dn, tr. 23.
Thy qun i Ty Sn rt khi Bc H, bn thn thuc nh Trnh tranh nhau
tin v Thng Long, ginh li ngi cha. Trnh L, con Trnh Doanh, t huyn Vn
Giang em qun ln ng cung Ty Long, uy hip L Chiu Thng phi trao quyn
Cha cho mnh. Trong khi y, Trnh Bng, con Trnh Giang, cng em qun t
huyn Chng c tin v Thng Long. Qun ca Trnh L v qun ca Trnh Bng
nh nhau a phn lng Nhn Mc. Qun Trnh L tan v, Trnh L phi chy ln
vng Bc, Trnh Bng vo thnh Thng Long. L Chiu Thng phi ti lp ngi
Cha cho nh Trnh v phong Trnh Bng lm "Nguyn soi tng quc chnh, Yn
vng". Bn tng c nh inh Tch Nhng, Hong Phng C, Dng Trng
T mn c tn ph nh cha cng t cc ni em qun v Thng Long, tranh nhau
quyn hnh. Triu chnh ri nt.
Bn Trnh Bng v inh Tch Nhng cu kt vi nhau, bc hip nhn dn.
"Ngay gia ban ngy, th h ra sc cp bc dn c gn kinh thnh, khng c hiu
lnh ngn cm" [l], v cng khng c ai kim ch c.
L Chiu Thng phi b mt h chiu cn vng gi i cc ni, lo i ph
vi bn nh cha mi ngoi ln.
V phn cc lnh t Ty Sn, sau khi rt qun t Bc H v Nam, cng sinh ra
him khch xung t. Nguyn Hu khng theo Nguyn Nhc tr v Qui Nhn m
li Ph Xun [2]. Khi y thanh th ca Nguyn Hu rt lng ly. Nhn dn Thun,
Qung suy tn Nguyn Hu lm c Cha [3]. Hay tin y, Nguyn Nhc hong s,
hm da tr ti Nguyn Hu [4]. Trong tnh hnh nh vy v ng trc li ch ca
phong tro, ca T quc, Nguyn Hu thy khng th chung theo nhng hnh ng
ca Nguyn Nhc i ngc li mc ch u tranh ca ngha qun. Nguyn Hu phn
i s hm da ca Nguyn Nhc v truyn hch vch r nhng sai tri ca Nguyn
Nhc.
Nguyn Nhc quyt nh em qun nh Nguyn Hu. Khi y Nguyn Hu c
rt t qun, v i b phn qun i Ty Sn thuc quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu
khi ra nh Bc H, phi theo Nguyn Nhc v Qui Nhn. i ph vi s uy
hip bng qun s ca Nguyn nhc, Nguyn Hu h lnh tuyn qun sut t Ph
90
Xun tr ra sng Gianh, thanh nin t 16 tui tr ln u ra tng qun. Trong mt
thi gian ngn, Nguyn Hu c mt o qun gm su vn ngi [6].
-------------------------------
1. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, tr. 25.
2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 229.
3, 4, 6. Th ca gio s Doussain, ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1787, trong Cadire, Ti liu dn, tr. 19.
5. i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 14, v Th ca Doussain dn trn.
Nguyn Hu tin qun vo Qui Nhn, vy hm Nguyn Nhc trong thnh
trong vi thng lin, buc Nguyn Nhc phi nhng b, t b mun kim ch
Nguyn Hu mi mi. Nguyn Nhc phi bo tin gp cho tng ng Vn Trn, trn
th Gia nh em qun v cu vin. Nguyn Hu cho qun chn nh ng Vn
Trn Tin Chu (ph Yn). ng Vn Trn v ton qun u b Nguyn Hu bt
sng [1]. Sau khi tiu dit vin binh ca Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn Hu cho p t
cao ngoi thnh Qui Nhn v t i bc bn vo thnh [2]. Nguyn Nhc hong s
phi nhng b, xin ging ha [3]. Cuc xung t chm dt khong u nm 1787.
Hai anh em Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn Hu tha thun ly x Bn Tn lm a gii, t
Thng Hoa, in Bn tr ra Bc thuc quyn Nguyn Hu, t Qung Ngha tr vo
Nam thuc quyn Nguyn Nhc.
--------------------------------------
1. i nam thc lc, Bn dch dn, t. II, tr. 63.
2. i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 14.
3. La Bissachre trong Etat actuel du Tonkin, de ra Cochinchine... Galignani, Paris, 1812, tome II,
p. 169, li ni rng: Nguyn Hu v Nguyn Nhc, tuy bt ha nhng cha cng nhau giao
chin, v khi sp nh nhau th Nguyn L ng ra iu nh, hai bn li ging ha.
Thng 3 nm 1787, Nguyn Nhc phong Nguyn L lm ng nh vng v
c vo trn th Gia nh, c thi bo Phm Vn Tham gip vic.
Nh th l t y Nguyn Hu hon ton thot khi s kim ch ca Nguyn
Nhc, mc du Nguyn Hu vn tha nhn Nguyn Nhc l hong trung ng v
chu nhn tc Bc Bnh vng ca Nguyn Nhc phong cho.
Chnh nh thot khi s kim ch ca Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn Hu xp t li
tt mi cng vic t Thun, Qung tr ra, dit tr c tnh trng ri ren Bc H v
tin ti i ph 20 vn qun Thanh xm lc sau ny.
Trong khi cc lnh t Ty Sn c s him khch xung t th tnh hnh Bc H
cng ngy cng ri nt thm.
Thng Mt nm Bnh Ng, Trnh Bng em qun vy cht hong thnh, mu
ph b L Chiu Thng, lp vua khc. Nhng L Chiu Thng c Hong Phng
C em qun ti bo v. m mu ca Trnh Bng khng thnh. L Chiu Thng vit
th triu Nguyn Hu Chnh t Ngh An v cu gi.
Nguyn Hu Chnh vn c mun li xng hng, xng b Bc H ngay
t khi Nguyn Hu cn Thng Long. Trong khi Nguyn Hu Chnh cng Nguyn
Hu ng qun Thng Long, Nguyn Hu Chnh c nh chim gi Ngh An
lm giang sn ring, nn mt tu vi L Chiu Thng xin cho vo trn th Ngh An
[1]. Nhng v Nguyn Nhc em qun ra Thng Long, Nguyn Hu Chnh cha hiu
s tnh s nh th no, nn vic ny tm thi.
Tuy nhin, Nguyn Hu c th thy c tm a phn phc y, nn khi rt
qun v Nam, c Nguyn Hu v Nguyn Nhc u khng bo cho Nguyn Hu
91
Chnh bit, mc cho Nguyn Hu Chnh li Bc H. Khi thy ton qun Ty
Sn rt i ht, Nguyn Hu Chnh hoang mang lo s nh phi xui thuyn v Nam.
Thy Nguyn Hu Chnh chy theo, Nguyn Hu khng n t b, nhng cng khng
mun cho con ngi phn phc y theo v Ph Xun, nn Nguyn Hu lu Nguyn
Hu Chnh li Ngh An.
c c hi khi qun Ty Sn i khi, Nguyn Hu Chnh lin m qun
mu s nghip ring [2], v c ngi v Thng Long xin vi L Chiu Thng cho
lm trn th Ngh An. ang b Trnh Bng c ch, mu hi, L Chiu Thng vi
vng vit th gi Chnh em qun v cu gi.
-----------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 140.
2. Th ca Le Roy ngy 6 thng 12 nm l786 dn trn. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch
dn, tr. l82 - 183. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. XX, tr. 28.
Ly danh ngha tn ph vua L, Nguyn Hu Chnh truyn hch cn vng. Ch
trong khong mi ngy, Nguyn Hu Chnh m thm c hng vn qun.
cui thng Mt nm Bnh Ng (1786) Nguyn Hu Chnh t Ngh An tin qun
v Thng Long nh tan cc o qun ca Trnh Bng, Trnh Bng phi ri khi
Thng Long, chy ln vng Kinh Bc. L Chiu Thng phong cho Nguyn Hu
Chnh lm "Bnh chng qun quc trng s, i t , tc Bng trung cng", cm
gi tt c quyn chnh Bc H.
Nguyn Hu Chnh a b ng chn tay vo gi cc chc trong triu, ngoi
trn v mun nm quyn lm cha bn cnh vua L nh h Trnh thi xa. Nguyn
Hu Chnh ngy cng lng hnh, ln lt nh vua, "quyn Chnh tht ngang vi nh
vua, th ca Chnh c th lt nghing c nc" [l]. L Chiu Thng chn nn, lo ngi.
Triu thn vn v u tht vng, lng ngi tht l tan tc. "Bn ho mc gian c
u th t hp y, ri i cp bc ln nhau. Ngoi thnh vi dm u l hang
ca bn trm cp" [2]. Khp ni u c phong tro ni dy chng i Nguyn Hu
Chnh.
Ring mt trn Cao Bng chia lm hai ng. Mt ng theo c trn Lu Tip
ng h Trnh Bng, mt ng theo c ng Nguyn Hn ph L chng Trnh. Hai
ng nh ph ln nhau. Lu Tip git cht Nguyn Hn. Tnh hnh Cao Bng cng
ri lon. Bn ho mc trong trn u ni ln, xng hng ct c, em qun nh git
ln nhau. Lu Tip nh khoanh tay ngi nhn. Trong khi y th H Quc K Lng
Sn, Triu Vn Khng Thi Nguyn, Hong Vn ng Tuyn Quang, inh
Vn H Hng Ha v cc t trng vng Ph Sng, Ty Lnh u ni ln chng li
mnh lnh ca triu nh, nh ui bn quan li cc trn [3]. Tnh hnh Bc H
tht ri nt. Di chnh quyn ca Nguyn Hu Chnh, khp Bc H khng ch no
yn tnh.
------------------------------
1, 2, 3. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 195, 219 - 221.
ng li, chnh sch ca Nguyn Hu Chnh tri ngc hn vi ng li,
chnh sch ca Nguyn Hu khi Bc H, lm cho nhn dn Bc H phi kh s.
th, Nguyn Hu Chnh li t thi th ch vi phong tro Ty Sn. Nguyn Hu
Chnh d d tng Ty Sn Ngh An l Nguyn Du theo v mnh, mu chim ly

92
Ngh An, p li ly c Honh Sn, ly sng Gianh lm ng ranh gii phn chia
Nam Bc nh xa [1].
Tnh cht phn ng ca Nguyn Hu Chnh bc l r rt, lnh t Ty Sn
khng th khng c bin php x tr.
u nm 1787, cuc xch mch gia cc lnh t Ty Sn dn xp xong, Nguyn
Hu c rnh tay lo liu cng vic ngoi Bc. Trc ht, Nguyn Hu cho V
Vn Nhm em qun ra chim gi Ngh An, ly lm cn c tuyn m qun lnh,
thu thp lng thc, chun b tin qun ra Thng Long, tr ti Nguyn Hu Chnh,
thu phc li Bc H.
Thy mt Ngh An, thng T nm inh Mi (1787), Nguyn Hu Chnh cho
Trn Cng Xn, nhn danh vua L, vo ph Xun i Nguyn Hu tr li t Ngh
An. Trc nhng hnh ng chng i ca Nguyn Hu Chnh nh vy, Nguyn
Hu quyt nh cho qun tin nh Bc H. Nguyn Hu cho Ng Vn S em thm
mt cnh qun ra Ngh An hp lc vi V Vn Nhm.
Thng Mt nm inh Mi (1787), V Vn Nhm thng lnh hai vn qun [2]
tin ra Bc. T Thanh Ha tr ra, qun ca Nguyn Hu Chnh tht bi lin tip.
Nguyn Hu Chnh thn em hn ba vn qun [3] ti b sng Thanh Quyt phng
th, chng li V Vn Nhm, nhng cng b i bi. Nguyn Hu Chnh ch cn vi
trm tn qun chy v Thng Long. Thng Chp nm inh Mi, V Vn Nhm tin
ln Thng Long, Nguyn Hu Chnh em L Chiu Thng chy sang vng Kinh
Bc. Ch t ngy sau Nguyn Hu Chnh b V Vn Nhm bt sng v git cht.
-----------------------
1, 2. Ng gia vn.phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 225, 226, 241.
3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX, tr. 41.
Nhng nn Nguyn Hu Chnh va qua th nn V Vn Nhm li ti. Bc H l
c vng sn c nn np t hng ngn nm, n rt d khu gi lng tham ca
nhng k kiu ngo, c binh quyn trong tay, mu ph qu vinh hoa, xy dng thnh
mt giang sn ring bit cho mnh. Nguyn Hu khi ra Bc dit nh Trnh, vn gi
vng tn ph, khng xm phm ca dn, khng khuy ri trong nc, khng mu
nhng quyn li ring ty. iu cng l him c i vi mt ngi nm c
vn mnh Bc H trong tay. Nhng nhng ngi khc ng thi, khi c ci th nh
Nguyn Hu, rt kh lm c nh Nguyn Hu. Trc ci c vng Bc H,
Nguyn Hu Chnh i vo con ng phn bi v V Vn Nhm cng k tip sa
ng theo.
V Vn Nhm vo Thng Long ti hm trc, th ngy hm sau cho qun lnh
ra phng ph cp bc ca qu, ti sn ca nhn dn. Git c Nguyn Hu
Chnh, V Vn Nhm cng kiu ngo, lng hnh, t c n chng ring, chuyn
quyn nh ot mi vic.
Tuy Nguyn Hu Chnh b git, nhng b ng ca L Chiu Thng vn cn
nhiu. Trn Quang Chu Kinh Bc, Nguyn Vit Tuyn Sn Nam, inh Tch
Nhng Hi Dng, u cm qun gi t chng nhau vi V Vn Nhm. Quyn
hnh ca V Vn Nhm khng vt ra khi thnh Thng Long. Qun lnh ca Nhm
h ra khi thnh l b git cht. Gic cp ni ln khp ni, khi la chin tranh din
ra khng ngt. V Vn Nhm bt nhn dn p li thnh t v. V Vn Nhm li

93
thng tay tn st nhn dn. c ln, phng nhng ngi chng i ln vo
thnh, V Vn Nhm cho lng bt lt c nhng ngi tr trong cc phng ph
kinh thnh em git ht [1].
Tnh hnh Bc H cng thm ri lon, nhn dn v cng ta on. Nhng V Vn
Nhm rt ch quan v tng l r ct c ca mnh vi cc tng lnh Ty Sn
Bc H. V Vn Nhm ngang nhin ni vi Ng Vn S, Phan Vn Ln:
"Bn Nhng, Tuyn chng qua hi tn thoi thp; nm ly cnh tay, t nhin
phi n... Nu ta h mt ci bng, hn ngy phi ti ca qun, khng ti th chm,
chc l chng s ci o mang roi n xin chu ti. iu khng phi l vic ng
lo... Cc ng khe sc nh trn, ta s giao cho cc ng chia ng tin nh, ri
gi ly t, lm bc trng thnh cho ta, h chng tt ? n lc , cuc th xoay
vn, t nhin c nhiu vic hay, ng ng lm ch khng phi ta th cn ai?..."
[2].
Tin V Vn Nhm lm ri lon Bc H v ng m mu lm phn a v ti
Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu quyt nh thn em qun ra Bc H tr ti V Vn Nhm.
Thng T nm Mu Thn (1788), Nguyn Hu c lnh b binh v k binh ln
ng ra Bc, i gp hn 10 ngy ti Thng Long [3].V Vn Nhm b git cht
ngay m hm Nguyn Hu ti Thng Long. Nguyn Hu trao quyn bnh Bc H
cho Ng Vn S, c mt s tng lnh Ty Sn i trn th cc trn ngoi Bc,
trng dng cc cu thn nh L nh Ng Thi Nhim, Phan Huy ch, Nguyn Th
Lch, Ninh Tn, Nguyn B Lan, v.v., phong quan tc cho h v h li ngoi
Bc gip vic Ng Vn S.
--------------------
1, 2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 285 - 286, 289 - 290.
3. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch dn, tr. 291.
Thng Nm nm Mu Thn, Nguyn Hu li em qun v Ph Xun ngay.
Nguyn Hu khng th lu ngoi Bc, v tnh hnh trong Nam ng ri ren
nghim trng.
Nguyn nh em qun v nh ph min Gia nh rt d di. Nguyn L v
Nguyn Nhc khng ng u c vi gic. Qun Ty Sn trong tht bi lin
tip. Nguyn Hu cn c mt Ph Xun chun b i ph vi tnh hnh.
Bit Nguyn Hu bn lo cng vic ngoi Bc v th lc qun Ty Sn Gia
nh khng mnh, nn t u thng By nm inh Du (1787), Nguyn nh ri
khi t Xim, tr v quy ri vng Gia nh.
Nguyn nh tin qun v n Long Xuyn, tng Ty Sn, Nguyn Vn
Trng, trn th Long Xuyn, khng chng c m em qun ra hng gic. Thng
Chn m lch (1787), Nguyn nh tin qun ln Cn Gi. Ch tng Ty Sn Gia
nh l Nguyn L Phm Vn Tham li gi Si Gn, cn mnh th rt qun v
Bin Ha ri chy thng v Qui Nhn. Phm Vn Tham gi vng Si Gn, qun
Nguyn nh tin cng nhiu ln nhng khng h c. Nguyn nh phi rt qun
v H Chu. Phm Vn Tham em qun t Si gn ra M Tho nh qun Nguyn
nh. Qun Nguyn nh thua to, tng gic Nguyn ng Vn b Phm Vn Tham
bt sng.

94
 Nhng thng li ny khng cu vn ni tnh th Gia nh. Cc tng Ty Sn
cc a phng lin tip tht bi v u hng gic, nh Nguyn K Nhun Ba Vt,
chng c Chn, hu hiu Hun Lng ph.
Thng Mi inh Du, Nguyn Nhc cho Nguyn Vn Hng em 30 thuyn
vn ti t Qui Nhn vo tip vin cho Phm Vn Tham. Phm Vn Tham v Nguyn
Vn Hng em qun tin nh Nguyn nh M Lung. Nguyn nh trong thnh
c th. Phm Vn Tham nh mi khng c. Ma h nm 1788, Nguyn Vn
Hng rt qun v Qui Nhn, Phm Vn Tham cng phi quay v Si Gn.
Thng T nm Mu Thn (1788), li mt tng Ty Sn na l cai c Vin m
ca n Trn nh ra u hng Nguyn nh.
Nhng tht bi lin tip ca qun Ty Sn Gia nh nh th buc Nguyn
Nhc phi nhiu ln vit th yu cu Nguyn Hu vo cu vin [1].
Trc nguy c mt min Gia nh v tay Nguyn nh, v trc nhng li ku
cu ca anh, Nguyn Hu khng th khng lo tnh n vic vo nh cu Gia nh.
Gii quyt xong vn Bc H, Nguyn Hu cn phi v ngay Ph Xun t chc
mt lc lng qun i mnh, chun b tin nh Nguyn nh Gia nh.
Khi Thng Long v, Nguyn Hu em theo nhiu qun Bc H vo Ph
Xun [2] V cho qun s tp luyn rt ro rit. Ngay t gia nm 1788, nhn dn Ph
Xun v cc vng Qung Tr, Qung Bnh ngy nay, thc hin khu hiu "tn sut
vi binh" [3] tc ton dn tng qun. Cho nn cc a phng u c tp trung qun
ng o, sn sng ln ng chin u, khi T quc cn n. Ti kinh thnh Ph
Xun, ton dn u hc tp qun s [4]. Trong mt thi gian ngn, Nguyn Hu
c mt o qun mnh, sn sng ln ng chin u. Thy qun ca Nguyn Hu
Ph Xun khi y c 120 thuyn chin, lc qun c khong 300 voi chin. Nguyn
Hu cho c nhiu i bc ln trang b cho o qun ny [6] v cho t tm khu
i bc mt trc Ph Xun bo v kinh thnh [7].
---------------------------
1, 2. Th ca Doussain vit cho B a Lc dn trong Alexis Faure, ti liu dn, tr. 212.
3. Trong bc th bng ting Php ngy 16 thng 6 nm 1788, Dousain t vit hai ch "tn
sut" bng ting Vit.
4, 5, 6, 7. Th ca gio s Doussain dn trn.
Mt ngi php l G-ra P-r-vin (Gras de Prville), thuyn trng tu
Png-ua (Pandour) ti kho st min Gia nh khong thng 9 nm 1788, vit v
Nguyn Hu v qun i ca ng lc y nh sau:
"Ty Sn [1] rt mnh; qun i ca Nguyn Hu, nu khng thin chin th
cng rt ng, Nguyn Hu c voi ko pho, v hn na, Nguyn Hu c rt
nhiu thuyn chin, chin hm v tu thuyn chuyn ch qun i. Nguyn Hu c
ngh lc, c ti nng; l mt vi nt v hnh nh Nguyn Hu, theo d lun qun
chng" [2].
Nguyn Hu c mt qun i mnh v sn sng chin u nh vy, m tnh
hnh Gia nh th ngy cng khn trng. Thng Tm nm Mu Thn (1788),
Nguyn nh nh chim c thnh Gia nh, ch tng qun Ty Sn Gia nh
l Phm Vn Tham phi chy vo Ba Xc. t Gia nh c nguy c mt ht vo tay
Nguyn nh. Nhng Nguyn Hu vn khng th quyt nh tin qun vo Nam nh
cu Gia nh, v ngoi Bc lc y li ang b nn ngoi xm e da.
95
 Khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc git cht V Vn Nhm, bn phn ng L
Chiu Thng vn tip tc chng i phong tro Ty Sn. Chng chia ra lm nhiu
ton mu nh li qun Ty Sn ca Ng Vn S. L Chiu Thng v mt s
tng chn tay ng qun Lng Giang, Kinh Bc. M L Chiu Thng cng mt s
chn tay ng qun Cao Bng. Em L Chiu Thng l L Duy Chi cng mt s t
trng chim gi nh Chu (Thi Nguyn).
Thng Nm m lch (1788) [3] qun Ty Sn cng phin mc Cao Bng l B
Nguyn Tr v ngi th dn Lng Sn l Quyn Trm tin ln nh p trn doanh
Cao Bng. M L Chiu Thng v bn chn tay theo ng Thy Khu chy sang
Long Chu cu cu nh Thanh. Thng By m lch nm y [4] L Chiu Thng t
Kinh Bc cng cho chn tay sang Qung Ty van xin qun Thanh cu vin.
------------------------------
1. Ch Nguyn Hu.
2. Alexis Faure, ti liu dn, tr. 199.
3. Hong L nht thng ch ni l thng 5, Vit s thng gim cng mc ni l thng 7.
4. Hong L nht thng ch ni l thng 9, Vit s thng gim cng mc ni l thng 7.
Bn vua ti nh Thanh, nhn c hi , gp rt chun b lc lng tin sang
xm lc Vit Nam.
Tin bn phn ng L Chiu Thng cu vin qun Thanh v qun Thanh mu
xm lc Vit Nam a v Ph Xun t thng By nm Mu Thn (1788) [1].
Trc nn ngoi xm e da Bc H nh vy, Nguyn Hu khng th tin qun vo
Gia nh nh Nguyn nh. Nguyn Hu phi ch tnh hnh tht chn mui mi
quyt nh phng hng tin qun: vo Nam hay ra Bc. Nu qun Thanh sang xm
lc th trc nguy c mt nc, Nguyn Hu phi em qun ra Bc H nh tan
qun Thanh ri sau s tnh vic nh bn phn ng Nguyn nh Gia nh. l
tt c phng hng chin lc ca Nguyn Hu cui nm 1788. Phng hng
y rt ng.
Thng Mt m lch (1788), 20 vn qun Thanh sang xm lc, Nguyn Hu
chun b y , sn sng tin qun ra Bc chin u mt sng mt cn vi qun
cp nc. V Nguyn Hu chin thng, gi vng nn c lp ca T quc.
-------------
1. L s b, t 263.

QUN THANH XM LC VIT NAM

c bn vua ti nh L sang cu vin, bn vua ti nh Thanh vi vng nm ly
c hi mu xm lc Vit Nam. Chng chun b ht sc khn trng k hoch
a qun sang chim ng nc ta. Sau khi nhn li v mn ting "cu gip" bn
vua ti bn nc L Chiu Thng, Cn Long lp tc cng Tn S Ngh tin hnh
mt s bin php chun b nh sau:
1. Tng cng qun s canh gi cc n dc bin gii Vit Trung phng qun
Ty Sn trn sang lng bt bn vong thn nh L. Vic ny trao cho vin c
Tam c m nhim [1].
2. Lm hch trao cho bn quan li nh L em v truyn b trong nc, xi gic
nhn dn ni ln chng li Ty Sn v ng vin bn quan li c ca L Chiu
Thng m qun cn vng, hng ng v hip lc vi qun Thanh
96
 xm lc.
3. H lnh cho vin t trng Sm Nghi ng, tri ph ph in Chu l mt vng
thiu s gn Long Chu ng ra cng vi bn cha ti nh L l L Duy Chi,
Nguyn nh Mai, chiu m nhng qun tnh nguyn [2] m chng gi l qun
"ngha dng" in Chu v vng bin gii Cao Bng, Long Chu lm i
qun dn ng cho cc o qun chnh quy ca nh Thanh tin vo chim ng
Vit Nam.
4. iu ng mt lc lng qun i chnh quy rt ln sang xm lc Vit nam,
gm c lc qun ca bn tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty, Vn Nam, Qu Chu v
thy qun ca hai tnh Qung ng, Phc Kin.
---------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hon L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 326.
2. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, Sch Trung Quc, xut bn nm 1812, gm 14 quyn, Bn in ca
Trung Hoa th cc, Thng Hi, q. 6, mc "Cn Long chinh ph An-nam k", t 34.
Nhng cng vic chun b ny t mt s kt qu theo mun ca chng.
Hch ca bn xm lc a sang Vit Nam khuyn khch bn phn ng nh L
trong nc tch cc chiu m "qun cn vng" n qun xm lc vo giy xo
T quc. Nhng t hch hunh hoang y cn li ko c bn ch thu khai m
Thi Nguyn l h Trng v h Ct, ngi Triu Chu (Qung Ty), hng ng
bn xm lc, ng ra t tp c hn mt vn ngi Triu Chu tr ng min ni
pha bc nc ta, lp thnh mt o qun tnh nguyn chia lm mi on, mi on
mt nghn ngi, xin gia nhp o qun "ngha dng" in Chu ca Sm Nghi
ng v tnh nguyn lm nhng i qun dn ng cho cc o qun xm lc tin
vo Vit Nam [1]. Bn Cn Long, Tn S Ngh cng nhanh chng tp trung c
mt o qun ln m Tn S Ngh trong t hch ca hn khoa i qun s ti 50
vn ngi [2]. o qun Thanh xm lc ny, tuy khng ln n nh th, nhng,
trong thc t, ring lc qun, chng cng tp trung c li 20 vn ngi, khng
k thy qun v cc o qun tnh nguyn "ngha dng" [l] in Chu, Thi
Nguyn cng cc o qun "cn vng" ca bn vua ti L Chiu Thng Bc H.
---------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 328 - 329.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 336.
Cng tc chun b hon thnh, Cn Long li chiu cho Tn S Ngh, tng c
lng Qung lm Chinh Man i tng qun [1] thng lnh 20 vn lc qun ca bn
tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty, Vn Nam, Qu Chu, ch ngy ln ng tin nh
Vit Nam. Cn Long li c c tng c Vn Nam, Qu Chu l Phc Khang An
chuyn trch vic tr tnh qun lng [2] cho on qun xm lc. Trong cuc xm
lc ny, Cn Long t vn qun lng ln mt tm quan trng c bit, ngang
hng vi vic chin u ngoi mt trn. Thc hin nhim v , khi on qun xm
lc tin sang Vit Nam th t hai a im xut qun Qung Ty v Vn Nam ti
kinh thnh Thng Long, Phc Khang An lp c trn by mi n qun lng
[3] to ln v kin c. Ring trn mt chng trng t i Nam Quan ti Thng Long,
trong khi Tn S Ngh hnh qun th Phc Khang An cng lp c mi tm kho
qun lng [4].
-------------------------
97
1 Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 336.
2, 3. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 35.
4. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Qun doanh k lc, dn trong cch mng Ty Sn ca Vn Tn, Nh xut
bn Vn S a, H Ni. 1958, tr. t35.
Nhng s chun b nh trn cho thy rt r d tm ca bn Cn Long, Tn S
Ngh mun nh chim nc Vit Nam cho bng c, lm qun huyn ca
chng.
Sau khi c Tn S Ngh thng lnh lc qun, Cn Long gi cho Tn S Ngh mt
bn ch d, vch ra nhng phng hng chin lc, i nh sau:
"... C t t, khng gp vi. Trc hy truyn hch gy thanh th, sau cho
bn cu thn nh L v nc tm t qun nh L a ra ng u i ch vi
Nguyn Hu. Nu Hu b chy th cho L t qun ui theo, m i qun ca ta th
i tip sau. Nh th, khng kh nhc m thnh cng, l thng sch.
Nu nh ngi trong nc, mt na theo v Hu m Hu khng chu rt qun,
th phi ch thy qun Mn Qung [1] vt bin, nh vo Thun, Qung [2] trc,
sau lc qun [3] mi tin cng c hai mt, ng trc, ng sau, Nguyn Hu
u b nh, tt phi quy phc. Ta nhn gi c hai. T Thun, Qung vo Nam
th ct chia cho Nguyn Hu. T Hoan i [4] tr ra Bc th phong cho h L. M ta
th ng i qun nc y kim ch. V sau s c cch x tr khc" [5].
--------------------------------
1. Mn Qung, tc Phc Kin, Qung ng (Trung Quc).
2. Thun, Qung, tc Thun Ha, Qung Nam (Vit Nam).
3. Lc qun do Tn S Ngh ch huy.
4. Hoan i, tc Ngh An, Thanh Ha.
5. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 3.
Chin lc ca Cn Long tht qu quyt. Hn mun dng mt chin lc m tt
c nhng k i cp nc vn thng dng l "ly ngi Vit Nam nh ngi Vit
Nam". Hn mun dng binh khng vt v m chim ng c ton b nc ta.
Chin lc xm lng ca Cn Long chia lm hai bc rt r rt.
Bc th nht: ly qun "cn vng" ca L Chiu Thng lm lc lng ch yu
nh qun Ty Sn, qun Thanh xm lc ch ng vai tr tr lc. Nu qun
L Chiu Thng chin thng qun i Ty Sn th bc th nht ca k hoch
hon thnh. Qun Thanh s khng ch bn vua ti nh L, bin L Chiu Thng
thnh tn vua b nhn. Nh th l chin lc xm chim Vit Nam hon thnh.
khng cn phi thc hin bc th hai. V ngay t trong bc th nht, qun di
nh Thanh cng ch ng bin gii ph trng thanh th, cn mc cho qun
L Chiu Thng chin u. Khi qun L Chiu Thng chin thng th qun i
nh Thanh s ung dung ko sang chim ng.
Bc th hai ca chin lc m qun Thanh phi thc hin l khi no qun "cn
vng" ca ln vua bn nc L Chiu Thng khng th chin thng c qun
i Ty Sn, th qun Thanh s l lc lng ch yu chin u vi qun i
Ty Sn. Nhng khi phi thc hin bc th hai th o b binh 20 vn ngi do
Tn S Ngh thng lnh cng khng c php tin sang Vit Nam ngay, m phi
i khi no thy qun Mn Qung tin xung nh Thun, Qung th lc
qun ca Tn S Ngh mi c tin vo Bc H.

98
 Vi chin lc y, r rng l Cn Long vn t ra ch quan v cha nh gi
ng lc lng hng mnh ca qun i Ty Sn di s lnh o thin ti ca
Nguyn Hu.
Nu chin lc ca Cn Long c thc hin nghim tc th n s dn ti hai
trng hp. Mt l thc hin bc th nht khng thnh cng, qun L Chiu Thng
khng th chin thng c qun Ty Sn hoc b qun Ty Sn tiu dit, bn vua
ti nh Thanh nh la b ci mng xm chim Vit Nam v rt qun i xm lc
v. Nh th th chng khng tn tht g. Hai l nu nh chng c liu lnh thc hin
bc th hai ca chin lc, cho qun thy b tin nh Vit Nam, th d chng
khng chin thng c qun i Ty Sn, d phi tn tht nhiu chng na, nhng
c l cng khng n ni b tiu dit hon ton v nhanh chng. l im ng k
trong chin lc ca Cn Long.
Tn S Ngh cn ch quan hn Cn Long. Chnh v th m tht bi, c l l
mt s tht bi thm hi nhc nh nht trong lch s xm lc ca phong kin
phng Bc vo Vit Nam, mt s tht bi vnh vin chm dt lch s xm lc
ca chng vo Vit Nam.
Tn S Ngh bit qun i Nguyn Hu l mt qun i li hi, tuy hn cha
bit c y . Cho nn hn khng tin qun i cn vng hp ca L Chiu
Thng c th thng c qun i Nguyn Hu. V im ny, Tn S Ngh hn Cn
Long. Nhng Tn S Ngh li ch quan cho rng hn s chin thng qun i Nguyn
Hu mt cch d dng.
c 20 vn lc qun trong tay, Tn S Ngh nng lng mun lp tc chim
ng Vit Nam. Tn S Ngh khng mun ngi ch bin gii thc hin tng
bc ch d ca Cn Long. Tn S Nghi dng s v triu ni r ci l cn phi a
qun sang Vit Nam, khng th trng cy kh nng chin u ca bn vua ti nh
L:
"Thn nghe h L nc An Nam hn yu, sau ny khng chc gi c
nc. Nay h sang cu cu, bn triu theo ngha phi cu gip. V chng An Nam
vn l t c ca Trung Quc [l], nu sau khi khi phc h L ri, nhn li cho
qun ng gi th nh th l bo tn h L m ng thi li chim c nc An
Nam, mt cng m hai vic vy" [2].
-------------------------
1. C ngha l thuc a c, t h c ca giai cp phong kin Trung Quc.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 332.
Tun ph Qung Ty Tn Vnh Thanh, ngi c c cng Tn S Ngh mu
tnh vic xm lc Vit Nam, cng thy r bn vua ti nh L nht nh s b qun
i Ty Sn tiu dit, nh nhn nh ca Tn S Ngh. Nhng Tn Vnh Thanh vn
tn thnh chin lc ca Cn Long v dng s phn i Tn S Ngh:
"Hin nay h L h Nguyn [1] ang nh nhau, h L th no cng b h
Nguyn thn tnh. Chi bng c ng qun yn lng ri sau nhn lc c hai bn
u kit qu, by gi ta s nh ly cng cha mun g" [2].
Kin quyt thc hin mu ca mnh, Tn S Ngh li dng s tu di Cn
Long, nu ln nhng iu kin thun li v cn thit phi tin qun ngay vo Thng
Long:

99
 "Vng li thng d: ch nn lm thanh vin cho h, h t lo ly khng cn
phi dy qun lm to chuyn. Knh tun theo thnh ch y thn tra xt k cng cc
ni ng s qua li, t i Chiu c n thnh nc h, qun i chng qua ch
mt su ngy. Lng Sn hi c lam chng. Qua khi thy th u tt lnh. i
qun tin ln ng La Thnh [3] va khng nng nc li khng c lam chng. V
li cng cn diu v gng oai, ph trng thanh th qun ta y cho gic bit
l khng th ch ni. Ri sau mi sai phi cc qun ng ngha ca nc h t i
nh dp ly. Qun ta s khng n ni phi vy mu mi gm, m qun gic u
b bt git. Nh vy cng trng hn chng thnh..." [4].
Cng nng lng mun sm chim ng Vit Nam nh Tn S Ngh, Cn Long
t hy b chin lc ca mnh ra, tn thnh ngh ca Tn S Ngh v h lnh
cho S Ngh xut qun.
---------------------------
1. H Nguyn y l ch Nguyn Hu.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 332.
3. La Thnh tc kinh thnh Thng Long.
4. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch, tr. 330 - 331.
Nh th l sang xm lc Vit Nam ln ny, qun Thanh ch c lc qun, khng
c thy qun. Lc qun Thanh gm c cc o b binh ca bn tnh Qung ng,
Qung Ty, Vn Nam, Qu Chu v o qun "ngha dng" in Chu, tt c l 20
vn ngi, t di quyn tit ch ca Tn S Ngh.
Qun Thanh theo ba ng tin sang Vit Nam:
- Cc o qun Vn Nam, Qu Chu, do c Vn Qu i Kinh, t Vn
Nam qua ca i M bch quan [1], theo ng Tuyn Ha, Tuyn Quang, xung Sn
Ty, vo Thng Long.
- o qun tnh nguyn in Chu, do Sm Nghi ng qun lnh, theo ng
Long Chu sang Cao Bng [3] xung Thi Nguyn tip nhn cc on qun tnh
nguyn Triu Chu ca hai h Trng, h Ct, ri cng tin vo Thng Long.
- Cc o lc qun Qung ng, Qung Ty, do Tn S Ngh trc tip ch huy,
c c Ha Th Hanh lm ph tng, tin xung ca i Nam Quan nh vo
Lng Sn.
- o qun ny l o qun ch lc. Tng binh Thng Duy Thng, ph tng
Khnh Thnh qun lnh lc qun Qung Ty. Cc tng binh Trng Triu Long v
L Ha Long qun lnh lc qun Qung ng [4].
Ngy m lch 28 thng Mi nm Mu Thn tc 25 thng 11 nm 1788, tt c
cc o qun u cng xut pht.
------------------------
1. Ngy Nguyn, Ti liu dn. t 35.
2. Tuyn Ha tc huyn inh Ha thuc Thi Nguyn.
3. Nguyn Thu, L qu k s, Bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H.V. 498. t 41. Gn y, mt
vi ti liu thng vit Sm Nghi ng em qun t Khm Chu sang Cao Bng, l khng
ng, ln ln Long Chu vi Khm Chu. Nu qu tht Sm Nghi ng Khm Chu, min
bin tnh Qung ng th khng c l g li em qun i vng qua Qung Ty xung Cao
Bng, trong khi qun Qung Ty ch vic i thng xung Nam quan vo Lng Sn.
4. Ngy Nguyn, Ti liu dn, t 35.

100
 Trc khi qun Thanh ln ng, Tn S Ngh ban b cho ton qun ca hn
tm iu qun lut nh sau:
1. "iu th 1. i binh ra i, vn dp gic an dn. H qua cc ni u ph
nghim chnh i ng m i, khng c quy nhiu nhn dn, cp bc ch
ba.
2. iu th 2. Ngoi i, non cao rng hin, min y rt d mai phc, trc ht
phi san bng tng, pht ht bi rm, cho trc mt quang ng c th
vng lng m tin ln. Nu gp ch no t mi xp b, cng nn xem
xt, phng mu gian ca gic.
3. iu th 3. H ni no i binh ch ng th trc ht phi xem xt a
phng, chn ly hnh th, tm ni d ly nc, ly c, ch c ng gn rng
rm, bn mt phi o ho p ly v c xut binh lnh m ngy tun
phng, ngy m phi cho qun i d xt ngoi mi dm, khng c n
o, d gy ra kinh s ri lon.
4. iu th 4. Ngi Nam nh trn, hay dng sc voi. Voi khng phi l vt
ni a tng tp quen, nn h gp phi, trc tin qun ta th no cng trnh
chy. Khng bit rng sc voi tuy kho, chung qui cng l thn mu tht,
khng th ng c vi sng ng ca ta. Nu thy voi ra trn, xa th bn
sng, gn th dng cung v ao, lm cho n b au m chy tr li, giy xo
ln nhau, qun ta nhn c hi y m tin ln chm git, th no cng thng
trn, khng cn nghi ng g na. Cn phi ch bo cho nhau cng c bit.
5. iu th 5. Qun Nam khng c s trng g khc, ton dng th ng phun
la lm li kh, gi l "ha h". Khi hai qun gip nhau, trc ht h dng
th t chy qun o ngi ta, buc ngi ta phi lui. Nhng ti ngh ca
h cng ch c th m thi, so vi sng ng ca ta th cn km rt xa. Hin ta
ch sn vi trm l chn bng da tru sng. Nu gp "ha h" ca ngi
Nam phun la, th qun ta mt tay cm l chn la, mt tay cm dao
chm ba, chc rng chng s phi b chy tan tc.
6. iu th 6. i binh i ng, nu gp khe sui, dng sng, ch no nc
su th phi ly tre, g bc!m cu phao, binh m vt qua cho tin, ch
no sng hp nc nng, th vin quan coi qun phi d th ch xc, ri cho
qun lnh ni tip nhau nh xu c m ko i. Lc xung nc khng c
em bi nhi, thuc sng b u vt y b m t.
7. iu th 7. Rau ci ca i binh dng hng ngy, c tin cng cp pht,
ch c i chc vi ngi Nam bng cch thun tnh, kkng c t tin
cht cy ci cc lng xm, d sinh ra tranh ginh. Nu ch no cch
rng ni mt hai dm, cn sai qun lnh bo v cho k i kim ci, khng
cc t i xa xy ra bin c khc. n nh vic ly nc nu cm,
cng phi do vin quan coi qun xt nghim r rng, qu tht trong sch
khng c c mi cho mc ung.
8. iu th 8. Nhng qun lnh b thng hoc b m, vin quan coi qun phi
tra xt tng tn, lm giy bm r ri cho a v doanh iu tr, t s
gip thng xt. Nu c bn qun lnh khng tt, gi lm b thng hay
au m, hng c v nh, mt khi tra ra s tr ti ngay tc khc. V li, ln
101
 ny hnh qun xa xi qua bin i, triu nh thng n binh lnh, chu
cp rng ra ngoi th l, mi ngi lnh c cp mt tn phu. Cc vin coi
qun cn hiu d trc cho mi ngi bit. Lnh v phu cng cn phi
thng yu gip ln nhau, khng c ty tin sai khin mt cch tn
ngc. n nh lc hnh qun, lnh u phi mang ly kh gii, khng c
t mnh bung tay i khng, vic g cng giao cho phu dch mang i, n
ni h khng th chu ni, phi gia ng b trn. Ngoi ra, s phu qu
nhiu, tra cu rt kh, thm ch c ngi doanh trc ln vo doanh sau,
ngi ny, ngi kia khng quen bit nhau, d sinh ra ln xn. Do phi
cp cho mi tn phu mt mnh th bi eo lng, k r tn h, doanh hiu,
tin nhn xt phn bit.
Cc iu qun lut trn y, qun lnh u phi tun theo mt cch nghim tc.
K no lm tri, nht thit x theo qun php, khng tha" [1].
-----------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch.... tr. 333 - 335.
Nhng iu qun lut trn y chng t Tn S Ngh l mt vin tng xm
lc xo quyt. Trong nhng iu qun lut hn c nu ln danh ngha "dp gic,
an dn", ra nhng k lut "cm nhng nhiu, cp bc" la di nhn dn ta.
Nhng Tn S Ngh vn lo s s phn ng mnh m ca nhn dn ta, nn bn cnh
nhng iu qun lut la phnh y, hn phi ra nhng bin php phng: hnh
qun, i ng, qua rng qua ni, tro o li sui nh th no khng sa hm mc
by, khng b nhn dn ta phc kch; ng qun, b phng nh th no khi b
nhn dn ta tp kch bt ng, v.v.
Tuy nhin, nhng iu qun lut ca Tn S Ngh khng th c gi tr, bi v
bn cht qun i ca hn l qun i xm lc; lm nhim v cp nc, git ngi
ly ca th mt khi t chn ln t nc Vit Nam, lm sao chng li c th gi k
lut nghim minh khng git ngi cp ca, nht l khi chng thy xm lc d
dng, khng nh cng thng, khng gp mt sc khng c ng k no sut t bin
gii n Thng Long. Cho nn, mt khi ti Thng Long, qun Thanh, t ch tng
Tn S Ngh cho ti s tt, u t hy b mi qun lnh, mi k lut m chng
ra khi mi xut pht, v chng tr thnh ch quan khinh ch n cao ,
chnh mng vi nhim v tin cng lin tc hon thnh mu ca chng l xm
lc ton b nc Vit Nam.
Trong 8 diu qun lut ni trn, Tn S Ngh tnh ton c n nhng phng
php i ph vi nhng phng tin chin u rt quen thuc ca qun di Ty Sn
l cc on qun voi v ha h, v cng l hai th phng tin chin u m qun
Thanh khng c. Nhng mc du tnh ton, Tn S Ngh vn cha thy ht c sc
mnh ca qun i Ty Sn, cha lng c tnh li hi ca nhng phng tin
chin u ca qun i Ty Sn.
Trong qun i Ty Sn, pho binh l voi mang pho trn lng hoc ko theo
sau. Trong tay cc chin s dng cm v mu tr ca qun i Ty Sn s kt hp
pht huy tc dng v cng to ln m Tn S Ngh khng lng thy c.
Tn S Ngh c tnh ton n cch i ph vi ha h, mt phng tin chin
u s trng ca qun i Ty Sn. Nhng ha lc ca qun i Ty Sn khng

102
phi l ch c ha h m ha lc ch yu lc y l sng trng, i bc. Tn S Ngh
khng bit nhng iu , cho nn nhng tnh ton trc ca Tn S Ngh u
khng c gi tr.
V pha ngha qun Ty Sn, ngay t thng By nm Mu Thn (1788), tc l
hai thng sau khi Nguyn Hu ri khi Thng Long v Ph Xun, Ng Vn S
cho ngi vo Ph Xun bo co vi Nguyn Hu tnh hnh chun b ca qun
Thanh xm lc [1]. Nhng Nguyn Hu vn bnh tnh trc tnh hnh, vng tin
sc mnh ca mnh. Mt mt Nguyn Hu trao cho cc tng lnh Bc H trch
nhim t liu i ph vi ch lc ban u, mt mt Nguyn Hu tch cc chun b
lc lng sn sng tiu dit ch, mt khi chng dm tin su vo t nc Vit
Nam. Cho nn vic qun Thanh tin sang xm lc Vit Nam khng phi l mt iu
bt ng v cc tng lnh Ty Sn Bc H ch ng i ph trc mi tnh hnh
xy ra.
Vi mt lc lng ht sc hn ch, khong mt vn qun ch lc, cc tng
lnh Ty Sn Bc H vn b tr phng th, trong phm v c th c ca mnh
ty tnh hnh sau ny s x tr. Ring Lng Sn l ni gip bin i vi Trung Quc,
hai tng Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn Dim v Phan Khi c [2] u ti cm qun
phng gi.
---------------
1. L s b, t 263.
2. Phan Khi c, ngi Ngh An, hc tr La sn phu t Nguyn Thip.
Nhng d b tr phng th nh vy, cc tng lnh Ty Sn Bc H cng t
bit rng trn di mt vn qun ch lc ca mnh khng phi l lc lng c sc
ngn chn c bc tin ca 20 vn qun xm lc. Cho nn khi c tin cp bo
qun Thanh xut pht v tin gn n bin i, cc tng lnh Ty Sn mt mt c
mt phi on gm mt s quan li c ca nh L l Nguyn Qu Nha, Trn B
Lm, V Huy Tn, Nguyn nh Khoan, L Duy Ch, Nguyn ng n em mt
bc th k tn gim quc L Duy Cn v mt t bm vn k tn cc ho mc Bc H
ti bin i trao cho qun Thanh, ngh ha lm k hon binh, mt mt cc tng lnh
Ty Sn hp bn k hoch i ph vi ch. Trong cuc hp bn, cng c nhng
tng lnh khng khi mun nh ch ngay, khng k lc lng ch ln mnh nh
th no. Mun noi gng L Li, vn dng yu t bt ng nh ch, nh git
cht Liu Thng ni M Yn, Chng ph Nguyn Vn Dng ch trng:
"Nay ngi Thanh xa n y, phi tro o vt sui, ta ly qun ngh ngi
m n nh qun nhc mt, nhm trc cc ni xung yu, cho qun np sn
ch, c lm theo k y, lo g m khng thng" [1].
Cng mt lng kin quyt nh ch nh Nguyn Vn Dng, nhng nhn nh
tnh hnh su sc hn, Ng Thi Nhim a ra mt ch trng khc. ng phn
tch r tnh hnh trc mt gia ta v ch v ngh mt k hoch c th nh sau
vi cc tng lnh:
"Php dng binh ch c mt nh, mt gi m thi. Nay qun Thanh sang y,
ting tm rt ln. Nhng v trong nc lm ni ng cho chng phn nhiu li phao
tin n nhm, lm cho thanh th ca chng to thm, cho lng ngi s hi lay
ng. Qun ta c ai c sai phi i u, va ra khi thnh l b bt git. S

103
ngi Bc H thuc vo s qun ca ta, h gp dp s h l b trn lin. em i
qun y m nh, khng khc g xua by d i chi cp d, khng thua sao c?
n nh vic ng ca thnh m c th, th lng ngi khng vng, t th no
cng sinh ra mi lo bn trong. Du cho Tn, Ng [2] sng li, cng phi b tay,
khng th lm g c. Tht chng khc g em mt con chch b no gi cua. Xin
ngh k m xem! nh chng c, gi cng kkng vng. Vy th c hai chc
nh v gi u khng phi l k hay.
Ngh cho cng th ch cn mt k ny: sm truyn cho thy qun ch y cc
thuyn lng, thun gi gng bum, ra thng ca bin n vng Bin Sn [3] m
ng. Qun b th sa son kh gii, ging trng ln ng, lui v gi ni Tam ip
[4]. Hai mt thy b lin lc vi nhau, gi ly ch him yu, ri cho ngl chy giy
v bm vi cha cng. Th xem qun Thanh n thnh, khu s vic nh L ra sao?
Vua Chiu Thng sau khi phc quc, xp t vic qun vic nc nh th no? Ch
cha cng ra, by gi s quyt chin mt phen, cng cha mun g" [5].
V Ng Thi Nhim khng nh:
"Tng gii i xa, lng th gic ri mi nh, nm phn thng ri mi hnh
ng, ty theo tnh th thay i m by ra chc l. Ging nh nh c, trc th
chu thua ngi mt nc, sau mi c ngi ta mt nc; ng c em nc sau
lm nc trc, mi l tay cao c. Nay ta hy bo ton ly qun lc m rt lui,
khng b mt mt mi tn. Cho chng ng tr mt m, ri li ui i, cng nh
ngc bch ca nc Tn i xa vn nguyn lnh ch c mt g..." [6].
---------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 319.
2. Tn l Tn V thi Xun Thu, Ng l Ng Khi thi Chin Quc, c hai u l nh qun s c
ti ca Trung Quc, thi k trc cng nguyn.
3. Bin Sn l mt vng b bin gia Thanh Ha v Ngh An, ti y c mt ca bin, thng
gi l ca Bng.
4. Ni Tam ip, thng gi o Ba Di, l mt dy ni chy di ra bin theo ng ranh gii
gia hai tnh Ninh Binh v Thanh Ha.
5. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn ch dn, tr. 340 - 341.
6. Thi Xun Thu (Trung Quc), nc Tn em nga tt v ngc bch d nc Ngu cho mn
ng nh nc Quc. Khi Tn mn c ng, dit c nc Quc, lin quay li
dit nc Ngu, ly li c nga v ngc bch.
7. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch..., tr. 341 - 342.
Trong tnh hnh ch mnh gp mi ln qun ta, ch trng ca Ng Thi
Nhim tm thi rt lui to th c li tht l thch ng, ton th tng lnh u tn
thnh v chun b k hoch rt qun. Trong khi s b ngh ha ca cc tng lnh
Ty Sn ti ca i Nam Quan nhng b qun Thanh chn li khng cho sang gp Tn
S Ngh, phi quay tr li.
Khi qun Thanh tin ti i Nam Quan, thanh th lng ly, mt tng gi thnh
Lng Sn l Phan Khi c hong s, ln trn ti ca i u hng gic. Cn mt
mnh tng Nguyn Vn Dim, phi lui qun v pha Kinh Bc.
Tin a v ti Thng Long, k hoch rt qun ca Ng Thi Nhim c thi
hnh cp tc. Ngi thay mt Nguyn Hu, cm quyn Bc H lc y l i t m
Ng Vn S, lin h lnh cho cc tng trn th Kinh Bc, Thi Nguyn, Lng
Sn, ly c em qun i p ly chng ch sng Nh Nguyt, b mt rt qun
104
v Thng Long. Mi ni ch li mt ton qun nh nghi binh, lm cng tc ph
hoi cu ng, phc kch, gy kh khn cho vic hnh qun ca ch, bm st tiu
hao ch, khin chng khng th tin mau c xung Thng Long, bo m cho
ton qun Ty Sn rt an ton v pha ni Tam ip.
Ng Vn S cng thng t cho cc tng trn th Hi Dng v Sn Ty em
ton qun v Thng Long hi qun. Ring qun Ty Sn trn Sn Nam th khng
phi tr ln Thng long, m c lnh li y, chun b thuyn b, ch thy qun
ti s cng xut pht v pha Bin Sn. Ch trong vng nm ngy, cc o qun cc
ni u ko v ti Thng Long cng d mt cuc duyt binh ln bi sng. Sau ,
Ng Vn S cho tng ng Vn Chn c xut ton b thy qun i xung pha
ng cng qun Sn Nam rt v Bin Sn ng n phng th.
Cn lc qun v cc tng lnh khc u tm lu li Thng Long, chun b
lng thc, ch i tm hiu thm tnh hnh ch ri s rt sau. Va khi , s b
Nguyn Qu Nha, Nguyn nh Khoan cng t Nam Quan v ti ni bo tin qun
Thanh qua i Nam Quan vo Lng Sn, b binh v k binh tin phong ca gic
tin ti vng Phng Nhn [1], cch Thng Long khong trn di 50 ki-l-mt.
------------------
1. Phng Nhn l mt huyn ca tnh H Bc ngy nay, pha bc sng Thng.
c tin , Phan Vn Ln, mt tng Ty Sn cm qun Thng Long quyt
xin em mt nghn tinh binh i giao chin vi gic. Mt nghn qun nht nh khng
th chng chi c vi my chc vn qun xm lc. Nhng Ng Vn S ng
Phan Vn Ln xut trn, nhm mc ch va nm ly tnh hnh qun lc c th
ca ch, va lm chm bc tin ca ch, khin lc qun Ty Sn Thng Long c
th gi rt lui v Tam ip.
Trong khi qun i Ty Sn Bc H ang gp rt chun b i ph vi qun
xm lc nh vy, th bn vua ti L Chiu Thng, vn ln lt vng Lng Sn,
Kinh Bc, cng vi vng tp hp cc lc lng phn ng xung quanh, chun b i
n v dn ng cho qun xm lc vo nh chim Bc H. L Chiu Thng sai
L Duy n ln tn ca i Nam Quan bo co vi tng Thanh Tn S Ngh v
tnh hnh trong nc.
Khi c tin cc tng Ty Sn rt qun khi cc trn Kinh Bc, Hi Dng,
Sn Ty v Sn Nam, L Chiu Thng vi sai cc tng ca mnh em qun ti
ng cc trn y. Nguyn o lnh trn Hi Dng, Hong Phng T lnh trn Sn
Ty, Hong T Ngha lnh trn Sn Nam v Trn Quang Chu lnh trn Kinh Bc
[2]. L Chiu Thng gi ring mt nghn qun lm tc v, cng i vi Trn Quang
Chu v trn Kinh Bc.
--------------------
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, bn dch dn, tr. 341.
Sau khi phn phi ngi i ng gi bn trn, L Chiu Thng li cho bn
Phm nh D, V Trinh ln Ha Lc [1], bo co tnh hnh vi Tn S Ngh v
mang theo mi con tru, mt trm v ru lm l khao qun xm lc. ng
thi L Chiu Thng sc cho dn cc x my huyn Kinh Bc, ven ng qun
Thanh sp i ti, phi sa son nghi l n rc qun xm lc [2].

105
 Nhng khng phi v qun Ty Sn rt khi min Lng Sn, Kinh Bc, m
qun Thanh c th hnh qun c d dng nhanh chng, tuyt nhin khng gp mt
tr ngi no.
Ln ng Qung Ty t ngy 28 thng Mi nm Mu Thn m ti sng
sm ngy 13 thng Mt nm y tc ngy 10 thng 12 nm 1788, qun Thanh mi ti
b bc sng Thng [3]. Khi y ton qun Ty Sn cn li rt sang b nam sng
Thng, ph ht cu v a ht thuyn b i ni khc. Mt o qun Thanh do tng
binh Thng Duy Thng v ph tng Khnh Thnh ch huy, phi tn tht nng
n mi bc c cu phao qua sng [4] di ln ma n ca qun Ty Sn, trc
khi rt i hn.
----------------
1. Ha Lc, thuc huyn Hu Lng, pha nam tnh Lng Sn ngy nay, pha di Chi Lng.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 344.
3. 4. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 35.
Vt qua sng Thng, Tn S Ngh ti ng i bn doanh ni Tam Tng [*]
v ngy 15 thng Mt Mu Thn tc ngy 12 thng 12 nm 1788, mt i tin phong
ca qun Thanh do tng binh Trng Triu Long ch huy ko n b bc sng Th
Cu [1]. Trc y Phan Vn Ln cng t Thng Long ti Th Cu. y, qun
Ty Sn cht ht cu v a ht thuyn b i khi dng sng. n Th Cu b
nam sng Th Cu v b nam cao hn b bc, thun tin cho vic dng ha lc
khng ch ch sang sng. Phan Vn Ln cho t i bc b sng, hng ngy bn
sang pha qun ch. Trong sut ba ngy 15, 16, 17 m lch, qun Thanh khng th
no bc c cu phao qua sng, v i bc ca qun Ty Sn bn ph d di [2].
Nm chc tnh hnh ch khng th sang sng nh vo n Th Cu, Phan Vn Ln
em mt cnh qun i ngc ln khc sng Nh Nguyt [3] l ni sng hp nc
nng, na m vt sng tp kch i bn doanh Tn S Ngh ni Tam Tng. Qun
Ty Sn m nhiu t xung phong, nhng b ha lc rt mnh ca ch t trong
bn ra chn li, khng tin ln c [4].
Trong khi , mt trn Th Cu, tnh hnh vn khng thun li cho qun
Thanh. Ngy 17 m lch, Trng Triu Long cng phi b mt em mt cnh qun i
ngc dng sng, bn pha b bc, tm mt li sang sng nh vo n Th Cu
[5]. Ti b bc sng Th Cu, Trng Triu Long ch li mt cnh qun i
ph vi qun Ty Sn. Khi ti gn khc sng Nh Nguyt, m khuya [6] qun
Trng Triu Long gp qun Phan Vn Ln ang tin cng vo i bn doanh Tn S
Ngh.
-------------------
*. Ni Tam Tng huyn Vit Yn, tnh H Bc, pha b bc sng Cu.
1, 2. Ngy Nguyn. Thnh v k, q. 6. t 35.
3. Sng Nh Nguyt l mt khc sng Cu, thuc a phn huyn Yn Phong, pha ty Th Cu.
4. Nguyn Thu, Ti liu dn, t 42. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch d dn, t. XX, tr.
56.
5. Ngy Nguyn, Ti liu dn, t 35.
6. Nguyn Thu, Ti liu dn, t 42.
Trng Triu Long lin cho qun chia lm hai cnh bao vy qun Phan Vn Ln
v cho mt cnh qun th ba vt sng Nh Nguyt tin v nh p qun Ty Sn
n Th Cu. Nh th l c hai cnh qun Ty Sn, b bc sng Nh Nguyt cng
106
nh b nam sng Th Cu u lm vo th b ng, u b nh bt ng. Qun
Trng Triu Long tuy chia ra lm hai cnh nh vo cnh sn qun Phan Vn Ln,
nhng cng khng bao vy c Phan Vn Ln, khng dm cng qun Phan Vn
Ln gip chin, phi t ng xa tp trung cung tn bn vo qun Ty Sn [1] pha
Th Cu, qun Ty Sn b qun Thanh tp kch rt ra khi n. B ha lc qun
Thanh bn ph, n Th Cu bc chy. Phan Vn Ln trng thy doanh tri Th Cu
bc la, bit khng th giao chin lu c na, lin thu qun, vt sng Nh
Nguyt, rt v xui [2].
Trong khi Phan Vn Ln nh nhau vi qun Thanh ni Tam Tng, th
Thng Long, Ng Vn S cho ton th b binh, l nhng n v rt lui sau cng, ln
ng v Tam ip. Ton qun xut pht vo lc na m. Gia tra hm sau [3]
(c th l ngy 18 thng Mt Mu Thn - tc gi ch thch) qun Ng Vn S i ti
Ph Xuyn [4], mi ngi mi bit qun Ty Sn rt khi Thng Long [5]. Ngy
hm sau na [6] (c th l ngy 19 m lch - tc gi ch thch), qun Ng Vn S ti
huyn Yn M [7]. Ngy 20 thng Mt Mu Thn [8] tc ngy 17 thng 12 nm
1788 Ng Vn S cho qun ng thnh mt chin tuyn chy di sut t ven ni
Tam ip thng trn b bin Bin Sn.
---------------------
1, 2. Nguyn Thu. Ti liu dn, t 42. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX, tr.
56.
3, 5, 6, 8. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch..., tr. 343, 358.
4. Ph Xuyn, mt huyn pha nam tnh H Ty ngy nay.
7. Yn M, mt huyn pha nam tnh Ninh Bnh, gip gii a phn tnh Thanh Ha.
C hai o qun thy b cng phi hp ng n phng th. Cng ngy hm y,
Ng Vn S cho dc Nguyn Vn Tuyt cp tc ln ng vo Ph Xun bo co
tnh hnh [1].
Qun i Ty Sn Bc H rt lui v Tam ip v Bin Sn khng nhng bo
ton c lc lng ca mnh m cn c tc dng kh su sc n tinh thn chin
u, v chin lc chin thut ca ch, gp phn quyt nh khng nh vo chin
thng sau ny.
Khi Ng Vn S rt qun khi Thng Long, Tn S Ngh vn cn ng qun
ni Tam Tng. c tin y, Tn S Ngh hng hch qu trch bn quan nh L dn
ng:
"... Sao c mt mc nhu nhc, chng c chy trn mt cch rnh rang?
By gi i binh n a gii nc mnh m cc ngi vn tuyt nhin khng lm
nn cng trng g. Nh th cn gi l nc c ngi c chng?" [2].
My li x v bn quan li nh L cho thy rt r l t sau my thng li nh
sng Thng, Th Cu, sng Nh Nguyt v sau khi thy qun i Ty Sn rt
khi Thng long, Tn S Ngh bt u ch quan khinh ch.
----------------------
1. Ng gia vn Phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch..., tr. 343, 358.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 345.
Khc vi Tn S Ngh, bn quan li nh L bit r sc mnh ca qun i Ty
Sn l nh th no. V Trinh, mt ngi trong bn quan li nh L, phi ni
thng vi Tn S Ngh rng:

107
 "Nc nh ny (Ch bn vua ti L Chiu Thng) t mnh khng th lm c
vic mi n ni phi g ca i cu cu. Nu sc ca chng ti c th ch ng c
chng th u dmphin n i binh? Nay c ln ly iu qu trch, ti cn bit
ni lm sao? Xin tha v tnh hnh ca gic. Nguyn Nhc sinh trng vng Ty
Sn, c so huyt him yu nng ta, Nguyn Hu l tay lo luyn v trn mc,
li nm gi i qun hng mnh... Nhc Ty Sn, Hu chim Thun Ha, ai ny t
xng hng, k ngi vng. Cn quc thnh ca nc ti, ch c ng ca
chng l bn Ng Vn S, Phan Vn Ln m thi. c tin thin binh n, bn
chng cha bit h thc th no, nn hy thu qun tm lnh. Nhng nghe u bn
chng ng qun chn ni Tam ip, ngn hn t t Trng Yn [1] v Nam,
mu li tin ra t Bc ln na. Mt tn t tng cn kit hit nh th, hung chi
tn i t trng ca chng? Nu khng dng o binh tht ln m nh, lm sao c
th bt sng c chng? Nc ti [2] sau khi lon lc tan tc, tng t qun hn, s
rng kh lng lm xong vic..." [3].
Nhng nhng li ni thng ni tht y ca V Trinh khng c gi tr g i
vi Tn S Ngh. Vic tm thi rt lui ca qun i Ty Sn Bc H tc ng
mnh n tinh thn Tn S Ngh, a tnh ch quan khinh ch ca hn ln cao .
Hn dm qu quyt rng:
"... Theo ta xem xt th chng ch nh hng tru, d, sai mt ngi em thng
buc ly c m li v, hn cng khng kh g. i khi qun ta n La Thnh nh bi
nc bt xoa tay l lm xong vic. Ngi hy ch m xem" [4].
----------------------
1. Trng Yn tc l t Ninh Bnh ngy nay.
2. Ch chnh quyn L Chiu Thng.
3, 4. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 345-346.
Li ni tht l kiu ngo, tht l ch quan, khinh ch n cng . Lm tng
m ch quan khinh ch n nh vy th tt nhin khng th trnh khi nhng tht
bi thm hi, khng th trnh khi ri u, b mng. chnh l s phn ca Tn S
Ngh, s phn ca c hai mi vn qun Thanh xm lc sau ny.
Thy qun i Ty Sn rt khi Thng Long, Tn S Ngh ung dung, kiu
hnh em qun thng tin t Tam Tng xung Thng Long. Khi qua trn Kinh Bc,
L Chiu Thng em qun thn ra cho n v mi vo dinh trn tm ngh. Tn S
Ngh khng dng li, cho qun thng tin. Bn vua ti L Chiu Thng bm gt theo
sau.
Chp ti ngy 19 thng Mt Mu Thn [2], tin qun ca qun Thanh ti b bc
sng Ph Lng [3]. Nhng cu qua sng v thuyn b trn sng u khng cn g
na. Ngay c nhng tre mng, cy ci bn b bc cng b qun Ty Sn ph
tri, tin qun Thanh khng cn tm u ra vt liu lm cu phao, b mng sang
sng. c Ha Th Hanh, ngi ch huy nhng i tin qun ny, phi thn c
qun i dc sng, tm cp ly hn 30 chic thuyn con trn sng v a c hai
nghn qun Thanh vo thnh Thng Long b trng [4]. T sng sm ngy hm sau,
20 thng Mt Mu Thn, cc o qun Thanh mi lc tc sang sng tin vo Thng
Long [5].
------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 3 7.
108
2, 4. Ngy Nguyn, Ti liu dn, t 35 - 36.
3. Sng Ph Lng (theo Thnh v k) hoc sng Nh H (theo Hong L nht thng ch) u l
tn c ca sng Hng.
5. V ngy qun Thanh ti Thng Long, cc ti liu phn nhiu ni khc nhau. Hong L nht
thng ch vit l ngy 11 thng Mt Mu Thn. i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp l ngy 20
thng Mt. Thnh v k ni r ngy 19 ti b bc sng Hng, sng ngy 20, cc o qun mi
bt u sang sng, vo Thng Long. Bc thnh lc k ca L Qunh ni l ngy 22, Qun
doanh k lc ca Trn Nguyn Nhip l ngy 25. Ngy 11 ca Hong L nht thng ch c th
l khng ng, v nhng ngy trong Hong L nht thng ch thng sm hn nhng ngy tht
khong 10 ngy. Cn nhng ngy t 20 n 25 ni trn u c th ng c c, tu theo nhng
n v n trc n sau, bi v hn 20 vn qun Thanh, trong iu kin hnh qun v vn
chuyn ca thi xa, khng th n Thng Long cng mt ngy mt lc c. y chng ti
ly ngy 20 thng Mt Mu Thn lm ngy qun Thanh ti Thng Long v ngy y c hai ti
liu l Thnh v k v i nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp ni ti v ngy y cng c phn
hp l i vi vic Tn S Ngh lm l tuyn phong cho L Chiu Thng ti Thng Long ngy 22
thng Mt Mu Thn m nhiu sch ni ti.
Qun s ca tn S Ngh qu ng, trn 20 vn ngi, m ph cha cng nh
doanh tri c ca qun L, Trnh u khng cn na [1], ni thnh Thng Long
khng c iu kin cho qun Thanh n tr. Tn S Ngh quyt nh: i qun Lng
Qung ng ti nhng khu bi rng hai bn b sng Hng [2], tc pha ng nam
kinh thnh Thng Long v bc cu phao qua sng qun lnh hai bn b i li thun
tin. Tn S Ngh lp i bn doanh ngay ti Ty Long cung [3]. My vn qun ngha
dng in Chu, Triu Chu ca Sm Ngh ng c lnh ti ng ti Khng
Thng, pha ty nam kinh thnh Thng Long. Cn ni thnh Thng Long th trao
cho b nhn L Chiu Thng cng vi nghn qun tng cn vng ca y canh gi.
----------------------
1. Tt c ph , lu i, doanh tri ca cha Trnh, u b L Chiu Thng, v on ght nh Trnh,
phng ha t ht ngy 8 thng Chp nm Bnh Ng, 1786. "La chy ngt tri, hn mi
ngy cha tt" Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 191.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 347.
3. Bn Ty Long, nh chng trn chng minh, l mt bn sng ln ng nam kinh thnh
Thng Long, pha ca Ty Long i ra. Di bn, cc thuyn chin c th n tr. Trn bn c
bi rng, c cc doanh tri thy qun v c Ty Long cung l mt ta cung in, cc vua L
cha Trnh ra xem din tp thy qun. Cui nm 1786, inh Tch Nhng cng mt s cu
thn nh L hi hp v lm yn tic ln cung Ty Long bn bc vic ti lp ngi cha
cho h Trnh. Cng cui nm 1786, L Chiu Thng ra cung Ty Long duyt thy qun
ca Hong Vit Tuyn. Chnh v c sn lu i, dinh th v cc doanh tri nh vy, Tn S
Ngh mi ng i qun bn Ty Long v t bn doanh cung Ty Long. Gn y c ngi
cho rng cung Ty Long tc l ci miu th Quan cng ca Hoa kiu qung ph Hng Phc
pha trn cu Long Bin ngy nay, v cn c vo my ch "Ty Long c miu" ca ngi miu
ny v t bn Ty Long pha ng bc kinh thnh Thng Long. Nhn nh nh th l khng
ng v tr tht ca n trong lch s cng nh trong nhng bn ng thi v h thp gi tr
ca cung Ty Long, coi n ch l mt ci miu th Quan cng, cng nh h thp tm quan
trng ca bn Ty Long v mt qun s. Trn thc t, nu qu bn Ty Long l qung bn
Na ngy nay th Tn S Ngh khng dm ng qun ti y, v qung sng ny, lng sng
rng, nc nng, hai bn b cch nhau xa v c bi ln ni gia sng. ng qun hai bn b
sng y th phi t cu phao nhiu ln mi qua li c, nh vy rt bt tin v khi c chin
s, qun Thanh ng y c nguy c b ct lm nhiu mnh: mt mnh bn b bc, mt mnh
bn b nam v mt mnh trn bi sng. Trong tnh hnh y, qun Thanh khng trnh khi b
tiu dit d ng. Cho nn chng ti cho rng Tn S Ngh khng ng qun hai bn b pha
109
 bc Thng Long, m pha nam thnh Thng Long, ni c bn Ty Long v cung Ty Long, c
ng qua ca Ty Long vo thnh.
Tn S Ngh ti Thng Long c vi ngy th phin thn nh L Tuyn
Quang l Hong Vn ng bo tin rng qun Vn Nam - Qu Chu ca i Kinh
tin ti Tuyn Quang. Tn S Ngh lin sai vin i thn nh L l L Qunh ln
tn Tuyn Quang n qun i Kinh v a v n tr ti Sn Ty [1].
----------------------------
1. Nguyn Thu, L qu k s, t 44. Thnh v k, q. 6, t 37 vit l Hong Vn Thng. Trn thnh
Sn Ty thi bt gi x Cam Gi, huyn Phc Lc, tc cng khong gn th x Sn Ty ngy
nay (xem Phan Huy Ch, Lch triu hin chng loi ch, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, Nh xut
bn S hc, H Ni, 1960. t. I, tr. 99).
Nh th l ton b qun i xm lc ca nh Thanh t chn ln t nc
Vit Nam, kim sot c kinh thnh Thng Long v mt b phn t ai Bc H.
S nghip nhc nh ca bn vua ti L Chiu Thng dn ng qun cp
nc v giy xo T quc, ti y cng cn bn hon thnh.
K t ngy Tn S Ngh xut qun, ngy 28 thng Mi Mu Thn tc ngy 25
thng 11 nm 1788, cho n ngy qun Thanh t chn ln bn Ty Long pha nam
kinh thnh Thng long, ngy 25 thng Mt Mu Thn tc ngy 7 thng 12 nm 1788,
cuc hnh qun ca qun Thanh xm lc phi tin hnh trong 22 ngy, khng
phi ch trong 6 ngy, nh Tn S Ngh tu trnh vi Cn Long mt cch hunh
hoang trc ngy xut qun. iu chng t rng cuc hnh qun ca qun Thanh
khng phi l tuyt i khng gp mt cn tr, mt khng c no. N cng chng t
rng vic qun Ty Sn ca Ng Vn S rt khi Thng Long khng phi l mt s
hong s trc qun ch, khng phi l mt cuc chy di v Ph Xun, Thun Ha,
n nu m l s thc hin mt chin lc ng n, c thc hnh nhng k hoch
khng c nh, lm chm bc tin ca qun xm lc, khin qun Ty Sn c th rt
lui an ton v Tam ip, ng thi lm cho ch khng m khinh sut, t tin
nh ngay Tam ip. Chnh v th m qun Thanh xm lc khng th tin nhanh
trn t nc Vit Nam v Tn S Ngh phi hnh qun thn trng. Khi ti Thng
Long, s b tr cc doanh tri, ni tr qun ca qun Thanh cng t ra rng, mc du
ch quan, kiu cng lm, Tn S Ngh vn phi t nhiu thn trng.
Tn S Ngh khng ng qun trong thnh Thng Long, khng phi l khng
c suy tnh, m l do c hai l khch quan v ch quan. Khch quan l ni thnh
Thng Long lc y qu cht khng c kh nng cho hn 20 vn qun Thanh vo
n tr. M ch quan l hn 20 vn qun ca Tn S Ngh khng phi l mt khi
ng nht, n l ba o qun khc nhau, cha h tip xc vi nhau bao gi, tng t
khc nhau, t chc khc nhau, k lut khc nhau, tp qun sinh hot khc nhau, trnh
chin u khc nhau, nu dn vo sng chung trong cng mt doanh tri th tht
l kh khn, s xy ra nhiu vn nan gii trong ni b ca chng. Chnh v nhng
l khch quan ch quan y m Tn S Ngh khng cho hn 20 vn qun ca hn
vo ng trong thnh Thng Long.
Khi ng qun ngoi thnh Thng Long, s b tr cc doanh tri cng khng
phi l ty tin. Tn S Ngh cho ng qun t pha ng qua pha nam ti pha
ty thnh Thng Long. o qun Lng Qung hai b sng Hng, o qun in
Chu, Triu Chu Khng Thng v o qun Vn Qu Sn Ty. S b tr y
110
va thun tin cho vic lin h gia cc o qun vi nhau, va thun tin cho vic
lin h vi Vn Nam v Qung Ty, va thun tin cho vic tip nhn qun lng
ca chng t Trung Quc a sang theo hai ng Qung Ty - Thng Long, Vn
Nam - Thng Long, v trn hai ng y qun Thanh lp c by mi n qun
lng ni tip nhau t bn kia bin gii ti Thng long. Khi cn tin cng Tam ip
v tin qun xung Thun Ha, Qung Nam, th s b tr y cng c nhiu thun
tin, c ba o qun s c th cng tin mt lc c. o qun Lng Qung s
theo trin sng Hng tin xung V Hang. o qun in Chu, Triu Chu s t
Khng Thng theo ng chnh, qua Vn in, tin xung Gin Thy. o qun
Vn Qu s t Sn Ty theo ng Chng c tin xung. C ba o qun y s
gp nhau Tam ip v cng tin cng qun Ty Sn Tam ip - Bin Sn.
Cch b tr ng qun nh trn chng t rng Tn S Ngh c tnh ton,
nhng d sao y vn l cch b tr ca mt qun i ngh ngi. Hn na, vi cch
b tr , Tn S Nghi t ra ch quan, khinh ch, mt cnh gic, ch ngh n nh
ngi, ty tin mun nh ngi lc no th nh, m khng ngh n trng hp b
ngi nh th i ph nh th no. Nhng s h y ca qun Thanh s bc l r
trc chin lc thin ti i ph 20 vn qun Thanh ca anh hng Nguyn Hu sau
ny.
i i vi nhng s h y l tinh thn ch quan khinh ch ngy cng tng ca
qun tng nh Thanh. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho qun
Thanh s phi tht bi thm hi mt khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc.
Tin qun Thanh xm lc chim ng kinh thnh Thng Long a v ti triu
nh Yn Kinh [1] lm cho bn phong kin nh Thanh v cng phn khi. Cn
Long lp tc tuyn phong Tn S Ngh tc Mu dng cng v thng quan tc cho
tt c cc tng s tham gia cuc xm lc ny [2].
-------------------
1. Yn Kinh nay l Bc Kinh.
2. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 3
Nhng thng li tng i d dng Bc H cng vi nhng n hu ca triu
nh phong kin Yn Kinh cng lm cho Tn S Ngh tng thm kiu ngo, ch quan
khinh ch, lng qun ch tip tc n cng, hon thnh m mu xm lc ca
chng.
Tn S Ngh quyt nh dng li Thng Long ngh ngi. Ton th quan
Thanh t tng lnh n binh lnh u ch ngh n ngh ngi, n chi v tc qui
trn mnh t nc b chng xm lc. V nh th, con ng tht bi ca chng
trong nhng ngy sp ti hin ra tht r rt.

NGUYN HU TIN QUN RA BC,

I PH HAI MI VN QUN THANH
Ngy 20 thng Mt nm Mu Thn, Ng Vn S a qun v ti Tam ip th
cng ngay ngy hm y Ng Vn S c c Nguyn Vn Tuyt phi nga vo Ph
Xun cp bo Nguyn Hu. Ch bn ngy sau, tc 24 thng Mt nm Mu Thn (21
thng 12 nm 1788), Nguyn Vn Tuyt ti Ph Xun. Nghe bo co y tnh

111
hnh, Nguyn Hu quyt nh ngay ngy hm sau 25 thng Mt nm Mu Thn tc
ngy 22 thng 12 nm 1788 xut qun tin ra Bc.
Mi nghe th tng nh lnh xut qun y c v nng vi. Nhng tht ra, lnh
xut qun y da trn nhng c s thc t ca n. T nhiu thng trc, nhng
o qun Ph Xun ca Nguyn Hu c hun luyn v chun b y , chu
o, lc no cng t th sn sng chin u, sn sng i lnh ln ng xut trn
i ph vi mi tnh hnh bt trc xy ra, d l pha nam hay pha bc. Nu
khng c mt s chun b chu o, mt t th sn sng chin u nh th, th khng
c mt o qun no gm trn di chc vn ngi c th ngy hm trc c tin
gic n m lp tc ngy hm sau xut pht ln ng i hng ngn dm nh
gic.
Tnh th nc nh lc y, pha bc c gic ngoi xm lc, pha nam c bn
phn ng Nguyn nh quy ri, vic i qun ca Nguyn Hu Ph Xun tin
vo Nam hay tin ra Bc l mt vn quan trng, quyt nh vn mnh ca T
quc, i hi ngi lnh o chin tranh, ngi tng ch huy qun i phi c mt
s tnh ton vng chc, mt nhn nh tnh hnh tht sng sut v c ch trng
phng hng tht ng n.
Trong nhng thng cui nm 1788, Nguyn nh nh ph d di min Gia
nh, Nguyn Nhc nhiu ln vit th yu cu Nguyn Hu a qun vo Gia nh.
Nguyn Nhc ch xin gi mt vng Qui Nhn, t xng l Ty vng, nhng mi
quyn bnh trong c nc v trong ngha qun Ty Sn cho Nguyn Hu. Nhng
Nguyn Hu khng em qun vo Nam ngay, mc du Nguyn Hu c y
iu kin v qun s nh tan bn phn ng Nguyn nh. Bi v ngoi Bc, 20
vn qun Thanh ang chun b tin sang xm lc. M l vn quan trng bc
nht lc y. Nu Nguyn Hu em i qun vo Nam nh Nguyn nh th khi qun
Thanh sang xm lc, Nguyn Hu s khng i ph kp thi. Nguyn Hu t Gia
nh quay tr ra chng nh qun Thanh s gp nhiu kh khn. Tri li, Nguyn
Hu cng khng th em qun ra Bc t trc ch nh qun Thanh. Bi v trch
nhim ca Nguyn Hu lc ny l trch nhim i vi c nc. Nu Nguyn Hu
em i qun ra Bc lu ngy th min Nam c th s h, bn phn ng c th em
qun ra quy ri Qui Nhn, Ph Xun. Nu Nguyn Hu em qun ra Bc n
nh 20 vn qun Thanh ti bin gii, th thng li cha chc nhanh chng. M
thng li Bc H khng nhanh chng th li cng l c hi tt bn phn ng
Nguyn nh nh ra Qui Nhn, Ph Xun.
xy ra tnh trng cng mt lc phi ng u vi th trong gic ngoi c
hai mt trn, pha bc v pha nam th tht l nguy him. Cho nn qun i ca
Nguyn Hu Ph Xun, chun b sn sng chin u t lu, m n by gi
Nguyn Hu mi h lnh xut qun l hp thi, ng lc.
Nhng ra Bc mi ch l gii quyt nhng vn cp bch min Bc, cn
nhng vn Gia nh th gii quyt nh th no; lm th no gi c an ton
cho Ph Xun, Qui Nhn, qun dn t Ph Xun tr vo Gia nh c yn lng
trong khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc. Tt c nhng vic u c Nguyn Hu
lu tm chu o. Trc khi tin qun ra Bc, Nguyn Hu cho mt tng tin cn l
Dim cm th ca ng vo Gia nh trao cho tng ch huy qun Ty Sn trong
112
l Phm Vn Tham. Trong th, Nguyn Hu dn d phng hng chin lc v
ng vin qun dn min Nam c gng chin u, ch ng gii quyt xong cng vic
Bc H s tin i qun vo Nam tiu dit bn phn ng Nguyn nh.
-------------------------------------
1. Nguyn Hu cho ngi tin cy l Dim vo Gia nh a mt th cho Phm Vn Tham. Nhng
u nm 1789, trong khi Nguyn Hu chin thng rc r Bc H, th Gia nh, Phm Vn
Tham tht bi lin tip. Khi Dim vo ti Gia nh, Phm Vn Tham phi u hng Nguyn
nh. Dim b mt tm n gp Phm Vn Tham v a bc th ca Nguyn Hu cho Phm Vn
Tham. Phm Vn Tham n hn: "Nay vic nh th ny th lm th no c?". Dim ni:
"Nay du b thua, nhng khng bao lu cha ta hn tr li. Gia nh li tt v tay chng ta.
Tng qun nn liu tnh i". Tham gi Dim li vi mnh. Vic tit l, Phm Vn Tham b
Nguyn nh git cht v bu u ba ngy ti Gia nh. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S
hc, t. II, tr. 101; th ca gio s Ty Ban Nha Castuera vit ngy 11 thng 6 nm 1789 trong
B.S.E.I. Nouv. sr. tomc XV. n0 3 - 4. 1940, p. 100.
Trc khi ra Bc, lm sng t danh ngha i vi c nc, sng t trch
nhim ca mnh i vi ton dn c hai min Nam Bc, ng quyt nh ln ngi
hong . Ngy 25 thng Mt nm Mu Thn, Nguyn Hu lm l ng quang [1],
ly nin hiu Quang Trung, xa b nin hiu Thi c m trc y Nguyn Hu
vn c gi, mc d Nguyn Nhc xng l Ty vng, ng thi cng xa b c
nin hiu Chiu Thng ca nh L Bc H.
Trong bi chiu ln ngi ca Nguyn Hu, ban b cho ton dn Nam Bc, c
nhng on nh sau:
"Trm l ngi o vi Ty Sn, khng c mt thc t, vn kkng c ch lm
vua, ch v lng ngi chn ngn i lon, mong mi c vua hin cu i yn
dn, v vy trm tp hp ngha binh, mc o ti i xe c m mang ni rng, gip
hong huynh [2] rong rui vic nhung m, gy dng nc Ty Th v yn cc
nc Xim La, Cao Min, nh ly Ph Xun, tin ra Thng Long, ct qut sch
lan lc, cu vt dn trong vng nc la, ri sau tr li nc cho h L, tr t v
i huynh, trm s dng xim thu hia ngao du hai ni m thi. Nhng vic i
dun di, trm khng theo c ci ch xa nh. Trm hai ln gy dng h L, th
m t qun h L khng bit gi x tc b nc i bn vong, s dn Bc H khng
hng v h L ch trng mong vo trm. V phn i huynh c mi mt, tnh
nguyn gi mt ph Quy Nhn, t nhn xng l Ty Vng, my nghn dm t v
phng nam thuc ht v trm [3]. Trm t ngh ti c khng bng ngi xa, m
t ai th rng, nhn dn th nhiu nm ngh cch thng tr, lo ngay ngy nh dy
cng mc ch huy su nga..." [4].
-------------------------
1. L ln ngi lp ti ni Bn thuc a phn x An Cu huyn Hng Tr, tnh Tha Thin, gn
kinh thnh Ph Xun.
2. Ch Nguyn Nhc.
3. Chng ti nhn mnh chng ta ch rng Nguyn Hu trc sau vn nhn mnh c trch
nhim i vi min Gia nh, ng khng h c b mc cho bn 4
4. Hp tuyn th vn Vit Nam, th k XVIII gia th k XIX, Nh xut bn vn ha H Ni, 1963,
tr. 222.
Nhng li gin d trong bi chiu ni kh r nhng l do ln ngi vua ca
Nguyn Hu.

113
 Sau khi lm l ng quang, Nguyn Hu t thng lnh tt c qun thy b tin ra
Bc. Ngy 29 thng Mt nm Mu Thn tc ngy 26 thng 12 nm 1788, i qun
ti Ngh An. Nguyn Hu cho qun ng li Ngh An hn mi ngy. Mt mt
Nguyn Hu cho ngi em th tr hng [1] ra Thng Long a cho Tn S Ngh
khin gic tng thm kiu ngo, ch quan, mt cnh gic, khng ch phng. Mt
mt Nguyn Hu h lnh tuyn qun Thanh - Ngh, trao cho i tng Hm h hu
m nhim. C ba sut inh ly mt ngi ra lnh, trong my ngy c ti hng vn
tn binh, tng cng ton qun c c mi vn ngi [2] v mt i tng binh ln
gm vi trm voi chin [3].
---------------------
1. Nguyn Thu. L qu k s, t 46. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t.
XX, tr. 61. Nhiu sch gn y, da vo bc th ca Nguyn Hu gi Cn Long sau khi chin
tranh kt thc, ni rng cng vi vic a th tr hng ny, Nguyn Hu cn cho em tr
Tn S Ngh 10 tn qun Thanh l bn Hc Thiu Tng, do tng Ty Sn Ng Hng Chn
(on l Ng Vn S) Thng Long, bt t trc chin tranh. S vic ny cha chc l c
tht. Nhng th t giao thip vi nh Thanh sau cuc chin tranh, Nguyn Hu trao ton quyn
cho Ng Thi Nhim, Phan Huy ch v cc tng lnh Ty Sn Bc H m nhim. Trong
nhng bc th gi cho Cn Long, nhn danh vua Quang Trung, cc tng lnh Ty Sn i khi
tm cch buc ti thm cho Tn S Ngh ly l phi v mnh. Cho nn trong , c th c
nhng s vic khng c tht. Trng hp b bt ca nhng ngi ny khng r rng. V li vi
mc ch tr hng ch lm kiu lng ch, Nguyn Hu khng cn phi tr ngi cho Tn S
Ngh.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch, tr. 359, 360.
3. C ti liu nh L triu d s ni rng trong cuc tin qun t Ph Xun ra Bc ln ny,
hnh binh nhanh chng, Nguyn Hu cho qun dng cng 3 ngi mt tp thay phin cng
nhau, khin mi ngi u i nhanh m khng ai b mi. S vic ny khng chc c tht. Bi v
cng nhau m i th khng th i nhanh c bng i b ro cng, cng khng th i nhanh u
n trong thi gian nhiu ngy lin. Cho nn chng ti cho rng vic cng nhau m i ch l cu
chuyn ngi sau vit sch tng tng ra gii thch tc hnh qun mau l ca qun i
Ty Sn. Hoc gi c nhng b phn qun di dng cng chuyn ch qun trang, qun dng,
qun lng... em i c nhiu nn nhn dn trng thy, tng on qun cng nhau
hnh qun nhanh.
Nguyn Hu chia qun lm nm doanh: tin qun, hu qun, t qun, hu qun
v trung qun; binh lnh mi tuyn Ngh An c a vo trung qun t di
quyn ch huy trc tip ca Nguyn Hu. Vic phin ch qun i ny khng c g
c bit, tuy nhin n cng cho thy Nguyn Hu rt kho dng ngi, c ti t chc
qun i. Nhng ngi lnh mi tuyn l nhng ngi lnh cha c thao luyn,
cha quen chin trn, nhng h c t di quyn ch huy trc tip ca ngi anh
hng bch chin bch thng th h s vng vng tin tng, phn khi v pht huy
c kh nng chin u ca h.
Sau khi phin ch xong i ng, Nguyn Hu t chc mt cuc duyt binh ln
ti trn doanh Ngh An. Trc ton Qun, Nguyn Hu tuyn b:
"Qun Thanh sang xm lc nc ta, hin Thng Long, cc ngi bit
cha? trong khong v tr, t no sao ny, u phn bit r rng, phng nam
phng bc chia nhau m cai tr. Ngi phng bc khng phi ni ging nc ta,
bng d t khc. T i nh Hn n nay, chng my phen cp bc nc ta, git
hi nhn dn, v vt ca ci, ngi mnh khng th chu ni, ai cng mun ui
114
chng i. i Hn c Trng n vng, i Tng c inh Tin Hong, L i Hnh,
i Nguyn c Trn Hng o, i Minh c L Thi T; cc ngi khng n ngi
nhn chng lm
Sau hm duyt binh, Nguyn Hu h lnh tin qun. Ngy 20 thng Chp nm
Mu Thn tc ngy 15 thng nm 1789 i qun ca Nguyn Hu tin ti ni Tam
ip. Ti y, Nguyn Hu khng nh ch trng tm lui qun ca cc tng lnh
Bc H l ng, ng ni:
"... Chu nhn trnh sc mnh ban u ca chng, nh hy chnh n i
ng, rt v gi ch him yu, trong th khin cho lng qun kch thch, ngo th
khin cho lng gic kiu cng, l mt k rt hay... " [1].
Ri Nguyn Hu h lnh ng qun li Tam ip mt thi gian tm hiu
tnh hnh c th ca ch Bc H, ng thi truyn hch k ti qun Thanh xm
lc, gi Tn S Ngh l "tn ngng cung h Tn " [2] v ng vin nhn dn Bc
H on kt, quyt tm dit gic.
----------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch ca Ng Tt T, Nh xut bn Mai Lnh,
H Ni, 1945, tr. 531.
2. Nguyn Thu, L qu k s, t 17.
3. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch ca Nguyn c Vn, Kiu Thu Hoch,
Nh xut bn Vn ho, H Ni, 1964, tr. 354.
Trong khi Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn tch cc chun b phn cng nh
vy th bn qun Thanh cp nc Thng Long li ch ngh n ngh ngi, cp
bc, rt ngi chin u, m m qun "cn vng " ca L Chiu Thng th i kht,
hoang mang tan r n cao . T bin i ti Thng Long, khng gp mt sc khng
c mnh m no, Tn S Ngh cho l qun Ty Sn s hi b chy, sinh ch quan,
kiu cng, ph b c mi iu qun lut ra, th lng cho qun lnh t do, ba
bi "mc cho qun lnh cc n t tin b c i ng, i li lang thang khng c k
lut g c. C k i ra khi thnh n hn mi dm kim ci un, c k i ti cc
ch ba dn gian bun bn, hng ngy sm i ti v, xem nh vic bnh thng.
Bn tng t cng ngy ngy chi bi tic tng, khng h g n vic qun" [3].
Qun Thanh thng honh hnh cp bc, nn cp ch, hm hip khng ngy no
khng c [1]. Tn S Ngh li cho qun i lng bt nhng ngi trc y lm
vic vi Ty Sn. Hng ngy, s ngi ny b bt v b git c ti ba bn mi
ngi. Trong khong hn mt thng tri, con s b git ln ti hng ngn ngi [2].
Tn S Ngh li dung tng cho nhng ngi Hoa kiu tr ng Thng Long, Kinh
Bc, ph Hin, da vo qun Thanh, th lm cn, ngang nhin cp ng, cp
ch, hm hip, vu hi ngi lng thin [3]. Nhn dn Bc H tht l kh s v v
cng on ght qun Thanh [4].
Cn L Chiu Thng th tht l n hn n mt. Hng ngy Chiu Thng phi
ti chu hu dinh Tn S Ngh n ch Tn S Ngh truyn lnh v vic qun
vic nc. Tuy lm vua v c Cn Long phong vng cho, nhng Chiu Thng
vn khng dm dng nin hiu Chiu Thng ca mnh: mi giy t vn phi dng
nin hiu Cn Long. Trng thy L Chiu Thng, ngi Bc H khi y phi than
rng:

115
 Nc Nam ta t khi c , c vng ti nay, cha thy bao gi c ng vua
lun ci hn nh th [5].
-----------------------
1, 2. Theo mt bc th nhn danh vua Quang Trung gi cho Cn Long trong "Ty Sn bang giao
tp.
3, 5. Ng gia vn phi, ti liu dn, tr. 348.
i vi qun xm lc th qu ly khn nn nh vy, nhng i vi ngi trong
nc th L Chiu Thng li i x rt tn nhn, d man. Hn da vo qun Thanh
tr th ring cho tha thch. Hn tr ti nhng quan li c lm vic hoc c giao
thip vi Ty Sn. Hn m bng ph n c mang, cht chn ba ngi ch ca hn
ri qung xc xung ging v.v., ch v nhng ngi ny c lin h vi Ty Sn
[1]. Bn chn tay ca L Chiu Thng l bn L Qunh, bt ti, v hnh, sut ngy
say m ru ch, cng nhin n ca t lt, vu hm cc bn ng liu c. Triu nh
b nhn ca L Chiu Thng nh vy ch lm hi nc v nhc nc, khin cho qun
xm lc cng thm khinh nhn, hng hch, kiu cng, tn bo.
Bc H lc y, my nm lin mt ma i km, nht l nm l788 li cng i
km d di. Bn vua ti L Chiu Thng phi thu lng thc ca nhn dn nui
qun Thanh. Nhng cc chu huyn u khng c thc la cung ng. Chiu
Thng phi cho qun thn chia nhau i cc ni c thc ly lng. Dn chng ku
khc, nhn i m dng np. "ng tip t lng thc cho qun Thanh th xa, nn
bao nhiu lng v tin m triu nh thu c ca dn u em cung n cho h
ht sch. Cn vi vn ngi va ngha binh cc o, va cu binh Thanh -Ngh [2]
th u lng khng d trng i theo vic binh nhung. Lng ngi do y li cng
chia r tan tc" [3].
------------------------
1, 3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch d dn, t. XX tr. 60.
2. Qun i c ca L Chiu Thng, ngi Thanh Ha, Ngh An.
Trong khi Bc H qun Thanh cp nc tn bo nh vy, qun chng nhn
dn kh s nh vy, bn phn ng L Chiu Thng c nhng hnh ng hn
nhc nh nh vy, th bn phn ng Nguyn nh Gia nh cng c nhng hnh
ng hn nhc nh khng km. Chng cng cu mong qun xm lc nc ngoi
vo cp nc, vo giy xo ln T quc, chm git ng bo ca chng. c tin
qun Thanh tin sang cp nc pha bc, Nguyn nh mng r, vi vng cho l
chn tay l bn Phan Vn Trng, Lm mang th sang triu nh nh Thanh t
lng hoan nghnh, thn phc v em 50 vn cn go gip lng cho qun Thanh
nh chim Bc H. Nhng khng may cho bn phn ng Nguyn nh, hnh ng
nhc nh ca chng khng i n kt qu no. Cc thuyn go ca chng ra ti
bin, gp bo, b m, c go v ngi u lm mi cho c bin [l].
Trong tnh hnh Bc H hn lon, do qun Thanh xm lc v bn phn ng
Chiu Thng gy nn, mt vi cu thn nh L trng thy nguy c c th b tiu
dit, ly lm lo lng v mun c nhng hnh ng qun s kp thi. Ng Tng o
dng s yu cu kp thi tin nh qun Ng Vn S Tam ip. Tn S Ngh
khoc lc, t chi:
"Vic g m ph vi v nh vy?... Gic gy m ta ang bo, hy chng t
n np tht..." [2].
116
 Tuy ni ngng nghnh nh vy, nhng thy mi ngi thc gic, Tn S Ngh
cng khng dm vic qun tr trng lm. Hn lin quyt nh sang xun, mng 6
thng Ging nm K Du (1789), s xut qun v bt u b tr canh gc phng
[3]. Ngoi cc o qun ln vn ng ti cc v tr c, Tn S Ngh bt u t thm
n canh phng.
---------------------
1. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin s hc, t. II, tr. 121.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Ti liu dn, tr. 350.
3. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch, t. XX, tr. 61, ni v c th chiu ca Cn Long, Tn S
Ngh mi phi tnh n mu k tin qun. S vic ny nu c tht. th ch l thm mt nguyn
nhn, ch khng phi l nguyn nhn duy nht.
T Thng Long v pha nam chng 60 dm, Tn S Ngh chia qun ng gi
mt s ni, p ly t lp n canh gc. Nhng n mi lp y gm c: mt n
lng Ngc Hi huyn Thanh Tr, mt n lng H Hi huyn Thng Tn, mt
n lng Nht To huyn Duy Tin v mt n b bc sng Nguyt Quyt huyn
Thanh Lim. Nhng k hoch b tr mi ca Tn S Nghi li ch l k hoch phng
th th ng, ngi ch ngi n nh v vy bn thn t nh L vn lo s.
Mt ngi cung nhn c trong cung vua L, qu Trng Yn, vng ni Tam
ip, phi c i t Trng Yn ra Thng Long ni v tnh hnh v than th vi
Thi hu m L Chiu Thng:
"Xe vua tr v kinh thnh, gn mt thng. Hiu lnh ban ra, chng qua mi
n cc vng ng Ha, Thng Tn, T Sn, Thun Thnh, Qung Oai, nm l m
thi. Cn nh t Trng Yn v nam, Thanh Hoa l t cn bn, lng tm tin triu
. Ngh An cng l qun chn tay, qun cm v qun tc trc u ly ngi
y, th nay vn b mt v tay gic, tn tc khng thng, tht l iu ng lo rt
ln. Hin nay, vic nc h thc th no, th gic mnh yu ra sao, nhng ngi
ng ngoi m xem, khng ai khng bit. Trc y hong thng gp nn ph
chy, cc quan tro o vt sui kh nhc vt v hn mt nm, bao nhiu nhn
tnh chc tng tri ht ri, sao vn im nhin khng lo ngh g c? Tng c h
Tn t thng quc ti y, th nc v tnh hnh ca gic ch bit i khi. n
nh cc min, cng c ni xung yu, ni bnh thng, cha n v mai phc, cn
phi tr tnh k cng. Vic binh c lc nn nh, lc nn gi, phi ty c ng bin
trong chc lt. Tt c nhng iu y, h lm sao m hiu c r rng, ch xc? V
chng, khi trc L Qunh khai bo bn y, ni rng: "Nhiu ni trong nc ta
khng chu theo gic, ngi chung ngha cn nhiu, lng ngi cng c th trng
cy, nu c i binh sang lm thanh vin th cng vic kh phc c th thnh...".
ch l mt cch ni, tng c h Tn khng cho vic y l kh. Qunh v mun
chng c qun sang cu, cho nn mi ba ra li ni ho la i h. H cng
tng l tht, hng hi tin ln, khng cn lo ngh g v sau. C xem li l trong bi
hch, th nhng iu h bt buc mnh ph ng ly, rt l nng n; cn h th ch
lng vng bn b sng, ly thanh th sung da dm m thi. Khng bit rng,
Nguyn Hu l mt tay anh hng lo luyn, dng mnh v c ti cm qun. Xem hn
ra Bc vo Nam, n hin nh qu thn, khmh ai c th lng bit. Hn bt Hu
Chnh nh bt tr con, git Vn Nhm nh git con ln, khng mt ngi no dm
nhn thng vo mt hn. Thy hn tr tay, a mt, l ai ny phch lc hn xiu,
117
s hn s sm st. E rng chng my lu na, hn li tr ra, tng c h Tn em
th qun nh nh kia m chng chi, th ch sao cho ni? H chng qua ch l
ngi khch, chuyn ny sang cng ct xem s th kh hay d liu b tin lui m
thi. Nhng cn nh nc ca ta th sao? Thi hu c th chy sang t Trung Hoa
mt chuyn na chng?" [1].
----------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch dn, tr. 355 - 356.
Cung nhn gi y ch l mt ngi ph n bnh thng, nhng h thy c
phn no s tht ca tnh hnh. Bi v h sng Trng Yn, tip cn vi ni
qun i Ty Sn ng gi. H thy r kh th sc si chin u ca qun dn t
Trng Yn tr vo v thy r kh nng chin thng ca qun i Ty Sn. Quay
nhn ra Bc, nht l t chn ti Thng Long, h thy tt c ci yu hn ca vua
ti L Chiu Thng, v mm mng tht bi ca qun Thanh. Nhn thy s tht,
nhng s vic mun. Bn vua ti nh L cng thy nhn nh tnh hnh nh th l
ng, nhng khng c cch no khc hn l n cu khn vi Tn S Ngh Tn S
Ngh xut qun m thi.
Thy c ngi vch r tnh hnh v t vn mt cch cp thit nh vy, Tn
S Ngh cng git mnh v cng t cm thy mnh sai lm. Nhng thi c l,
qun lut tr trng, binh lnh u oi, bn thn Tn S Ngh cng thy kh khn
lng tng, khng bit xoay s nh th no, ch cn bit mng nhic bn b nhn v
n cho bn b nhn xut qun trc:
"Trc y ti n cho ta Lng Sn, sao khng ni cho r? By gi, nhn
khi ta thng, bp ngay chng ang lc khn n, h chng d dng hn hay sao?
Nay b l c hi y, chng c th gi thong th m by mu t chc, cch
tr chng cn phi tnh ton cho chu o, khng th hp tp. V li nh n sang
xun, vo ngy mng 6 th s xut qun, nh vy cng khng cn xa g na. Nu
mun i gp th cho php vua ti nh ngi em mt o qun i trc cng c"
[1].
---------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 356 - 357.
Trc s tnh nh th, bn vua ti L Chiu Thng khng cn bit ni g na.
Nhng kh cho chng l ct c ai em qun i trc by gi, v i trc th nh
chc ra lm sao? Bn triu thn Thng Long s cht, khng tn no dm i, nh
phi dng lnh vua iu ng vin trn th Sn Ty [*], khng phi l i nh qun
Ty Sn Tam ip m l em qun bn b Sn Ty xung ng Gin Khu,
lp thnh mt n tin tiu n ng ng tin ra Thng Long ca qun i Ty Sn
[1].
S iu ng qun L t Sn Ty xung Gin Khu nh th khng phi ch
ng tin cng qun i Ty Sn m ch c ngha l i lm bia n, chu cht
trc cho qun Thanh yn tnh, ngh ngi cho n ngy 6 thng Ging. Nhng
tnh hnh khn trng khng cho php Tn S Ngh v qun Thanh c yn tnh
ngh ngi. Ngy 23 thng Chp nm Mu Thn tc ngy 18 thng 1 nm 1789 thm
t ca qun Thanh t cc ni chy nga v Thng Long bo vi Tn S Ngh l qun
Ty Sn ang tuyn thm lnh Thanh Ha, Ngh An v chun b tin nh Bc H

118
[2]. Tn S Ngh vi vng "cho qun i ng gi tt c cc ni him yu trn khp
bn ng ng, cn i qun th sng chiu tp dt chun b tc chin" [3].
Tn S Ngh li c c Ha Th Hanh trc tip ch huy mt trn pha nam
kinh thnh Thng Long v tng cng qun lc cho cc n qun c mt trn
ny, t Ngc Hi n b bc sng Nguyt Quyt [4].
----------------------
*. Tc Hong Phng T nh ni trn. Nhiu sch khc gi l Hong Phng Ngha.
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch. Bn dch dn, tr. 357.
2, 3. Theo Qun doanh k lc, ca Trn Nguyn Nhip, do Trn Vn Gip su tm v Vn Tn
dn trong Cch mng Ty Sn, Nh xut bn Vn S a, H Ni, 1958, tr. 115.
4. Nguyn Thu, Ti liu dn, t 46. Cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX. tr. 61.
Tn S Ngh v qun Thanh c chun b phng th cng mun qu ri.
Nguyn Hu v i qun Ty Sn ti Tam ip t ngy 20 thng Chp nm Mu
Thn v Nguyn Hu ang nghin cu k tnh hnh ch, nh cho ch mt trn
tht bt ng, quyt thng. Bit ch nh ngy 6 thng Ging s t Thng Long
xut qun, Nguyn Hu quyt nh qun i Ty Sn s nh tan qun Thanh v tin
vo Thng Long, trc ngy mng 6 thng Ging y. Bit qun Thanh ch lp mt
mt trn chnh l mt trn pha nam thnh Thng Long v tp trung qun ch lc
y c bit l hai n qun kin c nht l H Hi v Ngc Hi, cn i qun ca
Tn S Ngh ng hai b sng Hng v my vn qun in Chu, Triu Chu ca
Sm Nghi ng, ng Khng Thng, pha ty nam thnh Thng Long, u ch
t th i ch, i ch tin tc ca mt trn pha nam v i ch ngy xut qun.
pha bc thnh Thng Long, c mt nhm qun cn vng ca L Chiu Thng, do
L Duy Chi ch huy l mt lc lng khng ng k, mt khi qun Thanh tht bi.
Nm c k hoch v cch b tr lc lng ca ch, Nguyn Hu chia qun
lm nm o tin nh qun Thanh vi nhng nhim v c th cho tng o qun
nh sau:
o qun th nht l o qun ch lc do Nguyn Hu trc tip ch huy c Ng
Vn S, Phan Vn Ln lm tin phong v Hm h hu i hu qun c chin. o
qun ny gm c c b binh, tng binh, k binh, lm nhim v nh vo mt
trn chnh ca qun Thanh trn ng pha nam kinh thnh Thng Long.
o qun th hai i ng thy, do c Nguyn Vn Tuyt ch huy, tin vo
sng Lc u, tiu dit qun cn vng ca L Chiu Thng Hi Dng, ri
tin ln uy hip cnh sn pha ng ca Tn S Ngh ng b sng Hng, lm
tip ng cho o qun ch lc v cc o qun khc nh vo Thng Long.
o qun th ba o i c Lc ch huy, cng i ng thy cng vi o
qun th hai. Khi vo n sng Lc u th o qun th ba ny s i gp ln cc
ht Phng Nhn, Lng Giang, Yn Th, chn ng chy v ca qun Thanh.
o qun th t do i c Bo ch huy, gm tng binh v k binh, c nhim
v i theo ng Sn Minh (huyn ng Ha, H Ty ngy nay) ra lng i ng,
pha ty nam n Ngc Hi, phi hp vi o qun ch lc tin cng n
ny, va l v tr quan trng nht ca mt trn pha nam kinh thnh Thng Long,
va l bn doanh ca vin tng ch huy mt trn l c Ha Th Hanh.

119
 o qun th nm cng gm tng binh v k binh do c Long ch huy. o
qun ny c nhim v nh bt ng vo Thng Long, tin vo Thng Long trc
tt c cc o qun khc, lm cho ton b qun ch tt c cc mt trn xung
quanh Thng Long u hoang mang tan r mau chng. o qun th nm s i
theo ng huyn Chng c (tc huyn Chng M, H Ty ngy nay) tin
theo hng Sn Ty nhng r qut sang lng Nhn Mc, ri tt ngang sang tp
kch n qun in Chu, Triu Chu ca Sm Nghi ng Khng Thng,
lin st kinh thnh Thng Long v pha ty nam. Tiu dit xong n Khng
Thng, o qun th nm ca c Long s theo ca ty, tin ngay vo Thng
Long, mt mt chim ng kinh thnh, mt mt tip tc tin cng vo i bn
doanh ca Tn S Ngh Ty Long pha ng kinh thnh Thng Long v chn bt
tn qun Thanh t pha Ngc Hi v cc n khc mt trn pha nam chy v
Thng Long.
Sau khi phn phi i ng v trao nhim v cho cc o qun, Nguyn Hu h
lnh ngy 30 thng Chp nm Mu Thn tc ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1789 s xut qun
n nh cc n tin tiu ca gic. Ngy hm y, trc khi ln ng, Nguyn Hu
cho lm tic khao qun v ni vi tng s rng:
"Nay hy lm l n Tt Nguyn n trc, i n mng 7 thng Ging vo
thnh Thng Long, s m tic ln. Cc ngi hy ghi ly li ta ni xem c ng th
khng" [1].
Sau ba tic ln ng, o qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu rm r xut pht,
"qun xp thnh hng li c voi i km gip sc" [2]. Ngay m hm y, 30 thng
Chp nm Mu Thn o qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu vt sng Gin Thy, tin
cng vo n Gin Khu, mt n tin tiu ca gic do qun L Chiu Thng ng
gi. Qun L hon ton tan v, tng L l Hong Phng T [3] b chy. Nguyn
Hu cho qun theo pha sng Thanh Quyt tin ln [4], dc ng gp mt ton qun
Thanh do thm. Ton qun ny trng thy bng qun Ty Sn vi vng b chy.
Nguyn Hu mt mt cho qun ui bt ton qun Thanh do thm, mt mt, trn
ng hnh qun, ln lt tiu dit cc n qun Thanh ng xa Thng Long [5],
nh cc n b bc sng Nguyt Quyt (thuc huyn Thanh Lim) v n Nht
To (thuc huyn Duy Tin). o qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu tin ti huyn Ph
Xuyn [6] (thuc H Ty ngy nay) th bt sng c ton b ton qun Thanh do
thm. V cc n qun xa v ton qun do thm u b tiu dit gn hoc b bt
gn, nn cc n qun Thanh t H Hi tr v Thng Long khng bit tin tc g v
vic tin qun ca qun Ty Sn.
-----------------------------
1. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 33.
2. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti liu dn, tr. 115.
3. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 33 vit l Hong Phng Ngha.
4. Gin Khu thuc trn Sn Nam. C nhiu sch vit gn y thng cho rng sau khi nh xong
Gin Khu, Nguyn Hu cho qun vo nh Nam nh, trn l Sn Nam. Vic ny khng chc
c tht, mt l qun Tay Sn khng cn thit phi r vo nh Nam nh ri mi quay tr ra
theo sng Thanh Quyt tin ln, hai l trn l Sn Nam lc y gi l V Hong, khng gi l
Nam nh, m trong cc s c u khng ni n vic Nguyn Hu nh qun Thanh hay qun
L Chiu Thng V Hong.

120
5. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 33.
6. Cch Thng Long khong trn 30 ki-l-mt.
Na m mng 3 thng Ging nm K Du tc ngy 28 thng 1 nm 1789, qun
Ty Sn tin ti trc n H Hi, mt trong nhng n qun quan trng ca qun
Thanh cch Thng Long chng 20 ki-l-mt. Nhng qun Thanh trong n khng
bit g ht. Nguyn Hu cho vy cht ly n, ri bc loa truyn hch, ting qun lnh
tha vang, tng nh c my vn ngi ang chun b xung phong vo n. Qun
Thanh trong n git mnh hong s, mt ht tinh thn chin u, l lt ra hng.
Qun Ty Sn thu ht lng thc, kh gii. Nh th l ch trong khonh khc
Nguyn Hu hon ton tiu dit n H Hi ca qun Thanh m khng mt mt
mi tn, hn n.
Ngy mng 4 thng Ging nm K Du tc ngy 29 thng 1 nm 1789, Nguyn
Hu tin qun ln Ngc Hi [1], mt n qun kin c nht, tp trung tt c cc
tng lnh cao cp ca qun Thanh, ch huy mt trn pha nam thnh Thng Long.
Cng ngy hm y, n Ngc Hi phi cho qun v cp bo vi Tn S Ngh:
"Quan qun n H Hi u b qun Ty Sn nh p bt ht c. y cch
n Ngc Hi khng xa, sm chiu th no cng b nh ti" [2].
Tt c bn qun y u hong s trc s tin qun thn tc ca Ty Sn v u
ni:
"Tht l tng trn tri xung, qun di t chui ln" [3].
------------------------
1. n Ngc Hi pha di Thng Long chng 13 - 14 ki-l-mt.
2, 3. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 465.
Tn S Ngh c cp bo rt hong s, vi cho lnh binh Qung Ty l Thang
Hng Nghip cng vin hng tng Phan Khi c em qun cn vng ca L
Chiu Thng ti tip vin cho n Ngc Hi. Tn S Ngh li sai hai mi k binh
hu cn mnh i cng Thang Hng Nghip, vi mnh lnh l c trong chc lt phi
phi nga v bo tin v bo tin lin tip cho Tn S Ngh.
Nhng ti Ngc Hi, Nguyn Hu khng nh ch ngay, ng ch cho o qun
ca c Long nh vo Khng Thng ri ng mi nh. C ngy mng 4, ng
ch chun b cho chin u sp ti v ph trng thanh th uy hip tinh thn ch,
ng thi thu ht tt c s ch v phng ca ch vo mt trn Ngc Hi m
khng lo phng th ni khc, ng nm chc ch ang rt hoang mang lo s. ch
hoang mang trc cuc tin qun thn tc ca qun di Ty Sn, v cng hoang
mang lo s khng hiu qun i Ty Sn ln mnh nh th no m tiu dit
nhanh gn tt c nhng lc lng v cn c phng th ca chng trn chng ng
t Gin Khu ln H Hi. Cng khng hiu ti sao qun i Ty Sn ti Ngc
Hi m cha nh v s nh vo lc no, ch cng s.
Vi nhng hoang mang lo s nh th v khng hiu ni hnh ng ca qun i
Ty Sn, ch Ngc Hi khng dm ch ng tin cng, nh ch i phng
nh ri s ty liu i ph li.
ng nh nhng tnh ton ca ngha qun, c ngy mng 4, ch Ngc Hi,
khng dm tin ra khi n nh ngha qun. V c ngy mng 4, Tn S Ngh ti
Thng Long lc no cng nm np lo, nhng ch lo mt mt trn pha nam, m
khng ng rng li c mt mt trn khc din ra ngay bn cnh sn Tn S Ngh.
121
V chnh ci mt trn bt ng y l mt yu t gp phn lm cho qun Thanh tan
r mau chng.
Cng trong ngy mng 4 thng Ging nm K Du, khi Nguyn Hu tin ln
Ngc Hi, th o qun ca c Long cng tin ti lng Nhn Mc [1]. V ngay
qu na m hm y, o qun ca c Long, hng ng chnh t, cc i voi
chin u mang i bc trn lng [2], tin sang nh n Khng Thng [3] ca
qun Thanh. Qu nhin, qun Thanh y u l qun hp, v tng ch huy cng
khng phi l tng cao cp, quen chin u, nn b nh bt ng, n Khng
Thng tan v nhanh chng. Trong m ti dy c [4], qun Thanh chy tn
lon, va b tn n, va giy xo ln nhau m cht, nhiu v k. c Long cho
qun xung phong vo n, chm git nh vo ch khng ngi. Sm Nghi ng
phi t t cht ngay ti i ch huy ca hn Loa Sn [5]. Dit xong n qun ln
gm my vn ngi ca Sm Nghi ng [6], c Long a qun p n n Nam
ng [7] ca ch, dit n Nam ng v tin nhanh v pha ca ty thnh Thng
Long, bn ph rt d di. Phi hp chin u vi ngha qun, nhn dn chn x ngoi
thnh em rng c tm du ti nh ha cng, thiu t khp y. Trn nh cng
thm c lit. Lc y mi l canh t m mng 4 rng ngy mng 5 (m lch).
----------------------
1. Nhn Mc tc l khu vc hai x Nhn Chnh, Khng nh by gi, trn con ng H Ni vo
H ng.
2. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 36, 37.
3. n Khng Thng v Loa Sn u thuc khu vc cha Bc hin nay (khu ph ng a,
thnh ph H Ni).
4. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k... q. 6. t 36, 37.
5. n Loa Sn thuc khu vc cha Bc hin nay (khu ph ng a, thnh ph H Ni).
6. Xc my vn qun ch cht y khp trn a. Khi chin tranh kt thc, ngha qun v nhn dn
thu nht xc ch xp thnh 12 ng ln p t chn ct. Li chn ni, xp xc gic p
t ln trn lm thnh nhng g ng ln l mt li c truyn cc nc phng ng.
Nhng ng xc gic , ch Hn gi l Knh ngh kinh qun tc l g ng chn xc nhng
tn gic hung d nh loi c knh, c ngh ngoi bin. Mt nh th ng thi l Ng Ngc Du
lm bi th Loa Sn iu c ca ngi chin thng oanh lit ca qun dn ta mt trn
Khngg Thng, trong c cu:
Thnh nam thp nh knh ngh qun
Chin diu anh hng i v cng
(Thnh nam xc gic mi hai ng,
Ngi sng anh hng i v cng).
Ti 12 g ny, v sau a mc um tm, nn gi l Khu ng a. Khong gia th k XIX, c
vic o t lm ng, m ch gn khu vc ny, nht dc rt nhiu xc gic na, li tp trung
p thnh mt ng th 13, tc l ng a c n Trung Lit hin nay. T cui th k XIX tr v
sau, 13 ng a y b ph hy gn ht. By gi ch cn li hai ng. Mt l ng a c n
Trung Lit, hai l ng thing trong khu lng m Hong Cao Khi.
7. n Nam ng trn ng Khng Thng vo ca ty thnh Thng Long. Ch c Vit s
thng gim cng mc ni n vic qun Ty Sn nh n ny, nhng Cng mc trnh by
rt ln xn, khin ngi c tng nh Nguyn Hu sau khi dit xong n Ngc Hi mi tin
nh n Nam ng. Nh th th khng hp l.
Tn S Ngh ti i bn doanh b sng Hng, nghe ting sng n m m
khng ngt, vi sai thm t chy nga i tm hiu tnh hnh. Thm t v bo n

122
qun in Chu Khng Thng b tiu dit, qun Ty Sn vo ca ty
thnh Thng Long, ang bn ph thiu t rt kch lit, khi la rc tri. Nhng tin
y ti c Tn S Ngh th qun Ty Sn vo thnh Thng Long v c Long
ang tin qun v pha i bn doanh ca Tn S Ngh.
Tn S Ngh vi ln nga khng kp ng yn, mnh khng kp mc o gip,
em ton k binh hu cn ln qua cu phao, nhm hng bc m chy [1]. V vic
Tn S Ngh b chy v qun Thanh b sng Hng b tan v, cc s sch c u c
nhiu tnh tit khc nhau. Hong L nht thng ch ni rng khi Tn S Ngh chy
trn, "Qun s cc doanh nghe tin, u hong hn tan tc b chy, tranh nhau qua
cu sang sng, x y nhau ri xung m cht rt nhiu. Lt sau cu li b t, qun
lnh u b ri xung nc, n ni nc sng Nh H v th m tc nghn khng
chy c na " [2]. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn vit: "Tn S Ngh ng trn bi
ct, c tin bi trn vi vng ci nga mt mnh chy v Bc. Tng s thy vy
tranh nhau qua cu m chy, cu t, ln ng c xung sng, cht n vi vn
ngi, lm cho nc sng khng chy c" [3].
-----------------------
1. Trong vic qun Ty Sn tin vo Thng Long, c mt cu chuyn v vin lnh h inh, by
ti ca L Chiu Thng lm ni ng cho Ty Sn t ph cc kho lng thc kh gii ca
qun Thanh. Cu chuyn ny c thut li, theo sch o kh nhn thoi, trong s bo Trung
bc s xun K Mu 1939. ng Hoa Bng trong quyn Quang Trung anh hng dn tc, xut
bn nm 1944, nhn mnh nhiu ln v cu chuyn ny coi nh mt vic quan trng gip
cho Ty Sn vo Thng Long c d dng v gp phn quyt nh rt ln s tan r ca i
qun Tn S Ngh. n ln ti bn nm 1951, ng Hoa Bng ch a cu chuyn ny xung ch
thch m thi. Chng ti khng c c o kh nhn thoi v cng cha c dp xem li s
bo Xun Trung bc nm 1939. Nhng, theo cun Quang Trung, anh hng dn tc ca Hoa
Bng k li th cu chuyn i khi nh sau:
Vin lnh h inh v mt ton qun gi yu ca L Chiu Thng c Tn S Ngh trao
cho trch nhim canh gi cc kho kh gii, lng thc ca qun Thanh trong thnh Thng Long.
Khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc nh Tn S Ngh v L Chiu Thng th La sn phu t Nguyn
Thip gip Nguyn Hu, i t Ngh An ra Thng Long vn ng vin lnh h inh lm ni
ng cho Ty Sn, v khi xa Nguyn Thip ngi dy hc nh lnh h inh. Ngy 3 Tt K
Du, Nguyn Thip ti Thng Long, em biu lnh h inh mt chic bnh chng, trong nhn
bnh c t mt d ca vua Quang Trung Nguyn Hu. lnh h inh theo li mt d, nhn
lm ni ng cho Ty Sn v ngay m 4 rng ngy 5, lnh h inh ngm t cc kho kh
gii, lng thc v sy ph, tc i bn doanh ca Tn S Ngh Thng Long, do y qun Thanh
Thng Long tan r, Tn S Ngh phi b chy. Theo chng ti, cu chuyn ny khng chc c
tht, v nhiu l. Mt l Tn S Ngh khng ng qun trong thnh Thng Long, khng lm g c
cc kho kh gii, lng thc v sy ph ca qun Thanh trong thnh Thng Long. Hai l kh gii
v lng thc l vn mnh ca c 20 vn qun Thanh, khng khi no chng li giao cho mt ton
qun gi v mt vin tng gi ca b nhn L Chiu Thng canh gi. Ba l thi ht sc tiu
cc ca La sn phu t Nguyn Thip khng th no cho php ng ta c c mt hnh ng tch
cc gip Nguyn Hu chng li vua L m trc sau ng ta vn gi mt d trung trinh.
Nguyn Thip sng Ngh An, trong phm vi th lc ca Nguyn Hu, m bao ln Nguyn
Hu mi ra gip vic, ng ta vn khng khng t chi. Ch n khi Chiu Thng trn i, cht bn
nc ngoi, nh L khng cn na, Nguyn Thip mi chu ra lm mt vi vic vi nh Ty Sn
m thi. Vi thi "trung thn" vi bn b nhn L Chiu Thng nh vy, Nguyn Thip lm sao
li c th ht lng gip Nguyn Hu, ln li t Ngh An ra Thng Long khuyn lnh h inh
lm ni ng cho Nguyn Hu, nh li qun Thanh, nh li vua L Chiu Thng ca ng ta?

123
 Cho nn theo chng ti, cu chuyn ny khng th c tht. Theo Minh s ca L Trng
Hm m H. K. sao lc mt on ng trn tp ch nghin cu lch s s 46, trang 21 th khng phi
lnh h inh t kho thuc sng m l mt vin tng t (?) nh Thanh c trch nhim gi hm
thuc sng u cu phao, ng ht thuc, thy Tn S Ngh chy qua, hong htt ri tn la
vo hm thuc sng. Thuc n, la chy, ting n rm tri. Cu chuyn ny cn c th nghe c,
nhng cng khng phi l mt s kin quan trng khin qun Thanh i bi v Tn S Ngh phi
chy trn.
2. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 365.
3. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34.
Sch Trung Quc nh quyn Thnh v k ca Ngy Nguyn th li a thm
mt vi chi tit: "...Tn S Ngh chy trn khi sang c b bc sng Ph Lng
(tc sng Hng - Tc gi ch thch) lin ci t cc cu phao bc qua sng, khin
cc o qun ca cc tng Ha Th Thanh v Trng Triu Long b b ri li
bn b nam. Do y hn mt vn ngi, va tng va qun, x y nhau nhy
xung sng bi sang b bc v u b cht ui tt c" [1].
Nhng chi tit ny nu qu ng s tht th n cng cho thy r ci hn ca
Tn S Ngh, mt vin tng ch huy cam tm lm cht hng vn qun tng ca
mnh tm ly ci sng st cho ring mt bn thn.
Nhng chi tit trong cc sch ni trn, tuy c nhng im khc nhau, nhng u
nht tr vi nhau mt im l qun Thanh tht bi thm hi v tng ch huy
Tn S Ngh phi chy trn mt cch nhc nh.
Chin thng rc r ca o qun c Long tin vo Thng Long v s tht
bi thm hi ca gic c nh th ng thi Ng Ngc Du thut li bng hai
cu th:
Ha long nht trn tc phi m
Kh thnh sang tranh o sinh [2].
(La rng mt trn gic tan tnh,
B thnh cp trn tht nhanh).
S tht m nhn dn ta ghi li l nh th .
------------------------------
1. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 37.
2. Hai cu ny trch trong bi th "Long thnh quang phc k thc" (ghi li s tht v vic thu
phc vinh quang thnh Thng Long) ca Ng Ngc Du. Ha long l rng la, tc l mt th
nh ha cng lm thnh hnh con rng bn bng rm c kh tm du t. Km theo bi
th, tc gi ch thch mt cu ch Hn, dch ngha nh sau: "Qun Ty Sn tin cng thnh
Thng Long, nhn dn chn x ngoi thnh si ni bn rm c thnh hnh rng, tm du t
la, nh trn rng la".
Trong khi Tn S Ngh vt cu phao chy trn, th b nhn L Chiu Thng t
trong ni in thy ca ty thnh Thng Long b nh ph d di, cng vi vng, b
c v con, cng my tn quan hu cn a m chy ra Ty Long vi Tn S Ngh.
Nhng ra ti b sng th Tn S Ngh b chy, qun Thanh ng tan tc, cu
phao gy, thuyn b qua sng khng c, bn L Chiu Thng, hong s, vi men
theo b sng, chy mit ln pha Nghi Tm, cp c mt chic thuyn nh c,
cho sang b bc, tm ng chy theo Tn S Ngh ln i Nam Quan [1].
Em rut L Chiu Thng l L Duy Chi lm nhim v ch huy qun L ng gi
ca Yn Hoa [2] tc ca bc thnh Thng Long, khi thy chin tranh din ra

124
ca ty cng hong s, vi em qun vo ni in, tnh cng L Chiu Thng tm
ng chy trn. Nhng vo ti ni in th L Chiu Thng b trn ri, ch cn
li l v con ca y. L Duy Chi khng dm ngh n vic i tm bn L Chiu
Thng, Tn S Ngh, vi cng l v con L Chiu Thng tm li thot ra ngoi thnh
Thng Long, ri chy thng ln pha Tuyn Quang [3].
Cng sng sm ngy mng 5 thng Ging K Du tc ngy 30 thng 1 nm
1789 trong khi c Long ph tan n Khng Thng, tin vo Thng Long v
hng vn qun Thanh b sng Hng b tiu dit, Tn S Ngh phi chy trn, th
Nguyn Hu cng a o qun ch lc tin nh n Ngc Hi ca Ha Th Hanh,
Trng Triu Long. Ngc Hi l mt n kin c nht mt trn pha nam Thng
Long, qun ng, tng gii, ha lc mnh, xung quanh n u t a li [4] v
cm chng st [5]. Cho nn nh n ny, Nguyn Hu chun b tng i k.
--------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, T liu dn, tr. 366.
2. Sau i l ca Yn Ph.
3. Nguyn Thu, Ti liu dn, t 47. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 378.
4. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34.
5. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch ca Vin s hc, t. XX, tr. 62.
ph ha lc ca ch, Nguyn Hu cho lm sn hai mi ci mc n kh
ln, c ba tm vn ghp thnh mt ci mc, bn ngoi ly rm dp nc ph kn.
M sng ngy mng 5 thng Ging, Nguyn Hu h lnh xung phong nh n,
t mnh buc khn vng vo c t quyt chin [1] v ci voi ra trn c chin [2].
i tng binh ca Nguyn Hu, gm hn mt trm voi chin rm r xng ln [3].
Qun Thanh trong n Ngc Hi cho ton k binh tinh nhu vun vt xng ra chn
bc tin ca on voi chin [4]. Qun hai bn gn nhau, nga qun Thanh trng
thy voi Ty Sn hong s, lng ln chy v, ch p ln nhau. Qun Ty Sn thc
voi tin ln bn git.
K binh Thanh cm c chy v n [5]. Qun Thanh khng dm ra ngoi
nghnh chin, phi trong n c th [6] v bn i bc ra rt d i cn xung
phong ca i voi chin Ty Sn [7]. Nguyn Hu h lnh cho i voi chin chia ra
lm hai cnh t hu, nh vo hai bn sn ch [8], v b binh cng chia ra lm hai:
mt cnh i vng qua pha sau n Ngc Hi, ng pha ng Yn Duyn
chn ng rt chy v Ty Long ca qun Thanh Ngc hi [9], m cnh xung
phong nh thng vo pha trc n Ngc Hi. Cnh qun xung phong ny gm
nhng binh s khe mnh, thin chin, chia thnh nhiu ton. Mi ton c mi
ngi, mnh git on ao, khing mt mc g lm bng ba tm vn ghp li, ngoi
c ph rm t, v hai mi ngi cm v kh tin theo sau bc mc g.
------------------------------
1. L K (d s) dn trong Quang Trung, anh hng dn tc ca Hoa Bng. Nh xut bn Bn
phng, H Ni, 1951, tr.191.
2. C ti liu a ra vic Nguyn Hu t ht qun lng trc khi nh Ngc Hi, t quyt
chin. Chng ti cho rng vic y khng th c tht. t qun lng va l mt vic khng
cn thit, va l mt hnh ng phi qun s v cng rt v chnh tr. Trong chin tranh, qun
lng l vn rt h trng. t qun lng ca mnh t quyt chin nh dch l mt
vic ht sc liu lnh khng th c c trong khi ngh thut qun s ca Ty Sn trnh

125
 pht trin. Nguyn Hu cng khng th em t lng n ca qun trong khi ngi dn
Bc H ng b nn i nghim trng.
3, 4, 5, 6. Nguyn Thu, L qu k s, t 47. Vit s thong gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX.,
tr. 62.
7, 8. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti liu dn, tr. 134.
9. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 363.
Ton b cnh qun xung phong c su trm ngi, chia lm hai mi ton, dn
thnh trn th ch nht [2], ngang nhin tin vo trn a. i bc trong n Ngc
Hi bn ra mt hiu lc. Qun Thanh vi vng bn ha m khin trn a ti tm,
hng lm ri lon hng ng qun Ty Sn [3]. Nhng ha h ca qun Ty Sn tung
la chy sng rc tri. Qun Ty Sn vn o t tin ln, bt chp c i bc, cung tn
[4] v ha m ca gic. on qun xung phong Ty Sn tin st mt n Ngc Hi,
qung mc g xung t, ph tan ca ly [5] xng thng vo i doanh ca ch
trong n. Qun Thanh liu mng chng li [6]. Qun xung kch Ty Sn rt on
ao ra hn chin [7]. Qun ch lc Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy, tin vo n chi
vin cho on qun xung kch. "Qun ng nh kin c, th lc t nh nc thy
triu ang ln" [8]. Qun Thanh ch khng ni chy trn ra khp bn pha, nhng
li chm phi a li ca chng t t trc nn b cht rt nhiu [9]. Trong khi
cc i voi chin t hai bn sn n tin vo t ph n ly. i doanh ca
ch cng b t chy. n Ngc Hi nm trong mt cn bo la, v trn lng mt
con voi chin ca Ty Sn u c ba, bn chin s Ty Sn qun khn , ngi nm
"ha cu lu hong" (tc ha h) ra khp ni, t chy mi vt, t chy c ngi
[10].
n Ngc Hi b hon ton tiu dit [11]. Tn qun Thanh tm ng theo
hng ng trn chy v Ty Long. Nhng chy ti gn Yn Duyn [12] th
thy qun Ty Sn ng kn, qun k php phi, qun nhc vang lng, chn mt li
v, tn qun Thanh hong s, vi chy tt ngang v pha ty, nh theo ng Vnh
Kiu [13] trn v Thng Long. Nhng chng cha chy c bao lu th o tng
binh do c Bo ch huy t pha lng i ng xng ti. Tn qun Thanh khng
cn hn va, vi chy ln lng Qunh [14] ch trn vo m Mc lng ny
n nu.
------------------------------
1, 2, 3. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 363.
4. Vit s thng gim cng mc, Bn dch dn, t. XX,
5. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34.
6, 8. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti liu dn, tr. 134.
7, 9. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34.
10. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti 1iu dn, tr.134.
11. Nay gn thn Ngc Hi, v pha ng, cn c vt tch
12. Yn Duyn, c ti liu ch thch l Yn Kin. Ch thch ny c th cha ng lm, v Yn Kin
pha ty Ngc Hi, khng phi pha ng. Yn Kin v Ngc Hi u gip sng T Lch, m
sng T Lch th khng c . Cho nn c kin cho rng: Yn Duyn c th l khc sng
Hng pha ng Ngc Hi, chy thng ln pha Ty Long, i qua a phn my lng Yn
Duyn s thng, s h m ngy nay vn cn tn c. Chng ti thy kin ny c phn hp l.
13. Vnh Kiu: nay l thn ch Vnh, x Vnh Qunh, huyn Thanh Tr, ngoi thnh H Ni. ch
Vnh tc gi l lng Ving. Ti y, c mt cu bc qua sng T Lch nn gi v Vnh Kiu, tc
cu Vnh hoc cu Ving.

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14. m Mc l mt m ln rng khong 70 - 80 mu, thuc thn Qunh , x Vnh Qunh.
Tng truyn khi xa ti gia m c mt ci g rng, gi l g m, l ni chn xc qun
Thanh cht trong trn m Mc. G ny b l sau nn lt nm Qu T (1893). (V ch thch
4, 5, xem thm: V Tun Sn, ti liu dn, tr. 19 - 20).
y l bc ng cng v cng l bc ng chu cht ca tn qun Thanh.
o qun voi ca c Bo o t tin vo m Mc, giy p ln qun cp nc.
Tn qun Thanh cht hng vn [1]. Khng mt tn no chy thot. C tn no tm
ng trn vo cc lng xm chung quanh th u b nhn dn n bt, git cht [2].
Nh th l ton b qun Thanh mt trn pha nam kinh thnh Thng Long u b
tiu dit, ton b h thng n ly kin c ca chng mt trn ny u b ph tan,
cc tng Thanh ch huy mt trn pha nam, nh Ha Th Hanh, Trng Triu Long,
Thng Duy Thng [3] u t trn. Qun Ty Sn chin thng rc r mt trn
pha nam kinh thnh Thng Long. Nhn dn a phng v cng phn khi, sung
sng, em cm nc, ru tht ra tn mt trn khao thng cc chin s cu
nc anh hng, chin thng oanh lit, ginh li t do, c lp cho dn tc [4].
Qun dn tay bt mt mng, n tnh thm thit.
-------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 364.
2. Theo truyn tng ca nhn dn a phng.
3. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 37. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34. Vil
s thng gim cng mc, chnh bin, q. 47, t 41.
4. Theo truyn tng ca nhn dn a phng. Theo o Kh nhn thoi, Hoa Bng dn trong
Quang Trung, anh hng dn tc, th khi Ngc Hi, qun i Nguyn Hu c nhn dn a
phng nhit lit hoan nghnh, em c bn bnh tri ra khao qun v vit 4 ch ln cho
mng ngha qun "Hu lai k t", c ngha l "vua n th dn sng li". Nguyn Hu cm n
nhn dn, khng dm lm phin dn, ch xin nhn mt t bnh chng, th qu tiu biu ca ngy
Tt. Cu chuyn ny ni ln tnh cm ca nhn dn Bc H i vi Nguyn Hu v thi lim
chnh ca Nguyn Hu, nht l s quan tm ca Nguyn Hu i vi tnh hnh i km ca nhn
dn Bc H lc .
Cn o qun Thanh ng Sn Ty th khng cn nh cng phi sm b
chy. Sng mng 5 Tt, c tin ton b qun Thanh ng chung quanh thnh Thng
Long u b tiu dit, cc tng Thanh u t trn, mt mnh Tn S Ngh chy
trn theo ng ln i Nam Quan, i Kinh hong s, khng dm ngh n chin
u v cng khng m li lu trn t Vit Nam, s qun Ty Sn nh ti, vi
vng nh Hong Vn ng dn ng, em o qun Vn Qu chy mit v nc
[1].
Sau khi chin thng qun Thanh mt trn pha nam, Nguyn Hu v c
Bo tin qun vo Thng Long [2].
c Long em qun t trong thnh ra n. Chiu ngy mng 5 thng Ging
nm K Du, tc ngy 30 thng 1 nm 1789, Nguyn Hu vo Thng Long, chic
chin bo mu en sm mu thuc sng [3].
-----------------------------
1. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 37 vit l Hong Vn Thng.
2. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34 vit rng sau khi tiu dit n Ngc Hi,
Nguyn Hu tin qun nh ph cc n Vn in v Yn Quyt, chng ti cho rng n Vn
in nu c th cng ch l mt n nh, cch Ngc Hi khong 3 ki-l-mt. Trong khi cc
n Khng Thng, H Hi, Ngc Hi, Ty Long u b tiu dit th qun Thanh n Vn

127
 in tt nhin chy trn lu ri. Chng khng th, trong tnh hnh y, c tinh thn v can
m li n Vn in, ch Nguyn Hu tiu dit xong n Ngc Hi tin ln th ra khng c
v ngn chn li. V n Yn Quyt, nu qu c th n cng ch l mt n nh ca qun
Thanh, v nhiu s sch khng ni ti. V nu cn nh th l nhim v ca o qun c
Long, khng phi l nhim v ca o qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu, bi v Yn Quyt pha
ty bc n Khng Thng. Khng c l g Nguyn Hu cng o qun ch lc v o qun
ca c Bo, sau khi h xong dn Ngc Hi tin theo ng Vn in, khng vo thng ca
nam thnh Thng Long m li t Vn in i qut sang pha ty bc ngai thnh Thng Long,
xuyn qua trn a Khng Thng nh ln n Yn Quyt. Hnh qun v phn cng tc
chin nh th l khng hp l. Cho nn vic Nguyn Hu v o qun ch lc tin nh hai
n Vn in v Yn Quyt c th l khng ng s tht.
3. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 34.
Nhn dn Thng Long n nc cho n ngha qun tin vo thnh. Ng Ngc
Du t li cnh tng tng bng trong my cu th:
(tm dch:)
Ba qun i ng chnh t tin,
Trm h cht ng vui tip nghnh.
My tnh m tan, tr li sng,
y thnh gi tr mt nh hoa,
Chung vai st cnh cng nhau ni:
C tr li nc non ta.
(Long thnh quang phc k thc)
Vo ti Thng Long, Nguyn Hu cho ban b ngay mt s iu lnh cn thit.
i vi nhn dn, Nguyn Hu h lnh chiu an, lp li trt t v bo m sinh
hot bnh thng cho nhn dn kinh thnh v nhn dn Bc H.
i vi qun ch, Nguyn Hu khng cho qun ui theo o qun Thanh Vn
Qu ca i Kinh, v khng cn thit v chng cng chy xa, nhng vn cho
tip tc truy kch v chn bt bn Tn S Ngh, ch tng ca qun Thanh, lm cho
chng khip m, phi t b m mu xm lc Vit Nam ln na, Nhim v ny
c trao t trc cho o qun ca c Lc tin ln ng n ng vng Phng
Nhn, Lng Giang, Yn Th.
i v tn qun Thanh khng chy kp, cn ln trn cc ni, Nguyn Hu h
lnh cho ra u th, s khng git v i x t t, cung cp cho lng n, o mc.
Ch trong khong 10 ngy, s tn qun Thanh ra th, c ti vi vn ngi [1].
-----------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 371. Theo bi biu ca Nguyn Hu gi cho Cn
Long (trong Ty Sn bang giao giao tp v i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30, t 36)
th s tn qun y l hn 800 ngi. Con s vi vn ngi, cha r ng sai nh th no, nhng
con s hn 800 ngi th c th l t hn s tht, v ch l s t binh s em tr cho nh
Thanh, khng phi l tt c nhng ngi ra u th.
i vi qun Ty Sn thuc cc o qun tin vo Thng Long, tr nhng
n v ang lm nhim v truy kch ch trn ng Thng Long - i Nam Quan,
Nguyn Hu cho php ngh ngi v chun b n Tt khai h, mng 7 thng Ging,
ng nh li ha trc, khi qun s cn Tam ip.
Nhim v chin u cui cng trong chin dch nh ph qun Thanh l nhim
v ca o qun ca c Lc. Trong khi cc o qun ca Nguyn Hu, c
Long, c Bo tin nh Thng Long v o qun ca c Tuyt tin nh Hi
128
Dng, th o qun ca c Lc tin ln Kinh Bc, ng gi tt c cc ng
ng i ln i Nam Quan, chn ng v ca tn qun Tn S Ngh.
T sng sm ngy mng 5 thng Ging, Tn s Ngh ri b Thng Long, chy
mit v pha Kinh Bc, khng dm chy theo ng chnh, phi leo ni, lun rng
m chy, tht l kh s. Chy ti Phng Nhn, c tin c Lc ang dn qun
ti pha trc mt, Tn S Ngh hong s, vi vt ra ng tt c nhng vt cn
thit mang bn mnh, nh sc th, k bi, qun n, chy thot ly thn [1]. Trn
Nguyn Nhip, b th ca Tn S Ngh v cng l ngi cng chy vi Tn S Ngh
t li cnh chy trn thm hi ca chng nh sau:
"T kinh thnh nh L sang Ph Lng ri cc min i qua phn nhiu l
nhng ni ni non ho lnh, ng i quanh co, r ngang r dc, chng ti lun
lun lc li, khnh tm c no i. Bt c gp ai, ngi cy, ngi cuc, n ng
n b chng ti u phi hi thm ng. Nh c h ch bo cho mi tm v c
ti trn Nam Quan. "Ti vi Ch hin (tn chc quan ca Tn S Ngh) i cm kht
nc, khng kim u ra c n ung, c phi i sut by ngy, by m mi n
trn Nam Quan..." [2].
Nhng mc u qun Thanh tht bi nhc nh, ch tng qun Thanh
phi chy trn thm hi nh vy, khi thut li nhng s vic y, ngi Thanh vn
mun a ra mt vi s vic no g th din cho bn bi tng, bi qun ca
mnh. Trong Qun doanh k lc, trc khi t cnh chy trn thm hi nh trn,
Trn Nguyn Nhip li vit rng:
"Kinh thnh nh L [3] cch trn Nam Quan hn 2.000 dm. Trn c dng ta
vn t sn sng mi tm kho lng thc. Nay v thy th gic d tn qu, s
lm c sn cho gic n, cho nn n u Cung Bo [5] u h lnh t chy. Thnh
ra qun ta khng c g n, bt buc phi va nh va chy" [5].
--------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 369.
2. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti liu dn, tr. 135.
3. Kinh thnh Thng Long.
4. Cung Bo l tn hiu ca Tn S Ngh.
5. Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ti liu dn, tr. 135.
tht l nhng iu ht sc hoang ng v mu thun vi nhng iu m
t. Mi tm kho qun lng y tt nhin phi t ti nhng on ng chnh trn
chng ng t Nam Quan n Thng Long, khng th no li t nhng ni ni
rng ho lnh, ng li quanh co c. Nh vy th bn Tn S Ngh c chy theo
ng chnh u, c th t c mi tm kho qun lng y. S tht th mi
tm kho qun lng y c th nm trong tay qun Ty Sn ca c Lc t lu
ri. Nu qu tht Tn S Ngh chy qua mi tm kho qun lng y th khng c l
g Tn S Ngh v bn qun s ty tng li chu nhn i t tt c mi tm kho
qun lng i.

129
 Bn Tn S Ngh phi chy sut by ngy by m khng dm ngh, bn thn
Tn S Ngh phi vt b c nhng vt ty thn, mang i khng vt v, kh khn g, l
sc th, qun n, k bi, chy thot ly thn, th chng lm g cn c th gi v
can m dng li t ph mi tm kho qun lng trn chng ng lao u
chy trn ca chng. Cho nn vic Tn S Ngh h lnh t mi tm kho qun
lng ch l mt iu hon ton ba t ca Trn Nguyn Nhip. My chc nm sau
trn tht bi ca qun Thanh Vit Nam, Ngy Nguyn, tc gi sch Thnh v k
130
cng nhc li nhng iu ba t trn v cn ni rng Tn S Ngh khng nhng t
qun lng, m cn t rt nhiu kh gii n dc trn dc ng chy trn.
i xa hn nhng iu ba t ca Trn Nguyn Nhip, Ngy Nguyn li vit
rng khi Tn S Ngh chy trn, my chc vn binh m ch cn cha y mt na
chy theo [1].
Cha y mt na ca my chc vn binh m, tc l khong mi vn binh m.
Khi chy m cn c ti mi vn binh m, tc l cn mt lc lng qun s kh ln
trong tay, th sao li chy trn mt cch thm hi n th, nhn i nhn kht, chy
sut by ngy by m khng dm ngh.
C mi vn qun trong tay, ti sao thy o qun ca c Lc ch c
khong trn di mt vn qun, m khip s n th, phi vt c sc th, n tn,
chy ly thn. Gio s -la Bi-xa-se-r (De la Bissachre) Vit Nam thi k ny,
vit rng s tn qun chy theo Tn S Ngh ch khong bn, nm mi ngi [2].
Con s ny c th l gn ng vi s tht.
------------------------
1. Ngy Nguyn. Ti liu dn, t 37.
2. De la Bissachre, Etat actuel du Tonkin... Galignani, Paris, 1812, tome II, p. 170.
Trong khi bn cp nc Tn S Ngh ang trn ng chy trn thot ly
thn nh vy, th bn bn nc L Chiu Thng cng lao u chy theo bn cp
nc. Ngay t sng sm ngy mng 5 thng Ging, bn L Chiu Thng nh
bm gt bn Tn S Ngh, nhng khng kp, Tn S Ngh chy trn t trc. Bn
L Chiu Thng lt t tm ng chy theo. Tra ngy 6 thng Ging, bn L Chiu
Thng chy ti ni Tam Tng, tng theo kp bn Tn S Ngh, nhng ti ni th bn
Tn S Ngh cng li chy i mt ri [1]. Bn L Chiu Thng dnh dt du nhau
chy ln pha Ha Lc. Ti Ha Lc cha kp ngh ngi th dc tin qun Ty Sn
sp ui kp, bn L Chiu Thng li phi ln ng chy trn [2]. Cui cng, bn
bn nc tht th v bn cp nc i bi cng gp c nhau ca i Nam
Quan. Lc y cng l lc qun Ty Sn ui ti ni. Bn L Chiu Thng vi vng
theo bn Tn S Ngh chy sang bn kia bin gii, sng nhc nh trn t nc
ngi, v sau ny, c bn bn nc L Chiu Thng u phi cht nhc nh trn t
nc ngi.
cng l con ng kt thc cuc i khng th trnh khi ca tt c nhng
k bn nc, lm tay sai cho qun cp nc.
Qun Ty Sn dng li bin gii, khng ui theo na, nhng ni phao ln
rng: s vt bin gii, ui bt cho bng c L Chiu Thng mi thi. Nghe tin
y v thy bn Tn S Ngh tht thu chy v, ng Thanh vng bin gii xn xao
s hi. T ca i Nam Quan tr v bc, gi tr ln b, dt du bng b nhau chy
trn, c mt qung di vi trm dm, lng ngt khng cn bng ngi, khng cn
thy khi la thi nu na [3].
----------------------
1, 2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 366.
3. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 370. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 30,
t 35.
Ti y, trn t nc Vit Nam, cng khng cn bng mt tn qun xm lc
hung hn no na, tr mt s t binh thm hi u hng. Hn hai mi vn qun
131
Thanh b hon ton tiu dit. Trn i ph qun Thanh cn bn kt thc thng
li, t chiu ngy 5 thng Ging nm K Du, khi Nguyn Hu vo Thng Long, sau
5 ngy tc chin tc thng v cng v vang ca qun i Ty Sn.
Trn i ph qun Thanh ca Nguyn Hu thnh cng rc r v ht sc
nhanh gn. Nc Vit Nam k t khi lp quc cho ti cui th k XVIII tri qua
rt nhiu cuc khng chin chng ngoi xm v chin thng tt c nhng k th
xm lc hung hn nht ca cc thi i, nhng cha c mt trn no tiu dit c
mt cch gn gh ton b qun xm lc, gm mt lc lng rt ln, trn 20 vn
ngi, trong mt thi gian rt ngn, ch c nm ngy, nh trn i ph qun Thanh
ca Nguyn Hu. Chin thng ln lao ny ni ln rt y v r rng v thin ti
qun s ca anh hng dn tc Nguyn Hu. Chin thng y gi vng nn c lp
ca T quc, ng thi cng vnh vin chm dt nn xm lng ca cc tp on
phong kin phng Bc lun lun e da dn tc Vit Nam t my nghn nm trc.
Thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu gp phn quyt nh rt ln vo s nghip cu
nc v vang ny ca qun i Ty Sn v ca ton th dn tc Vit Nam thi by
gi

NHNG BI HC CA CHIN DCH I PH 20 VN QUN THANH

Chin dch phn cng gii phng Thng Long ca qun i Ty Sn do Nguyn
Hu ch huy l mt trn quyt chin chin lc v i, c tnh cht quyt nh kt cc
ca chin tranh, l mt chin dch m ch lc tinh nhu ca qun i hai bn giao
chin thc hin mc ch v nhim v chin lc ca mnh.
Trong lch s nc ta t th k th XVIII tr v trc, cha bao gi din ra mt
chin dch quy m rng ln nh chin dch ny.
Trc ht, qui m th hin s lng qun i, binh kh, kh ti ca hai bn:
cng trong mt thi gian, 10 vn qun ch lc ca Nguyn Hu giao chin vi 20
vn qun Thanh.
Qui m cn th hin khng gian rng ln m chin dch xy ra: qun i
Nguyn Hu xut pht t Ph Xun, t trung tm a l ca t nc, lm mt cuc
hnh qun n tn ng bng Bc H, tc chin vi ch trn mt mt trn rng v
mt b su ln n 80 ki-l-mt. Nu k c vic truy kch ch th b su cn su
hn nhiu, khong trn 200 ki-l-mt.
Qui m v kt cc ca chin dch tht l to ln. N cng c ngha to ln c
im ni bt trong s so snh lc lng v trang ca hai bn. Nguyn Hu nm
c nhng qui lut no, da vo nhng nguyn tc no, dng mt binh lc t
hn ch (10 vn tiu dit 20 vn qun ch, t l l 1chng 2, c li cho qun
Thanh), thc hin mt chin dch nh nhanh, gii quyt nhanh, loi ra ngoi vng
chin u ton b qun ch? l nhng vn nghin cu di y ca chin
dch ny.
1. CHIN LC
Nh lch s ghi r, ngay hm c tin qun Thanh vo xm lc nc ta,
Nguyn Hu h lnh xut qun, em ch lc ca mnh ra Bc thc hnh quyt
chin chin lc v i: tiu dit ton b 20 vn qun ch lc nh Thanh, gii phng
Thng Long v ton b t ai min Bc nc ta, ph tan ngay t u k hoch chin
132
lc ca ch, kt thc chin tranh, chm dt nn xm lc hng ngn nm ca
phong kin phng Bc, chm dt lun c mt triu i thng tr (nh L) c t
trn 300 nm nc ta.
Khi cuc chin tranh mi bt u, Nguyn Hu phn tch ng n tnh hnh v
ra ch trng chnh tr rt sng sut lm c s thng li cho cuc chin tranh. i
vi bn phong kin nh Thanh, Nguyn Hu hon ton hiu rng, che y b mt
xm lc, chng phi np di chiu bi "ph L dit Ty Sn" nhm thc hin mc
ch chnh tr: "Mu ly nc ta lm qun huyn", [1] cp ot nn c lp ca
dn tc ta, th tiu phong tro cch mng ca nng dn ta". Do , Nguyn Hu
khng nh: chin tranh do chng gy nn l chin tranh xm lc, chin tranh phi
ngha, chin tranh do nhn dn ta tin hnh t v l chin tranh gii phng dn
tc, chin tranh chnh ngha.
----------------------
1. Li tuyn b ca Nguyn Hu ti cuc duyt binh ln trn doanh Ngh An, trc khi xut qun
tiu dit qun Thanh.
Nu nh trc y, khi tin qun ra Bc tiu dit nh Trnh, vi tnh hnh chnh
tr lc y, Nguyn Hu vn gi khu hiu "ph L dit Trnh" th by gi, ng trc
cuc xm lc ca nh Thanh v s phn bi nhc nh ca nh L, Nguyn Hu
thng tay vt b khu hiu "ph L" ging cao ngn c gii phng dn tc, nh
bi qun xm lc, tiu dit bn bn nc L Chiu Thng. Nguyn Hu tin tng
chin lc chnh tr phn nh trung thnh nguyn vng v l tng chng ngoi
xm, ginh c lp ca ton th dn tc ta.
Qua giai on u ca cuc chin tranh, v mt chnh tr, qun Thanh v bn L
Chiu Thng hon ton l mt n l qun xm lc cp nc v k b nhn bn
nc. Trong nhn dn ta, mi ngi u cm th si sc bn cp nc, tr mt s t
trc y hoang mang, lm ng, do d tng lm qun Thanh sang phc hng
nh L th nay h thy r ai l th, ai l bn, cho nn t v tr chng i hoc trung
lp, h chuyn sang v tr mi, ng h chnh ngha, ng h Nguyn Hu, tnh
nguyn tham gia cuc chin u chng ngoi xm. Nguyn Hu i ng nguyn
vng, tnh cm ca tuyt i a s nhn dn. Nhn t c bn nht ca thng li, nhn
t nhn ha, thuc v qun i Nguyn Hu. Ton dn "ng tm hip lc"
ng h qun i Nguyn Hu chng ngoi xm. Qun Thanh khng phi ch sc
vi qun i Ty Sn m cn ng trc c mt dn tc ang vng y chng li
chng.
Trc khi m cuc tin cng qun s quyt nh, Nguyn Hu pht ng cuc
tin cng chnh tr qui m ln. Bi chiu tc v pht ra lc , l ngn c ch o, l
khu hiu ng vin mi tng lp nhn dn v ton qun ng ln chin u, tiu
dit qun Thanh xm lc, nh ton b th lc phn ng nh L. Li ku gi
tht s ng vin lc lng ca nhn dn, bt k vng t do hay trong vng tm
chim. Tri li, trong hng ng k th bt u c nhng lc c, gia bn b nhn vi
qun Thanh c nhng mu thun, tuy ch l mu thun gia t v ch
V mt chnh tr, r rng qun Thanh v bn b nhn ang dn dn b c lp,
hng ng ang c nhng nt rn, lng lo, du hiu ca s tan v hon ton.

133
 Nguyn Hu lp tc bin sc mnh chnh tr thnh sc mnh qun s. ng ra li
ku gi nhp ng. Ch trong mt thi gian ngn, hng vn thanh nin Ngh An - ni
m bn vua quan nh L t o tng s c mt cuc ni dy ca nhn dn cn
vng chng li Ty Sn - tnh nguyn tham gia qun i cu nc. y cng l
mt s kin him c: ch mt trn, trong thi gian rt ngn m c th ng vin
c mt lc lng qun s ln nh vy. l cha ni n cng tc phc v khc
ca ng o nhn dn Ngh An.
ng thi, Nguyn Hu nhanh chng pht hin nh v sai lm ca qun
Thanh, tn dng sai lm nh bi chng. Sau khi chim Thng Long v Sn
Nam, tnh hng chin lc vn ang cn c li cho qun Thanh. Khu hiu bp bm
"ph L dit Ty Sn" lc cha phi hon ton ht nh hng trong mt b
phn nhn dn. Qun i xm lc hu nh cn nguyn vn, li c tng cng
thm bng nhng n v cn vng ca L Chiu Thng. Tn S Ngh khng bit tn
dng kt qu ca thi k u chin tranh, khng bit duy tr tc dng ca u th v
ch ng nhanh chng m rng chin qu. ang trn tin cng thun li y,
qun Thanh dng li, khng phi dng li trn chng ng hnh qun di, m l
dng hn li, trong mt thi gian di. Ngy 20 thng Mt (thng Mi mt) m lch
n Thng Long, d nh ngy 6 thng Ging mi tip tc n cng. Nh vy thi
gian dng li ti trn 40 ngy? Chim c Thng Long v ng bng m khng tn
sc lm, Tn S Ngh v cc tng lnh Thanh, vn cho rng qun i Ty Sn l
yu, cng tin chc Nguyn Hu khng th em ch lc ra Thng Long quyt chin.
Do nhn nh sai lm . Tn S Ngh t th tin cng chin lc trong iu kin
thun li, chuyn sang phng ng tm thi. l mt sai lm chin lc rt ln.
Nguyn Hu thy r tinh thn ch quan khinh ch ca qun Thanh, tinh thn
kiu ngo, t mn ca Tn S Ngh. tn dng sai lm ca dch, to thm iu kin
cho hnh ng bt ng ca mnh, Nguyn Hu vit th gi Tn S Ngh, nhm mc
ch nh lc hng, giu nh chin lc v tng thm tinh thn ch quan khinh
ch, kiu ngo, t mn ca hn. Tng Thanh mc mu, t c yn tm i su vo
con ng phng ng, i su vo con ng b ng chin lc. Nhng sai lm v
tht bi ca qun Thanh dn n mt hu qu: Tn S Ngh, tuy vn gi u th,
nhng ang mt dn ch ng.
Trong ch o chin lc, mt trong nhng thnh cng ca Nguyn Hu l
pht huy sai lm ca ch, khot su sai lm v nhanh chng nm thi c chin
lc c li cho mnh. Hn na, ng to nn nhng iu kin chnh tr, qun s cn
thit m bo u th cho qun i Ty Sn, sc ging mt n sm st ln u
qun xm lc v b l bn nc. i vi qun Thanh, mt thi c chin lc, mt
ch ng chin lc, s tht bi ca h r rt ngay thi k u ca cuc chin
tranh.
Khi chun b chin tranh xm lc, Cn Long v Tn S Ngh trao cho qun
i ca mnh nhim v chin lc l tin cng gii quyt nhanh theo k hoch hai
bc chin lc, nh tan qun i Nguyn Hu, chim ng v bin nc ta thnh
qun, huyn trong bn ca chng.
Mc d c ra hai tnh hung khc nhau, v hai cch x tr khc nhau, nh
Thanh xut pht t mt phn on l, nhn dn ta ng h nh L chng Ty Sn,
134
trong khi th lc nh L qu suy yu, khng cn lc lng g ng k. Chng
cng nhn nh rng qun i Ty Sn khng mnh, khng phi l i th li hi. T
phn on m chng i n kt lun dng lc lng u th nhanh chng tiu
dit qun di Ty Sn, t ch thng tr ln u nhn dn ta. Cn Long v Tn S
Ngh nh gi qu cao lc lng xm lc v nh gi qu thp lc lng dn tc ta.
Chng rt sai lm, dng s hc so snh lc lng qun i hai bn, khng tnh
n lc lng tinh thn ca qun dn ta l v tn, khng th no ly con s m o
c. Vi tm mt sc bn ca mnh, Nguyn Hu nhanh chng pht hin ch yu
cn bn trong chin lc ca ch.
ng thi Nguyn Hu bit tha nhn mt cch khch quan nhng u th v
thnh cng tm thi ca qun Thanh. ng bit rng thc hin mc ch ca chng,
Cn Long, Tn S Ngh khng phi khng ch n nhng vn nhm ginh thng
li trong chin tranh. c bit trong vn s lng qun i, ngoi 20 vn qun ch
lc, Tn S Ngh cn ch n vic xy dng qun ngy khng ngng m bo
tng cng u th . Trong khi y, qun i Nguyn Hu, k c o qun Ng Vn
S, ch c khong 6, 7 vn qun. Lc lng so snh ban u qu chnh lch, l
iu m Nguyn Hu khng th khng tnh ton n trong vic ch o chin tranh.
Vi 6, 7 vn ngui, qun i Ty Sn phi bo ton lc lng, ginh th ng
c li, pht trin s lng cn thit, chun b iu kin phn cng chin lc.
Chnh Tn S Ngh cho rng Nguyn Hu khng nhng khng th iu ng qun
i ra tn Bc H m cng khng thi gian ng vin, b sung, m rng qun
i mt cch kp thi. Vi tnh ton , Tn S Ngh cho rng u th thuc v qun
Thanh - u th v s lng - l mt trong nhng c s tin tng thng li ca Tn
S Ngh.
Nguyn Hu nhn c m mu v k hoch chin lc ca dch, nh gi
ng n u th v thnh cng tm thi ca qun Thanh, l iu rt quan trng.
Nhng iu quan trng hn l Nguyn Hu nhn nh rt chnh xc nhng thnh
cng quan trng bc u c ngha chin lc ca qun i Ty Sn. Ngay khi
nghe bo co v k hoch tm lui qun ginh th c li ca Ng Thi Nhim v
Ng Vn S, Nguyn Hu tn thnh k hoch . ng nh gi cao hnh ng
chin lc ca o qun Bc H, th hin ng t tng chin lc ca ng: thc
hnh lui qun tm thi, ginh ch ng vng chc, chun b mt cuc phn cng
chin lc quyt nh, p tan qun xm lc, gii phng t nc.
Xt v mc ch chin lc, Tn S Ngh cn phi thng trn u tin c "ting
vang" n mc nht nh, gy tin tng v tiu dit hoc tiu hao mt b
phn qun i Ty Sn. Tn S Ngh c kh nng lm vic . So vi o qun
tin phong ca hn tin vo nc ta, o qun Ng Vn S th km v s lng.
Nhng qun Thanh ch chim mt phn t ai, khng thc hin c tiu dit mt
phn sinh lc ca i phng. l tht bi u tin ca chng.
a ch lc vo chim tuyn a hnh chin lc trng yu t chc ch ng
vng chc, nh ca cc tng lnh Ty Sn l nhanh chng chim dy ni Tam
ip. Vi thi gian tranh th c, qun i Ty Sn c iu kin to nn mt
th ng vng vng, c th chn ng cuc tin cng ca Tn S Ngh, mt khi

135
chng dm tin su xung pha nam, ng thi lm cn c xut pht cho ch lc t
Ph Xun vn ng n chuyn sang phn cng.
Dy ni Tam ip l mt tuyn a hnh rt quan trng, pha ng l bin, pha
ty l dy ni cao trng ip, Tam ip nm gia. N l ranh gii ca Ninh Bnh
v Thanh Ha, a th him tr, li c ng thin l chy t Thng Long vo Ph
Xun, leo qua my ci o, m ch cn s dng mt b phn binh lc, xy dng
mt s cng s kin c, th c th ngn chn c c mt o qun ln.
Trong tnh hnh lc , ai chim c dy ni ny th r rng l ngi c mt
tuyn chng ngi thin nhin vng chc t chc phng th kin c, ng thi c
mt tuyn bo m cho qun i ch lc t xa vn ng ti, mt cn c xut pht
tin cng rt tt, bt k l tin cng xung pha nam hay ln pha bc. Trc y,
mun ngn chn cuc tin qun ra Bc ca V Vn Nhm tiu dit bn phn bi
Nguyn Hu Chnh - L Chiu Thng, mt tng ca Chiu Thng l Ninh Tn,
nhn thy tc dng to ln ca dy ni Tam Din i vi vic phng th ng bng
Bc H, nn bo Nguyn Nh Thi, tng ca Nguyn Hu Chnh: Binh php dy
rng:
"Tranh c ni th thng, gi ch him th vng. Gia Thanh Hoa ni v
Thanh Hoa ngoi c ni Tam ip ngn cch, y l ch tri t xy dng, rt l
him yu. Ta nn tin qun gp gi ly, ch qun gic chim trc. c nh
vy th t Trng Yn v bc cn l ca mnh. Nu ni Tam ip m mt, th l Sn
Nam thnh thang vi nhng cnh ng bng phng, rng ri, e kh tranh nhau vi
gic, vic nc s khng th lm th no c na" [1].
----------------------
1 Ng gia vn phi, Hong l nht thng ch, Bn dch, tr. 267, 268.
Nhng lc V Vn Nhm, tng Ty Sn, nhanh tay chim mt dy ni
ny.
Cho nn, i vi qun i Nguyn Hu, mun kin quyt ngn chn ch, ri
chuyn sang phn cng, th i i vi vic bo ton ch lc, nht nh phi chim
trc dy ni Tam ip. Ngc li, i vi qun Thanh, sau khi chim c ng
bng, mun tip tc tin cng vo Thanh Ha, Ngh An, hoc mun tm thi chuyn
sang phng ng sau s tip tc tin cng, th cng cn phi nh chim v gi
ly dy ni . iu m Tn S Ngh - Ha Th Hanh khng thy, cc tng lnh
Ty Sn Ng Thi Nhim, Ng vn S li thy mt cch rt r rng. Tm mt chin
lc ca tng lnh Ty Sn qu l nhn xa thy rng hn tm mt chin lc ca
cc tng lnh qun Thanh.
Do tranh th thi gian, cc tng lnh Ty Sn ginh trc mt tuyn a
hnh chin lc c li, t chc mt ni dng chn vng chc. cng l mt thng
li quan trng ca qun i Ty Sn. Ngc li, do khng nh chim c hoc
khng ch nh chim Tam Dip, Tn S Ngh thua thm mt trn, phm sai
lm trong hnh binh.
Th l trong cuc tranh ua ginh thng li giai on u ca cuc chin
tranh, c hai kt qu tri ngc. Qun Thanh, mc du nh chim c t ai,
chim c Thng Long, gi c qun i hu nh nguyn vn, chng khng
hon thnh c bc u k hoch chin lc, tc l khng tiu dit c mt b

136
phn qun Ty Sn v khng chim c tuyn a hnh c li cho s pht trin ca
chin tranh. Cn qun i Nguyn Hu, tuy tm ri b kinh thnh, b t ai, cc
tng lnh Ty Sn bo ton c lc lng, chim c tuyn a hnh chin
lc quan trng, to iu kin thun li cho cuc phn cng chin lc sau ny.
Tuy nhin, mun thc hnh quyt chin chin lc, Nguyn Hu cn phi xt
n mt nhn t quan trng c tnh cht quyt nh i vi vic nm vng v tn
dng thi c cng nh trong vic thc hin mc ch chin lc, tc l tnh trng sn
sng chin u ca qun i Ty Sn.
Ni dung sn sng chin u bao gm rt nhiu mt khc nhau. Nhng trc ht
phi xt n tnh hnh t tng, tinh thn chin u, tinh thn k lut ca tng lnh
v binh s. Qun i di quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu, chin u cho mc ch
chnh tr r rng, cho nn lun lun c tnh thn chin u kin quyt, dng cm, c
k lut nghim minh, sn sng hon thnh mi nhim v nng n kh khn, phc tp
trong mi ni v mi lc. Nhng trn chin u v chin dch trc y ni r
iu .
Tinh thn sn sng chin u ca qun i Nguyn Hu, vic m bo sn sng
chin u cho qun i l mt bi hc rt ln, rt qu bu. C thi c m khng sn
sng chiu u th r rng l khng th li dng c thi c, s mt thi c, tt
nhin s khng thc hin c mc ch chin lc "chin dch v chin u". Thi
c cng c li: nht l trong phm vi chin lc, th sn sng chin u li cng phi
bo m cao.
Trong chin dch ny, va nm vng thi c chin lc c li nht, va nm
vng qun i trong t th sn sng chin u cao, Nguyn Hu c thm mt nhn
t quan trng h quyt tm chin lc, ginh ton thng.
Cui cng, mt vn khng km phn quan trng m Nguyn Hu phi xt
n l vic bo m giao thng vn ti, bo m hu phng chin lc.
Ln ny, li l mt cuc c ng chin lc ln vo bc nht trong cc cuc c
ng ca Nguyn Hu. Trong cuc hnh qun di t hu phng chin lc n khu
vc chin trng, vi c mt qun i c s lng tng i ln, vn ng trn mt
trc di, th vic bo m y v cung cp v vn ti l mt vn v cng ln
lao. Trong lnh vc ny, qun i cch mng c mt u th c bit: s ng h tn
tnh ca nhn dn. Nhn dn l lc lng ch yu trong vn cung cp lng thc,
bo m ng s, bo m vn ti. Khi cha tc chin, vic b tr tuyn cung cp
chin lc nhm bo m cho qun i trong thi chin. Trn tuyn ng thy,
Nguyn Hu cn c mt on thuyn vn ti ln chuyn lng thc, v kh, n
dc, voi, nga v cc kh ti khc m bo cung cp cho qun i khi tc chin.
cng l mt yu t quan trng gp phn vo vic ginh ton thng cho chin dch.
Vi nhng tnh hnh c bn ni trn, tng hp li, chng ta thy:
V pha qun Thanh, t tin cng chin lc, tm thi chuyn sang phng ng, h
vn gi u th v s lng, nhng ang c nguy c mt quyn ch ng chin
lc.
V pha qun Ty Sn, cuc tm lui qun chin lc hon thnh nhim v mt
cch thng li; tuy lc lng cn th yu, nhng tnh hnh chung bt u c
li.
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 Hnh ng thng li ca o qun Ng Vn S v nhng bin php tch cc
trong ch o chin tranh ca Nguyn Hu, nhng tht bi v sai lm bc u ca
Tn S Ngh, to thnh nhng iu kin c li cho qun i Ty sn v khng li
cho qun Thanh. Nhng iu kin bt u lm cho s so snh lc lng gia hai
bn c nhng thay i quan trng:
- Nhn dn ta ang kin quyt ng ln khng chin, ng h Nguyn Hu v
qun i Ty Sn. Qun Thanh v bn L Chiu Thng b c lp.
- Nguyn Hu pht hin c nhng ch yu ca ch, m ch yu nht l tinh
thn ch quan, khinh ch, tinh thn li vo s lng u th, li vo v kh (pho
binh), tinh thn tiu cc b ng trong tin cng.
- Nguyn Hu tp trung c ton b ch lc v lc lng qun s ang c
tng cng.
- Trn a tc chin c li cho qun Ty Sn, khng li cho ch.
Nhng iu kin chnh tr, qun s y tr thnh tin cho phn cng. Trong
tnh hnh , nu thc hnh phn cng, Nguyn Hu s ginh li ch ng chin lc
trong tay ch. Nu thc hnh phn cng ngay, s trnh c nguy c b tin cng
nhiu mt, trnh ko di chin tranh. Nguyn Hu nm thi c chin lc, ht sc
tranh th thi gian, ginh li ch ng, thc hnh phn cng. Thi c c mt khng
hai l thi gian m qun Thanh bt u chuyn sang phng ng cho n ngy
mng 6 thng Ging m lch, ngy m theo k hoch ca Tn S Ngh, qun Thanh s
tip tc tin cng.
Trong chin tranh, quyn ch ng l vn mng ca qun i. Mt qun i mt
quyn ch ng s b y vo th b nh bi hoc b tiu dit. Ln ny, qun i nh
Thanh, t tin cng chin lc chuyn sang tm thi phng ng, cho nn, tuy c u
th nht nh, h b nguy c mt quyn ch ng.
Tri li, qun i Ty Sn, do thc hnh rt lui chin lc thng li, ang dn
dn thot khi b ng. hon ton thot ly th b ng, ginh li quyn ch ng
chin lc, Nguyn Hu quyt tm kin quyt thc hnh phn cng. Mun t ti
mc ch , Nguyn Hu phi to c mt iu kin: thc hin s chuyn bin ca
th km thnh th mnh. Trong cc chin dch trc, phng php m Nguyn Hu
thng p dng l thc hnh phn cng cc b, ginh u th v ch ng cc b, ri
tin ln ginh hon ton u th chin lc v quyn ch ng chin lc. Vy th ln
ny, Nguyn Hu vn dng nhng phng php no?
Trc ht Nguyn Hu tng cng qun s. Mun phn cng m lc lng so
snh qu chnh lch, khng li cho qun mnh, th cha c th phn cng. Nhng
Nguyn Hu rt tin tng vo tinh thn chin u ca qun i mnh, ng gii
quyt vn s lng qun i mt cch ng mc v hp l, ngha l bo m
chin thng, s lng khng nn qu t, nhng khng cn thit phi bng ch, cng
khng nht thit phi hn ch. Vi thi gian v kh nng cho php, ng nhanh
chng m rng qun i ln mc mt ngi lnh Ty Sn nh li hai tn lnh
Thanh. S chnh lch v s lng tuy tn ti, nhng qun i Nguyn Hu c u th
v chnh tr, c tinh thn sn sng tiu dit ch v k nng chin u li vt qun
Thanh. Cho nn, bng phng php tng ng qun s ln mc cn thit y,
Nguyn Hu to c u th thc t cho qun i ca mnh.
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 S tp trung nhng i tng binh, pho binh, k binh cng lm tng cng sc
mnh tin cng to thnh u th tht s cho qun i Ty Sn.
Nguyn Hu khng nhng tm hiu v c kt lun chnh xc v nhng vn
ln, c tinh cht chin lc, m cn i su vo nhng vic nh thnh phn lc lng
ca ch, tc dng ca pho binh qun Thanh, v.v. Mt chi tit sau y ni ln tnh
nghim tc ca Nguyn Hu trong vic tm hiu ch: Nguyn Hu bit r tnh nng
ca i bc v phng php dng a li trong phng ng ca qun Thanh nn tp
trung mt i pho binh d chin i ph. Nhng tri li Tn S Ngh vn da vo
iu qun lut ban b trc khi xut qun, ch tha nhn qun Ty Sn c ha h m
khng c pho binh.
Bng nhng phng php giu mnh v nh lc hng ch, Nguyn Hu cn
nhm t c tnh bt ng chin lc. Trong ch o chin lc, vic tranh th bt
ng chin lc - chin dch l rt quan trng. c bit l khi cuc phn cng s thc
hnh trong iu kin th yu v s lng v thi gian chun b rt c hn, th s bt
ng ca hnh ng chin lc l mt c s quan trng ca thng li t ti nhng
mc ch nh. Bt ng chin lc m Nguyn Hu nhm ginh c l ch ch
ng nh ch trong thi gian v khu vc m mnh la chn.
Nguyn Hu nh vo lc m Tn S Ngh hon ton khng tin rng Nguyn
Hu c y kh nng v iu kin m mt trn quyt chin, tc l vo lc cui
nm. Nguyn Hu a chin trng n trung tm phng ng ca Tn S Ngh,
khi y cho rng qun i Nguyn Hu ch c th tng cng phng th trn tuyn ni
Tam ip hoc ch tc chin Ngh An.
B bt ng, tc l khng c chun b, Tn S Ngh hon ton khng c k hoch
chun b i ph vi mt cuc phn cng chin lc ca Nguyn Hu. M khng
chun b, bt k trong phm vi no, chin lc, chin dch hay chin thut, u d
dng dn n tht bi.
B bt ng cng ln, tht bi cng nng. Tn S Ngh c u th v s lng,
nhng khng c chun b, cho nn hn khng c u th tht s, cng khng th c
ch ng.
Lm cho ch nhn nh sai tnh hnh, v bit tranh th bt ng chin lc,
Nguyn Hu ginh c u th tht s vo tay mnh.
ginh u th, Nguyn Hu cn thc hin nguyn tc nh c chun b, nh
chc thng. ng nhin, khng phi n lc mi tin hnh cng tc chun b.
Bo m cho mt qun i mi vn ngi i tc chin, cng tc chun b khng th
lm ni trong vi tun l. N phi da trn s chun b thng xuyn. bo m
nh chc thng, Nguyn Hu dnh i b phn thi gian, huy ng mi lc
lng, tin hnh chun b. Chng ta thy rng, ch mt ngy sau khi nhn cp bo,
qun i ch lc ln ng, v Nguyn Hu quyt nh thi gian tc chin bt u
t m 30 Tt v kt thc trc ngy mng 6 Tt. Trong khong bn mi ngy
t chc v thc hnh phn cng, ng dnh ba mi lm ngy cho cng tc chun
b. l t tng "dnh nhiu thi gian chun b chu o rt ngn thi gian tc
chin". Ch c trn c s chun b tht chu o mi bo m nh nhanh gii quyt
nhanh, bo m ginh thng li. Cho nn tuy s lng qun i vo th yu, nhng

139
do chun b y , Nguyn Hu nh bi mt qun i c u th v s lng
nhng khng chun b.
Do y, ring v mt qun s, Nguyn Hu, vi ngh thut iu luyn, vi tinh
thn tch cc c bit, bng nhng phng php v bin php c hiu qu nht,
tht s bo m ginh u th cho qun i mnh. Tng cng qun s ln mc
thch ng, iu ng cc binh chng c bit, ng vin cao tinh thn chin u
ca ton qun, chun b chu o mi mt, lm cho ch nhn nh sai tnh hnh, hnh
ng bt ng, tt c nhng iu b sung cho th yu v s lng, v ginh
c u th tht s, c s khch quan ca quyn ch ng. Tri li, qun Thanh th
tinh thn chin u lng lo, thiu chun b, ch quan khinh ch, b bt ng. Tn S
Ngh ch c mt u th: u th v s lng. Nu u th y rt quan trng khi qun
Thanh bt u xm lc nc ta th lc ny, u th v s lng gim st rt nhiu
tc dng ca n. Cho nn, khi Nguyn Hu bt u phn cng, Tn S Ngh lm vo
th yu tht s v qun Thanh ri vo a v b ng chin lc.
Trong ch o chin lc, Nguyn Hu thnh cng ln trong vic thc y s
chuyn bin tng quan lc lng ban u gia qun i hai bn, t th yu v
chin lc tin ln ginh u th chin lc trong mt thi gian cc ngn, v do ,
hon ton nm trong tay quyn ch ng chin lc. Ngh thut ginh u th v ch
ng l mt biu hin c sc ca thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu.
Thng bi ca chin tranh thng gii quyt bng nhng cuc quyt chin chin
lc. Trong lch s nc ta, cc thi i nh Trn, nh L, tng c nhiu trn
quyt chin v i. Vn quyt chin chin lc, i vi Nguyn Hu, khng phi
l mi l. Trong s nghip p tan nh Nguyn v qun xm lc Xim phng
nam, v nht l trong s nghip tiu dit nh Trnh, di quyn ch huy ti tnh ca
Nguyn Hu, qun i Ty Sn tng thc hnh nhiu trn quyt chin c quy m
khc nhau, v ginh c nhng thng li rc r trong chin tranh. V cc b, v c
th, trong cc thi i lch s khc nhau, nhng trn quyt chin c nhiu ch
khc nhau.
Nhng ng v ton cc, v hnh thi chung v qua thc tin din ra th chin
tranh thng bt u trong iu kin cc qun i xm lc, phn ng hn ta v s
lng qun i v trang b. Do , v pha ta phi thc hin phng chm dng ch
lc nh tiu dit mt b phn quan trng ca ch, tri qua nhiu trn nh vy, to
nn nhng iu kin c li nht, cui cng, tp trung ton b ch lc tiu dit ch
lc ca ch trong mt trn tng quyt chin chin lc. Trong chin tranh Vit -
Thanh ln ny, qun i Nguyn Hu cng theo quy lut .
T tng khng s ch, dm quyt chin, dm ginh thng li, l t tng
chin lc v i ca Nguyn Hu.
Chin lc ca Nguyn Hu l ly sc mnh v tn ca qun dn lm c s, ch
khng ly v kh lm c s. Chnh v vy m trong ngh thut tc chin, ng thn
trng nh gi ng n lc lng c th ca qun ta v qun ch, nh gi ng
n ch mnh ch yu ca c hai bn, ri ra nhng bin php tch cc, bo m
ginh nhng u th cn thit cho qun i mnh. Mt khi nhng iu kin chnh tr,
qun s c li c tp hp, ng ch huy qun i mt cch kin quyt, dng cm
nh cho ch khng kp tr tay, tin mnh n ton thng.
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 S ch o chin lc ca Nguyn Hu - l mt in hnh thnh cng v gii
quyt mi quan h gia rt lui chin lc v phn cng chin lc, gia bo tn
mnh v tiu dit ch, gia tm b t ai v ginh li t ai, gia nh tiu hao v
nh tiu dit, gia trnh quyt chin v dm quyt chin. N cng th hin r rng
s lin quan mt thit gia cc mt i lp ca cc mi quan h .
in hnh thnh cng y xc minh rng, c s quyt nh ca ton b chin lc
trong chin tranh ny l Nguyn Hu nm rt vng mc ch v tnh cht ca cuc
chin tranh do hai bn tin hnh, nm c nguyn v s ng h ca nhn dn i
vi cuc chin tranh chng qun Thanh xm lc do ng lnh o.
in hnh thnh cng y cn chng minh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu
trong vic t chc v to nn sc mnh ca ton b cuc chin tranh v trong vic
thc hin thng li giai on phn cng chin lc m nh cao ca n l cuc quyt
chin chin lc, nh bi hon ton cuc xm lc ca nh Thanh.
cng l nhng bi hc ch yu v chin lc ca Nguyn Hu.

2. CHIN DCH CHIN THUT

Nhm hon thnh nhim v v t mc ch ca phn cng chin lc, Nguyn
Hu p dng phng php tin cng gii quyt nhanh tuyn ngoi, a chin
trng tc chin vo trung tm phng th ca ch. Cuc tng quyt chin thng hay
bi, c nhin quyt nh s ch o chin lc c ng n hay khng. Nhng mc
ch chin lc t hay khng t cn ty thuc vo s ch o tc chin trn chin
thng. V rng thnh cng trong ch o chin lc quyt nh thng li ca chin
ch v chin thut, ng thi chin dch, chin thut c thng li th chin lc cng
mi t c mc ch.
T lc chin dch bt u n khi kt thc, l giai on m tnh nng ng ch
quan ca tng lnh v binh s ca hai qun i tham chin s pht huy cao . Mt
trong nhng biu din ca tnh nng ng y l hai bn tranh ginh mt cch quyt
lit u th v ch ng.
Trc khi m chin dch, Nguyn Hu nm c u th chung v chin lc
- chin dch. Tuy nhin, v mt s lng, u th tm thi vn thuc v qun Thanh.
Vn then cht i vi Nguyn Hu l phi khng ngng tin ln hon ton ginh
ly u th tuyt i. Mun vy qun i Ty Sn phi khng ngng thc hin nh
tiu dit, tiu dit tng b phn sinh lc ch, trong khi m mc ch trc tip ca
qun Thanh l ra sc bo ton lc lng, nh tan cuc phn cng ca i phng.
Trong nhng ngy Ngh An v Tam ip, Nguyn Hu i su vo cng tc
tm hiu ch tnh v a hnh. ng ch trng pht hin v nh gi ng n nhng
ch mnh, ch yu ca ch, ng so snh kh chu o cht lng gia cc o qun
ca qun Thanh, ng thi ch n nng lc t chc v ch huy ca tng tng lnh
i phng.
Lc y v cn bn, qun Thanh khng ch ton b vng ng bng rng ln
Bc H. B chi phi bi nh tm thi chuyn sang phng th nhng mang nng
tnh cht tr qun ngh ngi ch i tip tc tin cng, Tn S Ngh cn bn vn
duy tr i hnh tin cng, theo hng chung nam - bc. Trong khu vc y, qun
Thanh nm gn trong nhng gii hn ca sng Gin Thy, sng Nhu, sng Thanh
141
Quyt v sng Hng, li dng nhng con sng y lm cc tuyn chng ngi thin
nhin. Trc vn ng ng b, ch yu l con ng thin l, i t kinh thnh n
Gin Khu, qua Trng Yn vo Thanh Ha. Trc vn ng ng thy c sng
Hng rng ln, cng chy ngang Thng Long qua a phn Sn Nam ra Bin ng.
Trong khu vc ny, a hnh tuy trng tri nhng nhiu rung nc, ao m. Nu
kho li dng n, th c th tng cng th vng vng trong khi dng li. ng thi,
mt a hnh nh vy hn ch s c ng rng ri. Vn ng ca qun i ch c th
da vo con ng thin l v sng Hng. pha nam, l dy ni Tam ip do qun
i Nguyn Hu chim gi. Dc theo cnh sn pha Ty, tip gip vi dy ni Tam
ip l mt rng ni t Nho Quan, qua Chi N, ko di n Ba V. Bn cnh sn
pha ng, vt qua sng Hng, c mt vng ng bng rng ln c nhiu sng ln
chia ct.
Cn c vo hnh th ca khu vc , tnh cht ca a hnh v cc trc vn ng,
Tn S Ngh c th phn on rng nu Nguyn Hu tin cng, tt phi ly con
ng thin l lm trc vn ng, nu l lc qun hoc con sng Hng, nu l thy
qun. Trong trng hp c lc qun v thy qun cng thc hnh tin cng, cng
khng th thot khi hai ng vn ng .
V vy, Tn S Ngh quyt nh hng khng ch ch yu trn trc ng t
Gin Khu n Thng Long. n Gin Khu tip gip vi ng thin l, vi sng
Thanh Quyt, vi sng Hng, v ngay ca ng Tam ip, tr thnh mt v tr tin
tiu quan trng, khng ch c trn ng b v ng sng. V b tr lc lng,
Tn S Ngh s dng cc i qun L mi khi phc lm lc lng bo v: cc tng
L: Hong Phng T ng qun Gin Khu, Hong T Ngha ng qun Sn
Nam. Trn cnh sn pha ng, mt o qun L chim ng Hi Dng. Trn
cnh sn pha ty, o qun i Kinh ng Sn Ty s buc i phng phi
suy ngh nu c nh tin cng trn mt ny. bo v trc tip cho thnh Thng
Long trn hng ty v ty nam, Tn S Ngh b tr o qun Sm Nghi ng
ng ti Khng Thng.
Cc o qun tinh nhu b tr mt cch tp trung t Ph Xuyn n Thng
Long. o qun Ha Th Hanh c nhim v chn nh i phng trn hng ch
yu, b tr t Ph Xuyn n vng ph cn Ngc Hi, ly Ngc Hi lm im then
cht. Gn mi vn ch lc qun Thanh, do Tn S Ngh trc tip ch huy vn ng
ti hai bn b sng Hng.
Nguyn Hu rt ra nhng kt lun g, khi phn on v b tr lc lng ca
qun Thanh? i th ca ng bit li dng a th v a hnh, bit li dng cc
tuyn chng ngi thin nhin tin hnh lm thi phng th.
Cc tp on qun Thanh hnh thnh ba khu vc da vo nhau, nm gn trong
s che ch ca ni, sng, li c cc i qun L bo v pha trc v cnh sn
ng. Tn S Ngh khng phn tn cc o qun tinh nhu, cn ch trng c bit tp
trung ch lc mnh s dng vo nhng thi c quyt nh. nh tc chin ca
Tn S Ngh kh r rt, buc qun Ty Sn phi giao chin rt xa Thng Long,
phi lin tc nh trn mt hng, trn mt a hnh m sc c ng rng ri b hn
ch, do tc tin cng s b chm. to cho qun Thanh iu kin thun li d s
dng ch lc mt cch linh hot. Theo b tr ca Tn S Ngh, o qun ch lc c
142
th c ng trn ba hng khc nhau: t Ty Long n hng ty, nu Sm Nghi
ng b uy hip, t Ty Long theo ng thin l n hng nam; t Ty Long theo
ng sng Hng n hng nam hoc ng nam, nu Ha Th Hanh b uy hip.
Hn cho rng, vi lc lng chim ng kh mnh, li c ch lc t Thng Long
c ng ra, s to nn u th ln, sc ngn chn v nh bi cuc tin cng ca
i phng.
Nhng iu trn nu ln u im trong b tr chin dch ca Tn S Ngh.
Nhng bn cnh , b tr ny cng l ra nhiu nhc im. Nhng nhc im ny,
nm trong sai lm v ch o chin lc, s tr nn rt nghim trng, khin cho
nhng u im ln ni trn, v cn bn, s mt tc dng.
Trc ht, b tr th trn ca qun Thanh chnh l tip tc tin cng ch
khng phi l phng ng. Tn S Ngh li qu vo cc chng ngi thin nhin.
Nu qun i Ty Sn khc phc c nhng kh khn do chng ngi thin nhin,
Nguyn Hu nht nh s ginh c bt ng ln v chin dch - chin thut. Trn
khu vc bo v, a hnh rng ri nhng lc lng bo v qu yu, qu phn tn, cho
nn trn thc t khng c tc dng tch cc ca khu vc bo v. Lc lng trn khu
vc bo v rt d b tiu dit.
Nguyn Hu ch c bit n o qun Sm Nghi ng bo m che ch
Thng Long pha ty nam. Mt o qun tuy kh ln v s lng, nhng km v
cht lng, do mt vin tng tm thng ch huy.
iu m Nguyn Hu quan tm hn ht trong ton b h thng b tr ca Tn S
Ngh l cc o qun ch lc b sng Hng. Tn S Ngh c thc hin c s c
ng kp thi cc o qun ch lc ny hay khng, c s dng n mt cch tp trung
chng li ch lc ca ng hay khng, iu s c nh hng ln i vi cuc
tin cng ca qun i Nguyn Hu. im khng ch then cht ca Ha Th Hanh
c v tr qu gn Thng Long, tc l gn ch lc. iu c hai mt: nu nh trn
khu then cht, chin u thc hin c nhim v ngn chn i phng trong mt
thi gian di, th s bo m cho ch lc thi gian trin khai, nh tr i
phng tch cc. Nhng, nu nh nhim v khng c thc hin, nu bn tin
cng thc hnh nh nhanh gii quyt nhanh, th ch lc khng thi gian trin
khai, do ch lc khng th pht huy c tc dng ca n. Bn cnh nhc im
, Tn S Ngh cn phm mt sai lm nghim trng khc: hn ch lc b tr
thnh hai b phn, chia ct bi mt con sng ln v tch ri khi h thng lc lng
trong th trn chung. Phng tin bo m c ng mng manh - mt ci cu phao -
hon ton khng kh nng hng vn qun ng trn cc bi hai bn b sng
Hng c th nhanh chng, kp thi bc vo chin u mt cch c hiu qu. B con
sng Hng rng ln chia ct, cc b phn ch lc mt iu kin c ng, t mt
o qun ln, tp trung tr thnh cc lc lng phn tn, tch ri nhau, v tch ri
khi lc lng nh chn trong cc khu then cht. Tn S Ngh t b tay, mt kh
nng s dng mt cch tp trung o qun ch lc ln mnh.
Tt nhin, khng phi Tn S Ngh khng c kh nng lm cho tnh hnh thay
i, chuyn sang chiu hng c li cho qun Thanh. iu kin cn thit l Tn S
Ngh phi sm pht hin nh tin cng ca Nguyn Hu. Ch nm chc v nm
tht sm nh tin cng , nhanh chng thay i th trn, t nht cng a c
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i b phn ca ch lc sang hu ngn sng Hng, qun i nh Thanh mi kh
nng ngn chn cuc tin cng ca qun i Ty Sn.
V chin thut, u im ca qun Thanh l bit t chc im khng ch c
trng im trn hng ch yu. Trn hng ng thin l, cch b tr v chin thut
trong khu then cht c nhng u im nht nh. y, ch khng dn u binh
lc, m bit tp trung lc lng trn mt im - Ngc Hi - lm im then cht, c
cc v tr vi binh lc khc nhau bo v trn nhng c ly nht nh. T Ph Xuyn
n Ngc Hi, Ha Th Hanh b tr binh lc theo cch tng ln dn, do gi tr ca
cc v tr tht r rt: Ngc Hi l im then cht, H Hi l v tr quan trng, v.v.
Cch b tr trn hng khng ch ch yu buc i phng phi lin tc nh
ph, cng tin vo su cng phi nh ph nhng v tr ln hn, buc i phng
phi khng ngng tng cng lc lng nh ph. Trong iu kin mt qun i
vo th yu v s lng, th vic lin tc nh ph s lm cho qun tin cng b
tiu hao, b mt mi. Vic khng ngng tng cng lc lng nh ph s khin cho
qun tin cng khi tin n Ngc Hi s khng sc tip tc tin cng na, do
m cuc tin cng b ph tan. Ngc Hi, Ha Th Hanh c mt binh lc ln
trong tay, c kh nng tng vin cho cc v tr b uy hip, do m tng cng tnh
vng chc cho cc v tr ngoi vi, khin cho nh ph ca i phng kh thnh
cng. Nh vy c ngha l nhng v tr chin thut sc ngn chn cuc tin
cng, v c trong hai trng hp ni trn, Ngc Hi vn pht huy c vai tr v tc
dng lm im then cht chin thut ca n.
V mt cng s v chng ngi, cc v tr ngoi vi hu nh khng c g.
nhng ni ny, qun Thanh da vo lng mc m tr qun, ly cc ly tre v ao h
lm chng ngi. Ring Ngc Hi c ch trng c bit, xng ng l mt v tr
then cht. y, ch c p ly, tuy l ly bnh thng, nhng kt hp vi h thng
ha lc v trn a a li, v tr tr nn kh kin c.
V tr then cht ny c gi tr chin thut v y Ha Th Hanh bit kt hp
bn yu t: cng s, ha lc, chng ngi v lc lng d b tin hnh phng th.
R rng l trong ton b h thng phng th ca qun Thanh, Tn S Ngh dnh
cho Ngc Hi vai tr quyt nh.
Nhng, hnh thi chung v b tr chin dch, chin thut trong lc dng li tr
qun ca qun Thanh ni bt mt nhc im cn bn l mc ch khng r rng,
dt khot. N biu hin mu thun khng c gii quyt tha dng gia tip tc tin
cng v tm thi phng th; n bc l t tng ch quan khinh ch. Cng v vy m
h thng b tr phn nh t tng phng th tiu cc ca qun Thanh. Ton b h
thng phng th ca ch, da vo h thng n ly, mc d Tn S Ngh c trong
tay mt lc lng ch lc ln c th c ng lm bin chuyn tnh th khi cn
thit.
Nguyn Hu nhn r nhng ch mnh v ch yu ca ch. S dng ng
n mi vn qun, ng c th bin nhng ch mnh ca ch thnh yu, v khot
su thm nhng ch yu ca ch.
Vn u tin t ra l phi lm sao ht sc ngn cn s c ng ca o qun
ch lc ca Tn S Ngh, lm t lit hnh ng c t chc ca n. o qun Sm
Nghi ng l mt o qun yu nht, nhng chim mt v tr him yu, lin quan
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mt thit n cc o qun ch lc trong khu vc Thng Long. Cn o qun Ha
Th Hanh, tuy mnh v nhiu mt, nhng d b chia ct, c lp. Trong ba o qun
Thanh, mc tiu m Nguyn Hu nh n ch yu l o qun Ha Th Hanh. Ch
lc ca ng c kh nng hon thnh nhim v ny vi iu kin l c lp c
o qun , bng cch ngn cn mt cch tch cc nht s c ng ca cc o qun
ch lc ti Thng Long. Mun thc hin nhng iu v b vo th yu v s
lng, yu t thi gian l rt quan trng: vn ng nhanh chng, nng cao sc tin
cng s bo m thng li.
nh tin cng ca Nguyn Hu l: mc tiu nh n ch yu ca qun i
Ty Sn s l o qun Ha Th Hanh. Trong khi , ng s dng mt b phn lc
lng tp kch bt ng vo o qun Sm Nghi ng, nhanh chng tiu dit o
qun ny v nh chim Thng Long, thc hin chia ct chin trng. Khi nhng
mc tiu ni trn t c, m th hin c th l cc o qun ch lc Tn S
Ngh b ri lon, nm trong vng vy ca cc o qun Ty Sn, Nguyn Hu s
tiu dit n trong vn ng.
Phng chm tc chin c th hin l nh nhanh, gii quyt nhanh. Cc trn
chin u quyt nh din ra trong mt thi gian ngn. bo m nh nhanh gii
quyt nhanh, mi hnh ng chin dch - chin thut ca qun i u pht huy
cao yu t bt ng.
Xc nh nh tin cng tuy l mt vic quan trng nhng Nguyn Hu cn c
th ha nh thnh mt k hoch tc chin v tin hnh nhiu cng tc trng yu
khc. Nhng vn phc tp u c Nguyn Hu, v tng dy kinh nghim,
gii quyt mt cch rt thnh cng.
C th khng nh rng trong cuc i chin u ca ng, cha bao gi Nguyn
Hu ng trc nhng vn ln nh th. iu cng ni ln ngha cc k ln
lao trong thnh cng ca ng v mt t chc v ch o tc chin.
Nhng kinh nghim v t chc v thc hnh chin dch rt phong ph. Chng
ti ch s b nghin cu nhng bi hc ch yu sau y:
- ng vin chnh tr;
- T chc hnh qun, v cng tc bo m;
- K hoch tc chin;
- S dng i d b;
- Ch o chin thut.

NG VIN CHNH TR
Nguyn Hu rt ch trng n cng tc ng vin chnh tr. ng nu r k th
ca dn tc l qun xm lc nh Thanh v b l bn nc L Chiu Thng, khi su
lng yu nc nng nn ca qun dn ta, khi su ch cm th gic ca h, va
cao truyn thng v vang chng ngoi xm ca dn tc, va t thm ngn la bng
chy ca nng dn khi ngha. V mc ch v phng php, v ni dung v hnh
thc, cng tc ng vin chnh tr ca Nguyn Hu kt hp c trong mt chng
mc nht nh thc dn tc vi thc giai cp, o m bo c thng li chc
chn cho chin dch. Vic ln ngi vua trong iu kin lch s lc cng biu l r
rng quyt tm ca Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn tin hnh khng chin n
145
cng chng qun xm lc, v tiu dit tn gc cc th lc phong kin phn ng,
thc hin thng nht nc nh vi s ton vn lnh th ca T quc.
Trong cuc hnh qun cp tc, Nguyn Hu dng nhng cu h, nhng bi
ht lm cho qun i thm phn khi, qun mt nhc, gi vng tinh thn chu
ng gian kh, khc phc kh khn, gi vng tinh thn quyt chin, quyt thng.
Trong cc cuc duyt binh, ni chuyn vi tng lnh, qun i v nhn dn, Nguyn
Hu cng lun lun tin hnh ng vin chnh tr nh vy.
Cng tc ng vin chnh tr c tin hnh sut trong giai on chun b v
giai on thc hnh chin dch. Trc mt nhim v quan trng, trc mt trn nh
quan trng, Nguyn Hu u t mnh ng ra ng vin qun i. Cho qun i n
Tt trc khi chin dch m. Li cho n Tt khai h ng ngy mng 7 Tt, nh
ha. Khi nh Ngc Hi, trn quyt chin, Nguyn Hu ly khn vng qung vo
c t r tinh thn quyt thng ca mnh v ng vin tinh thn qun i.
Cng tc ch vn cng c ch . Vic h n H Hi l s kt hp bao vy
cht ch v tin cng binh vn, ku gi gic ra hng. Khi vo Thng Long gii
phng, Nguyn Hu ra lnh lng bt tn binh ng thi quy nh chnh sch i vi
t binh, hng binh.
Nhng iu trn t r Nguyn Hu quan tm nhiu n cng tc chnh tr
trong hot ng qun s ca qun i Ty Sn.

T CHC HNH QUN, V CNG TC BO M

bo m pht huy nhn t bt ng, bo m hnh ng ng thi c, mt
trong nhng vn kh khn cn gii quyt l vn hnh qun, tp trung v tp kt
ca qun i. Vi iu kin chn t, ng xu, mt qun i ng ti chc vn
ngi hnh qun trn mt qung ng di trn di 600 ki-l-mt t ra cho
Nguyn Hu v cc tng lnh, binh s bit bao nhiu vn phi gii quyt, bao
nhiu kh khn phi khc phc, bao nhiu bin php phi p dng.
Trn chng ng hnh qun di 600 ki-l-mt, qun i Ty Sn xut pht t
Ph Xun ngy 25 thng Mt m lch, ngh li Ngh An mi ngy v n Tam Dip
ngy 20 thng Chp. Nh vy, khng k mi ngy ngh. Thi gian hnh qun ch
chim ht mi lm ngy, tc l tc hnh qun trng bnh mt ngy 40 ki-l-mt.
l mt tc rt cao, trong iu kin k thut, iu kin ng s, sng ngi, cu
cng ca thi by gi.
c s ym h chc chn ca o qun Ng Vn S chim gi ni Tam ip
v cn c thy qun Bin Sn, Nguyn Hu ty theo khi lng qun i trong
tng chng, ty theo phng tin vn ti, kh ti cng trnh, ty theo tnh cht ca
binh chng m t chc cuc hnh qun mt cch kho lo.
Ngh An nm vo trung gia Ph Xun v ni Tam ip, cch xa ch trn
300 ki-l-mt, l mt khu ng dn c, nhiu ca ci, c chn lm khu tp trung
qun i c th coi nh l khu cn c hu phng ch yu ca chin dch, c bo
m v mt an ton v b mt. Ti y, trong thi gian ngh li, nhng cng tc
chun b v t chc quan trng nht c tin hnh: tuyn m, b sung qun i,
chn chnh bin ch, t chc cc o qun, hun luyn binh s, tip tc ng vin
chnh ti, hon thnh cng tc bo m hu cn, hon thnh cng tc bo m vn
146
ng, s b nh ra phng n quyt tm, s b trao nhim v cho cc tng lnh ch
huy cc hng chin dch.
T Ngh An ra khu tp kt Tam ip - Bin Sn, t chc hnh qun c nhng
thay i, v s lng qun i ng thm, cc phng tin, kh ti chin tranh loi
nng cng tng, cc o qun phi t mnh khun vc thm lng thc, n dc;
trn ng hnh qun, qun i phi vt nhiu sng rng. iu ny ct ngha ti
sao trn chng ng hnh qun ngn hn, qun i c ngh ngi li phi dng
thi gian hnh qun nhiu hn, tc hnh qun gim xung.
Vng ni Tam ip rt thun tin cho vic tp kt. N cch xa cc n tin tiu,
cc i trinh st ca ch chng 20 ki-l-mt, va thun tin cho qun Ty Sn tin
hnh trinh st ch, gi b mt hnh ng ca mnh, va thun tin cho vic xut
pht, trin khai thnh th trn chin dch, tip cn ch. Da vo tuyn a hnh
him tr, Nguyn Hu thc hin mt cch tt p,vic giu mnh, nhn ch, v
nhanh chng trin khai tip cn ch. Chnh v th m Tn S Ngh tuy c bit qun
Ty Sn tp trung dy ni Tam ip nhng khng th phn on ng s lng
ca qun i Ty Sn v nh hnh ng ca Nguyn Hu.
Ti khu tp kt, Nguyn Hu cho hon thnh cc cng tc chun b cui
cng, xc nh quyt tm v k hoch tc chin, h mnh lnh cho cc tng lnh,
quy nh trt t tin qun. Cc o qun vu hi (thy qun) v thc su (o qun
ca c Long) xut pht trc, cui cng mi n o qun ch lc tin qun.
Cng tc bo m vn ng cho mt qun i ln nh vy ch yu l bo m
vn ng cho lc qun, i hi phi huy ng nhiu kh ti, p dng nhiu bin php.
Ring vic vt nhiu sng ln nh cho hng vn qun cc binh chng l
mt vn rt ln, rt phc tp.
Cng tc bo m hu cn, ch yu l lng thc, thc phm v vn ti, cng l
mt vn rt ln. thi i Nguyn Hu, trong thi bnh t chc mt h thng
kho tng lng thc theo tng tnh v tng huyn. Chc chn rng vi s ng h
nhit lit ca nhn dn Ngh An, Thanh Ha v cc a phng khc, vic ng vin
lng thc, thc phm, vic t chc cc i khun vc, c tin hnh mt cch
thun li.

K HOCH TC CHIN
Nghin cu su sc k hoch tc chin ca Nguyn Hu, chng ta cng khm
phc ch tiu dit ch v tinh thn khoa hc ca ng.
Nh trnh by, nh ca Tn S Ngh l buc Nguyn Hu phi bc l v
trin khai qu sm lc lng ca mnh, phi lin tc nh theo chiu su ln, phi
tiu hao nhiu lc lng trong khu vc khng ch ch yu, do Nguyn Hu s
mt kh nng tin cng, v Tn S Ngh c th chc chn nh tan cuc tin cng.
Ngc li, Nguyn Hu vn dng phng chm ch o chung l tranh th b
mt, bt ng, tin cng trn nhiu hng, thc hin bao vy tiu dit ch bng hnh
thc c ng to bo l kt hp tin cng chnh din vi thc su, vu hi vo cnh
sn v sau lng ch, chia ct ch, bo m sc tin cng nhanh, mnh nht tiu
dit tng b phn ch. Mt vn ln t ra l: lm th no buc ch phi phn

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tn, m ta th tp trung? Nn tin cng ch trn mt hng, hay trn nhiu hng?
Chn hng no l hng tin cng v hng t kch ch yu?
Vn trn y rt quan trng. Gii quyt n c c tha ng hay khng, s
c nh hng quyt nh n s tin trin v kt cc ca chin dch. N s l s th
hin c th ca ngh thut ginh u th v ch ng. Trong iu kin qun i Ty
Sn vo th yu v s lng, nu tin cng trn nhiu hng s d dng dn ti
phn tn lc lng kt qu l khng bo m thng li ca chin dch. Ngc li,
nu ch tin cng trn mt hng, th trn hng bo m tp trung lc lng u
th so vi ch, nhng ch rnh tay cc ni khc, c th iu ng nhanh chng
lc lng t nhng ni y n hng bi uy hip to nn u th. Kt qu s l kh
m tiu dit c ch. Cho nn, thc hin bc chuyn bin t th yu sang th
mnh, mu thun gia phn tn v tp trung binh lc i hi phi c gii quyt
mt cch tht chnh xc v linh hot.
Nguyn Hu quyt tm tin cng trn hai hng nhm tiu dit ton b qun
Thanh, ly hng Tam ip - Thng Long lm hng trung tm ch yu, ly hng
Hi Dng - Thng Long lm hng tin cng b tr. ng thi p dng nguyn tc
ra sc tit kim binh lc trn hng b tr, tp trung i b phn binh lc trn
hng ch yu. Nh vy tc l hai hng u nhm vo mt mc tiu chin lc,
buc ch phi phn tn (v ton cc) m qun i Nguyn Hu li thc hin c
tp trung (ton cc v cc b).
Trn hng tin cng ch yu, c nhng lc lng ca ch nh sau: o qun
Ha Th Hanh, o qun Sm Nghi ng v qun L Chiu Thng trong thnh
Thng Long. Mc ch ca Nguyn Hu l tiu dit ton b cc lc lng , gii
phng Thng Long, chim tuyn sng Hng, tin ti nh vo ch lc ch. t
mc ch , Nguyn Hu quyt nh nh trn nhiu hng.
Nhng chn hng no lm hng ch yu? V sao Nguyn Hu li chn o
qun Ha Th Hanh l mc tiu ch yu trn hng ny? Lc , cn c vo hnh
thi b tr ca ch, vo a hnh v iu kin tip cn, Nguyn Hu c th chn mt
trong ba hng:
- Hng trn ng thin l, t Gin Khu n Thng Long;
- Hng t Vn nh n i ng qua Ngc Hi vo Thng Long;
- Hng theo ng Chng c qua Nhn Mc, Khng Thng vo Thng
Long.
Tin nh ch yu trn hng th nht, c ngha l nh vo hng phng th
ch yu ca ch. Tp trung lc lng trn hng ny c th to nn u th so vi
o qun ca Ha Th Hanh hoc t nht cng ngang vi o qun ny, iu tng
kh nng tiu dit sinh lc ch.
Nhng trn hng ny, ch ng nhiu c im dc theo chiu su, li c v tr
mnh Ngc Hi. Tin nh ch yu trn hng , s phi nh lin tc, iu hn
ch kh nng tiu dit sinh lc ch. Song, xt v mt a hnh v iu kin tip cn,
hng ny l hng thun tin nht cho hnh ng ca mt lc lng ln s dng
tp trung, thun tin nht cho c ng v vn ng, thun tin nht cho vic tip t
cung cp t hu phng ra.

148
 Tin nh ch yu trn hng th hai, c ngha l nh vo cnh sn ca ch
trong khu phng th ch yu. Tp trung lc lng trn hng , c th gim bt t
ph, nhng vn nh vo ch mnh ca ch. So snh vi hng th nht, cc iu
kin tng thm hoc gim mt kh nng tiu dit ch, khng khc nhau l bao nhiu.
Song, trn hng ny thiu ng vn ng, a hnh rung nc ly li ao h nhiu,
hn ch rt nhiu sc c ng ca qun ta, vic tip t cho nhng o qun ln gp
rt nhiu kh khn. Trn hng ny, khng th tp trung nhiu o qun ln c.
Tin nh ch yu trn hng th ba, c ngha l thc su vo ni s h nht
ca ch, st nch Thng Long, st nch o qun ch lc ca ch. Tp trung lc
lng trn hng , c th to nn u th ln so vi o qun ca Sm Nghi ng,
c th nhanh chng gii phng Thng Long, song khng th khng tnh n mt kh
nng l o qun ch lc ca ch c th c ng ra hng . Nhng kh khn nht
l iu kin vn ng, bo m hu cn cho nhng o qun ln khng th thc hin
c trong mt thi gian ngn.
Cho nn, Nguyn Hu chn hng th nht l hng tin nh ch yu, ng
thi chn hng th ba l hng nh th yu, nhng rt quan trng. Chn nh vy
tc l bo m tiu dit qun Ha Th Hanh, li bo m tiu dit o qun Sm
Nghi ng, to iu kin tin nh thng li vo ch lc ca Tn S Ngh. Vic chn
hng tin nh ch yu v hng tin nh th yu l rt chnh xc v ti tnh.
Vi phng php s dng binh lc ng n, v do tiu dit nhanh chng o
qun Sm Nghi ng, qun i Nguyn Hu thc hin s chia ct chin trng,
c lp qun Ha Th Hanh v bao vy ch lc ca Tn S Ngh, khin cho c Ha
Th Hanh v Tn S Ngh u tr nn yu. n bt ng nh vo Sm Nghi ng v
s tiu dit qun Ha Th Hanh mt cch nhanh chng tri tay Tn S Ngh. Vin
i tng ny khng cn con ng no khc ngoi con ng rt chy tn lon,
vt ngoi d kin ca Nguyn Hu. Cho nn, hai hng l mt th thng nht
khng th tch ri, song tc dng quyt nh l trn hng ch yu, ch tiu dit
qun Ha Th Hanh. Vi cch nhn ton cc, nm trng im, s dng ng n
binh lc, chn th on v hnh thc chin thut thch hp, Nguyn Hu t ra rt
gi dn trong ngh thut to u th v ginh ch ng, hon thnh nhim v nng
n ca chin dch.
Thnh cng ca Nguyn Hu trong vic chn hng tin nh ch yu cn th
hin nng lc ch ng ton b s pht trin ca ta v ca ch. Do , khi ng
nh l nh thng, nh l nh tiu dit.
K hoch tc chin ca Nguyn Hu phn chia ra ba bc r rt:
- Trong bc th nht, ng dng mt b phn lc lng nh vu hi vo cnh
sn pha ng ca ch. Cnh vu hi ch ny trc ht dng mt b phn tp kch
ch ng ti Hi Dng tiu dit ngy qun L v chim gi v tr trng yu ny,
nhm nh lc hng ch v thu ht ch lc ca Tn S Ngh. Mt b phn khc b
mt tin vo sau lng ch, khng ch tuyn cung cp chin lc ca Tn S Nghi v
chn ng rt lui ca qun Thanh.Hnh ng vu hi cnh qun va thc hin
c bao vy chin dch.
- Trong bc th hai, Nguyn Hu dng mt b phn lc lng vn ng b
mt, tp kch bt ng vo o qun Sm Nghi ng, tc l tp kch vo ni him yu
149
v yu nht ca ch, tiu dit o qun ny, pht trin nhanh vo tung thm, lm o
ln mau chng h thng chin u trong tung thm ch, lm ri lon h thng b tr
ca ch lc ch, ng trn hai b sng Hng v hng thng v hai mt trn pha
ng v pha nam, ch yu l pha nam, ni c o qun Ha Th Hanh ang chun
b chin u.
Phi hp vi mi nh Sm Nghi ng, ch lc ca Nguyn Hu thc hnh
nh ht sc mnh lit vo qun Ha Th Hanh, tiu dit o qun ny, tin ln gii
phng Thng Long v nh vo ch lc ca Tn S Ngh.
V mt thi gian, Nguyn Hu quyt nh bc th hai din ra sau mt thi
gian ngn, va cho cc c Lc v Tuyt lm c nhim v kim ch, thu ht
ch.
Sau khi hon thnh hai bc trn, ton qun s tin cng trn nhiu mt vo
ch lc ca Tn Si Ngh. c Lc ngn chn ch trn tuyn Phng Nhn - Lng
Giang v truy kch ch ti bin gii.
Cc bc k hoch c cc o qun Ty Sn thc hin y v thng
li.
iu ng ch l Nguyn Hu khng s dng mt binh lc no ngn chn
o qun i Kinh. ng nm chc tinh thn tiu cc ca tng lnh Thanh, cho
nn ng khng cn a qun i chn, trnh lng ph lc lng vn c hn.
bo m thc hin quyt tm v cc bc ca chin dch, Nguyn Hu cn
phi gii quyt mt vn na: b tr lc lng nh th no cho ph hp vi nh
chin dch v phn chia nhim v thch ng cho cc lc lng .
B tr lc lng mt cch chnh xc kho lo cng l thc hin mt cch c th
nguyn tc tp trung lc lng hng tin cng ch yu, tit kim lc lng
hng th yu, v bao vy ch mt cch c hiu qu.
Trn hng tin cng ch yu, Nguyn Hu tp trung mt s ln qun i
tham chin, nhiu voi v i b phn pho binh d chin, t chc thnh lc lng
tin cng ch yu. Trong thnh phn ca lc lng tin cng ch yu ca Nguyn
Hu, cht lng th hin sc mnh cn i ca ba nhn t: t kch, ha lc, c
ng. B binh v tng binh l mt lc lng t kch c sc mnh ln lao. Qun
Thanh c y l do khip s trc i tng binh hng mnh ca qun Ty
Sn, chnh Tn S Ngh cng phi dnh ring mt iu qun lut ch r cch
i ph vi tng binh Ty Sn. Thc t ca cc trn chin u Ngc Hi, Khng
Thng v m Mc chng minh sc mnh t kch ca binh chng ny.
Pho binh d chin c s dng tp trung trn hng ny, ym h c lc cho
b binh to nn mt sc mnh khin cho n Ngc Hi kin c b ph hoi nhanh
chng. K binh c sc c ng cao, c th hon thnh c nhiu nhim v khc
nhau, bng nhng hnh thc c ng linh hot. Trn hng tin cng ch yu, do
vic s dng tp trung kho lo v cn i nhng lc lng chin u ca chin dch,
cho nn, so vi qun ca Ha Th Hanh ng phn tn, ch yu d vo lc lng
ca b binh phng ng, c b tr bng ha lc khng quan trng lm, th qun
i Ty Sn ni chung t c u th.
Trn hng th yu, o qun ca c Long l lc lng thc su c ng,
so vi o qun Sm Nghi ng th yu hn hn, nhng khi tp trung s dng nh
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vo khu yu ca ch Khng Thng th tng u th gp bi. Nhim v trao cho
o qun ny l: trc ht tp trung lc lng nhanh chng tiu dit qun ch
Khng Thng ri tin vo chim ng ni thnh Thng Long, v sau hip ng
vi o qun ch lc tin cng o qun ch lc ca Tn S Ngh.
o qun ca c Bo - i d b ca chin dch - l mt lc lng mnh, c
ng, khng tin sau o qun ch lc, m vn ng trn mt hng ring, gia hai
cnh qun ch yu v th yu, c nhim v tng cng sc tin cng hip ng vi
cc o qun trn nh ch phn cng.
ng tin v hng chin u ca i d b chin dch da st cnh qun ch
yu; iu ny chng t d kin ca Nguyn Hu l s dng n trn hng ch yu.
Trn hng bao vy chin lc (Lng Giang), lc lng ch yu l thy qun,
c k binh b tr, c ha lc ca thuyn chin ym h. Lc lng ny chia thnh
hai o qun c sc c ng cao, c lc lng t kch v ha lc n mc cn
thit, sc hon thnh nhim v c lp sau lng ch: thu ht ch lc ch,
chn ng rt lui ca chng. o qun ca c Lc cn c nhim v khi cn
thit, s tin cng sau lng ch. o qun ca c Tuyt sn sng c ng n
hai hng: Thng Long v Phng Nhn.
B tr lc lng hnh thnh th trn chin dch hon chnh: cc o qun tin
cng, o qun vu hi, v cc i d b chin dch. B tr lc lng v phn chia
nhim v nh vy p ng yu cu l ph hp vi nh chin dch, c sc tin
cng mnh v lin tc, c tnh c ng cao. Tm li l b tr chin dch c trng
im, c bao vy, tin cng, thc su chia ct dch, c i d b mnh.
Nguyn Hu, trong thc hnh chin dch, ch trng cc nguyn tc pht huy
nhn t bt ng chin dch - chin thut, nhanh chng tip cn ch lc ch v tc
chin lin tc ngy v m.
Trong bt c trng hp no, vic trit pht huy nhn t bt ng chin dch,
chin thut vn l mt trong nhng iu kin tt yu ginh thng li. iu
tr thnh mt nguyn tc ca qun i Ty Sn.
Trong thi gian chun b chin dch, da vo s ng b ca nhn dn, v bit li
dng a hnh che giu qun i, Nguyn Hu khin cho Tn S Ngh khng
th phn on chnh xc nh ca qun i Ty Sn.
Vic hnh qun nhanh chng, vic chun b khn trng v y mi mt, u
pht huy tc dng ca bt ng.
Ngay t u, thi c tin cng m mn chin dch gy nn bt ng chin dch
c tc dng ln. Nguyn Hu chn m 30 Tt m u chin dch v nhm vo
nhng ngy Tt pht trin chin dch. Khng th ph nhn mt iu l, mc d
qun Thanh ni chung c chun b phng, nhng nhng ngy Tt tinh thn ham
m thng xun lm gim nhiu s phng b . Bt ng y r rng th hin v
mt thi c tin cng tc l v mt thi gian.
Nguyn Hu bit r ch ch trng nhiu n mt Gin Khu v chim c n
Gin Khu l ch lc Ty Sn c th nhanh chng tip cn Ph Xuyn. Thc t
din ra nh vy.
Khi cn tin cng tiu dit cc v tr nh ca ch, bao gi Nguyn Hu cng
dng mt b phn khng quan trng ca mnh uy hip v tiu dit gn gh, trit
151
. Ngoi mc ch ht sc tit kim lc lng dnh cho nhng trn quyt nh,
Nguyn Hu cn nhm trit phong ta tin tc, khin cho ch khng th x tr
chnh xc. Giu kn lc lng mnh, lm cho ch khng c chun b, l phng
php t n bt ng. Chnh v th, qun Ty Sn bt ng bao vy n H Hi,
n u tin trong h thng phng th H Hi - Ngc Hi ca ch. Nghe ting
trng, ting loa ca qun Ty Sn pha ngoi, my vn qun Thanh trong n H Hi
u chong vng, b tay xin hng. n Ngc Hi l n kin c nht ca qun
Thanh khng b nh bt ng nhng chng bt ng v phng php tc chin ca
qun i Ty Sn. Chng khng th ng rng qun i Ty Sn c th ph v ha
m, ha lc rt mnh ca chng n Ngc Hi, c th xung phong vo n.
Chng khng th ng rng nhng voi chin ca qun i Ty Sn c th ph tan cc
chin ho, chin ly kin c ca n Ngc Hi, tin vo trong nh ph cc doanh
tri ca chng. Khi my vn qun Thanh n Ngc Hi phi rt chy th chng li
khng ng rng c mt o qun Ty Sn ng pha sau Ngc Hi, n ng trn
cc ng rt chy v Thng Long ca chng, chng nh phi chy r sang pha
ty. Chng li khng ng rng c o qun voi ca c Bo ng n ch
chng pha ty, v c my vn qun Thanh cng cc tng lnh cao cp ca chng
phi b mng trc o qun voi ca Ty Sn, ti m Mc, lng Qunh .
Nhng n bt ng nguy him nht i vi qun Thanh trong chin dch ny,
chnh l mi di tiu dit gn hn hai vn qun in Chu, Triu Chu Khng
Thng, chc thng vo Thng Long, khin Tn S Ngh phi rng ri chn tay, mt
ngi mt nga cm c chy v nc, mc hng chc vn qun Thanh phi b
xc trn bi Ty Long v trn sng Hng trn ngp mu qun th xm lc.
Bng nhng n bt ng "tri ging" ny, qun i Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu
lnh o, tiu dit tht nhanh, tht gn 20 vn qun Thanh xm lc trong vng
cha y nm ngy. Chin thut tht l mu nhim v chin thng cng tht l to ln.
t mc ch a ch lc nhanh chng n gn ch lc ch, Nguyn Hu
t ra rt kin quyt trong vic chc thng nhanh chng khu phng th ch yu. Tin
cng tin hnh lin tc c ngy v m, ch yu l ban m v bng nhiu kiu
cch khc nhau.
pht huy hiu qu ca bt ng, li dng s h ca ch, khot su ch yu
ca chng, khc phc ch yu ca qun i mnh (hnh qun di, tc chin lin tc
nn mt mi nhiu...) Nguyn Hu thng thng thc hnh tin cng v ban m.
Cc trn chin u ch yu thng tin hnh vo na m v kt thc trc sng.
Dnh thi gian ban ngy cho vic tr qun kn o v vic chun b nh lin tc.
Nu nh trc khi chin dch m, thi gian dnh cho chun b v t chc chin dch
rt di, th tri li, trong qu trnh din bin ca chin dch, thi gian chun b li ht
sc rt ngn. iu ch c th thc hin trn c s chun b chu o t trc.
tin cng nhanh m mnh t b tiu hao, Nguyn Hu p dng nhiu kiu
cch khc nhau. i vi cc v tr nh, ch yu dng tin qun uy hip ch v tiu
dit chng trong vn ng. Hoc l ch lc vt qua, li mt b phn nh tiu
dit sau. i vi nhng v tr ln, nh H Hi, dng lc lng qun s mnh bao vy
ri dng tin cng binh vn nh chim. i vi cc v tr c lc lng ngoan c,
th nhanh chng tp trung u th tiu dit. Cn i vi im then cht ca ch,
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th vic chun b c tin hnh rt chu o, kin quyt tp trung ch lc nh
ph mnh lit, gii quyt tht nhanh.
Chin dch thng li cn do Nguyn Hu gii t chc, hnh ng chin dch
cht ch, n khp. Trong chin dch ny, Nguyn Hu s dng tt c cc qun, binh
chng c t chc trong qun i Ty Sn thi , ng thi cn c vo tnh
nng ca tng qun chng, binh chng, cn c vo nh chin dch, trao cho
tng qun chng, binh chng nhng nhim v thch hp. Lc qun gi vai tr tin
cng trn mt chnh, thu qun c trao nhim v vu hi chin dch nh sau
lng v chn ng rt lui ca ch. Trn hng vu hi, ngoi thy qun l ch yu,
Nguyn Hu cn tng cng thm mt lc lng k binh. cc hng trn mt
chnh, ty theo nhim v v iu kin vn ng, trong cc o qun, khng phi o
qun no cng c tt c cc binh chng nh nhau, gi vai tr nh nhau, c s lng
hoc t l nh nhau.
Vn t ra l, trong iu kin chin dch c nhiu qun chng, binh
chng.tham gia, tin cng trn nhiu hng ring bit, trn mt chiu su ln, lm
th no phi hp cht ch hnh ng ca tt c cc qun, binh chng, hng s n
lc chung vo vic ginh thng li. Vic hnh ng chin dch n khp, cht ch t
ra nhiu vn mi gii quyt, v Nguyn Hu gii quyt n mt cch thnh
cng.
Nguyn Hu trao cho tng qun chng, tng binh chng nhng nhim v dt
khot, r rng, li trao cho cc hng tin cng nhng nhim v cng dt khot, r
rng nh vy, ng thi kt hp mi hot ng ca cc qun, binh chng, ca cc
hng trong tnh hung chin dch quyt nh, theo mc tiu, a im v thi gian.
Nhng ci "chun" hng tt c s n lc ca cc tng lnh, ca qun i, trn
tt c cc hng tin cng, nhm ginh thng li chung.
Khng phi ngu nhin m cng mt ngy mng 5 Tt, hng tin cng ch
yu, Nguyn Hu hon thnh nh ph n phng th then cht, c Bo tin n
i ng cnh sn Ngc Hi, c Long thc su vo Khng Thng, c
Lc chim tuyn sng Cu v cc a im xung yu khc. y l mt lot hnh
ng ca tt c cc o qun, theo k hoch hip ng thng nht, xy ra trong tnh
hung c bn c tnh cht quyt nh. K hoch hip ng cng chng t tnh k
hoch, tnh thng nht ca chin dch. Hip ng ng tc chin dch t n mc
kh chun xc. Qua s hip ng ny, chng ta c th suy ra vic tnh ton ng
hnh qun, tc hnh qun, tc tin cng cho tng qun, binh chng, cho tng
hng tht l t m, chu o, ng thi tinh thn hip ng nht tr ca cc tng
lnh, binh s, tinh thn n lc cao ginh thng li chung, l nhng iu kin
quyt nh khin cho t chc hip ng chin dch thnh cng rc r.
Mt yu t quan trng na gp phn quyt nh thng li ca chin dch l
tc tin cng cao ca qun i Ty Sn. Ch c tin cng vi tc cao v bo
m tc cao trong sut qu trnh chin dch mi c th ginh thi c trc
ch, pht huy nhn t bt ng, nh cho ch nhng n mnh lit, khin cho ch
khng kp t chc chng li, khng kp iu ng v s dng cc i d b n
nhng ni b nh ph, n nhng ni b uy hip mnh.

153
 Tinh thn chin u rt cao, tc phong chin u dng cm, mnh lit v chin
thut vn ng ca qun i Ty Sn l nhng iu kin bo m cho vic tin cng
vi tc cao nht. Nhng tc tin cng cn b ph thuc vo nhng yu t khc
na:
Trc tin phi k n phng tin k thut cc kh ti chin u v bo m
khc. Ngi lnh b binh thi ch c th dng hai chn vn ng, nn khi b
binh l ch yu th r rng tc tin cng trc ht ph thuc vo sc khe v i
chn ca ngi lnh b binh. Voi c sc t kch mnh, nhng hnh qun chm.
Pho binh d chin ca qun i Tay Sn c t trn voi do tc c th nng
cao. Cao nht l k binh, c th xem nh l b i c tc nhanh nht ca thi .
Nhng k binh tch xa b binh, nht l pho binh th sc tin cng b hn ch. Cho
nn, s khc nhau v tnh nng ca cc phng tin k thut, v tnh nng ca cc
qun, binh chng dn n s chnh lch v tc tin cng, cng vi kh nng khc
phc a hnh bo m vn ng, hn ch tc tin cng. Mun khc phc
iu , nng cao tc tin cng, ngh thut ch huy phi bit hip ng cht
ch cc qun, binh chng, ng thi bit s dng binh chng no l ch yu trong
tnh hung no, giai on no ca chin dch. Tnh linh hot ca ngi ch huy v
ca qun i ni chung c nh hng quyt nh n vic nng cao tc tin cng.
Khi cn khc phc khu vc bo m, Nguyn Hu trao nhim v cho k bnh.
Khi nh ph cc n kin c, th nhim v c trao cho b binh, pho binh, tng
binh. Vu hi chin dch th dng thy qun. Khi m rng chin qu, vu hi chin
thut vo sn hoc sau lng qun ch trong chin u, th thng dng k binh.
Khi truy kch th dng k binh. Tnh linh hot cao trong vic ch huy ca Nguyn
Hu nng cao tc tin cng ca qun i.
im th hai l nng lc p o nhanh chng sc chng c ca qun ch. ch
s tin hnh phn kch ngn chn tin cng, do lm gim tc tin cng.
Qun Thanh b tr trn mt chiu su ln, vi h thng n ly kh dy trong ton b
chiu su , li c nhng i d b, v c mt o qun ch lc ln ti bn Ty
Long. Lm th no nh ph nhanh chng, lm mt thi c phn kch ca ch,
lm th no nng cao tc tin cng theo vi trnh pht trin chiu su ca
th trn chin dch ca ch? Nguyn Hu p dng hng lot bin php c hiu
qu: kin quyt v kn o tp trung binh lc, binh kh trong cc trn tin cng, ch
no cn nh ph th kin quyt nh ph, ch no khng cn th lt nhanh qua,
khng ngng pht huy yu t bt ng nh ch.
Tin cng mt chnh bao gi cng kt hp vi bao vy vu hi: Tnh c ng linh
hot ca qun i Ty Sn to iu kin nhanh chng khc phc s chng c ca
ch. Cho nn, sut trong nm ngy chin u, Tn S Ngh khng th tin hnh tng
vin c hiu qu cho ni b uy hip, khng t chc c mt cuc phn kch no.
m 30 Tt, qun i Ty Sn vt sng Gin Thy v vt qua gn 80 ki-l-
mt, chiu mng 5 Tt vo n Thng Long. Vi iu kin chn t, phi san
phng nhiu v tr ca gic, trong thi i , tc tin qun nh th l cao. T
Gin Khu n Ph Xuyn, qun Ty Sn nng v truy kch ch, nn tc cao
hn, trung bnh 15 ki-l-mt mt ngy. T H Hi n Thng Long mi thc s tc
chin quy m ln, m tc vn gi c trung bnh 12 ki-l-mt mt ngy.
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 Tc tin cng cao ca qun i Ty Sn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
quyt nh thng li ca chin dch. Qun i ca Nguyn Hu v s lng t so vi
qun Thanh, nhng tin cng nhanh, nn thng li. R rng l trong chin dch
ny, tnh vn ng nhanh chng b sung cho th km v s lng.

S DNG I D B
o qun ca c Bo l i d b chin dch ca Nguyn Hu. Tuy qun s
c hn, nhng sc mnh ca o qun ny c tng cng kh ln, v Nguyn Hu
dnh cho i d b ca mnh mt on tng binh pho binh c sc t kch ln
v c ha lc mnh. Cc binh chng lm cho cht lng ca i d b chin dch
tng ln rt nhiu, tr thnh lc lng ct cn. Voi chin, pho d chin, cng vi h
binh, k binh hp thnh i d b, l nhng phng tin quan trng Nguyn Hu
ginh v gi quyn ch ng trong qu trnh tin trin ca chin dch. N bo m
cho Nguyn Hu c th to thnh th mnh so vi ch trong nhng trn quyt nh,
v bo m cho qun i Ty Sn c th i ph mt cch thun li vi mi tnh
hung bt trc xy ra do nhng n lc ca Tn S Ngh gy nn. o qun ca
c Bo c thnh lp vi s lng c hn nhng c nhiu binh chng, cht lng
cao l mt s th hin r rng t tng ca Nguyn Hu nm i d b mnh
ginh v gi quyn ch ng chin dch.
Mun s dng i d b mt cch kp thi trn hng ch yu, vo nhng thi
c cn thit, phi bit b tr ng n i d b , quy nh ng n trc vn ng,
thi gian vn ng v c nh s dng n r rt, Nguyn Hu b tr o qun
ca c Bo vo gia o qun ch lc v o qun ca c Long. Trc hnh
qun ca c Bo da gn vo trc vn ng ca o qun ch lc.
Cch b tr v trc hnh qun c nhiu u im. N bo m an ton v b
mt, bo m tc vn ng v kh nng c ng rng ri, bo m i d b tin
vo chin u mt cch kp thi. Nguyn Hu mt mt tm mi bin php lm t
lit hnh ng ca ch lc qun Thanh.
Nhng mt khc, ng tm mi bin php bo m an ton, bo m c ng
cho i d b ca mnh. Nguyn Hu c nh s dng o qun vo c hai
hng: hng tin cng ch yu v hng Khng Thng.
Nhng xt trc vn ng v thi gian vn ng ca c Bo, th r rng
Nguyn Hu nh u tin s dng i d b trn hng ch yu. Hnh ng tp
kch bt ng vo Sm Nghi ng tuy c th gp kh khn, i hi c Long cn
tng vin, nhng kh nng tiu dit nhanh chng o qun li c nhiu. Tri li,
nm, su vn qun ch lc ca Ha Th Hanh ng Ngc Hi, l mt lc lng
ln, khng th khng tnh ton n mt cch nghim tc.
Nu vic tin cng bng sc mnh vo Ngc Hi gp kh khn, cn tng cng
sc t kch, hoc Ha Th Hanh thc hnh phn kch ln, hoc Ha Th Hanh t
chc cho qun rt lui c k hoch v Thng Long, th s c mt ca mt i d b
mnh vo chin u mt cch kp thi, l ht sc cn thit. Cn phi tnh n kh
nng tng cng lc lng t Thng Long n Ngc Hi ca Tn S Ngh. V vy,
cch b tr, trc vn ng, nh s dng i d b ca Nguyn Hu u chng t
Nguyn Hu nm vng trng im, vi tinh thn va kin quyt va thn trng.
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 Thnh cng ca Nguyn Hu trong nhng bin php ni trn l quan trng.
Nhng iu quan trng hn l bit s dng i d b ln mnh vo thi c c
ngha quyt nh nht.
Trong ch huy chin dch, ngh thut s dng i d b ca Nguyn Hu
ng mt vai tr nht nh. ng theo di hnh ng ca tt c cc o qun, ng
thi tp trung mi quan tm vo hng ch yu, ni c ngha quyt nh nht trong
ton b chin dch. Vic tiu dit hon ton my vn qun ch m Mc nhm
chun b iu kin cho thng li chin lc, chnh l ngha quyt nh ton cc ca
cc bin php s ng ng n i d b mnh.
Trn Ngc Hi l mt trong nhng trn ln nht ca chin dch, v l trn c
tnh cht quyt nh trong vic hon thnh nhim v ca ton cuc quyt chin chin
lc.
To mi iu kin c li s dng i d b, tung ra ng thi c, s dng
binh chng quyt nh, nh vo mc tiu trng yu, l nhng bi hc quan trng.
Bi hc cng quan trng hn ch s dng i d b vo nhim v c ngha quyt
nh n ton cc. Bn thn vic tiu dit my vn qun Thanh Ngc Hi trong
mt trn l mt thng li chin dch ln lao. Nhng thng li c ngha quyt
nh, v n quyt nh s rt chy tn lon ca Tn S Ngh v gn mi vn qun
ch lc ca hn: thng li chin dch pht trin thnh thng li chin lc. iu
mi tht s ni ln mt cch su sc ngh thut vng vng v cao cng ca
Nguyn Hu trong vic s dng i d b mnh ca mnh.

CH O CHIN THUT
Chin dch tiu dit 20 vn qun Thanh ra cho chin thut nhng nhim v
rt nng n t thy trong cc chin dch khc. Tt nhin, khi ra cho chin thut
nhng nhim v , Nguyn Hu khng th khng tnh ton n kh nng ca chin
thut, trc ht l tinh thn chin u v k nng chin u ca binh s, v cc
phng tin, binh kh c trong qun i. Kt cc ca chin dch chng t rng
chin thut ca qun i Ty Sn hon ton c nhng kh nng rt ln, do m
hon thnh c nhim v ca chin dch: thng li ca chin dch c c s t thng
li ca chin thut. Theo pht trin ca chin dch ny, chin thut ca qun i
Ty Sn pht trin thm nhiu bc mi.
Kiu nh ca chin dch ny l nh vn ng, bao gm nhiu hnh thc chin
thut: tin cng vn ng, tin cng n phng th v cc hnh thc nh chn b
tr cho tin cng, cng vi s chuyn ha nhanh chng t hnh thc ny sang hnh
thc khc.
Cc trn nh trong khu bo v c tnh cht nhng trn truy kch. Trn Ngc
Hi l mt trn nh c tnh cht tin cng n phng th. Trn tiu dit o qun
Sm Nghi ng l trn tp kch bt ng ln vo Khng Thng, sau l tip tc
truy kch ch n Thng Long. Trn m Mc, l trn nh mnh vo cnh sn ca
ch ang vn ng. Lng Giang, Phng Nhn, qun Ty Sn t phc kch
chuyn sang truy kch trn mt chng ng di.
Cc hnh thc khc nhau c qun i Nguyn Hu vn dng rt linh
hot, rt thnh cng. N chng t trnh chin thut kh cao ca qun i Ty Sn.
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Nhng, t mc ch tiu dit sinh lc ch trong nhng trn , Nguyn Hu
vn dng chin thut ch yu no?
Chng ta thy rng, v lun trong tin cng vn ng hay tin cng n phng
th, Nguyn Hu u p dng mt cch ph bin v thnh tho chin thut bao vy
v vu hi, t ba, bn mt nh ch, khin cho ch khng th lt li, khng th
chy thot. C khi ng thc hnh bao vy trc ri tin cng sau, nh trn Ngc Hi,
c khi bao vy hnh thnh trong qu trnh nh ph. Cng c khi, do hnh ng b
mt, bt ng, qun i Ty Sn nhanh chng thc mt mi dao cc mnh vo trung
tm ca ch, ri ta ra cc hng, chia ct ch ri tiu dit, nh trn Khng
Thng. Trong cc trn truy kch ch, th ui pha sau, vt ln nh vo sn,
chn u, chia ct ch thnh nhiu mnh, nhiu nhm, nhiu tp. Ty theo tnh hnh
c th v ch, ta v a hnh, Nguyn Hu vn dng linh hot phng php tp trung
binh lc v hip ng kho lo cc binh chng.
in hnh ca tin cng n phng th l trn chin u Ngc Hi. T trc ti
nay, kh khn nht trong tin cng n phng th l vn chc thng trn a c
cng s kin c. Trong chin dch gii phng Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu tng gii
quyt thnh cng vn chc thng mt thnh phng th c h thng cng s kin
c o Hi Vn, v mt thnh ly c kin c hn Ngc Hi, nhng tnh vng chc
ni chung ca phng th li km Ngc Hi. Ngc Hi, qun Thanh bit kt hp
cht ch gia cng s kin c v d chin, gia cng s, cc tuyn chng ngi (gm
chng st, trn a a li) v ha lc tng i mnh. ch gi mt lc lng c
ng mnh trong v tr, khi cn cn c lc lng c ng pha sau tng vin n.
Lc lng phng th ca ch li rt mnh. Tin cng vo n phng th theo hnh
thc c im nh Ngc Hi, cn phi da vo sc mnh u th ca t kch v ha
lc, phi gii quyt nhng vn nh khc phc chng ngi vt, m ca, xung
phong vo ca t ph, pht trin vo trong, nh qun phn xung phong... Nhng
vn ln nht vn l dng phng php no t c mc ch tiu dit tht
nhanh chng ton b qun ch.
Ngc Hi, Nguyn Hu tp trung gn ton b lc lng ca o qun ch
lc, to nn mt u th vt hn qun Thanh. l ni v xung lc. Tng binh tp
trung ton b to nn u th tuyt i, lm lc lng t kch. Ha lc pho binh d
chin cng hn ch, kh nng ph hoi cng s ch, m ra mt s ca t ph.
Trong trn Ngc Hi, vic nh ph thnh cng tt p ch yu do vic tp trung
u th lc lng, v vic s dng mt cch cn i, y 3 yu t t kch, ha lc
v c ng.
Trong tin cng vo v tr Khng Thng th s vn dng chin thut ca qun
i Ty Sn c khc. Khng Thng khng phi l mt v tr c cng s kin c,
nn tin cng c tnh cht tp kch ln. S hip ng binh chng y l hip ng
gia sc t kch ca tng binh v xung lc, c s h tr ca ha h.
Trn nh tiu dit m Mc c c im l pht huy u th tuyt i v tinh
thn, dn ch vo mt a hnh bt li, bao vy ba mt, hip ng gia tng binh,
pho binh v b binh tiu dit my vn qun Thanh.
Nghin cu mt s vn ch yu v chin thut trn y chng ta thy qun
i Ty Sn gii nh tin cng vn ng, m cng tho nh tin cng n phng
157
th. Trong tin cng vn ng, qun i Ty Sn bit vn dng rng ri vu hi bao
vy, bit s dng thnh tho t kch v c ng, bit hip ng ng tc cht ch
gia b binh, k binh, tng binh, do y, binh lc t hn, nhng kh nng tiu
dit hng hai, ba vn qun ch trong tng trn nh. Trong tin cng n phng th,
qun i Ty Sn bit tp trung u th lc lng, kt hp tin cng mt chnh vo
cnh sn, bao vy ba, bn mt, s dng thnh tho t kch, ha lc v c ng,
hip ng ng tc cht ch gia pho binh, tng binh, b binh v k binh, chc
thng v pht trin nhanh chng, c kh nng tiu dit hng vn qun trong tng trn
nh.
Trong chin dch ny, c im ca chin thut l:
- Vn dng thnh tho v linh hot binh lc, binh kh v mi phng tin chin
u.
- Vn dng linh hot cc th on chin thut thch hp vi nhiu tnh hung
khc nhau, ni nht l th on bao vy vu hi.
- Hnh ng tin cng vi tc cao.
- ng tc mnh lit, c tnh cht quyt nh.
Thng li rc r ca chin dch i ph qun Thanh l mt chin cng hin hch
vo bc nht trong lch s nc ta. N a ngh thut qun s ca dn tc ta n mt
bc pht trin cao. N chng minh mt s tht: mt qun i chin u v chnh
ngha, tuy a v yu v s lng, hon ton c kh nng chin thng nhng qun
i c u th v s lng.
Bt lun v mt chin lc, chin dch hay chin thut, thin ti ca Nguyn
Hu u ni bt ln dng kh p o ch v nng lc ch ng ton b s pht trin
bin ha ca chin tranh, chin dch v chin u. Qun i Ty Sn do ng ch huy
t nhng trn nh v chin dch nh, tin ln nh nhng trn v chin dch ln,
t tiu dit vi ngn tin ln tiu dit vi vn ch trong chin u, t tiu dit vi vn
tin ln tiu dit n 20 vn ch trong chin dch. R rng l, khng c tinh thn tch
cc tin cng, dng cm tiu dit ch, th khng th lm ni nhng k cng .
Trong chin dch nh qun Thanh, tnh vn ng v c ng nhanh chng ca
qun i Ty Sn b sung, thay th cho th yu v qun s. Chnh vin bi tng
Tn S Ngh cng thy r u im ni bt ca qun i Ty Sn, khi hn ch
kp tht ln "sao m thn th sau lc c tin o qun Ha Th Hanh v n Ngc
Hi b tiu dit.
C nhin, khng phi l u im ca qun i Ty Sn ch thu gn vo tnh vn
ng nhanh chng; cng khng phi ch n chin dch ny qun i Ty Sn mi c
hai c im ca qun i cn i. Truyn thng nh ln, nh vn ng
c Nguyn Hu xy dng t cc cuc tin cng qun Nguyn pha Nam, pht
trin hn na trong cc chin dch tiu dit qun Trnh. Nhng n chin dch ny th
hai c im cng ni bt hn bao gi ht v cng trong chin dch ny mi ni
ln r nt nht s b sung ca tnh vn ng nhanh chng b vo ch yu v mt
qun s. Ch yu ni y tt nhin l so snh vi qun Thanh. Thc ra, mi vn
qun l mt i qun rt ln ri.
Cng nh chin thng Chng Dng - Bch ng thi Trn Quc Tun, chin
thng Chi Lng - Xng Giang thi L Li - Nguyn Tri v nhiu chin thng khc,
158
chin thng Thng Long ca qun i Ty Sn s mi mi tiu biu cho tinh thn
qut cng bt khut ca dn tc ta, mang sc mnh v ch ca on kt chin u,
ca tinh thn anh dng tuyt vi ca mt dn tc nh, mt qun i nh nhng anh
hng, chin thng nhng qun i xm lc v phn ng tay sai ln mnh.

Chng bn
NGUYN HU PH TAN MI M MU CU KT CA CC TH LC PHN
NG TRONG NC, NGOI NC V CHUN B K HOCH TIN NH
NGUYN NH GIA NH
Chin thng 20 vn qun Thanh xm lc nhng ngy u nm 1789 ca
Nguyn Hu l mt chin thng lng ly bc nht trong lch s Vit Nam: n gi
vng nn c lp ca T quc cui th k XVIII v vnh vin chm dt nn xm
lc ca phong kin phng Bc lun lun e da dn tc Vit Nam. Nhng khng
phi v th m sau chin thng oanh lit ny, dn tc Vit Nam, trong nhng nm
cui cng ca th k XVIII c th bt tay ngay vo xy dng mt cuc sng ha
bnh, hnh phc, ngha qun Ty Sn c th coi bin cng ca T quc l bt
kh xm phm v lnh t Nguyn Hu c th ung dung ngi trn ngai vng nh
bn vng phong kin cc thi. Nc Vit Nam, sau chin thng qun Thanh,
vo mt tnh th v cng phc tp, kh khn, i hi Nguyn Hu v ngha qun Ty
Sn phi c nhiu c gng khc phc, phi pht huy mi kh nng ca mnh,
khng phi ch v qun s, m v c cc mt chnh tr, ngoi giao, kinh t v vn ha
a nc nh vt qua nhng kh khn nghim trng lc y.
Lin sau chin thng qun Thanh, trong ton quc, t Nam ch Bc, u c
nhiu vn ln phi gii quyt, nhiu vn m ngi lnh o khng tht sng
sut v kin tr th khng th gii quyt ni.
Trong khi Nguyn Hu ang lo i ph vi nn xm lc ca qun Thanh
min Bc th min Nam, bn phn ng Nguyn nh cng ang nh ph d di
vo Gia nh. u nm 1789, trong khi Nguyn Hu chin thng qun Thanh mt
cch v cng oanh lit th tng ca Nguyn Nhc l Phm Vn Tham ch huy qun
Ty Sn chng gi vi Nguyn nh Gia nh ang tht bi lin tip v cui cng
phi u hng ch. Trong thng Ging nm K Du (1789), Nguyn nh nh
chim c c min Gia nh. Li dng c hi Nguyn Hu v i b phn qun i
ca ng cn Thng Long, Nguyn nh c th mu tin cng ra cc cn c trung
tm ca ngha qun Ty Sn l Qui Nhn, Ph Xun. l mt kh khn ln, mt
vn cp bch pha Nam m Nguyn Hu khng th khng lo tnh n.
pha Bc, ngha qun Ty Sn chin thng oanh lit, bo v c nn c
lp ca T quc, nhng nn ngoi xm vn e da nghim trng. Hai mi vn qun
Thanh b hon ton tiu dit trn t nc Vit Nam l mt tht bi nhc nh cho bn
xm lc. Chng khng th khng tnh n vic tr th. Tin Tn S Ngh tht bi
thm hi a v ti Yn Kinh, vua ti nh Thanh vi vng cho Phc Khang An thay
Tn S Ngh lm tng c lng Qung, kim c chn tnh vi trng trch iu
ng qun dn chn tnh, ly 50 vn qun tin sang Vit Nam nh tr th cho trn
tht bi thm hi va qua.

159
 Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn chin thng 20 vn qun Thanh mt cch
tht nhanh chng, tht v vang, nhng nu tip theo li phi ng u vi 50 vn
qun xm lc mi tin sang na, th trc tnh hnh y, qun i Ty Sn mun
ginh phn thng li v mnh khng phi l vic d dng, chc chn lm. Nh vy l
trong nhng thng u nm 1789, ngha qun Ty Sn vo mt tnh th tht nguy
him, c kh nng b tin nh c hai pha: pha Nam, bn phn ng Nguyn
nh nh ln, pha Bc, 50 vn qun Thanh xm lc nh xung.
Trong khi , ni tnh Bc H khng phi l hon ton n nh. Bn chn tay
ca L Chiu Thng, khng chy kp sang Trung Quc, vn cn ln lt, mu khi
lon mt s ni. Dng nh Tun, sau khi tin L Chiu Thng ra khi bin gii,
em mt s tn qun "cn vng" v chim gi vng Yn Th. Ti Lng Giang,
Phm nh t cng hai em l Phm nh Phan, Phm nh D v cc con l Phm
Dut, Phm nh C, Phm nh Ninh cng m qun mu lan. Mt ngi em th
t ca Phm nh t l Phm nh Chn cng m hn 500 hng binh hot ng
vng V Ging. Mt s tng lnh cao cp ca L Chiu Thng cn li trong nc
cng em bn tn qun, bi tng ca mnh hot ng chng Ty Sn nhiu ni.
L Ban hot ng Ngh An. Trn Quang Chu nh ph cc min Kinh Bc, Hi
Dng. L Duy Chi, em th ba ca L Chiu Thng cng vi bn th t Hong Vn
ng, Nng Phc Tn hot ng mnh vng Tuyn Quang, Bo Lc. Tt c nhng
bn ny, nu khng sm tr dit c, chng s ph ri tr an, lm cho dn tnh kh
s, v khi c chin tranh xm lc, chng s l nhng k ni ng c lc cho gic,
hot ng ph hoi ngay trong lng ngha qun Ty Sn. trn p bn phn ng
nh L hot ng trn t Bc H nhiu ni nh th, qun i Ty Sn cn phi c
ngay nhng hnh ng tch cc v mnh m th mi i ti thnh cng.
Trong tnh hnh sut c nc, t bin gii pha Bc ti H Tin, ch no cng c
k th ang lm le tn ph t nc, tiu dit ngha qun, Nguyn Hu v cc tng
lnh Ty Sn cn phi c mt k hoch, mt sch lc mu nhim nh th no i
ph vi tnh th cc k nguy him y. Lm th no khng lm vo th b ng,
khng b mi k th trong nc, ngoi nc cng tin cng mt lc khp ni, trn
khp cc chin trng. Lm th no nh k ch ny m khng b nhng k ch
khc nh vo sau lng, vo cnh sn. Xc nh nh th no cho ng nhng mc
tiu chin u tng thi k nm chc phn thng li: k ch no nh trc, k
ch no nh sau, k ch no khng cn nh, ch dng nhng bin php khng
qun s cng c th ch ng c.
Nhng d mun tin hnh chin tranh vi bt c k ch no, vic trc tin vn
l phi nhn vo dn, trng vo sc dn, xt xem qung i qun chng c sc
tham gia chin tranh, c kh nng a chin tranh n thng li hay khng. ng
thi cng phi tranh th c s ng tnh ca cc tng lp nhn dn. Trc nhn
dn Bc H b nhiu nm i km. Khi qun Thanh sang xm lc, nhn dn Bc
H cng i trm trng hn na, va mt ma, va phi cung n lng thc cho
qun xm lc v b l bn nc, va b chng cp bc. Ngui dn Bc H tht l
kit qu. Khp ni, rung t b hoang, khng ngi cy cy. Cng thng nghip
u nh n. Nn kinh t Bc H lc y tht tiu iu. i sng ca nhn dn Bc
H tht l kh s cng cc. Tnh hnh i hi mt thi gian phc hi v cng
160
c mi c th tin hnh mt cuc chin tranh quy m. Nguyn Hu v cc tng lnh
Ty Sn khng th khng thy vn cp thit .
i vi nhng cu thn nh L cn lng chng v nhng s phu cn hoang
mang nm ch cc a phng, ngha qun Ty Sn cng cn phi c nhng bin
php thit thc tp hp thu dng h, va gi chn h khng chy theo bn
phn ng, va pht huy kh nng ca h phc v cho s nghip ca qun chng.
Trc tnh hnh cc k nghim trng ca nc nh lc y, Nguyn Hu v ngha
qun Ty Sn phi lo i ph nh th no vt qua mi him ngho. Nu sai lm
trong ng li, sch lc i ph l c th a phong tro Ty Sn n ch b dit
vong nhanh chng v a dn tc Vit Nam vo bc lm than kh cc, nc mt
nh tan. Mt cnh tng bi thm s hin ln trn ton t nc, nu Nguyn Hu
khng phi l ngi tht sng sut trong vic nh ra ng li gii quyt nhng kh
khn bc nht ca thi i y.
xy ra chin tranh pha Bc th bn phn ng Nguyn nh Gia nh s
li dng c hi nhy ra nh ph Qui Nhn, Ph Xun. xy ra chin tranh pha
Nam, th Bc H s h s l iu kin cho 50 vn qun Thanh tin vo xm lc Vit
Nam. xy ra chin tranh bt c pha no cng u to c hi cho cc nhm
phn ng Bc H tng cng hot ng ph hoi chnh quyn Ty Sn. Trong
tnh hnh y, chin tranh n ra c mt ni, th chin tranh nht nh s n ra
nhiu ni, ngha qun Tay Sn s b nh t pha, i ph khng kp, m nhn dn
Bc H th kit qu li cha kp chun b t chc sn sng tham gia chin tranh,
phc v chin tranh. Cho nn bin php tt nht i ph vi tnh hnh lc l
phi lm th no ngn nga khng cho chin tranh xy ra hoc cha xy ra ngay,
pha Nam cng nh pha Bc, ngha qun Ty Sn c thi gian xy dng t
nc, phc hi kinh t, nng cao i sng nhn dn, tiu tr dn dn tng nhm phn
ng trong nc, tng cng lc lng v trang, cng c quc phng, cng c
chnh quyn, cng c hu phng, bo m c lp ca T quc v tin ti tiu dit
bn phn ng Nguyn nh, gii phng Gia nh, thc hin thng nht nc nh.
l nhng bin php hiu nghim nht, nhng ch trng ng n nht
i ph vi tnh hnh nghim trng lc y v chnh Nguyn Hu c nhng ch
trng nh vy. Sau chin thng 20 vn qun Thanh, Nguyn Hu v ngha qun Ty
Sn my nm lin v dc ton lc ra thc hin mi bin php qun s, chnh
tr, ngoi giao, kinh t, vn ha, nhm khc phc mi kh khn xy ra Nhiu bin
php rt ng n, rt linh hot c Nguyn Hu ra thc hin.
i vi triu nh nh Thanh, Nguyn Hu dng bin php ngoi giao tch cc,
t quan h hu ho ngn chn m mu xm lc ca h. i vi bn phn ng
Nguyn nh Gia nh, Nguyn Hu s dng thanh th sn c ca ngha qun Ty
Sn v ly s c mt ca chnh bn thn ng Ph Xun ngn chn m mu tin
ln ca chng. ng thi vi nhng bin php ngn nga chin tranh y, Nguyn
Hu lp tc cho thi hnh mt s bin php kinh t, vn ha v bt u tiu tr nhng
nhm phn ng l t Bc H. Trong hn ba nm tri t sau chin thng 20 vn
qun Thanh ti khi Nguyn Hu cht, ng thc hin thnh cng nhng k hoch
ni trn.

161
 Trc ht l vic i ph vi nh Thanh, ngn chn 50 vn qun xm lc
khng tin vo Vit Nam. y l mt vic ht sc kh khn. Dng qun s th khng
c. Dng bin php ngoi giao th ngoi giao nh th no nm chc phn thng
li, ngoi giao nh th no xa b c chnh sch phc th ca bn vua ti nh
Thanh, gi c quc th khng thit thi cho dn tc Vit Nam. Nguyn Hu, vi
s n lc ca cc tng s v ca ton dn, vt qua c nhng kh khn y.
i vi qun Thanh xm lc, mc du chng hng h, hm he, mu toan phc
th, nhng chin thng rc r ca qun i Ty Sn v s tht bi nhc nh ca
chng buc chng, nht l nhng k va chin bi Vit Nam v phi suy ngh v
phi ch ng t vn ging ha. Tin qun i Ty Sn s vt bin gii i su
vo ni a nh Thanh truy n bn bn nc L Chiu Thng lm no ng c
min Hoa Nam. Quan qun ca nh Thanh min bin gii khng th khng lo i
ph. Ngi chu trch nhim v vic qun min bin gii Qung Ty li chnh l
"T giang binh b o" Thang Hng Nghip, va cht ht Vit Nam, mi chy trn
c v ti Qung Ty. Thang Hng Nghip t lng thy khng th ng u
c vi qun i Ty Sn, mt khi Nguyn Hu cho qun vt bin gii tin sang.
Cho nn y tm cch ha hon vi qun i Ty Sn. Sng sm ngy mng 5 thng
Ging nm K Du (1789), Thang Hng Nghip t bn Ty Long, theo Tn S Ngh,
lt t chy trn ln pha i Nam Quan, qua bin gii v nc. Va ti Qung Ty,
ngy 18 thng Ging y vi vng vit th cho i tng Vit Nam, Hm h hu [1]
ngh hon binh v yu cu Hm h hu trnh by vi Nguyn Hu nhng l hn thit
v vic nn ging ha vi triu nh nh Thanh, Thang Hng Nghip xin tnh nguyn
ng ra lm trung gian iu nh.
-------------------------------
1. Trong chin dch i ph 20 vn qun Thanh ca Tn S Ngh, i tng Hm h hu c xut
hu qun, lm c chin. C l sau khi qun i Ty Sn vo Thng Long, Hm h hu c
ch nh em qun truy kch bn Tn S Ngh ln tn bin gii, do y m Thang Hng Nghip
vit th cho Hm h hu.
Cng thng Ging nm K Du, Phc Khang An, ngi thay quyn Tn S Ngh
lm tng c lng Qung, ti Qung Ty thi hnh nhim v iu ng 50 vn qun
tin nh Vit Nam, phc th cho trn tht bi ca Tn S Ngh. Nhng Phc
Khang An l ngi ph trch qun lng trong on qun xm lc ca Tn S Ngh
trc y, chng kin s tht bi nhc nh ca Tn S Ngh, cho nn cng thy
ci th kh thng ca mnh. V vy cng nh Thang Hng Nghip, Phc Khang An
cng mun ha hon vi qun i Ty Sn, dp tt mu phc th ca triu nh
nh Thanh. Ti Qung Ty, Phc Khang An vi vng cho vin phn ph Thi Bnh
vit th sang Vit Nam cho Ng Thi Nhim ni r l nn cng nhau ging ha v
Phc Khang An cng tnh nguyn xin lm trung gian ng ra iu nh gia triu
nh Vit Nam v triu nh nh Thanh.
Nm ly thi c ngoi giao thun li, thng Ging K Du, Nguyn Hu cho
Nguyn Hu Tr, V Huy Phc sang gp Thang Hng Nghip, thng Hai nm K
Du li cho Ng Thi Nhim sang Qung Ty gp Phc Khang An. Bit r bn
tng lnh nh Thanh Qung ng, Qung Ty cn ang trong cn hong s sau
trn tht bi thm hi Vit Nam, vic iu ng 50 vn qun sang nh Vit Nam

162
cha th thc hin ngay c, quan h vi nh Thanh c th tm thi ha hon,
Nguyn Hu c rnh tay pha Bc lo i ph vi tnh hnh pha Nam.
Cui thng Hai nm k Du (1789), Nguyn Hu quyt nh tr v Ph Xun,
trao binh quyn Bc H cho Ng Vn S, Phan Vn Ln, V Vn Dng v trao
ton quyn giao thip vi nh Thanh cho Ng Thi Nhim v Phan Huy ch. Thng
tun thng Ba m lch, Nguyn Hu vo ti Ngh An. Nguyn Hu cho Trn Quang
Diu lm tng trn Ngh An v li y mt b phn lc lng qun s quan trng,
khi cn thit, c th tip vin cho Bc H, v phng nhng bt trc bin gii
pha ty.
Khong cui thng Ba u thng T m lch, Nguyn Hu v ti Ph Xun. S
c mt ca Nguyn Hu Ph Xun qu tht l cn thit v rt kp thi. Li dng c
hi Nguyn Hu mc bn Bc H, trong nhng thng u nm 1789, Nguyn nh
Gia nh tch cc chun b lc lng nh ra Qui Nhn, Ph Xun. Nhng
ti thng Nm nhun m lch nm , Nguyn nh c tin Nguyn Hu tr v
Ph Xun v ang ng thm thuyn chin, chun b nh vo Gia nh. Nguyn
nh nh phi bi b tin nh qun Ty Sn. Nh th l chin s b y li
c hai min Nam Bc, Nguyn Hu c thi gian v iu kin lo tnh nhng cng
vic ni b, tiu tr cc ton tn qun nh L v n nh i sng nhn dn Bc H.
Nguyn Hu h chiu khuyn nng, nhm mc ch "phc hi dn phiu tn.
khai khn rung t b hoang" v quy nh n thng Chn K Du (1789), cc x
trng phi lp s inh in khai r s nhn inh phiu tn tr v lm n, s
rung c khai khn v s rung t cn b hoang. phc hi tnh hnh cng
thng nghip trong nc, Nguyn Hu cho vit th cho Phc Khang An Qung
Ty yu cu "m ca i, thng ch ba, khin cho hng ha khng ngng ng
lm li cho dn dng". Phc Khang An phi cho m cc ca i Bnh Nhi, Thy
Khu, Du Thn nhn dn hai nc Vit - Trung qua li bun bn. Ti nm 1790,
Phc Khang An li nhn li lp mt nha hng (tc thng im) ca nh nc
Vit Nam ti ph Nam Ninh, tnh Qung Ty.
Cng trong nm 1789, nhiu ton tn qun ca bn phn ng L Chiu Thng
b tiu tr. L Ban quy ri vng Ngh An b qun i Ty Sn bt sng v
c tha v cho sng t do. My anh em, cha con nh h Phm hot ng vng V
Ging, Lng Giang u b qun i Ty Sn nh tan tc: Phm nh C, Phm
nh Ninh b bt, Phm nh Phan t t. Bn Dng nh Tun quy ri vng
Yn Th cng b qun i Ty Sn truy n ro rit, phi ln trn trong rng. Khng
bao lu, Dng nh Tun cht, d ng ca chng tan. Trong cc ton phn ng
cn li Bc H, c lc lng hn c l bn L Duy Chi, em rut L Chiu Thng.
Chng da vo mt s t trng thiu s, hot ng mnh vng Bo Lc, Mc M,
Thi Nguyn. Tng Ty Sn Phan Vn Chun em qun t Thng Long ln nh,
ng thi thng bo cho tri ph Thi Bnh (Trung Quc) em qun chn gi bin
gii khng cho L Duy Chi trn c sang t Thanh. Bn L Duy Chi b tht bi
phi ln trn vo rng.
i vi nh Thanh, t sau khi Ng Thi Nhim gp Phc Khang An, vic giao
thip gia hai nc c tin hnh khn trng. Thng Ba nm K Du (1789), mt
s b Vit Nam gm c Nguyn Quang Hin, V Huy Tn, Ng Vi Qu, Nguyn
163
nh C, ln ng sang Yn Kinh gp Cn Long. Vit Nam trao tr cho nh Thanh
tm trm t binh. Nh Thanh phi em mt s cu thn nh L l bn Nguyn nh
Bi cng vi gia nh h, gm khong ngt mt trm ngi trao tr cho qun i Ty
Sn. Cn Long yu cu Nguyn Hu, lnh t ly Sn, (nm 1790), sang thm Cn
Long, nhn dp l mng th Cn Long 80 tui. S b Vit Nam nhn li. Cui thng
By nm K Du (1789), Cn Long lm ch d phong Nguyn Hu lm An-nam
quc vng. Thng Mt m lch, Cn Long cho s b mang chiu phong vng sang
Thng Long. Ng Thi Nhim cho ngi gi lm Nguyn Hu ng ra nhn chiu
phong vng.
Nh vy l trong nm 1789, tnh hnh Bc H mi bc u n nh, cha phi
l mt hu phng vng mnh c th tin hnh c mt cuc chin tranh mi.
i vi nh Thanh, mi quan h bang giao tuy c c ci thin nhiu, nhng bn
phn ng L Chiu Thng vn c bn phong kin nh Thanh nui dng trn t
Thanh. Nn xm lng vn cn e da nhn dn Vit Nam v c th xy ra, nu chnh
quyn Ty Sn khng gii quyt c nhng kh khn trong nc.
pha Nam, trong khi Nguyn Hu cha c iu kin em qun vo nh Gia
nh th Nguyn nh Gia nh cng tch cc tng cng lc lng ca hn. T
u nm 1789, Nguyn nh c 6 s quan Php, hu ht l t Ma Cao ti, gip
vic hun luyn binh s [1]. Thng 7 nm 1789, gim mc B a Lc v con Nguyn
nh l Cnh, sau hn 4 nm sang Php cu vin v ti Gia nh. Ti Php, B a
Lc v triu nh Php mu k mt hip c, ngy 28 thng 11 nm 1787 ti
Vc-xai- (Versailles), trong vua Php nhn gip Nguyn nh bn tu chin,
1.650 qun cng sng ng n dc cn thit v B a Lc thay mt Nguyn nh
xin cam kt my iu:
1. Nguyn nh xin nhng hn cho Php o Cn Ln v ca bin Hi An.
2. Sau khi khi phc c chnh quyn, Nguyn nh phi tr li cho Php bn
chic tu chin mi nh Php gip mi, nm mt chic.
3. Nguyn nh phi cho ngi Php c c quyn vo bun bn Vit Nam v
khng c mt ngi u chu no khc ti giao thng Vit Nam.
4. Khi no Php c chin tranh phng ng, Nguyn nh phi cung cp th:
lnh b, lnh thy, tu b, lng thc cho Php.
-----------------------
1. Th ca gio s Ty Ban Nha Castuera vit t Ch Qun (Gia nh) ngy 11 thng 6 nm 1789
- B.E.S.E.I, nouv. sr. tome XV, n0s 3-4. 1940. p. 101.
Vi bn hip c nhc nh trn y, t bn Php bt u i su vo m mu
xm lc Vit Nam. Gim mc B a Lc l k tch cc a ng cho ch ngha
thc dn Php vo Vit Nam v tn phn bi Nguyn nh, tham chic ngai vng,
cam tm dng t, xin lm ti t cho ngi nc ngoi.
Nhng bn thn nc Php lc y cng ang trong tnh trng ri ren. Cuc
cch mng t sn Php sp sa bng n, triu nh Php cn phi lo t v, khng c
qun u gi sang Gia nh. Vic gip Nguyn nh, triu nh Php trao cho ton
quyn Php Png-i-s-ry l Cng-vay lo liu. Nhng ton quyn Php Png-
i-s-ry cng ang lo nhng bt trc c th xy ra, nn hn khng chu s mt phn
lc lng v trang ca hn cho B a Lc em i ni khc. Tuy vy, Cng-vay

164
vn to iu kin cho B a Lc c tu b, kh gii v mt s qun tnh nguyn em
i gip Nguyn nh. B a Lc v Hong T Cnh a c hai mi v quan
cng nm trm lnh Php [1] v mt s tu b, kh gii v Gia nh.
---------------------------
1. M.Spert, Histoire des Missions dominicaines au Tonkin, Avila, 1928, p. 513.
Vi s khuyn khch ca B a Lc, nhng v quan Php ny, sau khi t chn
ti Gia nh, n lc gip Nguyn nh xy dng thm pho binh v cng c
thy qun. Thng 9 nm 1789 Nguyn nh ng thm hn bn mi thuyn chin
hng ln v hn mt trm thuyn i bin. Nguyn nh li m thm cc s quan B
o Nha t Ma Cao ti. Kh th qun Nguyn ngy cng c nng ln. Cng i vi
B a Lc ti Gia nh, cn c by gio s Php. Phn ln nhng gio s ny u c
tham gia vo nhng chin dch chng Ty Sn sau ny. Trong s nhng gio s y,
c mt ngi l Boa-x-rng (Boisserant) thng tho vt l hc. Boa-x-rng thng
lm nhng th nghim v in v th nhng khinh kh cu ln tri gy hoang
mang trong nhn dn, le bp nhn dn l trong qun i nh Nguyn c nhng
ngi Php c php thut cao cng gip . Trc tnh hnh qun ch Gia nh
nh vy, Nguyn Hu nht thit phi c thi gian chun b mt lc lng mnh c
th nh ch mt cch chc thng.
i vi nh Thanh, vic ngoi giao thn thin vn cn phi tip tc. u nm
1790, Ng Thi Nhim ly mt v tng l Nguyn Quang Thc, ngi lng Mc
in, huyn Nam ng, trn Ngh An [1], gi lm quc vng Nguyn Hu, cm
u phi on gm 150 ngi sang giao hiu vi nh Thanh, nhm mc ch thm d
thi ca nh Thanh i vi chnh quyn Ty Sn v cch x s ca nh Thanh i
vi bn phn ng L Chiu Thng. Ngy 29 thng Ging nm Canh Tut (1790)
[2], phi b ln ng sang Yn Kinh. Phc Khang An cng cc tng lnh v quan
li nh Thanh ai cng bit quc vng Vit Nam cm u phi b ny khng phi l
Nguyn Hu, nhng khng ai dm ni ra [3]. Phi b Vit Nam c nh Thanh tip
n v cng long trng. Ngy 29 thng Mt m lch (Mi mt m lch) nm phi
b mi tr v ti Thng Long. Phi b ny c nh hng ln ti thi ca nh
Thanh. Thng T nm Tn Hi (1791), triu nh nh Thanh cho em y bn cu
thn nh L i cc ni. Cn L Chiu Thng v gia nh hn u b giam lng ti
"Ty an-nam dinh" trong kinh thnh Yn Kinh. Nh th l vi thc lc ca qun i
Ty Sn v vi ti ngoi giao ca cc tng lnh Ty Sn, mu phc th ca bn
xm lc nh Thanh b p tan.
-----------------------------------
1. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 374. i Nam chnh bin lit
truyn, s tp l sch vit sau Hong L nht thng ch li ni ngi gi lm Nguyn Hu l
Phm Cng Tr, chu gi Nguyn Hu bng cu, nhng khng c nhng chi tit c th ng tin
hn.
2. Phan Huy ch, D am thi vn tp, Sch ch Hn, bn chp tay ca Vin S hc, k hiu H. V.
167, q. I.
3. Ng gia vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 374.
Yn tm v vic bang giao vi pha Bc, Nguyn Hu quyt nh y mnh hn
na vic t chc lc lng v trang trc ht thanh ton mi th lc phn ng
Bc H v tin ti gii phng min Gia nh khi ch thng tr ca Nguyn nh.

165
Trong khi , bn phn ng L Duy Chi cng hot ng mnh. c s gip sc
ca bn t trng Nng Phc Tn, Hong Vn ng vng Cao Bng, Tuyn
Quang, L Duy Chi v bn cu thn nh L l Nguyn nh Lng li tm cch cu
kt vi nhng th lc phong kin nc ngoi, c bt mn vi chnh quyn nng dn
Ty Sn Vit Nam. Bn phong kin Xim, t sau trn thua cay Rch Gm - Xoi
Mt, vn c mun phc th, tin nh ngha qun Ty Sn. Lc y, nc Xim
ang nm quyn khng ch nc Vn Tng. Xim ang tm cch d d t trng
cc x Trn Ninh, Trnh Cao, Qu Hp (thuc Vit Nam) theo v mnh chng li
Ty Sn. Bn phn ng L Duy Chi Bc H v cc th lc phn ng Trn
Ninh, Trnh Cao, Qu Hp, Vn Tng, Xim La lin h c vi nhau.
Bn phong kin Xim li bt lin lc vi Nguyn nh Gia nh. Mu cu
kt ca cc th lc phn ng trong nc ngoi nc ln ny l mun m mt cuc
tng cng kch vo qun i nng dn Ty Sn khp cc mt. Bn phn ng L
Duy Chi s t trn nh xung. Bn phn ng Nguyn nh s t pha di nh ln
v pha bin nh vo. Nhng qun i phn ng Xim, Vn Tng, Trn Ninh,
Trnh Cao, Qu Hp s t pha ty nh vo Ngh An, Thanh Ha. Chng c th pht
ng thm nhng lc lng phn ng Ngh An, Bc H ni ln phi hp hnh
ng vi chng. Mu tng cng kch ny kh ln, kh quy m, c th gy nguy
him cho qun i Ty Sn v chnh quyn Ty Sn. Trong khi cu kt phn ng
ny, ngi ta thy vng bng qun Thanh xm lc cng l do chnh sch ngoi giao
kho lo ca chnh quyn Ty Sn trung lp ha c bn vua ti nh Thanh.
ng trc mi e da nghim trng i vi nn an ninh ca T quc, Nguyn
Hu quyt nh p tan s cu kt ca cc th lc phn ng trong nc v ngoi
nc.
Thng Su nm Canh Tut (1790), Nguyn Hu cho lp s inh tuyn lnh v
c ba sut inh ly mt ngi ra tng qun. Nguyn Hu li cho ng nhiu thuyn
chin v nhiu tu ln c th ch voi i ng bin c [1]. u nm 1791,
Nguyn Hu cho ngi i sang cc x Trn Ninh, Trnh Cao, Qui Hp v nc Vn
Tng thng hiu v thm d tnh hnh. on s gi Ty Sn ti Vn Tng th
b vua Vn Tng bt gi v gii sang Xim.
Thng Nm m lch nm 1791 vua Xim cho s thn l Sa-lt-vn-tr Khn-s-
thi-na em sn vt v c trng ca Ty Sn sang Gia nh biu Nguyn nh
khuyn khch Nguyn nh tin nh Ty Sn.
Cng trong lc ny, mt nhm cu thn nh L mu lon huyn Thin Lc,
trn Ngh An [2] do Trn Phng Bnh cm u. n lc cn phi hnh ng kin
quyt, Nguyn Hu m cuc tin cng ln vo cc tp on phn ng trong nc v
ngoi nc. Con trai Nguyn Hu l Nguyn Quang Thy cng cc tng lnh Ty
Sn Thng Long c trao trch nhim tin nh bn L Duy Chi.
c trn Ngh An l Trn Quang Diu v c L Vn Trung [3] c trao
trch nhim dp lon Ngh An v tin nh cc x Trn Ninh, Trnh Cao, Qu hp,
Vn Tng. Ti Thng Long, Nguyn Quang Thy cng iu bt [4] Li em qun
ln Bo Lc, c mt tng ngi thiu s l qun Din T Long dn ng,
nh bt c ton b bn phn ng L Duy Chi, Nng Phc Tn, Hong Vn
ng. Bn ny b a v Ph Xun chu ti.
166
------------------------
1. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 373.
2. Huyn Thin Lc nay l huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh.
3. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 388. i
Nam chnh bin lit truyn, s tp, q. 33, chp ph tng l c Nguyn Vn Uyn.
4. iu bt l mt chc quan, cha r th bc v nhim v nh th no.
Ti Ngh An, sau khi tiu dit bn phin lon Trn Phng Bnh ti x Bnh
Lng, ven ni Hng Lnh, Trn Quang Diu em ba vn qun [1] sang nh cc tp
on phn ng pha ty. Thng Su nm Tn Hi (1791), Trn Quang Diu tin
nh Trn Ninh bt c cc t trng x l thiu Kiu, thiu [2]. Thng Tm,
Trn Quang Diu nh thng hai x Trnh Cao, Qui Hp. Thng Mi m lch, qun
Ty Sn tin vo Vn Tng. Vua Vn Tng l Chao Nan [3] khng th ng u
ni phi b trn. Trn Quang Diu vo thnh Ving Chn v cho qun truy kch
Chao Nan. Qun Ty Sn nh ui qun Vn Tng ti bin gii nc Xim. Qun
Vn Tng b nh tan. Cc tng Vn Tng l t phan Dung, hu phan Siu u
b cht ti trn. Vua Vn Tng Chao Nan chy trn sang Xim.
------------------------
1. i Nam chnh lin lit truyn, s tp, q. 33 chp l hn 1 vn qun, quyn 30 chp l 5 nghn
qun. Th ca Le Labousse ngy 16 thng 6 nm 1792 vit l 3 vn qun.
2. Thiu l phin m ch Hn, cng c ngha nh chiu, chiu, chao, chu ch cc vua cha, t
trng cc min ngi Thi.
3. Cc ti liu ca ta thng vit l Chiu n. Nhng theo lch s Lo th lc y vua Vn Tng l
Chao Nan tc Nanthasne lm vua t 1781 n 1794. Cn Chiu n tc Intharavon, hoc Sai
Setthathirat III lm vua t 1795 n 1804.
Vic qun i Ty Sn tiu dit ton b bn phn ng L Duy Chi, nh thng
Trn Ninh, Trnh Cao, Qui Hp, Vn Tng, tin ti st bin gii Xim lm khip s
cc th lc phn ng pha Nam Vit Nam. Bn phong kin Xim v bn phn
ng Nguyn nh Gia nh khng dm em qun ng cu Vn Tng.
Chn Lp vn l ng minh c ca Ty Sn, nhit lit hoan nghnh nhng chin
thng mi ca qun i Ty Sn, chun b lc lng sn sng phi hp chin u [1]
nu qun i Ty Sn t bin gii Vn Tng tin sang nh Xim hay nh Gia
nh.
Bn gio s Php Gia nh lo s cung cung, chun b tm ng chy trn
[2]. Nhng, nhim v ca o qun Ty Sn do Trn Quang Diu ch huy, ti y
hon thnh. u nm 1792, Trn Quang Diu a qun t Vn Tng rt v Ngh
An. Nh th l khi cu kt gia cc th lc phn ng trong nc v ngoi nc
nhm tng cng kch qun i Ty Sn hng mnh b ph tan nhanh chng. u nm
1792, qun i Ty Sn tiu dit nt mt ton phn ng nh L cui cng Bc H
l bn Trn Quang Chu vng Kinh Bc. Trn Quang Chu b bt sng. Tnh hnh
Bc H hon ton n nh.
Nm 1792 l nm Nguyn Hu c y iu kin thun li thc hin k
hoch tin nh tp on phn ng Nguyn nh Gia nh. Nhng trc khi tin
qun vo Nam, vn c mt vn cn c quan tm c bit l vic i ph vi
nh Thanh, lm th no qun Thanh khng mu xm lc Bc H, trong khi
Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn mc bn Gia nh. chn gi nhng bt trc
y khng th xy ra, Nguyn Hu cho thi hnh mt s bin php nh sau.
167
 - V ngoi giao, u nm 1792, sau nhng chin thng pha ty, Nguyn Hu
cho ngi em tng phm sang biu nh Thanh. Tng phm gm c: nhng chin li
phm ly c Vn Tng, nhng sch binh th Vit Nam v mt quyn s vit v
triu i thi nt L Chiu Thng [3]. Nhng tng phm y va c ngha biu
dng sc mnh ca qun i Ty Sn, va ni ln lng t ho v ngh thut qun
s ca dn tc mnh, va vch r cho bn phong kin nh Thanh bit rng nhng
hnh ng theo gt bn phn ng nh L, xm lc Vit Nam l tri vi nguyn
vng ca nhn dn Vit Nam, khng th c nhn dn Vit Nam ng h v nht
nh phi tht bi.
-------------------------
1, 2. Th ca Le Labousse ngy 16 thng 6 nm 1792, Arch, M - E, 746, p. 359.
3. Ngy Nguyn, Thnh v k, q. 6, t 41.
Tip theo , Nguyn Hu cho ngi sang giao thip vi nh Thanh nu vn
i li mt s t c vng bin gii m cc triu i phong kin phng Bc trc
y chim ot mt [1]. Thi y cng c tin n Nguyn Hu mun i t hai
tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty. Nhng s c cng ghi r " khng phi l bn
tm ca ca Quang Trung" [2]. Lc ny, Nguyn Hu tp trung mi ch vo vic
thc hin k hoch tin nh Gia nh, vn i t nh Thanh c nu ln ch
nhm mc ch lm cho bn phong kin nh Thanh phi bn tm v nhng vn
ngoi giao [3], khng tnh ton c ti nhng hnh ng v trang xm lc, trong
khi Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn tin hnh cuc chin tranh chng ni phn
Gia nh.
----------------
1. Xem nhng bi biu v vn i t trong Ty sn bang giao tp v Quang Trung, anh hng
dn tc Ca Hoa Bng.
2. Ng ga vn phi, Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 385.
3. Hong L nht thng ch v mt vi ti liu khc c ni n vic Nguyn Hu cho "V vn Dng
sang nh Thanh dng biu cu hn". S vic ny khng r c tht khng, v lc ny Nguy Hu
40 tui m vn cu hn th c v ngang tri qu. Nhng c iu chc chn rng
khong u nm 1792, b hong hu v c Nguyn Hu m nng v cht (Th ca Le Labousse
ngy 16 thng 6 nm 1792). C th l Nguyn Hu cho ngi sang Thanh bo tang hong
hu Vit Nam. Nhn y, cng c th l s gi vit Nam c nh t vn m hi cu
hn lm kh x thm cho nh Thanh v mt ngoi giao.
V qun s, Nguyn Hu ch trng lin kt v gip nhng t chc ngha
qun Trung Quc ang chng nhau vi nh Thanh, khin triu nh nh Thanh phi
lo i ph vi h, khng rnh tay nhm ng Bc H. Ti ni a Trung Quc,
Nguyn Hu lin kt vi cc t chc Thin a hi T Xuyn [1]. Ti vng duyn
hi Qung ng, Phc Kin, Nguyn Hu lin kt vt cc ton ngha qun m bn
phong kin ng thi gi l "gic tu " (tu ngha l thuyn sn en) v s sch
nh Nguyn sau ny gi h l gic bin T ngi. Nhng ngha qun Trung Quc
min duyn hi l mt lc lng tng i quan trng. H c hn mt trm thuyn
chin. Nguyn Hu phong cho mi hai ngi th lnh ca h lm tng binh v
ban bng sc, n tn Vit Nam cho h [2]. Nhng ton ngha qun ny s mt mt
nh ph cc min duyn hi Trung Quc gi chn qun i nh Thanh khng cho
chng xm ln Bc H, mt mt theo lnh ca Nguyn Hu tin xung vng ven bin

168
Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun, hp tc vi qun i ca Nguyn Nhc cng nh ph
vng duyn hi Gia nh.
Sau khi thi hnh mi bin php i ph vi nh Thanh, Nguyn Hu n nh k
hoch tin nh Gia nh nh sau:
1. Qun thy b ca Nguyn Nhc v qun "tu " s t Qui Nhn, Bnh Khang,
Bnh Thun nh thng vo Bin Ha, Gia nh [3].
2. B binh ca Nguyn Hu s t Ph Xun, theo ng ni xung Nam Vang, phi
hp vi qun Chn Lp, nh vo sau lng Si Gn v chn gia ng bin gii
Chn Lp [4].
Thy qun ca Nguyn Hu s tin thng vo tn Cn Ln, H Tin, theo ng
Long Xuyn, Kin Giang, nh ngc ln Si Gn [5] v chn mi ng ng khng
cho bn Nguyn nh chy trn ra cc hi o v chy trn sang Xim.
-----------------------------
1, 2. Hong L nht thng ch, Bn dch dn, tr. 383. i Thanh thc lc, q. 13, t 6b.
3. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 157 - 158.
4, 5. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch dn, t. II, tr. 155.
T nhng thng u nm 1792, Nguyn nh c tin rng Nguyn Hu ang
chun b mt lc lng ln gm "hn hai ba mi vn ngi" [1] nh vo Gia
nh. Cc gio s Php Gia nh cng phi tha nhn rng Nguyn Hu lc ny
hng mnh hn bao gi ht v chc chn s n p c Nguyn nh, nu Nguyn
nh khng c nhng bin php phi thng no i ph li [2].
Vi mt lc lng hng hu, vi mt k hoch cht ch nh trn, Nguyn Hu
quyt tm tiu dit ton b tp on phn ng Nguyn nh Gia nh, tin cng
chng trn mi mt, mi hng, bt mi ng ng, khng cho chng trn thot khi
Gia nh nh cc ln trc. K hoch nh xong, nhng lc y l ma h, ma gi
nm thi mnh, khng thun li cho vic tin qun vo Nam, qun i Ty Sn phi
ch ti v ng xun mi xut pht.
Trong thi gian ch i , Nguyn Hu cho 40 thuyn chin ca qun "T
ngi" (Trung Quc) i trc vo vng Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun cng vi qun i
Nguyn Nhc nh ph vng ven bin Gia nh [3]. Thng Nm nm Nhm T
(1792), Nguyn nh phi cho t qun ph tng Nguyn Long em binh thuyn i
phng gi cc ca bin. Cng trong thi gian ny, Nguyn Nhc tch cc chun b
lc lng, ng thm nhiu thuyn chin ca bin Th Ni [4], nhm phi hp
vi qun i ca Nguyn Hu trong k hoch tin cng sp ti.
---------------------------
1, 3, 4. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch dn, t. II, tr. 157-158.
2. Th ca gio s Liot vit t Tn triu (Gia nh) ngy 18 thng 7 nm 1792, Arch, M - E, 744, p.
392.

169
 Trong khi qun i Ty Sn t Bnh Thun, Qui Nhn ti Ph Xun, Bc H
u tch cc chun b tin cng Gia nh nh th th tnh hnh Gia nh nh th no.
Ti y, Nguyn nh cng n lc xy dng lc lng i ph vi ngha qun Ty
Sn. Vic xy dng lc lng, c tin hnh trong nm 1789 v t nm 1790 li
cng c y mnh hn na. Trong cng vic xy dng lc lng cho bn phn
ng Nguyn nh thi k ny, cc qun nhn Php, cc gio s Php v B a Lc
gi mt vai tr kh quan trng. V qun s v v kh m t bn Php a vo Gia
nh gip Nguyn nh, lc y qu l cha c g ng k. Nhng v mt xy dng
cc qun binh chng, hun huyn binh s theo phng php chu u, xy dng cc
thnh ly theo kiu chu u, ch huy cc cuc chin u v c bit l trong vic
khuyn khch, ng vin, thc gic Nguyn nh v qun i ca hn tin cng ngha
qun Ty Sn th B a Lc, cc gio s Php v cc qun nhn Php Gia nh
thi ng mt vai tr rt tch cc.
Trc kia, Nguyn nh cn da vo ngi Xim, hoc c nhng ln c nh
da vo ngi Thanh, ngi B o Nha hoc cc nc t bn phng Ty khc
170
nh li ngha qun Ty Sn. Nhng t nm 1789 tr i, Nguyn nh hon ton da
vo Php, mt lng trng cy vo s gip ca nhng ngi i din cho ch ngha
thc dn Php Gia nh thi by gi. V s hot ng cng nhng mu thc
dn en ti ca bn ny khng phi l khng nh hng ti t tng phn dn, phn
nc ca Nguyn nh.
Sang nm 1790, lc lng v trang ca Nguyn nh ln ti ba vn ngi.
Thng Ba nm Canh Tut (1790), Nguyn nh nh -li-vi- Puy-ma-nen (Olivier
de Puymanel) v L B-roong (Le Brun) ng ra xy li thnh Gia nh theo kiu
thnh chu u. Nguyn nh t nh, chim t ca dn v huy ng ti ba vn
dn phc dch vo vic xy thnh. Nhn dn Gia nh v cng cc kh, ni ln
phn i, nh tm git bn Php ch huy vic xy thnh ny [1]. Cui nm 1790,
Nguyn nh ng thm mi lm thuyn i bin v mt thuyn chin ln v cho
ngi i Giang Lu Ba (tc Gia-cc-ta, thuc In--n-xi-a) tm mua thm binh
kh ca ngi chu u. u nm 1791, Nguyn nh lp xng thy s ln (tc
xng ng tu) Gia nh v xng ng thuyn chin gn M Tho. Thng Hai
nm Tn Hi (1791), Nguyn nh li nh mt ngi li bun B o Nha l Chu-
di-n-nhi mua gip mt vn cy sng chim, hai nghn c i bc bng gang, mi c
nng mt trm cn, hai nghn vin n n ng knh mi tc. Thng T m lch,
Nguyn nh ng thm hn mt trm thuyn chin na. Tt c nhng vic lm ni
trn ca Nguyn nh u c s gip sc ca bn Php ti Gia nh.
-----------------------
1. in gi cho lnh s php Qung Chu ngy 29 thng 12 nm 1791. B.S.E.I., Tome XV, 1940,
p. 21, note 1.
Nhng mc du lc lng c tng cng nh vy, Nguyn nh vn khng
dm c tin cng qun i Ty Sn, c bit l khng dm ngh n vic nh ln
nhng khu vc ca Nguyn Hu. iu cha lm tha mn tham vng ca bn B
a Lc. Chng mun nhanh chng git ngi, cp ca, chim t, nhanh chng t
c s cho ch ngha thc dn Php Vit Nam. Bn B a Lc mun nhn lc
chng mi mang tu b sng ng ti gip Nguyn nh, qun i Ty Sn cha bit
r lc lng vin tr y nh th no, nhn dn cn hoang mang nghe ngng m nh
ngay th c th thng. Chng li cho rng nhng "php thut cao cng" m ln gio
s Boa-x-rng em biu din ti Gia nh c th gy nh hng ln cho chng
trong nhn dn, c th lm cho nhn dn Gia nh hoan nghnh, ng h vic chng
v Nguyn nh tin cng qun i Ty Sn. Nhng Nguyn nh khng dm lm
theo mun ca bn B a Lc. Nguyn nh l ngi tht s nm mi tht bi
rt nhiu ln trc qun i Ty Sn, nht l trc ti bch chin bch thng ca
Nguyn Hu. Nguyn nh bit r lc lng ca qun i Ty Sn v bit r thc lc
ca hn. Nguyn nh thy cn phi xy dng lc lng trong mt thi gian di th
ha chng mi ng u c vi qun i Ty Sn. Mt khc, Nguyn nh cng
ang rt nn lng v kh x i vi s c mt ca nhng ngi Php v ngi B
o Nha Gia nh. Nhng ngi ny lm cho Nguyn nh mt nh hng mt
cch nghim trng trong nhn dn Gia nh. Nhng qun nhn Php cng nh qun
nhn B o Nha lc y, tuy chng c nhng hiu bit v qun s c th gip ch
cho Nguyn nh c, nhng mt khc, chng li l nhng k cn bt tr. Chng

171
va mang nng u c thc dn, tham tin, tham ca, tham ph qu giu sang; va
mang nng tnh cht "hiu st", "hiu sc" ca nhng tn lu manh, th ph. Nhng
tn gip vic c lc nht cho Nguyn nh nh ay-, -li-vi- Puy-ma-nen
(Dayot, Olivier de Puyinanel) li l nhng tn sng dm , bung tung, cn nht.
L La-bu-x (Le Labousse), mt gio s gip vic B a Lc, trong th gi v Php
ngy 28 thng 5 nm 1790, phi vit rng: "Chng ti rt bun hng ngy phi
trng thy v nghe thy hng nghn chuyn s nhc do nhng hnh ng mt phm
cch ca ngi Php v ngi B o Nha gy ra..." [1].
----------------------
1. G. Taboulet; La vie tourmente de l'Evque d'Adran, B.S.E I., nouv sr. tome XV, n0s 3 - 4,
1940, pp. 31, 22.
Chnh nhng hnh ng tn bo, dm , try lc ca bn qun nhn Php v B
o Nha lm cho nhn dn Gia nh tng thm lng on ght Nguyn nh, v
cng lm cho Nguyn nh phi nn lng, mt tin tng bn ngi nc ngoi ny.
trong mt hon cnh mt nh hng trong nhn dn nh vy, Nguyn nh cng
khng dm ngh n vic tin cng ngha qun Ty Sn, mc du bn B a Lc
lun lun thc p. Nguyn nh lng tng, na mun dng ngi ngoi quc, na
khng mun dng. V b nhn dn Vit Nam cm ght v khng kim li c g,
u nm 1790, nhiu tn Php v B o Nha cun gi ri khi Gia nh.
Nguyn nh cng buc lng phi cho chng ra i. Trong th vit thng 6 nm
1790, B a Lc phn nn rng: "Trong nm nay, nh vua (ch Nguyn nh - tc gi
ch thch) khng nh chc g, nhng ngi B o Nha n gip nh vua,
quay tr v Ma Cao" [1]. S tht th nhng ngi B o Nha cng nh nhiu
ngi Php ra i khi Gia nh lc y chnh l v h thy khng bc c ca, ht
c vng nh h tng [2]. Nhng thi ca Nguyn nh i vi bn ny
khng dt khot. Nguyn nh vn mun da vo kh nng qun s ca chng. Tuy
mt s t ngi B o Nha ra i, nhng Nguyn nh khng dm bn Php ra
i ht, vn phi c gi mt s chng gip trong vic qun. Chnh v th m
Nguyn nh phi tm cch lm hi lng bn B a Lc. Di s thc p ca B Da
Lc, thng Nm nm Canh Tut (1790). Nguyn nh cho mt cnh qun gm su
nghn ngi tin ra nh Bnh Thun. Nhng ti cui nm 1790, qun Nguyn nh
b qun i ca Nguyn Nhc nh bt khi Bnh Thun. Qun Nguyn nh rt lui
hn v Gia nh v t y y b hn ngh tin nh qun Ty Sn, mc du bn
Php lun lun thc gic. Nguyn nh cng chm tin cng qun i Ty Sn th
bn B a Lc cng lo v cng thc p Nguyn nh nhiu hn. Bn B a Lc
mun tin cng trc qun i Ty Sn khng phi v chng tin chc thng li,
m chng ch ngh rng may ra th thng, nu khng, t nht, qun i Ty Sn cng
khng vo ti Gia nh, lm nguy him cho s hot ng ca chng Gia nh.
-----------------------------------
1, 2. G. Taboulet, La vie tourmentec de l'Eveque d'Adran, B.S.E.I., nouv. sr. tome XV, n0s 3 - 4,
1940, pp. 31, 22
Trong hai nm 1791, 1792, B a Lc my ln mun b Gia nh m i
khi nguy him n thn. Trong mt th gi v Php ngy 26 thng 5 nm 1791, B
a Lc phi than th rng: "Mc du ngi ta ni ht li, nh vua vn khng
chu tin cng qun ch... Nguy him s ti vi ti, nht l i vi cc gio s v con
172
chin, nu nh vua mt ln na phi tht th, mi nguy him buc ti phi ri
khi ni y..." [1]. Trong mt th khc vit ngy 14 thng 9 nm 1791, B a Lc
ni r hn l do phi ra i ca bn chng: "Nh vua khng bit li dng nhng
phng tin c trong tay nh ch... Nh vua cho ch c thi gian ht lo
ngi v nm chc c rng nhng iu ngi ta n i v vin tr ca chu u
ch l ho huyn... Qun i Ty Sn s bo th c lit nh th no, nn ti c c
tnhh li y cho n lc cui cng? Tri li, nu ti ri khi ni y trc khi s
bin xy ra v tt c nhng ngi Php u i theo ti th ti c c cch xoa
du qun i Ty Sn... Ti xin tr v Php..." [2].
Nhng s vic trn y cho thy c Nguyn nh v bn Php gip vic Nguyn
nh u s sc mnh ca qun i Ty Sn, c th l qun i Nguyn Hu. Gia
nm 1792, bn B a Lc li thc gic Nguyn nh hnh ng, v cng da s b i
nu khng c nh [3].
--------------------------
1, 2, 3. Talboulet, Ti liu dn, tr. 22 - 23.
Ln ny, Nguyn nh nhn li bn Php, mu xut qun. Nguyn nh bit
rng Nguyn Hu v Nguyn Nhc ang chun b tch cc tin nh Gia nh.
Nguyn nh cng mun nhn lc iu kin kh hu cha cho php Ty Sn xut
qun c, em qun tp kch thy qun Nguyn Nhc, lm hn ch bt tc
chun b ca Nguyn Nhc.
Thy Nguyn nh nhn li xut qun, B a Lc v bn gio s Php v cng
mng r, chng tin tip vit th bo tin v Php [1].
Thng Su nm Nhm T (1792), Nguyn nh xut qun t ca bin Cn Gi,
o b binh ca Nguyn nh c bn mi tn Php tham gia, trong thy qun c hai
chic tu chin chu u do cc v quan Php ch huy [2]. ay-, Van-ni- (Vanier),
-li-vi- Puy-ma-nen u c mt trong trn ny. Thy qun ca Nguyn nh tin
ti Vng Din, bt c du thuyn ca Ty Sn, bit Th Ni khng c phng b
lin b mt tin qun ln [3]. Ti Th Ni chic tu chin ca ay- tin vo trc.
Qun Ty Sn gc ca bin, tng l tu bun ngoi quc cp bn, khng
phng. Tu ca ay- tin vo gn, bn d i ln b [4]. Cc thuyn chin khc ca
Nguyn nh cng tip theo vo. Qun Ty Sn phi rt lui. Qun Nguyn nh b
ln b. Nguyn nh cho t ph mt s thuyn chin Ty Sn u bn [5]. Nguyn
nh ch dm ng qun bn Th Ni hai ngy ri phi rt v Gia nh ngay [6].
----------------------------
1. Th ca B a Lc ngy 20 thng 6 nm 1 792, ngy 9 thng 7 nm 1792, ngy 18 thng 7 nm
1792. Th ca Liot ngy 18 thng 7 nm 1792, - Cadire, Documents relatifs l'poque de Gia
Long. BEFEO, n0 7, 1912, p. 27. Taboulet, Ti liu dn, tr. 23.
2. Th ca B a Lc ngy 18 thng 7 nm 1792.
3. i Nam thc lc, bn dch ca Vin S hc, t. II, tr. 158 - 159.
4, 6. Th ca gio s Ty Ban Nha Ginestar vit ngy 20 thng 10 nm 1799 - BSEI, nouv. sr.
tome XV, n0s 3 - 4, p. 102.
5. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch, t. II, tr. 159, ni rng Nguyn nh bt c ca Ty Sn 5 thuyn
chin ln, 30 thuyn i bin, 40 thuyn sai v 3 thuyn ca qun T ngi.
Nguyn nh thng li trong trn tp kch ny ch yu l v qun ca Nguyn
Nhc Th Ni km cnh gic, khng phng nghim mt.

173
 c tin Nguyn nh nh tp kch Th Ni, Nguyn Hu quyt tm em qun
thy b vo nh Nguyn nh v bn Php tr th cho trn tht bi ca Nguyn
Nhc Th Ni [1]. Nhng Nguyn Hu vn phi ch thi tit thun li mi c th
xut qun. yn lng qun dn Qui Nhn, Qung Ngi thuc quyn kim sot
ca Nguyn Nhc, ngy 10 thng 7 m lch tc ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1792, Nguyn
Hu gi hch cho qun dn min Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn. Trong bi hch, Nguyn
Hu vch r cho qun dn Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn thy rng qun i ca ng l
qun i bch chin bch thng, i ti u l thng ch ti , nh qun Nguyn
trm trn th c trm trn u thng li. Qun Xim, qun Thanh hung bo cng u
phi khut phc. ng khuyn nhn dn Qung Ngi, Qui Nhn khng s bn gic
Php, khng s nhng khinh kh cu vi nhng tu chin bng ng ca chng. ng
nhc nh nhn dn nn ht lng ng h "hong i huynh" Nguyn Nhc v ng ha
s tin qun vo gii phng Gia nh, nh tan bn phn ng Nguyn nh v qun
Php, "d dng nh b chic ci kh m thi" [2].
Bi hch ny gi i ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1792, th, ngy 16 thng 9 nm 1792,
mt s kin rt au n xy ra: Nguyn Hu t trn. Nm ng mi 40 tui. Nu
nh ng cha cht v vi k hoch tin cng ca ng, bn Nguyn nh v B a
Lc kh lng ng vng c Gia nh. V nh th, tnh hnh phong tro Ty Sn
v tnh hnh Vit Nam rt c th i khc, khng ging nh sau khi ng mt. Vic
Nguyn Hu mt nm 1792 tht l mt tn tht rt ln cho phong tro nng dn Ty
Sn, v cho ton th dn tc chng ta cui th k XVIII.
--------------------------
1. Th ca Le Labousse ngy 26 thng 6 nm 1793 - Arch, M - E, 746, p. 421.
2. Bn dch Php vn ca bi hch ny in trong La Bissachre: Etat actuel du Tonkin... Paris,
1812, t. II, tr. 306 - 309. Xem bn dch li sang ting Vit phn ph lc sch ny, tr. 434 - 437.

Chng nm
MY NT TNG HP V THIN TI
QUN S CA NGUYN HU
Thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu th hin kh r nt qua nhng chin cng
rc r ca ng, nh trnh by cc chng trn. Trong chng ny, chng ti
ch mun nu li mt cch tng hp nhng nt c bn nht ca thin ti qun s ca
Nguyn Hu, v hai mt xy dng qun i v ch huy chin u, v, trn c s ,
th tm hiu c im ch yu ca thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu l g.
My nt tng hp ny ch l my nt s b ghi li, cng nh mt s nhn nh
ca chng ti y cng ch l nhng im gi , nhng im m bn thn tc gi
c gng tm hiu, hc tp. Thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu rc r lm v phong
ph lm, i hi chng ta nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cng phu hn na. Nhng
kin ca chng ti y c tnh cht xut mt s vn , cng cc bn tip tc
nghin cu thm sau ny.

XY DNG QUN I - O LUYN BINH S

Con ngi v k thut l nhng nhn t ch yu quyt nh s pht trin cc
phng php tin hnh chin tranh v chin u trong con ngi l nhn t quyt
nh nht.
174
 Ngi nng dn v nhng ngi yu nc thuc cc tng lp khc, mt khi
tham gia hng ng ngha qun, vi lng cm th ch chuyn ch h khc ca vua
quan, cm th ch p bc bc lt ca a ch phong kin, vi lng yu nc
chng xm lc, u mang mt phm cht mi vo trong qun i Ty Sn, iu m
cc qun i phong kin phn ng ng thi, k c trong nc v ngoi nc,
khng th c c. Chnh v vy m h on kt c vi nhn dn, c qung i
qun chng ng h. cng l ngun gc ca tinh thn chin u cao ca binh s
qun i Ty Sn. Nhng ngi phng Ty ng thi c mt Vit Nam ht
sc ca ngi ngi lnh Ty Sn, gi ngi lnh Ty Sn l "nhng ngi tin khu
ca ch ngha x hi cn i", v h thy tn mt qun i Ty Sn "ly ca ci
ca bn quan li v ph ho phn pht cho dn ngho" v thy "nhng lng mc
au kh di gnh nng thu m h khc nhit lit tuyn th hng ng khi
ngha". Cho nn bt k u, qun i Ty Sn di s lnh o ca Nguyn Hu
cng c nhn dn hoan nghnh, ng h.
Trong nhng ngy u gian kh ca cuc khi ngha, ng trc nhng k th
ln mnh, ch c mc ch chin u c xc nh v tinh thn qut khi ca tng
lnh v binh s mi c th khin h chin thng c mi k ch. Mc ch chnh
ngha ca chin tranh nng dn v chin tranh gii phng dn tc ng vin binh
s, tng lnh v nhn dn pht huy tinh thn chin u v tnh sng to, tinh thn
chu ng gian kh, sn sng hy sinh qun mnh. Chng ta bit rng cc cuc ni
chin, gia giai cp b p bc bc lt, v giai cp p bc bc lt, u ni bt tnh cht
khc lit, kin quyt v khng nhn nhng trong hnh ng ca hai bn giao chin.
L-nin ni: "Ni chin nghim trng v khc lit hn bt c mt cuc chin tranh
no. T nhng cuc ni chin ca La m c i trong lch s cc cuc ni chin u
nh vy, v cc cuc chin tranh th gii bao gi cng kt thc bng nhng cuc
giao c gia cc giai cp giu c v ch trong ni chin giai cp b p bc mi
hng mi n lc tiu dit giao cp i p bc n cng, tiu dit nhng iu kin
kinh t ang tn ti ca giai cp " [1].
-------------------------
1. L-nin, Ton tp, t. 29, tr. 341, Nga vn.
y cng l iu khc nhau cn bn gia cuc ni chin v tin b m qun i
Ty Sn tin hnh vi cuc ni chin phn tin b ko di trong hai th k gia qun
Trnh v qun Nguyn. Cng l iu khc nhau cn bn gia binh s Ty Sn v binh
s Trnh, Nguyn. N cng l nguyn nhn v sao ngy thng th qun lnh Trnh,
Nguyn kiu ngo, hung c, thng tay n p nhn dn, nhng khi giao chin th
khng c g l dng cm, hy sinh, khi c iu ng i nh qun Ty Sn, hoc
khi b qun Ty Sn tin cng, th t tng n qun u n nhau ra trn, cha giao
chin tng trn, qun chy, khi bt buc phi giao chin, th rt "khn ngoan"
bng cch "nh vo lc mt tri ln khi c vic g th nh m ti m rt lui"
[1]. Cn qun Xim, ng trc qun Ty Sn, lun rng vt ni chy cho mau,
"s qun Ty Sn nh s cp". Ngay qun Thanh kiu ngo n cao ch ch cho
"qun gy n np mnh" th trc sc tin cng mnh lit ca qun i Ty Sn,
phi rt chy tan tnh, v ti Trung Quc vn cha hon hn.

175
 Tinh thn chin u cao, chin u v l tng chng p bc giai cp, chng n
dch dn tc, l c im th nht ca ngi lnh trong qun i ca Nguyn Hu.
Nguyn Hu ly nguyn tc "Qun lnh ct ha thun, khng ct ng" [2]
xy dng qun i v gio dc tng lnh v binh s. on kt l sc mnh. Khng
phi l cc vua cha, cc tng lnh ca cc qun i phong lin khng ni n sc
mnh ca on kt trong qun i, nht l khi c chin tranh. Nhng, trong thc t,
mt mt v khng tin qung i binh s, mt mt cn duy tr chnh sch chia tr,
cho nn trong cc qun i phong kin thi v cc thi trc , u c t chc
nhng loi qun c bit lm nng ct, c quyn hnh c bit, c u i hn cc
qun khc. Cc i cm qun, qun ng tin, u binh, cm v, v.v. u thuc loi
qun c bit ny. u binh nh Trnh ch tuyn trong cc trn Thanh Ha, Ngh An.
Thn binh nh Nguyn ch chn trong huyn Tng Sn. Dng a v, vt cht mua
chuc, bn phong kin mu toan xy dng mt nng ct v trang trung thnh vi h.
------------------------
1. Th ca Srard dn trn.
2. Th ca Nguyn Hu gi cho Thang Hng Nghip, trong Ty Sn bang giao tp.
Chnh li l nguyn nhn khin cho ni b qun i khng th on kt,
thng xy ra xung t. Cho nn, khng th c on kt thc s trong cc qun i
phong kin, cng nh trong cc qun i phn ng.
Khc vi cc qun i Trnh, Nguyn, trong qun i Nguyn Hu khng c t
chc loi qun c bit ny. Tri li trong qun i ca Nguyn Hu, mi khi c
tuyn m lnh mi, th nhng ngi lnh mi y c t ngay di s ch o trc
tip ca Nguyn hu, c phin ch trong nhng o trung qun sng ngay bn
mnh ngi anh hng li lc y. Vic tuyn m lnh mi v cch thc phin ch lnh
mi Ngh An trong khi Nguyn Hu tin ra Bc nh qun Thanh u nm 1789
chng minh rt r iu . Thi i x v cch thc phin ch lnh mi ca
Nguyn Hu nh th lm nc lng h, lm tng cng tinh thn chin u ca h,
v di s ch huy trc tip ca Nguyn Hu, k thut chin u ca nhng ngi
lnh mi y, cng c bo m. Thi i x v cch thc phin ch y lm cho
ngi lnh mi cng nh ngi lnh c khng c g cch bit nhau lm, v i ng
cng nh v chuyn mn. Do y, h on kt, ha hp c vi nhau d dng.
on kt ha nhun, l c im th hai ca qun i Nguyn Hu.
Qun i ca Nguyn Hu c k lut nghim minh. Nhiu bng chng do cc
gio s phng Ty, do cc thng nhn ngoi quc ghi li, nu bt s h hip, p
bc, cp bc ca cc qun i Trnh, Nguyn i vi nhn dn, nu bt tnh trng
km k lut trong chin u ca binh s trong cc qun i ny, ng thi nu bt
tinh thn k lut ca binh s Ty Sn, trong chin u v i vi nhn dn. Qun i
Ty Sn tin n u, gii phng n u th trt t, an ninh c lp li y. Mt
hnh ng c th xem l gng mu cho tinh thn k lut ca qun i Ty Sn l
vic Nguyn Hu tr li cc tng phm cho nhn dn ch y mt t bnh chng lm
tng trng cho lng tt ca nhn dn m thi. Bng hnh ng dng cm trong
chin du, lun lun tin ln trc trong nhng trng hp nguy him, gay go nht,
bng hnh ng gi k lut, nht l lc ang chin thng mnh m, Nguyn Hu

176
nu tm gng sng gio dc tinh thn dng cm v tinh thn k lut cho qun
i.
C tinh thn k lut cao, l c im th ba ca qun i Nguyn Hu.
Nhng c im trn nu ln ci khc nhau cn bn v nhn t tinh thn ca
binh s Ty Sn v binh s cc qun i phong kin ng thi. Phm cht qu bu
ca tng lnh v binh s Ty Sn, c phong tro khi ngha v Nguyn Hu
bi dng, pht huy, khin h c th hon thnh bt k nhim v no, vi tinh thn
dng cm phi thng, tinh thn chu ng gian kh cao , tinh thn k lut trong
mi trng hp.
Song, qun i ca Nguyn Hu khng phi ch c tinh thn chin u. H cn
c hun luyn chu o, nm vng c v kh c trong tay, bit pht huy uy lc
ca v kh. Nguyn tc xy dng v hun luyn qun s ca Nguyn Hu l: "Qun
lnh ct tinh nhu khng ct nhiu" [1]. Cng nh cc tng lnh thi , Nguyn
Hu tip thu t tng qun s ca Tn T v nht l ca cc nh qun s Vit
Nam nh L Thng Kit, Trn Quc Tun, Nguyn Tri, v.v. Song, tnh sng to
ca Nguyn Hu l ch bit vn dng nhng nguyn tc xy dng, hun luyn
qun i trong nhng iu kin mi. Ni dung ca "tinh nhu" phong ph hn
xa. V kh ca thi Nguyn Hu khc so vi thi i L Thng Kit, Trn
Quc Tun, v L Li. Ngi lnh b binh khng nhng c gio, kim, m c
sng trng. Tc chin khng phi ch l nh gip l c, m bao gm cc giai
on dng ha lc t xa v xung phong gip chin. S hp ng gia nhiu binh
chng tr nn phc tp. Nhiu hnh thc chin u mi xut hin. Chin trng cng
tr thnh phc tp, c nhiu loi a hnh khc nhau. Tc chin xy ra lc th a
hnh hp, t ng bng nhiu ni nh Thun, Qung, lc th khu vc ng bng
rng ri c nhiu sng ngi, knh o, t xp nh Gia nh, hoc khu vc ng
bng rng ri c nhiu rung nc xen k ng kh nh Bc H. Tt c nhng iu
i hi mun ginh c thng li, binh s phi c hun luyn chu o, cng
phu. T ngy bt u khi ngha n khi nh tan cuc xm lc ca nh Thanh, tri
gn 20 nm, qun i ca Nguyn Hu lc no cng trong iu kin tc chin lin
tc. Nhn dn ta vn c truyn thng thng v. Qun chng thanh nin ta cc thi
i trc li c tp qun thng xuyn luyn tp v ngh, cho nn mt khi ra tng
qun l h c kh nng chin u kh nng xut trn c ngay. Vi truyn thng y
v kh nng y, ngi lnh trong qun i Nguyn Hu li c gic ng tinh thn
chin u v dn tc v giai cp, c ti luyn khng ngng trong iu kin chin
u lin tc, nn h c kh nng chin u cao, nh u thng y.
--------------------------
1. Th ca Nguyn Hu gi Thang Hng Nghip, trong Ty Sn bang giao tp.
Ch cn nu ln nhng trn tin cng Gia nh, Ba Vt, ng Tuyn, trn b
Ph Xun, trn nh thy qun Trnh ca Luc, cc trn tiu dit qun Trnh
Thy i, Vn Xun, Thng Long, v nht l cc trn Ngc Hi, Khng Thng, khi
nh qun Thanh, cng chng minh rng trnh chin thut, k thut ca
tng lnh v binh s ca Nguyn Hu rt cao, nh gic c mu mo, bit c tr, linh
hot, ng tc chin u rt mnh lit. Khc vi binh s ca cc qun i thi ,
qun i Nguyn Hu rt c ng, linh hot trong tc chin. Thc rt su, nh rt

177
bt ng, c ng rt to bo, xung phong mnh, khuch trng chin qu mnh, truy
kch mnh, l c im v k nng chin u ca qun i Nguyn Hu. Nguyn
Hu trong khi gio dc lng qu cm v k thut chin u cho tng lnh, binh s
Ty Sn, ng khng qun ni n mu tr. Trong th gi Thang Hng Nghip,
Nguyn Hu cng ni: "Ngi kho thng l thng ch rt mm do, ch khng
phi tay mnh yu, ly nhiu hip t" [1]. Mm do ni y tc l c tr, linh hot.
nh thng khng phi ch v s lng, m v mu tr. y, Nguyn Hu "gp"
mt trong nhng ngi ni ting ca nc Nga thi i , l Ru-mi-an-xp, ngi
gio dc cho tng lnh v binh s Nga theo tinh thn: "Phi c gng nh ch
nhiu bng mu to hn l thc lc v dng bin php tin cng b vo s thiu
st v lc lng" [2].
--------------------------
1. Th ca Nguyn Hu gi Thang Hng Nghip, trong Ty Sn bang giao tp.
2. L.N. Pu-nhin, Cu-tu-dp, Nh xut bn Qun di nhn dn, H Ni, 1963, t. I, tr. 20.
C trnh chin thut v k thut cao l c im th t ca qun i
Nguyn Hu. Cho nn, qun i Nguyn Hu va c tinh thn chin u cao, c k
lut cht ch li va c ti ngh. iu khin h tr nn gan d anh dng, mt
ngi ch ni mi ngi, nh u c y nh chng ta bit.
Chng ta bit rng nhn t tinh thn tc ng rt mnh n tnh cht cc k
hoch chin lc v k hoch chin dch. Khi lm k hoch chin lc, song song
vi vic tnh ton cc nhn t khc, phi tnh ton n tnh trng tinh thn ca nhn
dn v qun i ca c hai bn. iu , tt nhin bn vua cha, tng lnh phong
kin, bn Tn S Ngh, Ha Th Hanh, bn chiu Tng, chiu Sng khng th tnh
ton chnh xc c. K hoch chin lc ca h biu hin s mt cn i gia mc
ch chin lc qu cao v kh nng chin lc qu thp, v h nh gi qu cao lc
lng bn thn, nh gi qu thp lc lng ca i phng. Cn Nguyn Hu, vn
xut thn t nhn dn lao ng, c mt tm t, tnh cm, nguyn vng, l tng,
ch chin u nh qung i qun chng lao ng, nn "tnh ton" c nhng
kh nng v tn ca nhn t tinh thn, bin c sc mnh tinh thn thnh sc
mnh vt cht.
Chin thut trc tip gn lin vi s hot ng ca ng o qun chng binh s
v ch huy. V vy chin thut l ni phn nh r rng cht lng tinh thn v k
nng chin u ca qun i. Vi cng mt loi v kh, lm sao qun i Nguyn
Hu c th gii quyt thnh cng vn chc thng cc thnh ly kin c, iu m
qun Trnh, qun Nguyn t ra bt lc? Cng c nhng phng tin bo m vn
ng tng t, cng hnh ng trn mt a hnh, v sao qun i Nguyn Hu li t
ra c tnh c ng rt cao, cao hn vi bt c qun i no hi ? V sao Nguyn
Hu c th vt hn tng khu vc t ai rng ln, a qun i nhy su vo trong
lng ch, su vo sau lng ch? V sao Nguyn Hu c th ra nhng yu cu rt
cao i vi qun i, ra nhng nhim v rt nng i vi binh s v ch huy thuc
quyn? Khng c tinh thn chin u cao v trnh chin thut k thut cao ca
ton qun th khng th lm ni nhng vic .
Tnh c ng cao, kh nng gii quyt nhng nhim v nng n phc tp ca
qun i Nguyn Hu bt ngun t tinh thn dng cm v thnh tho v k nng

178
chin u ca qun i. Cng lao ca Nguyn Hu l bit s dng nhn t tinh
thn lm c s cho nhng phng php chin u mi, nhng hnh thc u tranh
mi. Do nhng k hoch chin lc, chin dch, nhng nhim v chin thut m
Nguyn Hu ra l ph hp vi kh nng chin lc, chin dch v chin thut.
Qun i Ty Sn di quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu l mt qun i bch
chin bch thng. nc ta thi by gi ni no v lc no c qun i , c
Nguyn Hu, th c thng li.
Nhng iu trn ni ln vai tr quyt nh ca con ngi binh s ca Nguyn
Hu trong vic pht trin ngh thut gia qun s ca nc ta trong thi i .

S DNG V KH
Nh cc phn trn cp, nc ta, trong vic trang b v kh v phng
tin k thut cho cc qun i phong kin th k XVII v XVIII, c nhiu thay
i quan trng so vi cc th k trc. Nhng thay i ny biu hin ch yu trn
cc mt sau y: trong b binh, bn cnh cc th v kh bch binh nh gm, try,
gio, n cung cc loi, my nm , v.v. xut hin v kh thuc chy nh cc loi
sng trng. Cc phng tin ha cng trn bin v ha h trn t, dng cc loi
nha t chy, c dn dn thay th bng cc loi sng i bc vi s lng
nhiu hn ( th k XV, XVI c i bc, song tc dng ca n cn km, trng
lng nng, s lng t, cn bn cha thnh mt binh chng c lp). Trong thy
qun c hai bin i quan trng: bn cnh nhng thuyn cho c nhng thuyn
bum vi trng ti ngy cng ln, v trn cc thuyn chin c dt nhiu i bc.
thi i nc ta cha c cc loi kh ti k thut c my mc, ng c, nhng so
vi trc, cc v kh kiu mi l mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh s thay
i phng php v hnh thc chin u, nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ngh
thut qun s ln mt bc mi, cao hn.
Song, so vi cc qun i cng thi chu u th v kh mi ca ta cn c
nhng nhc im nh: sng trng l loi sng nng trn, tm bn xa chng 100
mt, li l loi sng ha mai, cha c li l. Do , n c th st thng ch tm
xa, nhng bn khng chun xc lm, v bn cnh ngi lnh cm sng, vn cn c
ngi lnh cm bch binh i km xung phong. Tch ri ngi lnh cm bch binh,
tc dng ca ngi lnh cm sng gim i, v ngc li. Do , chin u vn l
nh gn, kt hp c hai yu t ha lc v xung lc st thng ch. V tc bn
chm, sng trng cha c trang b cho k binh. K binh vn dng bch binh
phng, chm. i bc c nhng nhc im nh np n t u nng, nng n, cng
knh, thng ch t c nh trn thnh ly. Vic s dng i bc trong chin thut
cn nm trong phm vi phng ng, cha thnh mt v kh li hi ca tin cng, tr
khi tin cng c tnh cht trn a nh thnh v cc n ly phng th. Trong thy
qun, thuyn bum ca ta khng khc thuyn bum ca phn ln cc nc u chu,
tr thy qun ca Anh - Php lc c thuyn chin chy bng my. Cc loi kh
ti khc, cha c thay i no ng k. Vn ng ch yu vn phi da vo hai chn
ca ngi lnh b binh. Voi c dng lm sc mnh t kch.
V trang b, trong nhng nm u, v kh th yu ca ngha qun Ty Sn l
gy gc, gio mc, sng ng, n dc c rt t. Ti nhng chin dch nh Gia
179
nh, theo bo co ca B a Lc ti triu nh Php [1], th ngha qun Ty Sn khi
y, nm ngi mi c mt ngi c sng v thy qun Ty Sn c i bc t
trn thuyn chin, cn lc qun cha c i bc. Nhng t nm 1786 tr i, vi
nhng chin dch nh ra Bc ca Nguyn Hu, qun i Ty Sn c ha lc rt
mnh, c nhiu sng, nhiu i bc v mt loi ha lc c bit gi l "ha h".
------------------------
1. Bo co ca B a Lc vi vua Php ti Paris ngy 5 hoc ngy 6 thng 5 nm 1787, dn trong
Al. Faure: Les Francais en Cochinchine au XVIIIl sicle. Mgr Pigneau de Bhaine, vque d'
Adran. Challamel, Paris, 1891, p. 81.
Nh vy, v mt trang b v kh v phng tin k thut, qun i Ty Sn v
cn bn khng khc g cc qun i Trnh, Nguyn, Xim, Thanh thi . Vy th v
kh v binh kh k thut ng vai tr v gy tc dng nh th no trong vic pht
trin ngh thut qun s ca qun i Nguyn Hu?
Trc ht, chng ta nhn thy rng, ngay trong iu kin trang b cn km xa so
vi cc qun i phong kin, qun i Ty Sn vn chin thng oanh lit. Tinh thn
chin u cao ca ngha qun bin thnh sc mnh vt cht p o cc qun i
phong kin c v kh nhiu hn, tt hn nhng tinh thn chin u km. Thng li
cng nhiu, cng ln, trang b v kh cng c tng cng, ci tin, s dng v kh
cng thnh tho, thc luyn, th tt c nhng ci tc ng tr li tinh thn chin
u ca ngha qun, khin sc chin u ca ngha qun cng c nng cao, ngh
thut qun s cng pht trin nhanh chng v vng chc. iu ni ln rng, bn
cnh tc dng quyt nh ca tinh thn chin u, v kh ng mt vai tr quan
trng. N biu hin trn cc mt: tng cng v kh v s lng, ci tin v kh v
cht lng, tng them tnh nng chin thut v s dng n mt cch ng n.
Trong qun i Ty Sn, di quyn ch huy ca Nguyn Hu, t l trang b
sng trng ngy cng cao. Vic tng cng s lng sng trng thc t tng
sc mnh ca b binh, v rng sng trng l "ha lc" ca ngi lnh b binh. T
cc trn nh Gia nh v trn min Bc, s lng bch binh tuy cn kh ln,
nhng sng trng chim mt t l quan trng. Chin u l s tin trin t xa
n gn, l s pht huy tng i nhp nhng tc dng ca bch binh v sng trng.
T dn n mt s thay i quan trng trong chin thut: t chin u ca b binh
ch yu da vo xung lc t kch, chuyn ha thnh t kch bng xung lc -
ha lc. Tuy rng v mt cht lng, sng trng cha c nhng ci bin ng k,
nhng chin thut pht trin ln mt bc mi. Cho ln sc chin u ca b binh
Ty Sn tng ln rt nhiu: trong iu kin qun s t hn, nhng c u th tinh thn
v u th ha lc, b binh Ty Sn vn mnh ngang hoc mnh hn b binh ca
Trnh, Nguyn. Cng t m c quan im "Quan lnh ct tinh nhu, khng ct
nhiu" ca Nguyn Hu.
T th k th XVII, pho binh gi mt vai tr quan trng trong phng ng
thnh ly v trong thy chin. Qun i Ty Sn l mt qun i tin cng, cho nn
vn t ra l lm sao pht huy c uy lc sn c ca pho binh, bin cc khu i
bc thnh phng tin va dng phng ng, va dng tin cng, va t c
nh thnh ly va di chuyn c khi chin u d ngoi. Qun i Ty Sn li l
mt qun i c tnh c ng cao, vic di chuyn pho theo b binh l mt vn
kh gii quyt. khc phc kh khn , qun i Nguyn Hu pht trin vic
180
dng voi di chuyn i bc. Do pho binh d chin pht trin, mc d trnh k
thut cn nhiu hn ch, cha dng c trn nhiu loi a hnh. T mt phng
tin chuyn dng phng ng trong tay qun i Trnh, Nguyn c tc dng lm
cho i phng hong s v ting n nhiu hn l tc dng ph hoi, st thng,
pho trong tay qun i Nguyn Hu tr thnh mt phng tin tin cng c tc
dng ph hoi, st thng thc s, cng vi nhng tc dng tm l v che mt, lm
ngt th (n n, c nhiu khi). Pho binh bt u tr nn c lc, tng thnh phn
ha lc trong chin u ln rt nhiu.
Pho binh d chin xut hin thc s tng thm thnh phn chin thut (ha
lc) cho lc qun. Khi tc chin, pho binh chun b v ym h cho b binh, tng
binh xung phong vo trn a.
Qun i Ty Sn do Nguyn Hu ch huy c trang b i bc vi s lng
kh ln so vi cc qun i ng thi, v c cc loi i bc nh, nng. cng
l mt u th ca qun i Ty Sn.
Chng ta bit rng cc cha Nguyn, cha Trnh thng mua sng trng, i
bc ca ngi phng Ty. Chc chn rng nhng khu i bc chuyn v tay
qun i Nguyn Hu. Nhng chin li phm ny, v nhng i bc t sn xut,
tng s lng ln mc kh ln trong qun i Ty Sn. Nhng con s i bc m
qun Nguyn thu c trong nhng trn phn cng thng li (sau khi Nguyn Hu
cht) chng minh sc mnh ca pho binh Ty Sn. Nh trong trn Kh Sn nm
1793, vi 4 nghn qun phng ng, qun i Ty Sn c trn 35 i bc gang v
ng [l]; nm 1801, ti ca i La Qua, qun Ty Sn t trn 80 i bc phng
th [2]; n trn rt lui trn sng Gianh nm 1802, sau khi t ph ly Trn Ninh
khng thnh cng, qun Ty Sn li mt s lng i bc rt ln: 7 trm khu
[3]. Cng cn thm rng, v mt tnh nng k thut chin thut v uy lc st thng
ph hoi, i bc Ty Sn hon ton khng km i bc ca cc nc phng Ty
m qun i nh Nguyn c, l loi i bc gang, nng mt trm cn mi khu, vi
n c ng knh mi tc [4]. S Sch nh Nguyn v cc s quan thc dn Php
gip Nguyn nh khi m t cc trn chin u, nu ln sc mnh ng s ca
pho binh Ty Sn.
--------------------------
1. i Nam thc lc, Bn dch, t. II, tr. 173.
2, 4. i Nam thc lc, t. II. tr. 387, 137.
3. i Nam thc lc, t. III, tr. 6.
Trong qun i Nguyn Hu, ngoi vic s dng pho binh, cn trang b mt
cch rng ri ha h, l mt loi sng dng tung la, c th xem ha h l mt
loi pho hng nh, tuy tc dng ca n ch l t ph. Loi phng tin c bit ny
c trang b cho tt c cc binh chng thuc lc qun: b binh, k binh, tng binh.
y cng l mt u th ca qun i Ty Sn. Khi chin u xa s ch vin ca pho
binh, hoc s chi vin khng cn thit na, th b binh, k binh, tng binh dng
ha h t chy doanh tri, cng s, sinh lc ca ch. Trc nhng m la nha
tung ra, bm vo thn th, c ngi ln voi, nga ca ch u hong s.
Trong tay Nguyn Hu, voi tr thnh mt phng tin chin u c nhiu tc
dng li hi. Cc qun i phong kin ng thi u s dng voi thnh mt phng
tin t kch. i tng binh qun Trnh l mt i tng binh ni ting. Qun i
181
Ty Sn cng c mt i tng binh li hi dng t kch. Bn thn con voi c
sc vn ng do dai. N dng vi v sc nng ca ton thn nh ph. tng
thm tnh nng chin u ca voi, Nguyn Hu cho voi mang i bc trn mnh
hoc ko theo sau. Do , voi va l phng tin c ng, va l phng tin t
kch, va l phng tin ca ha lc. on tng binh ca Nguyn Hu t nhin tr
thnh mt binh chng hp thnh, c y ba thnh phn chin thut: c ng, t
kch, ha lc. l mt cht lng mi m cc i tng binh ca cc qun i
Nguyn, Trnh, Thanh khng c, v n chnh l mt u th ca qun i Nguyn
Hu. on tng binh Ty Sn l mi khip s cho cc qun i phn ng
phong kin ng thi, k c trong nc v ngoi nc.
Trong thy qun, cng lao ca Nguyn Hu cng rt ln. Nguyn Hu c nhiu
kinh nghim chin thng trong cc trn thy chin vi qun Nguyn, qun Xim, l
hai qun i c nhiu s trng v thy chin. Thy r tnh cht a hnh v a th
ca nc ta, thy r vai tr ca thy qun, Nguyn Hu dn nhiu n lc xy
dng mt thy qun hng mnh. Cui i Nguyn Hu, thuyn chin Ty sn c
nhng thay i quan trng: sc trng ti v ha lc ca thuyn chin c tng ln
kh cao. Theo Ba-ri-di (Barisy), mt ngi Php tng "gip" cha Nguyn chng
li Ty Sn th thy qun m Nguyn Hu li cho Nguyn Quang Ton l mt
thy qun mnh, gm cc loi hm thuyn ln nh. Ba-ri-di k rng: trong trn
Thi Ni nm 1801, thy qun c 9 thuyn chin loi ln, mi thuyn chin c
trang b 60 i bc v c 7 trm lnh, 5 thuyn chin loi va, mi ci mang 50 i
bc v c 5 trm lnh, 40 thuyn chin loi nh, mi ci mang 16 i bc v c 2
trm lnh, cng 5 trm thuyn chin khc, trang b 1 i bc loi ln hoc loi nh,
ch t 50, 70 n 150 lnh mi thuyn [1]. Vn theo Ba-ri-di, trong trn , Nguyn
nh c 26 thuyn chin, mi ci mang 1 i bc v ch 2 trm lnh.
Nhng ti liu trn y c th cho chng ta thy rng, v cc mt k thut ng
tu trang b, sc trng ti, thuyn chin Ty Sn mnh hn hn so vi qun Nguyn
v qun Trnh thi . Do c trang b nhiu pho binh v ch nhiu lnh chin u,
mi thuyn chin ca thy qun Ty Sn tr thnh mt n v chin thut c kh
nng hon thnh nhng nhim v tng i phc tp, mt lc lng t kch ng
bin ng s cho cc qun i phong kin phn ng. Se-nh (J.B. Chaigneau), mt
s quan Php tng tc chin vi thy qun Ty Sn cng vit: "Trc khi nhn
thy thy qun ca ch (ch thy qun Ty Sn Tc gi ch thch), ti rt khinh
thng, nhng ti bo m vi cc anh rng l sai lm. H c nhng thuyn
chin mang 50 v 60 i bc ln..." [2]. Vi thy qun , Nguyn Hu tng
nh tan thy qun Nguyn, Trnh, Xim, trong nhiu trn thy chin c lit nhng
rt oanh lit, pht huy cao truyn thng Bch ng quang vinh ca thi i trc.
------------------------
1. Th ca Barisy ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1801, Arch, M-E 801, p. 867.
2. Cadire, Document relatif l'poque de Gia Long... p. 40
T nhng nghin cu trn, chng ta thy r rng: v cht lng, v kh v
phng tin k thut ca qun i Ty Sn cha c nhng ci tin ln lao, nhng v
s lng c tng cng, v kh thuc chy cc loi c s dng vi mt t l kh
ln v ngy cng tng, cho nn thnh phn v sc mnh ha lc trong qun i Ty

182
Sn tr thnh mnh hn ln. Pho binh ca lc qun v pho binh thy qun tr
thnh mt binh chng quan trng. iu khng th khng dn n nhng thay i
v phng php s dng pho binh, v nhng thay i v hnh thc, phng php tc
chin ni chung.

T CHC CC QUN BINH CHNG

Trong hai phn trn nghin cu con ngi v v kh trong qun i Ty Sn.
Nhng lc lng ln lao v ngi v vt cht cn c t chc tht kho lo, v
ngh thut qun s nh hng n t chc qun i, ng thi ngh thut qun s
trong qu trnh pht trin li ph thuc vo t chc ca cc lc lng v trang.
Nhng yu t mi xut hin trong ngi lnh (tinh thn chin u, tinh thn k
lut, tinh thn on kt, tinh thn chu ng gian kh, v.v.), nhng yu t mi xut
hin trong v kh v trang b k thut (ci tin cht lng, tng cng s lng, v.v.)
t c s vng chc cho vic nng cao cht lng ca qun i, t c s cho vic
pht trin mt cch kh cn i cc thnh phn t kch, ha lc v c ng trong
qun i, m rng phm vi tc chin trn t lin v trn bin, do to kh nng rt
ln cho chin lc chin dch v chin thut. Nu bin c kh nng thnh hin
thc th ngh thut qun s s c nhng phng tin rt mnh bo m tin hnh
chin tranh thng li. Vn t chc qun i mt cch khoa hc ni ln hng u
trong nhng iu kin bo m s chuyn bin . T chc y l c mt qu trnh
tin trin theo qu trnh ca chin tranh. Kinh nghim ca nhiu cuc chin u,
chin dch khc nhau, trn nhng a hnh, chin trng khc nhau, vi nhng k th
khc nhau to iu kin cho Nguyn Hu khng ngng ci tin, hon chnh t
chc qun i Ty Sn. Cho n trc khi m chin dch tiu dit 20 vn qun
Thanh, v t chc qun i Ty Sn c nhng thay i cn bn ln, c tnh cht
ton din.
Cng lao u tin ca Nguyn Hu trong lnh vc ny, l bit pht trin mt
cch tng i nhp nhng cc binh chng v a thy qun ln hng qun chng.
l mt vic lm c ngha cch mng trong vic t chc qun i ca nc ta, t
thi xa cho n th k XVIII.
Trong tt c cc qun i phong kin thi , binh chng ch yu thnh hnh
r rt nht hng my th k trc l b binh. B binh l lc lng t kch c bn,
dng phng tin bch binh kt hp vi sc xung phong ca ngi lnh m t kch
i phng. c xp vo lc lng t kch nc ta cn c tng binh, dng sc
nng ca voi bp i phng, kt hp vi cung, tn, sng phun la bn phng
vo ch. B binh l c bn v c th s dng c trong tin cng v phng ng;
cn tng binh thng thng ch dng trong tin cng. B binh c s dng trn
mi a hnh, cn tng binh do sc c ng b hn ch, nn tuy c sc mnh, vn
ch ng vai tr b tr cho b binh.
c tng thi k, k binh tr thnh binh chng ch yu trong qun i. So vi
b binh, k binh khng khc g v sc t kch (vn l ngi v bch binh) nhng c
u im l c ng nhanh chng, thch hp vi chin u d ngoi.
Song, b binh, tng binh, k binh ca cc qun i thi u thiu ha lc.
ng trc thnh ly kin c, bn tin cng ch c th dng b binh ly sc mnh
183
ca s ng, t thang tro thnh, ri dng bch binh dit ch. Pho binh c s
dng chun b cho vic xung phong ca b binh, vi mc rt hn ch. Bn
phng ng cng ch c mt cch l dng b binh gi thnh, chng li xung phong
tro thang ca i phng, dng pho binh bn khi ch tip cn. Tuy vy, trong
phng ng, pho binh cn pht huy c tc dng nhiu hn bn tin cng.
Nguyn Hu t ra quan tm n s pht trin nhp nhng ca cc binh chng
trong lc qun. Quan tm trc ht tp trung vo vic tng ha lc v xung lc
cho b binh, khin b binh c sc t kch mnh, nht l khi chin u d ngoi.
Vic trang b cho cc n v b binh nhng khu pho d chin, lm cho thnh phn
ha lc ca b binh tng ln rt nhiu.
S quan tm cn th hin ch t chc nhng n v pho binh c lp:
binh chng ha lc thnh hnh, pht huy c tnh u vit ca n trong phm vi s
dng rng ri.
Cng nh pho binh, k binh v tng binh mt mt c bin ch vo trong
cc n v b binh, nh nhng thnh phn ca sc dt kch, mt mt khc c t
chc thnh cc n v c lp.
V vy b binh ca qun i Ty Sn thc s l binh chng ch yu ca lc
qun. N l ch yu, khng phi v mt hnh thc, v mt chim t l ln nht trong
qun i nh trong cc qun i Trnh, Nguyn m l v n c th hon thnh mi
nhim v, trong cc hnh thc chin u khc nhau. Tnh hn hn ca b binh Ty
Sn, so vi qun Trnh, qun Nguyn l ch n c ha lc mnh; c sc c ng
kh v c sc t kch ln. B binh qun Thanh khng c tng binh, v th sc t
kch km b binh Ty Sn trn mt mc nht nh. T chc b binh ca qun i
Ty Sn dn n mt phng php mi trong thc hnh chin u: tc chin ca b
binh vt phm vi n thun b binh m tin vo phm vi tc chin hp ng cc
binh chng. ngha cch mng trong t chc qun i Ty Sn th hin trc ht
iu .
Do nhu cu ca chin thut, qun i phong kin thi thng bn ch theo
nguyn tc: ng ng ch: mi mt cp thng chia lm trung, tin, hu, t, hu. T
chc phn nh cch bo v thnh ly phong kin. Qun i Ty Sn cng cha
thot ra ngoi nguyn tc bin ch .
Trong qun i Ty Sn, h thng t chc i, c l n v c s, ln n c,
ri n o. Qun s mi i, c, o khng thng nht; n thay i ty theo tnh
cht ca binh chng, ty theo a im chin thut m cc n v chim ng.
Thng thng mi i c t su mi n mt trm lnh, mi c t ba n nm trm,
mi o t mt nghn ri n hai nghn ri. So vi qun s cp tng ng ca
qun i L, Trnh hoc Nguyn, khng c s chnh lch quan trng. Cao hn na,
l cp doanh, mi doanh gm nm o, vi qun s chng mt vn n mt vn ri.
Trong cc doanh, c cc o b binh, pho binh, k binh v tng binh. Doanh c
th so snh nh mt t chc chin thut cao cp, c th m nhim mt hng ca
chin dch. Khi cn thit, hai hoc ba doanh s c t chc li thnh mt khi m
nhim mt hng chin dch quan trng.
Xem nh trn, t chc lc qun Ty Sn c s phn cng kh cao v s hp
ng kh cht, khin cho sc chin u tng ln rt nhiu. S pht trin tng i
184
nhp nhng ca cc binh chng trong lc qun Ty Sn m ni dung l s pht trin
kh cn i cc thnh phn t kch, ha lc, c ng, s hnh thnh cc n v binh
chng tng hp v binh chng chuyn mn, s xc nh r rng tnh cht chin thut,
chin dch, chin lc ca cc n v, a t chc lc qun n trnh cn
i, khng km cc qun i u chu thi . N vt xa t chc ca lc qun
Trnh, Nguyn, v vt c lc qun Thanh.
ng thi Nguyn Hu cn quan tm n vic xy dng mt thy qun mnh,
a thy qun t mt binh chng c tnh cht chin thut ln thnh mt qun chng
chin lc. thi i , thy qun ca nh Trnh v nh Nguyn cha pht trin
n trnh ca qun chng. Thy qun ch c th hon thnh nhng nhim v chin
thut nh chuyn ch b binh trn sng hoc trn bin, tr lc cho b binh bng ha
lc ca thuyn chin, hoc lm mt cnh vu hi chin thut. Cho nn, v s lng
thuyn chin, thy qun Trnh v Nguyn lc u c u th so vi thy qun Ty
Sn, nhng ch vi s lng nhiu, m cht lng km, cng khng th tr thnh
mt qun chng c.
Tri li, Nguyn Hu pht hin vai tr v kh nng to ln ca thy qun
nc ta, mt nc lin mt bin v c nhiu h thng sng ngi. Nhng trn chin
u c thy qun tham gia ni ln vai tr v kh nng .
Vic dng thy qun lm cc cnh vu hi chin dch su vo hu phng
ch; vic dng thy qun lm n v tin phong ca mt chin dch c tnh cht
chin lc; vic dng thy qun l ch yu thc hnh mt chin dch c tnh cht
chin lc, chng t Nguyn Hu nhn thy tht r vai tr v tc dng ca thy
qun. Sau ngy gii phng Ph Xun n khi cht, Nguyn Hu a rt nhiu tm
sc, cng phu, ch xy dng thy qun thc s tr thnh mt qun chng chin
lc.
Trong thy qun ca Nguyn Hu, hnh thnh nhiu binh chng: i thuyn
chin tc chin trn sng, i thuyn chin va tc chin trn sng va tc chin trn
bin (bin gn); i thuyn chin tc chin trn bin, i thuyn vn ti v i thy
binh chuyn dng tc chin trn b. Ch lc ca thy qun l i thuyn chin i
bin, gm nhng tu ln, c ha lc mnh, ch theo mt c hoc mt i thu binh
tc chin trn b.
Mi thuyn chin Ty Sn, vi sc trng ti ln, vi ha lc mnh, vi i thy
binh tc chin, tr thnh mt n v chin thut, cn cc i thuyn chin trn
bin tr thnh nhng n v chin dch. Cho nn, thy qun Ty Sn, cng nh
lc qun, l mi khip s cho thy qun Trnh, Nguyn, Xim.
Nguyn Hu thnh cng trong vic xy dng mt lc qun mnh c nhiu
binh chng pht trin mt cch kh nhp nhng, v cng thnh cng trong vic xy
dng mt thu qun mnh c nhiu binh chng. a thy qun ln a v mt qun
chng, a qun i t mt qun chng ln thnh hai qun chng, Nguyn Hu l
nh qun s u tin nc ta thi , thc hin c bc nhy di y trong t
chc qun i.
T chc bo m hu cn c Nguyn Hu c bit ch trng. Qun i Ty
Sn rt c ng, nh xa cn c hnh qun di, tc chin trn mt khu vc rng ln,
trong nhng thi gian di, nu khng ch t chc b my hu cn hon chnh th
185
khng th bo m cho tc chin c ng ca mt qun i ln. Ngoi tuyn v trc
cung cp (h thng kho tng lng thc, n dc...) nm trong ton phm vi chin
lc, Nguyn Hu cn t chc mt on thuyn vn ti. Theo Ba-ri-di, th trong trn
Thi Ni nm 1801, thy qun Ty Sn c n mt nghn su trm thuyn bum vn
ti. Nhim v nh chim cc kho tng lng thc ca ch c nng ln rt cao,
bo m vic tip t ti ch. T chc p ng c nhu cu bo m cho cc
cuc hnh binh chin dch, chin lc.
T chc ca qun i Ty Sn di quyn ch huy ca nh qun s thin ti
Nguyn Hu rt thch hp vi cc iu kin tin hnh chin tranh chng nhiu k
ch khc nhau c nhiu ch mnh ch yu khc nhau, v p ng vi mi yu cu
ca ngh thut qun s cn i.
Nguyn Hu khng nhng xy dng nn cc qun binh chng, khng ngng
tng thm sc mnh v hon thin cc qun binh chng , m iu c bit quan
trng hn, l bit phi hp ng n nht vic s dng nhng qun, binh chng
.

CH HUY TC CHIN - NGH THUT CHIN LC.

Trong ton b thi gian ni chin v chng bn xm lc nc ngoi, Nguyn
Hu gi vai tr quyt nh trong qun i Ty Sn, v tr nn mt v nhn qun s
c uy danh vo bc nht. ng l ngi t chc v thc hnh mt cch hon ton
thng li nhng cuc chin u gay go, c lit v nhng chin dch quy m ln, a
ngh thut qun s nc ta ln mt a v cao, c u th so vi ngh thut qun s
ca nhiu tp on phong kin trong nc v ngoi nc thi by gi.
Thnh cng trong ch o chin lc ca Nguyn Hu th hin ch ng
nh gi ng n lc lng qun s hai bn, vn dng tht linh hot cc hnh thc
c ng chin lc, lun lun gy bt ng cho ch bng cch s dng linh hot cc
qun chng v chn hng tin cng ch yu khc nhau, tin cng vo cc mc tiu
chin lc khc nhau. Trong trn tin cng gii phng Gia nh ln th nht,
Nguyn Hu dng thy qun tin cng ch yu vo Gia nh, nhm mc tiu
chnh l o qun ch lc L Ti, ng thi dng b binh tin cng trn hng Bnh
Thun - Trn Bin. Ln gii phng th hai, Nguyn Hu dng i thuyn chin mnh
nh vo Gia nh, nhm mc tiu tin qun l thy qun nh Nguyn. Trong trn
tin cng ny, i d b chin lc thy qun ca Nguyn Hu ng vai tr quyt
nh tiu dit ch lc ca thy qun Nguyn.
Trong thi k qun Xim xm lc, tnh cht ca chin tranh thay i, s ch
o chin lc ca Nguyn hu cng thm sc bn. Mc ch chin lc ra rt
kin quyt, k hoch chin lc cn c trn kh nng thc t c nh gi chnh
xc hn, biu l mt quyt tm rt ln ca anh hng dn tc Nguyn Hu. Khi
Nguyn nh rc qun Xim v th b mt bn nc ca hn l r, mt b phn lc
lng chnh tr - x hi trc y vn ng h hn, by gi dn dn chuyn sang v tr
mi, ng h ngha qun Ty Sn. Nguyn Hu tranh th c s ng h , nn
s so snh lc lng nghing hn v pha ngha qun. l nguyn nhn ch yu to
nn kh nng thng li mau chng, trit hn cho ngha qun Ty Sn. V cng
l s ch o ng n v ti tnh ca Nguyn Hu. i th ca qun i Ty Sn s
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dng thy qun lm lc lng tin cng ch yu, tp trung tiu dit nhanh chng cc
b phn nh, phn tn ca qun i Ty Sn, nh n u, cng c n , sau
cng, tin ti tng cng kch Gia nh. i ph li, trong ch o chin lc,
Nguyn Hu cng tr nn linh hot, ti tnh hn v p tan mi m mu, th on
ca k th.
Thnh cng , trc ht l do Nguyn Hu kt hp cht ch gia chin lc
km chn tch cc v chuyn sang chin lc phn cng mnh lit, m mu cht l
nm ng thi c chuyn sang phn cng. Tc chin km chn ln ny ca qun
i Ty Sn min Gia nh tch cc ch bit tp trung lc lc nh tr. Tuy
lc lng c hn, nhng cuc nh tr ca Trng Vn a cng c tc dng tiu
hao ch, buc ch khng th tin nhanh, khin ch lc t Qui Nhn c th tin vo
chin u trong nhng iu kin c li trn mt mc nht nh. Cng trong trn
quyt chin chin lc ny, s phi hp gia nh chn ca b binh v tin cng ca
thy qun c s nht tr, khin cho c th tp trung ton b thy qun chin
u. Thy qun Ty Sn tuy v s lng km thy qun Xim, nhng nh s dng
mt cch ti tnh nn chin thng tht gn gng. Chin thng oanh lit qun xm
lc Xim nng rt cao uy tn ca qun i Ty Sn ng thi cng chng minh
thm ngh thut ch huy iu luyn ca anh hng Nguyn Hu.
Sang thi k chuyn hng chin lc ln pha Bc, qun i Ty Sn c trc
mt h mt qun i ln mnh v s lng, mt qun i c mt lch s xy dng v
chin u lu di, li lp trung b tr trn mt hnh thi chin lc c li hn qun
Nguyn trc y, tc l ch i ph trn mt mt. Nhng qun i Ty Sn lc
cng ln mnh, bao gm nhiu binh chng, s lng c tng cng, trang b
c ci tin, v vn gi u th tuyt i v mt tinh thn.
tc chin trn cc chin trng Ph Xun, Bc H, Nguyn Hu dng
phng php tp trung lc lng, m nhng chin dch quy m ln, c s hip ng
cht ch ca nhiu qun chng, tin hnh trn mt khng gian ln v trong mt thi
gian quy nh, ging nhng n quyt nh tiu dit ch, gii phng t ai.
l mt bc pht trin mi trong ngh thut chin lc ca Nguyn Hu. K
hoch chin lc ca Nguyn Hu c thc hin bng hai chin dch tin cng ln
tiu dit qun i Trnh. Khi qun i Thanh sang xm lc, th k hoch chin
lc li c thc hin bng mt cuc quyt chin chin lc v i.
Nguyn Hu rt ch trng vic chn thi c chin lc thch ng v pht huy
tc dng ca bt ng. Chin dch gii phng Ph Xun tin hnh vo lc qun Trnh
cha chun b i ph vi qun Ty Sn. Chin dch gii phng Thng Long dit -
nh Trinh c tin hnh bng s tranh th thi gian, vt b mi khu vc t ai
rng ln, a chin tranh n ca ng v tri tim ca ch nh Trnh, vt qu sc
tng tng ca vua, cha, tng, qun i phng. Chin dch i ph qun Thanh
bt u bng mt cuc hnh qun thn tc trn mt chng ng di, tranh th tin
cng tiu dit ch trc khi ch tip tc tin cng, nh vo lc v ni m ch
khng ng ti, khin Tn S Ngh khng kp tr tay.
Cc chin dch ny u l nhng chin dch c lc qun v thy qun tham gia,
v s ch o ca Nguyn Hu linh hot ch trao nhim v cho cc qun chng.
Nguyn Hu rt ch trng n tc dng ca thy qun, nhng vn cn c vo i
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tng chin lc c th ca ch, v tnh hnh a hnh m s dng qun chng chin
lc mt cch thch hp nht. Trong cc trn gii phng Gia nh, thng thng
thy qun c trao nhim v ch yu, gi vai tr quyt nh. Nhng trn cc mt
trn pha Bc, Nguyn Hu li thng thng trao cho lc qun nhim v ch yu v
vai tr quyt nh, ng thi vn ch trng thy qun, do t n s phi hp cht
ch gia hai qun chng chin lc.
Vn thnh lp i d b c tnh cht chin lc v s dng trong nhng trn
quyt chin chin lc c Nguyn Hu rt ch . Khi tp trung lc lng s
dng vo nhng chin dch ln, Nguyn Hu vn gi li mt b phn lc lng lm
i d b chin lc v ty tnh hnh c th m xa hoc gn. Trong chin dch
i ph qun Thanh, vic s dng cc n v tng binh, pho binh v k binh trong
thnh phn ca i d b chin lc do Nguyn Hu nm, trn hng tin cng ch
yu ca chin dch, bo m vic t ph chin dch v pht trin thng li chin
dch thnh thng li ca chin lc.
Tm tt nhng c im ca chin tranh m qun i Ty Sn tin hnh, chng
ta thy rng tnh cht quyt lit v gian kh ca ni chin v chin tranh gii phng
dn tc, v tr t ai ca cc bn tham chin vi s b cc chin lc phc tp trn
mt khng gian di, hp, c nhiu k ch khc nhau, tnh cht kin quyt ca mc
ch chin tranh, v s chnh lch v lc lng qun s c nh hng ln n
ngh thut chin lc ca Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn. Nt ni bt trong chin
lc qun s ca Nguyn Hu l xut pht t nhng mc ch chnh tr ca giai cp,
ca dn tc, chin lc hnh thnh trn c s nhng tnh ton chnh xc v kh
nng ca qun i Ty Sn v ca cc qun i th ch. Do , chin lc mang
tnh cht rt tch cc, rt kin quyt, xc nh ng n cc giai on u tranh khc
nhau v k th chnh ca tng giai on, xc nh ng chin trng ch yu v
hng tin cng ch yu, tp trung mnh dn lc lng ch yu trn chin trng
v trn hng , pht trin nhp nhng cc qun chng, vn dng mt cch sng to
cc phng php u tranh v trang thch hp nht, cc hnh thc tch cc nht nhm
mc ch tiu dit hon ton qun ch.
Nhn v ton cc, bao gi qun i Ty Sn cng yu v s lng qun i v
trang b so vi qun i ca cc k th. Nhng qun i Ty Sn thng thng gi
quyn ch ng chin lc, lun lun tin cng, lun lun ginh u th cc b ln
lt tiu dit tng tp on chin dch, chin lc ca ch.

NGH THUT CHIN DCH

Chin dch l mt hin tng u tranh v trang ht sc phc tp, l tng hp
ca cc hnh ng chin u, theo ch trng thng nht, t ti mc ch thng
nht, c th l p tan hoc tiu dit cc n v v cc lc lng chin dch hoc
chin lc ca i phng. Chin dch c tin hnh theo mt k hoch thng nht,
trn mt mt trn rng ln, trong mt thi gian xc nh vi nhng binh lc v kh
ti nht nh. Vic chun b v thc hnh chin dch tun theo nhng quy lut nht
nh.
Xt nhng yu t hnh thnh ca chin dch, chng ta c th thy rng trong qu
trnh chin tranh, nhng trn quyt chin tiu dit qun Xim, qun Trnh v qun
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Thanh u mang y nhng yu t ca chin dch. T nhng chin dch trn,
chng ta c th rt ra nhiu bi hc kinh nghim phong ph.
Nghin cu thnh phn cc qun chng tham gia chin dch, chng ta thy cc
chin dch u c s tham gia ca c hai qun chng lc qun v thy qun. Do
y, xut hin cc chin dch c nhiu qun chng cng tin hnh. n v chin dch
ca cc qun chng khc nhau thc hin nhng nhim v khc nhau, trong hip ng
chin dch, u nhm t n mc ch chung ca chin dch.
Nghin cu mc ch v tnh cht ca nhng hot ng chin du, cc chin
dch Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, Ph Xun, Bc H v nh qun Thanh u l nhng
chin dch tin cng. cng l c im trong hnh ng qun s ca qun i Ty
Sn, nu bt tnh cht kin quyt, mc ch tiu dit sinh lc ch ca n. Ch c tin
cng kin quyt v lin tc nhm bao vy v tiu dit tng b phn ch mi c th
hon ton p tan, c th tiu dit qun ch.
Nhng xt v mt hnh thc, chin dch tiu dit thy qun Xim v chin dch
tiu dit qun Thanh, mang hnh thc phn cng chin lc. Hai chin dch ny u
nhm ph v cuc tin cng ca ch, trong khi, v thc cht qun ch vn ang
th tin cng chin lc, i hnh ca chng l i hnh tin cng. Tuy nhin, xt
mc ch v ni dung th cc chin dch thc cht vn l chin dch tin cng.
Nhng c im ca hai chin dch cng nu r ngh thut qun s ti tnh ca
Nguyn Hu. S ch o chin lc ng n, c bit l vic tranh th thi gian v
hnh ng chin lc bt ng, vic t chc chu o v s thc hnh kin quyt
ginh thng li rc r cho chin dch.
Nghin cu quy m ca binh lc c huy ng, cc chin dch c nhiu ch
khc nhau. Trong chin dch tiu dit qun Xim, cc thuyn chin c huy ng c
hn. l mt chin dch do mt lc lng chin dch lin hp tin hnh. Trong hai
chin dch tiu dit qun Trnh, lc lng huy ng ln hn. Ngoi ra, mt iu ng
ch na l: trong chin dch tiu dit qun Xim, s lng thuyn chin Ty Sn t
hn qun Xim, nhng ha lc mnh hn. Xt c hai mt s lng v cht lng,
chin dch c tin hnh trong iu kin lc lng hai bn khng chnh lch nhau
ln lm, tuy qun Xim vn c li th. Trong chin dch Ph Xun, qun i Nguyn
Hu km qun Trnh v s lng b binh, nhng mnh hn ch v thy qun v
pho binh. Trong chin dch tip sau, lc lng hai bn cng gn ngang nhau, lc
qun Trnh chim u th, nhng thy qun yu hn thy qun Ty Sn. Xt mt cch
tng hp, qun Trnh vn c li hn. n chin dch tiu dit qun Thanh th so snh
lc lng c chnh lch ln, c li cho qun Thanh. Nghin cu quy m , chng ta
s thy c qun i Ty Sn chin thng tht huy hong, trong th thua km
hn ch v s lng.
Mi chin dch c c im ca n. Chin dch tiu dit thy qun Xim l mt
chin dch m n v chin dch xut pht t cn c xa ch, nhanh chng vn ng
n chim lnh cc on sng la chn, ri ko thy qun ch ra khi cn c
tiu dit. Chin dch Ph Xun l mt chin dch bt u trong iu kin hai qun i
tip xc vi nhau t lu; n v chin dch ch yu thc hnh chc thng phng
ng c chun b ca ch, trong khi lc lng hng th yu vu hi bng ng
bin vo trung tm b tr ca ch. Chin dch Thng Long dit Trnh bt u trong
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iu kin rt xa ch, thi gian chun b c hn, c i thuyn chin phi i trc
nh chim u cu chin lc ch lc vo chin u. Cui cng, chin dch tiu
dit qun Thanh c chun b trong thi gian c hn, c qun i che ch pha
trc ch lc t trong hu phng chin lc vn ng n, trin khai thnh th
trn chin dch, ri trong hnh qun tin nh qun ch ng tm thi dng cuc
tin cng.
Mi chin dch ca Nguyn Hu u cn c vo kh nng chin lc v nhm
t nhng nhim v chin lc nht nh. Trong chin dch nh qun Xim, tinh
thn chng ngoi xm v ng h Ty Sn ca nhn dn min Gia nh v vic tng
cng ha lc cho cc thuyn chin, to cho chin dch nhng kh nng ln. Mt
khc, khi t chc chin dch, Nguyn Hu li bit cn c vo kh nng ca chin
thut thy qun, nh kinh nghim chin u trn sng ln, tc c ng, sc mnh
ca ha lc, m ra nhim v cho chin thut: nh vo gia i hnh ca ch,
chia ct tiu dit tng b phn ch. Trong chin dch th hai (h Ph Xun), tinh
thn cm ght cao ca nhn dn v qun i Ty Sn i vi nh Trnh, vic tng
cng v ci t lc qun thnh nhng n v ln, va c sc t kch mnh, c ha
lc mnh, va c phng tin c ng ca thy qun, xc nh rng n v chin
dch hon ton c th dng u th ca mnh nh mt tp on ln ca qun
Trnh, hon thnh nhim v tiu dit mt b phn quan trng sinh lc ch v gii
phng mt b phn t dai. Vi kh nng ha lc ca pho binh d chin, vi kh
nng b ca thy binh, chin dch xc nh cho chin thut nhim v chc
thng thnh ly kin c ca ch v b ln b tiu dit tng b phn sinh lc
ch. Trong chin dch th ba (h Thng Long dit nh Trnh), do c tng cng
thm binh lc, tng cng thuyn chin v thuyn vn ti, do nm c tinh thn
cm ght cha Trnh ngy cng cao ca qun v dn, chin dch c phng tin c
ng y , c kh nng tin su vo lng ch, nh ch khi chng cha kp trin
khai, hon thnh nhim v chin lc tiu dit i qun ca nh Trnh, chim ton b
Bc H, t n mc ch nh th lc nh Trnh. Chin dch c hon thnh c
nhim v hay khng cn ty thuc vo chin thut c kh nng dng tc chin
b ca thy qun nh chim v gi vng mt u cu, kh nng chin u d ngoi
ca b binh, kh nng bao vy, vu hi, truy kch ca k binh hay khng. V vy m
cc nhim v chin thut c xc nh r rng, trong nhim v chin thut rt
quan trng l nh chim u cu, tiu dit thy qun nh Trnh.
Trong chin dch ln th t (dit qun Thanh), kh nng chin lc cng ln
hn nhiu, sc t kch, ha lc, sc c ng u c nng cao. Vic t chc cc
o qun c sc tin cng mnh, vic ng vin tinh thn chng ngoi xm ca qun
v dn gip cho Nguyn Hu c th hon thnh nhim v tiu dit ton b qun
Thanh, gii phng Thng Long v ton b t ai Bc H, t mc ch p tan cuc
xm lc ca nh Thanh, gi vng c lp ca T quc. Nhim v ca chin thut
rt phc tp nhng kh nng chc thng thnh ly kin c, nh chn, truy kch, c
nhiu. Cho nn chin dch ny trao cho chin thut (chin thut hp ng binh
chng ca lc qun, chin thut ca thy qun, ca pho binh, ca tng binh v k
binh), nhng nhim v nng n. Thc t chng minh chin dch tn dng kh
nng ca chin lc v tn dng kh nng ca chin thut hon thnh xut sc
190
nhim v chin dch, v do , hon thnh nhim v ca chin lc. Mc ch chin
lc ra t c y .
T nhng vn trn, chng ta c th rt ra mi quan h khng kht gia chin
dch v chin lc, gia chin dch v chin thut. l: chin dch ph thuc vo
chin lc chin dch l phng tin t ti mc ch chin lc ca chin tranh.
Cho nn chin dch phi c xy dng tht ph hp vi nhim v v kh nng ca
chin lc. Chin lc trc tip ch o ngh thut chin dch.
i i vi chin thut, ngh thut chin dch ng vai tr ch o, chin dch l
mt trong nhng nhn t ch yu nht lm cho chin thut pht trin. Ngc li,
chin thut ph thuc vo ngh thut chin dch, l cng c hon thnh nhim v
ca chin dch. ng thi chin lc phi ch n kh nng ca chin dch, v
chin dch lc cng phi ch n kh nng ca chin thut. Mt iu rt r l do
kh nng chin thut km, qun i Trnh khng bao gi t n mc ch tiu
dit qun Nguyn. Tri li qun Nguyn cng khng t ti mc ch phn cng tiu
dit mt b phn qun Trnh nh tan tin cng ca qun Trnh. Chin tranh lin
tip n ra trong hng th k, nhng qun i hai bn vn ch quanh qun trn hai b
sng Gianh, di chn cc thnh ly.
Cc chin dch ca Nguyn Hu bao gi cng nhm vo vic tiu dit mt lc
lng chin dch, chin lc ca ch, ng thi chim v gi nhng mc tiu hoc
tuyn quan trng ca a hnh c ngha v chin lc, chin dch, hoc kt thc
mt giai on no ca chin tranh, hoc to iu kin thun li cho chin dch
sau. Gia hai nhim v ca chin dch bao gi Nguyn Hu cng t nhim v tiu
dit sinh lc ch ln hng ch yu. ng thi Nguyn Hu cng t vic nh
chim mc tiu hoc tuyn a hnh thnh mt nhim v quan trng phc v cho
vic tiu dit sinh lc ch, m bo cho vic bo tn mnh, cho nn gia hai nhim
v, c mi quan h mt thit, khng th tch ri nhau c. Chim ng Hi v
tuyn sng Gianh va l bo m tiu dit ton b lc lng ca Phm Ng Cu, va
l nhm chun b cho chin dch tip sau. Chim V Hong l to iu kin tiu
dit ch lc qun Trnh. Gi tuyn ni Tam ip, chim tuyn Phng Nhn, Yn
Th, Lng Giang v Hi Dng l tiu dit ton b qun Thanh. Cho nn, trong
chin dch, vic chim v gi cc mc tiu hoc tuyn no ca a hnh l rt quan
trng, nhng n ch c ngha khi n m bo cho vic tiu dit sinh lc ch. Tt
nhin vic tiu dit sinh lc ch, vic chim mc tiu v tuyn a hnh i hi phi
s dng tp trung binh lc, c ng, dng cm, mnh bo, i hi phi thc hin
c bao vy cht, phi p tan cc cuc phn kch ca ch (nh trong chin dch
Thng Long tiu dit qun Trnh).
Mc ch ca chin dch, bin php t ti mc ch nu ln mt c
im chung th nht cho cc chin dch ca Nguyn Hu: cc chin dch u c mc
ch rt kin quyt v cch tin hnh rt kin quyt. N khc rt xa ngh thut tc
chin ca cc qun i Trnh, Nguyn, L, Xim, Thanh.
Trong cc chin dch, Nguyn Hu b tr th trn chin dch trn nhiu mc tiu,
nhiu on, nhiu hng, cch xa nhau. trn mt mc tiu, mt on, mt hng
no , mt chnh tin cng ch hp, nhng do c nhiu mc tiu, on, hng,
nn li hnh thnh mt chnh rng c nhiu khong cch, ng thi gi mt chiu su
191
nht nh cho th trn ca mnh. Mt chnh trn mt mc tiu, mt on, mt hng
c th hp v c chiu su ca th trn l to nn mi nhn tin cng lin tc v
mnh m. Mt chnh rng ca cc hng hp li l da trn kh nng c ng ca
qun i Ty Sn, ng thi ch c hnh ng trn mt chnh rng nh vy th mi
pht huy y kh nng c ng ca nhng lc lng ln. Cc hng chin dch
u nh vo chiu su ln ca ch. Chiu su ln ca cc chin dch chng t
Nguyn Hu lun lun nhm vo cc lc lng ch yu b tr trong su ca i
phng, v nm c sc c ng ca qun i mnh, nht l bit s dng thnh
tho tng binh, k binh v thy qun. Cho nn, c trng hp t ph xong mi
pht trin vo chiu su (nh chin dch gii phng Thng Long dit Trnh v chin
dch i ph qun Thanh), c trng hp ng thi t ph mt chnh v tin cng
vo su (nh chin dch Ph Xun). Trong chin dch Rch Gm - Xoi Mt, on
sng c la chn quyt chin c mt chiu di chng 7 ki-l-mt, ch lc ca
thy qun Ty Sn b tr su trn mt on sng chng 6 ki-l-mt. Trong chin
dch Ph Xun b su ca chin dch n 300 ki-l-mt, thi gian ca chin dch l
trong phm vi 10 ngy, tc tin cng l trn 30 ki-l-mt mt ngy. Khng c
thy qun v k binh th khng th c tc tin cng . Trong chin dch Thng
Long, b su ca chin dch l 90 ki-l-mt, tc chin trong thi gian 10 ngy, tc
tn cng chng 9 ki- l mt mt ngy. Nhng nu tnh ch lc vo chin u, th t
V Hong n Thng Long, tc tin cng l trn 22 ki-l-mt mt ngy. Trong
chin dch ph qun Thanh tnh mt chnh ca cc hng n 40 ki-l-mt, b su
ca chin dch l 80 ki-l-mt, thi gian tc chin 5 ngy, tc tin cng l 5 ki-l-
mt mt ngy. y khng tnh n chiu su v tc trong truy kch qun ch n
bin gii.
Cc chin dnh c quy m ln, nhng thi gian chun b u rt ngn. S d nh
vy l v phi tranh th thi gian, tc chin trong thi c c li, phi tranh th bt
ng, ng thi cn do trnh sn sng chin u v kh nng c ng cao ca qun
i Ty Sn quyt nh. Cho nn, tng hp cc mt c lin quan mt thit vi nhau
trong nhng vn trn, c th rt ra mt c im chung th hai ca cc chin dch
do Nguyn Hu ch huy: chin dch c mt chnh kh rng, c chiu su ln, tc
tin cng cao, tin hnh trong iu kin thi gian chun b hn ch.
Mc d v lc lng, qun i Nguyn Hu thng km hoc xp x bng ch,
nhng li tin cng ch cho nn bao gi cng vo a v ch ng, v gi th ch
ng trong ton b qu trnh chin dch, tuy rng c khi phi nh vi lc lng
phn kch ca ch. Cc cng tc chun b cho chin dch c tin hnh b mt,
nhanh chng, c bin php phao tin nh la ch, c bin php vn ng t xa n
mt cch rt b mt, qun giu b mt, che ch chu o cho nn d chin dch bt u
vo nhng thi gian, thi tit khc nhau, bao gi Nguyn Hu cng tranh th c
bt ng, lm cho ch khng kp chun b. C khi ch ang th ch ng li thnh
b ng, b ng cng i su vo b ng hon ton, tr tay khng kp. Do d
ch c u th v lc lng m khng s dng c u th tc l khng c u th
thc s. Nhng im trn nu ln mt c im chung th ba ca cc chin dch ca
Nguyn Hu l ngha ca s ginh gi ch ng, ca vic tranh th v pht huy
yu t bt ng l rt ln.
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 Trong cc chin dch ca Nguyn Hu, do i hnh chin dch c nhiu o
qun, i qun, nhiu b phn, nhng vic phn chia nhim v v s dng cc o,
i hoc cc b phn t trnh ngh thut cao. Do sc tin cng c tng
cng khng ngng. o qun i trc (hoc i) v o, i tip sau (hoc i d
b) hnh ng rt nht tr. Trong chin dch Thng Long, sau khi thy qun Ty Sn
tiu dit thy qun Trnh, Nguyn Hu cho b mt b phn b binh tp kch
bt ng ch v chia ct i hnh ca ch, cn ch lc th tung vo Thng Long. Do
, qun Trnh b chia ct thnh nhiu b phn khng th hip ng nht tr. Khi
qun i Ty Sn vy n, tng cng sc tin cng, qun Trnh khng th thot
khi b tiu dit. Nhng im trn nu ln mt c im chung th t ca cc chin
dch do Nguyn Hu ch huy: trong qu trnh chin dch, khng ngng nng cao sc
tin cng, c ng lc lng nhanh chng s dng cc o, i qun hoc i d b
a vo chin u trong thi c v phng hng c li.
Trong cc chin dch ca Nguyn Hu, vn bo m vt cht c c bit
ch . Cc chin trng thng xa khu cn c hu phng, chin dch c chiu su
rt ln, lc lng tham gia rt ng, c ng rng ri, thi gian vn ng tin n
gn ch v tc chin kh di, khin cho cng tc bo m lng thc, thc phm,
n dc rt phc tp nhng phi c tin hnh chu o. Nguyn Hu bao gi cng
thc hin hai bin php bo m cho chin dch: t chc cung cp t sau ln, v
tranh th cung cp ti ch. l c im chung th nm ca cc chin dch: vic
bo m vt cht chu o c xem l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn bo m thng
li cho chin dch.

CHIN THUT
Chng ta bit rng chin thut l mt b phn khng kht ca ngh thut qun
s. Chin thut nghin cu v ra nhng bin php t chc chin u v cc
nguyn tc v quy tc tin hnh chin u. Nu chin lc v chin dch l lnh vc
ca khu ch huy cao cp th chin thut li trc tip gn lin vi s hot ng ca
ng o qun chng binh s v ch huy. Cc binh s v ch huy hon thnh nhim v
chin lc v chin dch qua nhim v chin thut. V vy, chin thut l ni phn
nh r rang nht cht lng tinh thn v chin u ca qun i.
Di s ch huy ca Nguyn Hu, chin thut ca qun i Ty Sn, cng nh
ngh thut qun s ni chung, pht trin khng ngng. C s ca s pht trin
l tinh thn chin u cao ca ngi lnh trong qun i cch mng ca nng dn,
ca nhn dn ni chung, v s thay i v cht lng v s lng v kh v phng
tin chin tranh trong qun i ca Nguyn Hu.
Tinh thn chin u cao, tinh thn chu ng gian kh, tinh thn ch thng khng
bi ca nhng ngi lnh trong qun i Nguyn Hu khin cho h bit vn dng
mt cch sng to nhng kinh nghim chin u, ly lm c s nng cao trnh
chin thut. Ngi lnh trong qun i Nguyn Hu c tinh thn chin u cao, ng
thi c nhiu v kh ci tin, nm vng v bit pht huy tc dng ca v kh. Cho
nn chin thut ca qun i Ty Sn pht trin rt nhanh, tuy n l mt qun i tr,
xy dng trong qu trnh khi ngha v chin tranh.

193
 Gia qun i Nguyn Hu v qun i phn ng, v mt cht lng ca v
kh, s khc nhau khng nhiu. Song, v mt s lng v kh v thnh phn trong
bin ch, th c s khc nhau. S khc nhau , cng vi s khc nhau gia hai loi
binh s, ra s khc nhau trong chin thut, trong s pht trin chin thut ca
hai loi qun i.
T th k XVI tr v trc, v kh ch yu l bch binh, cho nn chin u ch
c mt giai on: nhng khi lng ngi tin cng vo i phng bng cch
phng lao, bn cung n t mt c ly nht nh, ri xung phong nh gip l c, dng
dao, gm chm git ln nhau. Nhng n th k th XVII, XVIII, sng trng,
pho binh, tc mt yu t mi l ha lc, xut hin, chin u chia thnh hai giai
on: nh bng ha lc, ri dng sc mnh nh gip l c p tan i phng.
T bao gm hai yu t: t kch v c ng, chin u pht trin them mt yu t
ha lc. Do , ngh thut chin thut thi i by gi i hi phi kt hp cht ch
ba yu t ca chin u.
Trong cc qun i Trnh v Nguyn, s lng ca ha kh b binh t, v cha
c pho binh d chin, hoc c nhng vi s lng cn t, nn chin u ch yu da
vo sc tin cng bng sc lc ca cc khi b i vi bch binh. D chin u trn
thnh ly hay chin u d ngoi, d tin cng hay phng ng, trong hai qun i
, vai tr ca t kch vn l ch yu, vai tr ca ha lc v c ng cn rt thp.
Khc th, Nguyn Hu bit kt hp kh cht ch ba yu t ha lc, t kch
v c ng. Chin thut c bc pht trin rt ln v hai mt:
1. Nng cao vai tr ca ha lc v c ng tuy rng t kch vn gi vai tr
quyt nh. Dng ha kh tiu hao ch, dng sc t kch v c ng ph v
h thng khng nh chn c t chc ca ch, to nn nhng iu kin mi
thc hin nhng n t kch mi. Trong khi dng ha kh, c s kt hp gia
bn v vn ng ca ngi lnh, gia i n c ly tm bn ca i phng v chy
ln xung phong.
2. Chin u khng cn l do b binh n thun, hoc b binh lm nhim v
ch yu nht m cc binh chng khc ch l ph thuc. Di s ch huy ca Nguyn
Hu, cc binh chng pho binh, b binh, tng binh, v k binh, trong chin u,
c s phn cng rnh r v hp tc cht ch hn trong vic thc hin nhim v chung
t ti mc ch chung. Cho nn, chin thut ca qun i Ty Sn mang r
nt tnh cht ca chin thut hp ng cc binh chng. Thng li ca chin u l do
cc binh chng hip ng ng tc cht ch, n lc thc hin nhim v chung, tuy
rng ha lc c nhim v ch yu l ph hoi v tiu hao, sc t kch ca b binh
v tng binh lm nhim v tiu dit i b phn ch (trong vai tr quan trng
nht thuc v b binh), v c ng l thc hnh t kch thng li.
Do , chng ta c th rt ra mt c im u tin trong chin u v chin
thut ca qun i Ty Sn nh sau: Thng thng pho binh m u, b binh (c
tng binh hoc khng c) nh n t kch quyt nh (tiu dit i b phn ch,
chim gi thnh ly, mc tiu), k binh kt thc chin u (pht trin thng li, truy
kch, tiu dit nt b phn cn li ca ch). ng nhin, khng phi trong bt k
trn chin u no, qun di Ty Sn u nh nh vy. Nhng v i th, cc trn
chin u u din ra nh trn.
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 Trong lc qun, chin thut l chin thut hp ng binh chng.
Vn th hai, gn lin vi vn trn, l i hnh chin u. Trong thi i
phong kin, trc khi sng trng v i bc xut hin, tc chin thng xy ra xung
quanh cc thnh quch kiu vung. i hnh chin u thng p dng l: i vi
qun phng ng, mi c hoc i (ty theo thnh ln, nh) dn thnh i hnh hng
ngang hoc dc theo mt tng thnh. Trn bn tng thnh c bn c hoc i
chim gi. C hoc i th nm ng gia, lm i d b, thng dng tng
vin cho ni b uy hip. Ngi ch huy thnh quch trc tip nm i d b. Do
m c tin, hu, t, hu, trung. i vi qun tin cng, cc c, i hoc o cng dn
thnh hng ngang: bn c hoc i, o tin cng trn bn mt ca thnh ly. C
(i o) th nm lm i d b, do ch huy trc tip nm, c b tr mt ni, ch
yu dng tng vin cho hng no hoc b thit hi nhiu hoc c kh nng leo
tro ln thnh tng thm sc t kch. Khi chin u d ngoi, i hnh cn bn
khng c g khc, i hnh bn mt ta ra thnh bn khi trn hng ngang, pha sau
l i d b. Chin thut, theo i hnh ny, l dn u binh lc trn chnh din, da
vo sc mnh ca khi b binh dy c m t kch. Khi xut hin thnh ly kiu
chy di theo b ngang, nh cc ly ca qun Nguyn, th i hnh chin u, v
chin thut ni trn cng khng thay i g. T khi sng trng v i bc xut hin,
sc mnh phng ng ca qun i Nguyn, Trnh da trn s kt hp gia ha lc
ca pho binh vi phng tin chng ngi (nh thnh ly, sng ngi, chin ho...).
Bn tin cng vn ly sc t kch ca cc khi b binh dy c tin cng.
Qun i Nguyn Hu p dng mt i hnh chin u kiu mi. Tuy qun
i vn t chc theo ng ng ch, nhng trong mt o, ngoi b binh, c pho
binh, k binh v tng binh. Da trn c s tinh thn chin u cao ca qun i v
trc s pht trin ca pho binh, sng trng, Nguyn Hu b li tin gn ch
theo i hnh hng ngang dy c.
Chin thut dn u binh lc trn mt chnh c thay th bng chin thut
tp trung lc lng t kch mnh lit trn on quyt nh ca i hnh chin u.
C s ca chin thut ny l dng cm, c ng v thc su kt hp vi ha lc v
t kch. Th l thnh ly v i hnh nng n, km c ng ca qun i phong kin
phn ng b i hnh rt linh hot, rt co gin, rt c ng ca qun i Nguyn
Hu nh tan, chin thut phn tn binh lc trn mt chnh b chin thut tp trung
binh lc c b su ph v. Chin thut pht trin ln mt bc mi, l chin thut
hp ng binh chng, vi s tp trung lc lng tin cng trn mt im quyt nh,
bng hnh thc nh vo mt chnh kt hp vi thc su, vu hi, bao vy ch. Chin
thut ca tng binh chng cng thnh hnh r hn: pho binh tp trung bn, m
ng cho tng binh v b binh xung phong. Tng binh li dng sc mnh
xng ln trc, ri ta sang hai bn t, hu cho b binh tip tc xng ln thnh nhiu
t, dng bch binh xung phong. Hoc tng binh mang pho hng nng, t xa bn
vo thnh ly ch, bn ym h cho b binh pht trin. Cui cng l k binh nhanh
chng thc vo su, ty theo tnh hung m tin thng hoc vu hi hoc t kch sau
lng, v truy kch.
l mt i hnh chin u rt co gin, rt linh hot v mt chin thut kt
hp c y ba yu t, t kch, c ng v ha lc. Vic s dng pho binh d
195
chin mt cch tp trung l rt quan trng, n gip cho vic gii quyt tt vn t
ph thnh ly ca thi . Nguyn Hu khng nhng ti gii trong vic ch huy b
binh, k binh, thy binh m cn gii v pho binh na.
Trong qu trnh chin tranh, cc hnh thc chin u tr nn phong ph. Ti
chin trng Gia nh, ngn chn nhng lc lng yu ca ch, hnh thc phng
ng ca qun i Ty Sn tin hnh da trn cc tuyn cng s mang tnh cht
phng ng c im. Nhng, chin u tin cng (k c tin cng thnh ly kin c,
tin cng trn a d chin v tin cng vn ng) vn l bnh thc chin u ch
yu. Tin cng vn ng ni ln hng u. Cc trn chin u tin cng do Nguyn
Hu ch huy min Gia nh, hoc min ng bng Bc H tr nn rt c ng,
kt hp cht ch gia vn ng vi k nng bn v kh nng hip ng kh gii ca
cc binh chng, cc n v tham gia chin u. Qun i Nguyn Hu p dng
y cc loi chin thut: tp kch bt ng, cng kch bng sc mnh (trn a d
chin hoc cng thnh), ch sn phc kch, ko ch ti phc kch, tao ng truy
kch, v.v.
Cc th on chin u cng pht trin. T tin cng chnh din kt hp vi
thc su (nh trong cc trn u do Nguytn Hu ch huy tin tin cng chnh din kt
hp vi vu hi vo mt sn, vu hi hai sn (nht l khi c thy qun), sau li c
thm tin cng chnh din kt hp vi vu hi cnh sn v sau lng, hnh thnh bao
vy (nh trong cc trn tiu dit qun Trnh v qun Thanh). Cc th on chin u
rt thch hp, nhm nhanh chng tiu dit lc lng phn tn ca ch, khng cho
i d bi ca ch ra chin u, khng cho ch c th tp trung lc lng v phng
tin ti a im v trong thi gian cn thit. Bit chia ct ch v tp trung lc lng
tiu dit tng b phn ch l mt trong nhng biu hin cn bn ca ngh thut
ch huy cao ca Nguyn Hu. C ng nhanh v gii to iu kin thun li cho
vic bo m u th v lc lng v phng tin trn hng tin nh ch yu. N
cn l mt th on ginh bt ng chin thut. C ng tr nn mt trong
nhng phng php ch yu nht t kch thng li. Cng do c ng nhanh
chng m tc tin cng c nng cao khng ngng.
Nhng iu trnh by trn cho ta thy c im ca chin thut Nguyn Hu
l: tnh ch ng rng ri, tnh c ng nhanh chng, tnh kin quyt mnh lit, tnh
nhiu hnh nhiu v trong phng php v hnh thc tin hnh chin u. ng trc
mt qun i nh vy, cc i th Trnh, L, Nguyn, Xim, Thanh, ch bit a ra
mt chin thut cng nhc, chm chp, cho nn h tht bi nhanh chng.

C IM CH YU CA THIN TI QUN S CA NGUYN HU

Nhn nh tng qut ngh thut qun s ca Nguyn Hu, ng ch Trng
Chinh vit: (u im tri nht ca cuc khng chin i Nguyn Quang Trung l
tin cng nhanh chng v mnh lit" [1]. Cu ni sc tch nu bt ln mt cch
khi qut v y nhng c im c bn nht trong t tng ch o tc chin,
trong ngh thut qun s ca Nguyn Hu.
---------------------------
1. Trng Chinh, Khng chin nht nh thng li. Nh xut bn S tht, H Ni, 1955. Li ni
u, tr. VI.

196
 Mc ch chnh tr ca chin tranh m Nguyn Hu v qun i Ty Sn tin
hnh l nh bn phong kin phn ng trong nc v bn phong kin nc ngoi
n xm lc, thc hin thng nht, gi vng c lp. Mc ch chnh tr l
nguyn tc chnh tr c bn ca chin tranh. Mc ch c thc hin v mt qun
s bng cch dng lc lng v trang thc hin thng nht, bo v T quc, nh
tan cc qun i phong kin Trnh, L, Nguyn, Xim, v Thanh. t mc ch
, trong mi hnh ng ca qun i Ty Sn, Nguyn Hu lun lun nm vng
nguyn tc c bn l ra sc tiu dit ch v ht sc bo tn mnh. Nguyn tc c bn
l cn c ca tt c cc nguyn tc khc ch o ton b hnh ng qun s, t
nguyn tc chin lc n nguyn tc chin thut. Trong hai mt ca nguyn tc c
bn , th tiu dit ch l ch yu, bo tn mnh chim a v th hai v rng ch c
tiu dit ch mi c th bo tn mnh mt cch c hiu qu nht.
Tin cng l th on tiu dit ch. Tin cng trc tip tiu dit ch
nhng ng thi cng bo tn mnh. Khi ngha v trang, chin tranh gii phng
t khi n ra n lc pht trin, t khng c cn c n thnh lp cn c, t b phn
n ton quc, t khng c chnh quyn n xy dng chnh quytn, t khng c
qun i n pht trin qun i, t nh nhng ton l t ca ch n tiu dit lc
lng chin lc ln mnh... bao gi cng do tin cng m t c.
Trong ton b cuc chin tranh do Nguyn Hu tin hnh, tin cng l ch yu,
l quyt nh. T trn h thnh Qui Nhn nm 1773, h thnh Ph Yn nm 1775,
n cuc truy kch qun Thanh ti bin gii nm 1789, l c mt lot cuc chin u
v chin dch tin cng lin tc tiu dit ch, bo tn mnh. D nhin, ni nh
vy, khng phi l qun i Ty Sn khng c phng ng. Nhng phng ng l th
yu m tn cng l ch yu.
Tin cng, l u im tri nht ca ngh thut qun s Nguyn Hu.
Nhng tin cng cng c nhiu cch tin cng. C cch tin cng chm chp,
cm chng nh tin cng ca qun Thanh, cng c cch tin cng lun qun ca
qun Trnh di chn cc thnh ly khng tiu dit c ch m ngc li,
chnh mnh li b tiu hao. l nhng cch tin cng va khng tiu dit c ch
va khng bo tn c mnh. Cch tin cng ca Nguyn Hu khc hn: nhanh
chng, mnh lit.
Nhanh chng bao hm nhiu ngha: vn ng v c ng nhanh chng gii
quyt chin u, chin dch mt cch nhanh chng. Bt lun khi c u th hay khi
khng c u th so vi ch v chin lc v chin dch bao gi Nguyn Hu cng
thc hnh tin cng nhanh chng. Nht l khi khng c u th so vi ch, th tin
cng li cng nhanh chng, bng cch vn ng nhanh chng t xa n, c ng
nhanh chng v to bo thc su vo lng ch, vu hi vo sn hoc sau lng ch,
nhanh chng bao vy, chia ct ch, nh nhanh, gii quyt nhanh. Trong nhng
trng hp , nhanh chng b sung hoc thay th cho th yu v s lng.
Nhng cuc hnh qun thn tc v b mt, nhng cuc t kch chp nhong, nhng
cuc c ng ca nhiu o qun ln nhanh chng thc vo sau lng ch, m
Nguyn Hu thc hnh trong cc trn chin u v chin dch tn cng, th hin
ngh thut cao ca v tng thin ti, l nhanh chng tiu dit lc lng phn tn ca
ch, khin cho ch b bt ng, cha kp t chc i ph b tiu dit.
197
 Nhanh chng trong vn ng v c ng, nhanh chng trong tc chin nhanh
chng tiu dit ch, cng l mt u im tri nht ca ngh thut qun s
Nguyn Hu.
Song, nhanh chng khng th tch ri vi mnh lit. Mun nhanh chng m
khng mnh lit th rt cuc khng t c nhanh chng.
Mnh lit l tp trung lc lng to thnh th mnh ging nhng n sm st,
mnh lit tc l ni ng tc chin u phi mnh lit, hnh ng chin u phi tch
cc, kin quyt. Mnh lit l ngh thut s dng ha lc tp trung trn im t ph,
l ngh thut s dng tp trung binh lc tin cng mnh lit, xung phong mnh
li,t pht trin mnh lit, truy kch mnh lit. C th mnh m khng tp trung s
dng th khng t c mnh lit; mun mnh lit m khng tp trung v khng to
c th mnh th rt cuc khng th mnh lit c. Do cng khng th t ti
nhanh chng. Kt qu l ch tiu hao ch, nh tan ch, m khng thc hin ni
vic tiu dit ch. Cc trn chin u, chin dch tin cng ca Nguyn Hu va
nhanh chng, va mnh lit l nhng kiu mu v s kt hp mt cch kho lo v
cn i gia th mnh ca tin cng ha lc v th mnh ca c ng.
Mnh lit trong chin u, chin dch, cng l mt u im tri nht trong
ngh thut qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Tin cng nhanh chng v mnh lit l mt th
thng nht, l mt trong nhng nguyn tc ch yu nht ca ngh thut qun s, cng
l mt u im tri nht trong ngh thut qun s ca Nguyn Hu, khin cho qun
i ca Nguyn Hu khng ngng pht trin, bo tn c mnh v tiu dit c
my chc vn qun Trnh, L, Nguyn, 2 vn qun Xim v 20 vn qun Thanh.
u im tri nht ca ngh thut qun s ni ln nhng t tng ch o tc
chin c bn ca Nguyn Hu. Do tin cng nhanh chng v mnh lit, cc trn
chin u, chin dch ca qun i Ty Sn bao gi cng t c mc tiu ch yu
l tiu dit sinh lc ch. Mi mt trn chin u, mi mt chin dch do Nguyn
Hu ch huy, u git, bt hng ngn, hng vn, hng chc vn qun tinh nhu v
tng ti gii ca ch, thu hng ngn, hng vn, hng chc vn v kh cc loi,
khin cho ch khng th b sung, thay th kp thi, tinh thn qun ch phi tan r,
ch khng, ch xm lc b bp. C s vt cht v tinh thn ca ch c nh
vy m b tiu hao dn, b tiu dit tng b phn n b tiu dit ton b. Kt qu ca
tiu dit sinh lc ch l va gii phng t ai, va b sung lc lng, va nng cao
thm tinh thn chin u ca qun i v nhn dn. Cho nn t ta c th rt ra kt
lun: t tng nh tiu dit l t tng ch o tc chin c bn ca Nguyn Hu
trong ton b cuc chin tranh. Qun i Ty Sn tha k v pht huy cao
truyn thng anh dng v v vang ca cc qun i chng ngoi xm ca nc ta, t
thi L Thng Kit, Trn Quc Tun, n L Li, Nguyn Tri, truyn thng ca
nhng trn nh tiu dit v i. Cc qun i mnh ca phong kin xm lc
chu s phn vt xc li trn cc chin trng nc ta, cn cc tn tng lnh ti
gii th s phn ca chng cng khng vinh quang g. Cc tng thy qun chiu
Tng, chiu Sng nhanh chng chui rng lch bi theo ng b chy v Xim.
Thot Hoan chui vo ng ng lt qua bin gii. Vng Thng nhc nh u
hng, li thi ct v nc. Tn S Ngh th vt c qun n, sc th, phi nga khng

198
yn m chy. l cha k nhng tn tng b tiu dit trong chin u nh Toa
, M Nhi, Liu Thng, Ha Th Hanh, Sm Nghi ng, v.v.
T tng nh tiu dit ca Nguyn Hu, nh trn trnh by, biu hin vic
ly bo tn mnh tiu dit ch lm nguyn tc ch o mi hnh ng qun s ca
qun i. N ly tiu dit ch lm mc tiu ch yu ca chin tranh. T tng nh
tiu dit cn biu hin vic xc nh nhng hnh thc tc chin ch yu trong
cc trn nh. Khi mi ni dy, ngha qun Ty Sn ch l mt i du kch. Hnh
thc tc chin ch yu lc l nh du kch. Nhng trn chin u v chin dch
sau ny, do Nguyn Hu ch huy t trn Ph Yn tr i, tin ln chin tranh chnh
quy, vi hai hnh thc nh vn ng v nh thnh. Trong hai hnh thc ny,
Nguyn hu chn hnh thc no lm ch yu? Tuy qun i Nguyn Hu thng
tho nh vn ng, cng gii nh thnh, nhng xut pht t t tng tiu dit dch,
v da vo tinh thn chin u cao ca binh s, Nguyn Hu chn nh vn ng
lm hnh thc tc chin ch yu, trong ton cuc chin tranh. Cho nn, tuy v chin
u, c trn nh thnh, c trn nh ch ang vn ng, nhng trong ton b chin
dch, thng thng nh vn ng l ch yu. ch vn ng, ng nhin, l c hi
tt nh vn ng. Nhng ngay c trong cc trng hp khc, Nguyn Hu cng
c nhng hnh ng tch cc buc ch vn ng, tiu dit ch. Do , chin u,
chin dch thng thng mang tnh cht nh tiu dit.
T tng nh tiu dit ca Nguyn Hu cn biu hin vic bit mnh bit
ch, tranh th ch ng. Ngay t bui u khi ngha, Nguyn Hu tin tng
vng chc vo thng li ca cuc khi ngha, ng c mt dng kh chin u v i
p o mi k th trong, gic ngoi. Nhng trong mi chin dch, trong mi trn
chin u, khng nhng ng nm rt vng kh nng ca qun i mnh, m cn hiu
v nm vng tnh hnh ca tng k ch c th. Trn c s bit mnh bit ch mt
cch su sc, ng ch n ngh thut u tranh, ra nhng phng php, th
on, bin php thch hp nht t ti mc ch tiu dit ch. Do , Nguyn
Hu lun lun ng a v ch ng, y ch vo trng thi b ng. Trong nhng
trng hp c nguy c mt quyn ch ng, Nguyn Hu rt sc bn trong vic pht
hin ch mnh ch yu ca ch trong tng tnh hung c th ginh li quyn ch
ng v tay mnh.
T tng nh tiu dit cn biu hin trong cc phng php tc chin ca
Nguyn Hu, ch yu v ni nht l phng php tp trung gn ton b lc lng
nh vo mt chnh v mt cnh sn hoc hai cnh sn ca ch, nhm t ti mc
ch trc ht l tiu dit mt b phn ch v nh tan mt b phn khc, do to
iu kin thun li qun i nhanh chng di chuyn binh lc, tp trung lc lng
tiu dit mt b phn khc cho n lc tiu dit ton b ch. Trong chin dch, chin
u, Nguyn Hu ch c bit n vn xc nh tht ng n hng ch yu
tp trung lc lng vo hng y. l ngh thut to nn u th cc b. Cho nn,
thng thng, v ton cc, qun i Nguyn Hu vo th km v s lng, nhng
trc cc b trng im, cc b c ngha quyt nh n ton cc, bao gi
Nguyn Hu cng t ti th mnh cao . Phng php ni trn, v thc cht,
l phng php tp trung lc lng, to thnh th mnh vu hi bao vy ch trn
nhiu mt, ln lt tiu dit tng b phn ch. u im ca phng php ny l tiu
199
dit ch, ch khng nh tan, y li ch, gii quyt nhanh, ch khng chm chp,
ko di chin u hoc chin dch. i vi Nguyn Hu, tp trung lc lng to
thnh th mnh, bao vy vu hi v tiu dit ch c quan h cht ch vi nhau, khng
tp trung v to thnh th mnh, khng bao vy vu hi, th khng th t ti tiu dit
ton b ch.
T tng nh tiu dit cn th hin trong b tr th trn chin u v chin dch
ca Nguyn Hu. l cch b tr c im chnh, c im ph v lun lun nm
vng mt i d b quan trng. Cch b tr th hin t tng tp trung tin cng
trn mt im, ng thi tin cng trn nhiu mt. Do , im chnh v ph hip
ng rt cht ch, tc ng ln nhau. Cc lc lng b tr trn im chnh v im
ph u n lc tin cng vo mt mc tiu ginh thng li chung, ng thi mi
hnh ng trn cc mt u nhm to iu kin thun li nht cho thng li c
ngha quyt nh, ti mt im. Nguyn Hu nm vng i d b gi vng quyn
ch ng, v c ti c bit s dng n mt cch linh hot. Mi ln ng tung i
d b vo chin u thng l quyt nh kt cc ca chin dch v chin u.
T tng nh tiu dit cn biu hin s vn dng chin thut mt cch c
ng, linh hot v nh ch tht bt ng. Nguyn Hu nm rt chc thi c chin
u, hiu r c tnh chin thut ca a hnh v bit s dng b i mnh mt cch
chnh xc nht. Qun i do ng ch huy c tnh c ng rt cao, thng tho s dng
cc hnh thc chin thut, nht l bit thay i chin thut mt cch kp thi.
Bt k chin u trong iu kin no, Nguyn Hu lun lun gy bt ng cho
ch, do ng nm vng th mnh v gi c quyn ch ng. ch c chun b,
th ng nh la ch. ch chun b ni ny, ng nh ni khc. ch chun b chu
o vo thi gian ny, ng nh vo thi gian khc.
T tng nh tiu dit ca Nguyn Hu cn biu hin vic kho lo s dng
cc qun, binh chng v gii t chc hip ng cht ch ng tc ca cc qun, binh
chng tham gia chin dch v chin u. ng thi Nguyn Hu bit tnh ton mt
cch chnh xc s hip ng theo thi gian v a im ca cc qun, binh chng .
T tng nh tiu dit cn biu hin s chun b chu o v mi mt trc
khi m chin dch. Thng thng, thi gian chun b ca Nguyn Hu di hn thi
gian tc chin: chun b tht k lng nh nhanh, gii quyt nhanh. ng lun
lun duy tr qun i mnh trong tnh trng sn sng chin u cao , khi cn
thit, ng ch h lnh l qun i sn sng hon thnh nhim v. cng l t tng
nh c chun b, nh chc thng.
Cui cng, t tng nh tiu dit cn biu hin s rn luyn tc phong chin
u dng cm, mnh lit, thn tc, c lp x tr, lin tc chin u, mu tr, linh
hot. Binh s trong qun i Nguyn Hu c tinh thn chin u cao, li c trnh
chin thut, k thut kh, c trnh k lut tt. Nhng iu th hin trong tc
phong chin u. C th ni rng, khng c t tng tch cc tiu dit ch, th
khng th c tc phong . Ngc li, khng rn luyn tc phong chin u, th cng
khng th thc hin c nh tiu dit.
Vi t tng y, vi s ch huy thin ti ca Nguyn Hu, qun i Ty Sn
nh l thng li, nh l nh tiu dit nhanh chng v gn gng.

200
KT LUN
Tt c nhng chin cng rc r, nhng chin lc, chin thut ti tnh ca
Nguyn Hu nh trnh by trong ton b tp sch ny, t n ni rt r v thin
ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu, t n khng nh mt cch khng ai chi ci c
rng Nguyn Hu qu tht l mt trong nhng tng lnh ti gii bc nht ca dn
tc Vit Nam chng ta: Trong phn kt lun ny, chng ti khng nhc li nhng
iu trnh by trn nh gi Nguyn Hu, m ch mun cng bn c tm
hiu thm mt s vn c lin quan n thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu.
Mt l Nguyn Hu l mt tng lnh ca nng dn, xut thn t nng dn v
hot ng trong thi i phong kin, vy th ng c nhng g l hn ch ca giai
cp, hn ch ca thi i v do nhng hn ch y, ng c nhng khuyt im,
nhc im g v mt qun s, hoc v cc mt hot ng khc.
Hai l nhng nguyn nhn g, nhng yu t g to thnh thin ti qun s ca
Nguyn Hu.
Gii quyt c hai vn trn, chng ta cng hiu thu su sc thin ti qun
s ca Nguyn Hu, ng thi nh gi c tht ng thin ti qun s ca ng.
V vn th nht, nhng hn ch ca giai cp, hn ch ca thi i i vi con
ngi Nguyn Hu, trc ht chng ta phi tha nhn rng Nguyn Hu l con
ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn. Khng c nng dn vng Ty Sn, Qui Nhn v
nng dn c nc ni dy cui th k XVIII th khng th c Nguyn Hu xut
hin trn lch s nh mt lnh t kit xut ca nng dn, mt anh hng cu nc v
i ca dn tc. Khng c phong tro nng dn Ty Sn ln mnh, c s tham gia
nhit lit ca ng o qun chng, th thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu cng
khng c iu kin ny n. Cho nn nh gi Nguyn Hu khng th tch ng
khi phong tro nng dn Ty Sn. S nghip hin hch ca Nguyn Hu l s
nghip v i ca phong tro Ty Sn, hoc ni cho r hn, l s nghip v i ca
nng dn Vit Nam trong iu kin lch s c th ca x hi Vit Nam cui th k
XVIII. Nhng hn ch v giai cp, v thi di ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn
cng ng thi l nhng hn ch i vi ti nng, vi ng li ch o phong tro
ca Nguyn Hu. Nhng khuyt im, nhc im ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn
cng l nhng khuyt im, nhc im ca bn thn Nguyn Hu, ngi lnh t ti
cao ca phong tro. iu l tt nhin.
Nhn xt v mt cch mng x hi v nhng kt qu cui cng ca phong tro,
cuc khi ngha Ty Sn r rng c nhng hn ch nht nh ca n. Phong tro
nng dn Ty Sn khng xa b c ch phong kin, khng a c x hi
Vit Nam ln mt bc pht trin mi ca lch s, v cui cng bn thn phong tro
cng i vo con ng tan r nh mt tp on phong kin n bc suy vong. o
khng phi l nhng sai lm ch quan ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn m l do
nhng hn ch ca giai cp, ca lch s, ca thi i quyt nh v Nguyn Hu,
ngi lnh o phong tro, cng khng th trnh khi nhng hn ch y. Trong cng
cuc xy dng t nc, mc du ng c gng ra nhiu bin php tch cc v
cc mt chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha, x hi, nhng n vn khng thot c ra ngoi
khun kh ca ch phong kin. Chnh quyn do ngha qun Ty Sn lp nn, tuy
gi l chnh quyn ca nng dn, nhng tham gia chnh quyn ch yu vn l giai
201
cp phong kin: b my hnh chnh trong c nc, t triu nh ti cc a phng
vn cha th trao cho ai khc ngoi giai cp phong kin. Chnh v th m sau khi
ngi lnh t ti cao ca phong tro l Nguyn Hu cht i, phong tro lp tc thoi
ha, chnh quyn Ty Sn mau chng i ti sp .
Nhc im trn y l nhc im c bn nht, khng nhng n l nhc
im ca phong tro Ty Sn, ca lnh t Nguyn Hu, m cn l nhc im chung
ca tt c cc phong tro nng dn khi ngha xut hin trong thi phong kin.
Bn cnh nhc im c bn y do hon cnh khch quan to nn, Nguyn Hu
c th c nhng thiu st ch quan g khng? L mt lnh t ca phong tro nng
dn, u tranh theo yu cu ca giai cp nng dn, trong iu hin cha c mt l
lun cch mng tin tin soi ng, Nguyn Hu nht nh khng trnh khi thiu
st. Nhng hn ch ca giai cp lm cho nhn quan chnh tr ca ng b hn ch.
C nhng kh ng nhn phong tro Ty Sn khng trn ton cc ca n, do y
ng li lnh o phong tro ca ng nhiu khi khng ton din. Nhiu khi ng
khng pht huy ht tnh tch cc v kh nng phong ph ca ng y phong tro
Ty Sn tin ln hn na v gip cho phong tro pht trin c ng u mi ni,
mi lc.
Trong my chc nm tri hot ng, thnh tch ca phong tro Ty Sn, ch yu
l thnh tch qun s v nhng thnh tch y u lin quan cht ch vi thin ti qun
s, vi uy danh, c ca c nhn Nguyn Hu, do y phong tro Ty Sn pht
trin khng u. Ch no c Nguyn Hu th phong tro mnh, ch no vng ng th
phong tro yu. Ch no c ng th nh thng ch tht oanh lit, ch no khng c
ng th chin u rt kh khn, cht vt, hoc tht bi hon ton, hoc b ch uy hip
nghim trng.
iu ni ln rng ti nng c nhn ca Nguyn Hu ng vai tr c tnh
cht quyt nh vn mnh ca phong tro Ty Sn. ng li lnh o chung ca
ton b phong tro Ty Sn tuy c phn nh c nguyn ca nng dn, ca dn
tc Vit Nam, phn nh c thc t ca x hi Vit Nam lc by gi, nhng phn
ln cng ph thuc vo ti ca Nguyn Hu. Vn mnh ca c mt phong tro m
phn ln l thuc vo ti nng ca mt ngi th phong tro khng th trnh khi sp
mt khi phong tro vng bng ngi .
Anh hng Nguyn Hu, ngoi thin ti qun s, cn c nhiu kh nng lnh o
trn nhiu mt khc: chnh tr, ngoi giao, kinh t, vn ha, v.v. Hn ba nm xy
dng Bc H thng li, sau chin thng qun Thanh, chng minh rt r nhng kh
nng ca Nguyn Hu. Nhng trong sut mi lm nm hot ng pha nam, k
t khi phong tro Ty Sn mi qut khi nm 1771, cho ti khi Nguyn Hu ra nh
Bc H, thng nht t nc nm 1786, Nguyn Hu ch n thun lm nhim v
ca mt ngi tng hon ton t di quyn chi phi ca Nguyn Nhc, ng
khng pht huy tc dng ca mnh l mt trong ba lnh t ca phong tro. Chnh v
th m trong c thi gian di , bao gm ba phn t i hot ng chin u ca
Nguyn Hu, lch s khng ghi c nhng thnh tch g khc ca ng v ca
phong tro, ngoi nhng thnh tch v qun s. nh rng trong thi gian ny, nhng
hot ng ca Nguyn Hu cn b uy quyn ca Nguyn Nhc khng ch, nhng vi
cng v ca ng, va l ngi c cng lao nht, c uy tn nht i vi phong tro,
202
va l em rut Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn Hu vn c kh nng thuyt phc Nguyn
Nhc trong mt chng mc nht nh, lm theo mt phn no nhng ch trng,
ng li chin u ca ng. Nguyn Hu khng pht huy tnh tch cc ca ng
v cc mt . Tht l iu ng tic.
Trong mi lm nm hot ng pha nam, Nguyn Hu nhiu ln em qun
vo Gia nh, lp c nhng chin cng rc r, gii phng c Gia nh, nh
tan c qun Nguyn. Nhng thng thng, nh thng gic thng trc, th thng
sau, Nguyen Hu rt qun v Qui Nhn ngay. ng coi nhim v lm tng ca ng
nh th l hon thnh, ng khng quan tm lm n vic xy dng phong tro Gia
nh, cng c Gia nh thnh mt cn c vng chc cho phong tro. Do y, ln no
cng vy, Nguyn Hu rt qun khi Gia nh th lp tc bn phn ng nh
Nguyn li tp hp lc lng, ginh li c ngay min Gia nh v tay chng.
Gia nh lun lun mt v tay bn phn ng, trch nhim chnh l Nguyn Nhc,
Nguyn Nhc c nhng ng li, ch trng sai, c nhng thi v hnh ng
khng ng, do nhng hn ch v ti nng v o c ca Nguyn Nhc gy nn.
Nhng Nguyn Hu khng phi l khng c phn thiu st ca mnh. ng v pha
ngi lm tng, hon thnh nhim v chin u, tun theo lnh trn, chp hnh k
lut ca ngi lm tng, nh th l rt ng. Nhng ng v pha l mt ngi lnh
do phong tro, th nhng hnh ng qun s n thun ca Nguyn Hu min Gia
nh nh vy, cha gip cho phong tro Ty Sn hon thnh nhim v ca
mnh ni . Thiu st ny ca Nguyn Hu, cng tc l thiu st chung ca phong
tro Ty Sn i vi min Gia nh. Do bn phn ng Nguyn nh c iu
kin tr li khi phc quyn thng tr ca chng sau ny.
T nm 1787 tr i, tc l sau khi Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu cng nhau chia
s quyn lnh o th phong tro Ty Sn hnh thnh hai b phn r rt. Khng phi
l hai b phn chng i nhau, nhng l hai b phn pht trin khng u nhau: mt
b phn ca phong tro Ty Sn pha bc, t Thun Ha tr ra, t di quyn
lnh o ca Nguyn Hu, th pht trin mnh m, lm nn nhng s nghip v cng
hin hch, m b phn pha nam, t Qung Nam, Qui Nhn vo Gia nh, t di
quyn lnh o ca Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn L, th suy yu mt cch nghim trng
v ngy cng nguy khn trc nhng tin cng lin tip ca bn phn ng Nguyn
nh.
Tnh trng phong tro Ty Sn pht trin mt cch khng ng u nh vy bo
hiu mt s sp nht nh ca phong tro, mt khi Nguyn Hu cht i. Trong
nhng nm 1787, 1788, Gia nh b bn phn ng Nguyn nh tin cng d di,
Nguyn Nhc nhiu ln cu cu Nguyn Hu, t h mnh xung lm Ty tng,
trng coi mt ph Qui Nhn v trao quyn lnh o ton b phong tro Ty Sn cho
Nguyn Hu. Trc tnh hnh , Nguyn Hu quyt nh chun b a qun vo
Gia nh, nh Nguyn nh, gii phng Gia nh, tr th cho anh. Thi v hnh
ng y ca Nguyn Hu l rt ng. Nhng nu nh, trong khi Nguyn Hu cha c
iu kin a qun vo Gia nh, m Nguyn Hu quan tm hn na n vic cng
c phong tro Ty Sn t Qung Nam vo Bnh Thun, y mnh phong tro y
ln hn na, a vo thc hin nhng chnh sch chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha
c tin hnh min Bc, trc tip gip Nguyn Nhc xy dng li lc lng
203
qun s sc i ph vi nhng m mu tin cng ca Nguyn nh ln khu vc
Bnh Thun, Qui Nhn, th d Nguyn Hu c cht sm, k hoch tin nh Gia
nh ca Nguyn Hu cha thc hin c, cc din chin tranh din ra sau khi
Nguyn Hu cht, cha chc c li hn cho bn phn ng, s tan r ca
phong tro Ty Sn, d khng th trnh c, nhng cng c th ko di thm mt
thi gian na. cng l mt iu ng tic.
Nhng thiu st trn y ca Nguyn Hu l nhng hn ch v kh nng lnh
o ca ng. V nhng hn ch y cng l con ca nhng hn ch giai cp ca
ng m ng khng th t mnh vt khi.
Nhn chung li, hn hai mi nm tung honh ngang dc khp t nc, phong
tro Ty Sn lm nn nhng s nghip v vang, nhng phong tro Ty Sn cng
nh ngi lnh o xut sc ca phong to l Nguyn Hu khng th lm i mi
c x hi Vit Nam cui th k XVIII, khng tht s gai phng c nng dn
thot khi ch phong kin, v d mun hay khng, t mnh cng khng trnh c
con ng phong kin ha. Khuyt im, nhc im ch yu ca phong tro nng
dn Ty Sn l nh vy v nhng hn ch ca giai cp, ca lch s ca thi i i
vi s nghip lnh o cch mng ca Nguyn Hu cng chnh l nh vy.
Nhng d phong tro c nhng hn ch nh th no chng na, ng v mt
u tranh v trang chng phong kin m nhn xt, chng ta nht thit phi khng
nh rng: phong tro nng dn Ty Sn l mt phong tro nng dn v trang chng
phong kin ln mnh nht, v i nht trong lch s Vit Nam. V i ch, trong
thi gian cha y hai mi nm, phong tro Ty Sn lin tip nh bi c ba tp
on phong lin nm quyn thng tr t nc t lu i, hai h Trnh, Nguyn t
trn hai trm nm, h L t gn bn trm nm, nh nhng n quyt nh vn mnh
ca ch phong kin m gc r n su vo x hi Vit Nam t trn mt ngn
nm lch s, lm cho ch phong kin Vit Nam phi lung lay tn gc v ch ngy
sp hn. Phong tro Ty Sn cn v i ch n ginh c ch quyn trong
c nc v tay nng dn trong my chc nm lin, mt vic m cc phong tro nng
dn khc trong thi phong kin khng lm c.
ng v mt hon thnh nhng nhim v ln lao ca thi i lch s lc y l
chng ngoi xm v thng nht t nc m nhn xt, chng ta cng phi khng nh
rng phong tro Ty Sn c nhng cng lao v cng to ln i vi dn tc, vi T
quc. Vi chin thng Rch Gm - Xoi Mt u nm 1771, phong tro Ty Sn
lm tiu tan mu ca phong kin Xim mun chim ot lnh th min Nam nc
ta v, vi chin thng hai mi vn qun Thanh u nm 1789, phong tro Ty Sn
vnh vin chm dt nn xm lng ca cc tp on phong kin phng Bc khng
ngng e da nn c lp ca dn tc Vit Nam trong sut my nghn nm trc.
Nc nh, t nhng cuc L - Mc phn tranh n Trnh - Nguyn phn tranh,
phi tri qua gn ba trm nm b chia ct. Ch vi nhng chin thng ly lng ca
phong tro Ty Sn sut t Nam ra Bc, t nc ta mi c thng nht, ranh gii
chia ct mi c xa b. Cng lao ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn i vi nn
thng nht nc nh, cui th k XVIII tht l to ln.
Vi nhng s nghip v i y phong tro nng dn Ty Sn gi mt v tr v
cng v vang trong lch s cch mng ca ngi nng dn Vit Nam. Cng c th
204
ni rng, trn th gii rt t phong tro nng dn c th ng thi lm c c ba
nhim v gii phng nng dn, gii phng dn tc v thng nht t nc, nh
phong tro nng dn Ty Sn Vit Nam cui th k XVIII.
Nguyn Hu, ngi lnh t phong tro Ty Sn v i y , va l mt lnh t
kit xut ca nng dn, va l mt anh hng v i ca dn tc, va l mt tng lnh
ti gii bc nht ca thi i. ng a phong tro tin ti hon thnh mi nhim
v v i m lch s trao cho. ng lnh o nng dn ln lt nh mi tp
on phong kin trong nc, lp li nn thng nht ca nc nh. ng nh tan
mi cuc xm lng v can thip v trang ca nc ngoi, gi vng nn c lp ca
T quc. Trong hai mi nm chin u lin tc, Nguyn Hu ch c thng m
khng c bi. Mc d k ch ng mnh, hung hn n u, Nguyn Hu cng ch
bng mt chin dch chp nhong l hon ton tiu dit ch. Vi quyt tm chin
u v li ch ca qun chng, v li ch ca T quc, Nguyn Hu lc no cng c
ng o qun chng ng h, lc no cng c nhn dn c nc ng tnh. Cho
nn trong mi trn chin u, ng trc mi qun th ca giai cp, ca dn tc,
Nguyn Hu nh l thng, qun th no cng phi ng gc trc ch quyt
chin quyt thng v cng mnh lit ca ng. Nhng chin cng rc r ca ng
vang di khp non sng, ly lng khp trong nc, ngoi nc. Trong chin u,
qun chng ng h ng, dn tc ng h ng, thi i ng h ng, Nguyn Hu tr
thnh mt danh tng bch chin bch thng, mt danh tng bc nht ca qun
chng, ca thi i. ng xng ng ng hin ngang bn cnh nhng tng lnh ni
ting trn th gii, mi thi i. Thin ti qun s ca ng phc v nhng s
nghip lch s cao c, pht trin v cng mnh m, em li cho phong tro Ty
Sn v dn tc ta nhng chin thng oanh lit bc nht trong thi i phong kin.
Nhng hot ng chin u v nhng o c ngi lm tng ca Nguyn Hu u
l nhng bi hc ln cho chng ta ngy nay v nhng i sau hc tp. Thin ti qun
s ca Nguyn Hu l thin ti ny n trong phong tro qun chng, trong chin u,
trung thnh vi li ch ca qun chng, vi s nghip chin u ngoan cng bt
khut ca dn tc. Thin ti l k tha nhng truyn tng qun s u t ca dn
tc v gp phn pht huy rc r hn na nhng truyn thng u t y.
Vn th hai l thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu v i nh vy, nhng t
u m c.
Thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu tht l k diu, nhng khng vt ra ngoi
kh nng ca con ngi. Bn thn Nguyn Hu ch l con ca phong tro nng
dn Ty Sn th thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu cng l t thc t chin u m
ny sinh ra. Khng c phong tro nng dn Ty Sn, khng trung thnh vi nhng
nhim v ca phong tro, khng c quyt tm hy sinh chin u lin tc trong my
chc nm tri, v li ch ca phong tro, li ch ca qun chng, li ch ca dn tc,
th thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu khng th hnh thnh v pht trin, khng th
a Nguyn Hu ti nhng chin cng v cng rc r nh chng ta thy. Cho nn
thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu khng phi l mt ci g thn b, kh hiu, m n
c nhng ngun gc x hi ca n. Thin ti y pht trin trong iu kin n phc
v qun chng, phc v dn tc th n cng ny sinh trong chnh nhng iu kin y.

205
Thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu gn lin vi s nghip ca ng, vi thc t chin
u ca ng.
Nghin cu ton b s nghip ca Nguyn Hu, chng ta thy thin ti qun s
ca ng c to thnh bi my yu t sau y:
- Mt l tinh thn u tranh lin tc v kin tr chng p bc bc lt ca qung
i nhn dn Vit Nam th k XVIII, tinh thn qut cng bt khut ca c dn tc
v tinh thn chin u ngoan cng, anh dng ca ngha qun Ty Sn. Yu t tinh
thn l c s to thnh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Khng c qung i
qun chng nhn dn lm khi ngha, khng c phong tro nng dn Ty Sn, khng
c s ng tnh ng h ca qun dn c nc th Nguyn Hu d ti gii n u
cng khng th lm nn nhng s nghip hin hch nh c, khng th tr thnh
lnh t kit xut ca nng dn, khng th tr thnh anh hng cu nc v i ca dn
tc, cng khng th tr thnh ngi danh tng bc nht ca thi i, bi v ng
khng c hon cnh, khng c iu kin pht trin ti nng ca mnh. Cho nn,
i vi thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu, yu t tinh thn ca qun chng u tranh,
ca ngha qun Ty Sn, v ca nhn dn c nc ng thi, l yt t c bn nht.
Khng c yu t tinh thn , khng th c thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu.
- Hai l lng trung thnh tuyt i vi phong tro v quyt tm chin u trc
mi k th ca giai cp, ca dn tc. l im ni bt nht trong con ngi
Nguyn Hu, khin ng tr thnh linh hn ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn.
Trong phong tro Ty Sn, ngoi Nguyn Hu cn c nhiu lnh t, nhiu tng lnh
khc. Nhng ngi ny c th ni ti gii khng km Nguyn Hu, trong bui u
chin u c khi cn tng tri hn Nguyn Hu, c nhiu kinh nghim hn Nguyn
Hu, nhng khng c ai mt lng mt d vi phong tro, c quyt tm chin u
trc mi k th nh Nguyn Hu. Trong cng cuc chin u chng k th ca giai
cp, ca phong tro, Nguyn Nhc, vn l lnh t ti cao ca phong tro, nhiu
ln tr tr, thoi ch, biu hin t tng mun t th mt vng Qui Nhn nh b, t
b mi nhim v chin u ca phong tro, mc cho k ch t do hot ng ngoi
phm vi cn c a Qui Nhn ca mnh. Nguyn L, ngi lnh t th hai ca phong
tro Ty Sn, cng tng ln trn trc nhim v chin u ca mnh. Nguyn L,
vi danh hiu ng nh vng, cm quyn trn th Gia nh. Nm 1787, khi
Nguyn nh em qun v mu nh chim li Gia nh th Nguyn L cha giao
chin trn no, vi b thnh Gia nh, chy v Bin Ha, ri chy di v Qui
Nhn cho n khi cht, mc cho gic honh hnh Gia nh. Nhng tng lnh
ti gii khc ca phong tro Ty Sn nh L Ti, Nguyn Hu Chnh, V Vn Nhm
u na ng tro tr, phn li phong tro v kt liu i mnh mt cch nhc nh.
Ring Nguyn Hu, tham gia phong tro t nm mi 19 tui, nhng t y cho n
khi ng cht, tri hn 20 nm, lc no ng cng trung thnh vi s nghip chin u,
trung thnh vi li ch ca giai cp, ca dn tc, lc no cng quyt tm chin du
vi mi qun th. Khng lc no ng chn bc. Khng lc no ng ngn ngi chin
u. Khng lc no ng bung lng kh gii. Khng lc no ng khng theo ui
mt mc tiu c th ca phong tro tin ti. Nguyn Hu l ngi tht s ton tm
ton vi phong tro Ty Sn, sut i mnh khng lc no ngng u tranh v giai
gp, v dn tc. Vi lng trung thnh tuyt i vi qun chng, vi dn tc, vi T
206
quc v vi quyt tm chin u trc mi qun th, Nguyn Hu tt nhin phi tn
dng mi kh nng, s dng mi bin php nh thng ch. Ngh thut qun s
ca mt ngi tng tr nh Nguyn Hu m t ti trnh cao chnh l v th.
Trong chin u, Nguyn Hu lc no cng c qun dn c nc ng tnh
ng h, thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu li cng pht huy mnh m. Cng nh
cng thng. ch cng ng, thng cng ln. ch cng mnh, thng cng rc r.
Lch s 20 nm chin u ca Nguyn Hu chng minh rt r iu .
- Ba l Nguyn Hu rt tn trng, tip thu nhng truyn thng qun s u t ca
dn tc, ng thi tch cc pht huy tnh sng to trong iu kin chin u c th
ca mnh. Lch s dn tc Vit Nam, ni dung ch yu l lch s u tranh chng
xm lc. Tri my nghn nm, nhn dn Vit Nam khng ngng u tranh chng
ngoi xm, chng p bc, chin thng mi qun th cp nc cc thi i.
Trong lch s Vit Nam xut hin rt nhiu anh hng, danh tng, nhiu nh qun
s li lc. Kinh nghim chin u, phng php tc chin ca dn tc Vit Nam, tch
ly qua cc thi i, ngy cng phong ph. Truyn thng qun s ca dn tc Vit
Nam tht l rc r. Nguyn Hu k tha nhng truyn thng , ng rt trn trng
v t ho vi nhng binh th, binh php ca dn tc. Nm 1792, Nguyn Hu cho
a sang nh Thanh mt s tng phm, gm nhng chin li phm ti mt trn Vn
Tng v my b binh th Vit Nam. Tng binh th cho k ch l mt vic lm
cha h c trong lch s Vit Nam, trc Nguyn Hu cng nh sau Nguyn Hu.
iu chng t rng Nguyn Hu rt t ho vi binh th, binh php, vi nhng
truyn thng qun s u t ca dn tc Vit Nam.
ng k tha v pht huy ln cao nhng truyn thng . Khng nhng ng
tip th nhng kinh nghim chin u ca cc danh tng thuc cc triu i phong
kin, m ng cn k tha nhng truyn thng u tranh u t ca cc anh hng, danh
tng xut thn t qun chng, ca nhng lnh t cc phong tro u tranh v trang
ca nng dn. Cho nn trong vic hc tp kinh nghim ca ngi xa, ng khng c
chp tun theo tt thy nhng l li tp tc c, ng mnh bo vt b nhng ci xu,
ci d trong ngh thut qun s phong kin. Hm trc c tin ch n th hm
sau xut qun nh ch, khng cn xem ngy chn gi, khng cn t c, cu thnh.
Khi cn nh ch, m cng nh, ngy Tt cng nh. Nhng hnh ng vt ra
ngoi l thi, tp qun phong kin y a ng n nhiu thng li to ln.
Bn cnh vic hc tp kinh nghim chin u u t ca dn tc, Nguyn Hu
ch tm pht huy tnh sng to trong nhng iu kin chin u c th ca mnh.
Hon cnh v iu kin chin u ca phong tro Ty Sn khng ging nhng thi
i trc, cng khng ging nhng phong tro khc, khng pht huy tnh sng to
m ch rp khun nhng kinh nghim c th khng th chin thng. Nhng trn nh
Gia nh, nh Ph Xun, nh Bc H, nh qun Thanh, v.v. u th hin rt r
tnh sng to v cng phong ph ca ngh thut qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Ch tm
hc tp truyn thng qun s u t ca dn tc v mnh dn pht huy tnh sng to
ca mnh trong chin u l iu kin cho thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu
pht trin.
- Yu t th t to thnh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu l s n lc bn thn
ca ng trong vic rn luyn mnh tr thnh ngi lnh t xut sc ca phong tro
207
Ty Sn, thnh ngi tng c ngh thut ch huy v bn lnh chin u cao cng
tin hnh mt cuc chin tranh nng dn rng ln, va lm nhim v gii phng
dn tc va lm nhim v thng nht t nc. V ngh thut ch huy v bn lnh
chin u ca Nguyn Hu, ton b tp sch ny ni n rt nhiu, chng ti
khng nhc li y m ch nhn mnh thm rng trong qu trnh chin u Nguyn
Hu c nhng ng li u tranh, nhng t tng v ngh thut qun s, cng
nh tinh thn v tc phong chin u v cng tt p. ng li u tranh ca
Nguyn Hu vng vng, kin quyt v linh hot th hin trn nhiu mt: va nu cao
chnh ngha, trit c lp k th, tranh th s ng h ca nhn dn, va kin quyt
tin cng ch bng qun s, ng thi khng coi nh u tranh chnh tr. V xy
dng lc lng v trang ca phong tro, Nguyn Hu ch trng "qun ct tinh
nhu, khng ct ng" trn c s chin lc "ly t nh nhiu" tr thnh mt
truyn thng qun s ca dn tc. Qun ca ng t, nhng nh u c y, p o
qun th khng bng s lng m bng cht lng ca qun i. Ngh thut qun s
ca Nguyn Hu biu bin ch trc mi ln nh ch, Nguyn Hu u thn
trng nghin cu v nm vng tnh hnh ta, tnh hnh ch, trit khai thc nhng
mu thun nhng s h trong ni b ch, trit li dng nhng iu kin thun li
ca a hnh, ca thi tit, kh hu, tn dng nhng kh nng v phng tin chin
u ca mnh, trit pht huy yu t bt ng v c bit ch trng phn tch yu t
tinh thn qun i hai bn n nh chin lc, chin thut v t chc chin dch
nh ch. T tng qun s ch yu ca Nguyn Hu l t tng nh tiu dit, ly
t nh nhiu, ch ng nh ch, tin cng chp nhong, mnh lit, mi trn nh
l tiu dit hng vn ch, t nht cng l vi vn, nhiu nht l vi chc vn. Tinh
thn chin u ca Nguyn Hu l tinh thn quyt chin, quyt thng, ngoan cng
nh ch. Khng mt trng hp mt khonh khc no Nguyn Hu chn bc
trc qun th. Dng cm, mnh lit, mu tr, to bo, linh hot, l tc phong
chin u ca Nguyn Hu. Tt c nhng tinh thn, t tng, ng li, ngh thut
qun s, tc phong chin u ni trn, chnh l ni dung thin ti qun s ca
Nguyn Hu. ng trc thin ti qun s sng ngi y ca Nguyn Hu, cc tng
lnh ni ting ca i phng u tr thnh nhng tn tng ngu v ti trong chin
u. S tht bi ca cc tng lnh i phng nh Tng Phc Hip, Thanh
Nhn, Chu Vn Tip ca qun Nguyn, Phm Ng Cu, Hong nh Th, Hong
Phng C, inh Tch Nhng ca qun Trnh, chiu Tng, chiu Sng ca qun
Xim, Tn S Ngh, Ha Th Hanh, Trng Triu Long, Thng Duy Thng ca
qun Thanh, v.v. l nhng bng chng c th. l cha k hng lot nhng tn
tng khc nh Ma-nuy-en, v quan Php, thiu Kiu, thiu ca Trn Ninh, t
phan Siu, hu phan Dung ca Vn Tng, v.v. phi b mng trc thin ti qun
s ca Nguyn Hu v trc sc chin u mnh lit ca qun i Ty Sn. Khng
c s n lc rn luyn ca bn thn Nguyn Hu, ni dung thin ti qun s ca
Nguyn Hu khng th phong ph nh th c. V s n lc rn luyn ca Nguyn
Hu khng phi l iu chng la khng th hc tp c.
- Yu t th nm to thnh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu l s c gng tu
dng nhn cch, o c ca ngi lm tng ca Nguyn Hu. Nguyn Hu l
mt bc thin
208
 ti. Nhng ti phi i lin vi c. Ch c ti m khng c c, Nguyn Hu
khng th tr thnh lnh t kit xut ca phong tro. Ti v c kt hp to thnh
nhng con ngi u t ca x hi, ca lch s. iu l mt nguyn l i i
khng thay i. Ci cao qu con ngi Nguyn Hu chnh l o c ca ng.
Ton b tp sch ny, ch nghin cu v ti nng qun s ca Nguyn Hu, cha c
dp ni ti o c ca ng. Vy y xin cp qua, vic nhn nh ti c ca
mt ngi lm tng nh ng khi b thiu st. Ni n o c ca Nguyn Hu l
phi ni trc ht n lng trung thnh tuyt i ca Nguyn Hu vi s nghip
chin u ca qun chng, ca dn tc. Lng trung thnh y, nh trn nhn
mnh, l mt im ni bt nht trong con ngi Nguyn Hu v l mt yu t quan
trng hng u to thnh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Trung thnh v hn vi
s nghip chin u, vi phong tro, vi dn tc, vi T quc, Nguyn Hu cng l
ngi dng cm tuyt vi trc mi k ch.
Chnh lng dng cm tuyt vi ca ng gip cho thin ti qun s ca ng
pht trin mt cch rc r. Trong sut 20 nm tri, khi nh qun Nguyn, khi nh
qun Trnh, khi nh qun Xim, khi nh qun Thanh, lc no Nguyn Hu cng
phi chin u vi nhng k ch ng hn mnh, c nhiu v kh v phng tin
chin u hn mnh. Nhng ng khng h nao nng, bao gi ng cng kin quyt
nh ch. Ln no ng cng dng cm tin su vo lng ch, nh thng vo mt
ch v ln no ng cng chin thng rt nhanh chng v huy hong. nh rng
nhng chin thng y cn do ng li qun s, do chin lc chin thut ti tnh
ca ng to nn, nhng trc nhng k ch ng mnh nh vy, nu Nguyn Hu
v qun i ca ng khng c dng kh cao , khng dm nh ch, khng dm
trng thng vo qun ch m tin th chin lc chin thut ti tnh n u cng
nh b y, khng thc hin c.
Nguyn Hu khng nhng l ngi dng cm tuyt vi m cn l ngi mu tr
rt cao. Trong chin tranh thi no cng vy, nh ch khng phi ch bng sc
m cn phi nh ch bng tr na. Mnh m khng c tr th mnh cng thnh yu,
yu m c tr th yu s tr thnh mnh. Trong sut i chin u ca Nguyn Hu,
ng lun lun phi ng u vi nhng k ch ng mnh hn mnh gp bi phn,
nu ng khng dng tr, khng nhn nh k ch cho ng, khng dng mu lm
kiu lng ch, khng pht huy nhng yu t bt ng nh ch, th khng th no
chin thng chc chn v nhanh chng c. Trc mi k th v trong mi trn
nh, "dng" v "tr" ca ng u i i vi nhau. Dng v tr ca Nguyn Hu v
qun i ca ng qu tht gp phn quyt nh rt ln vo vic nh thng nhanh
chng v hon ton mi k th ng mnh hn mnh.
Trung, tr, dng, nhng phm cch cao qu con ngi Nguyn Hu t n
em li cho ng mt lng tin tng mnh lit ca tng s v qun chng. Lng
tin y l rt cn thit cho ngi lm tng. Lng tin y bo m quyt tm nh gic
ca c qun v dn. Trong chin u, ton qun v ton dn u tin tng tuyt i
lnh o, ch huy, chin thng, th nh trn no cng thng, k ch no cng
phi thua. Khng nhng phm cch cao qu ca Nguyn Hu khin mi ngi tin
tng ng, m t ng, trong li ni v hnh ng, ng u lm tng them lng tin
tng ca mi ngi. ng ni th no l ng lm th y. ng ha l gi vng li
209
ha, lm ng li ha. Nhng li ha vi qun s Ngh An rng ch trong vng
mi ngy l s nh tan qun Thanh v li ha Tam ip vi ton qun rng ngy
mng 7 thng Ging, tc ngy khai h, s cho ton qun vo n Tt ti kinh thnh
Thng Long, l nhng li ha c tnh cht qu quyt, lm nc lng qun s,
lm cho qun s tin tng mnh lit thng li, nng cao quyt tm nh gic ca
ton qun.
Nguyn Hu rt t tin sc mnh, lm cho qun chng, qun cng nh dn, tin
tng ng m t ng cng rt tin tng qun chng. ng rt mnh bo dng
ngi. Cng chnh v th m ngi ta theo v ng rt ng. i vi nhng quan li
c ca cc triu L, Trnh, Nguyn, mt khi hng theo chnh ngha, i vi phong
tro Ty Sn, Nguyn Hu u tht tm thu dng. i vi nhng phn t tr thc -
nhng nh nho - c kh nng nhng lng chng, nh La sn phu t Nguyn Thip
chng hn, ng kin tr thuyt phc. ng tin chnh ngha nht nh thu phc c
lng ngi. S tht tm tin ngi, s mnh bo dng ngi to cho Nguyn Hu
mt kh nng thu phc lng ngi, mt kh nng trit khai thc ti nng ca
qung i nhn dn, ca mi tng lp x hi phc v li ch ca phong tro nng
dn Ty Sn.
Nguyn Hu li l ngi c lng, c lng khoan nhn rt rng ri. iu
cng nng cao thm nhng kh nng ni trn ca ng, cng lm cho mi ngi mn
phc ng, tin tng ng, nhit tnh i vi phong tro do ng lnh o. Trong cc trn
nh, i vi nhng tng ch b bt sng, Nguyn Hu u tha ti cht. Thi
khoan hng y ca Nguyn Hu c mt sc li cun mnh m nhng k lm
ng tr v vi chnh ngha.
Cng cn nhn mnh thm rng Nguyn Hu l ngi rt mc khoan nhn, rng
lng i vi c k ch, nhng ng li rt nghim khc i vi nhng k ni phn,
nhng k ng trong hng ng phong tro nng dn m li phn bi li phong tro
nng dn, trong nhng trng hp y ng khng h dung th. V cng l trng
hp ca Nguyn Hu Chnh, V Vn Nhm, nhng tng lnh Ty Sn sau ny
phn bi li Ty Sn.
ng rt thng yu qun s, nhng ng cng gi k lut rt nghim minh i
vi qun s. Khng c t ho ca dn, khng c li bc trc qun th, l
hai iu k lut ch yu m qun i di quyn ng bao gi cng phi nghim
chnh thi hnh. Qun i ca ng i ti u u ly vic tr trm cp cho dn lm
nhim v hng u. Mi khi ra trn, trc tn n ca qun th, bao gi ng cng
tin ln pha trc ton qun, cng ton qun n nc chin u, ng cam cng kh
vi ton qun, nhng ng khng h qun cn dn qun s khng c li bc trc
qun th.
ng li l ngi lim chnh, khng tham ca ci, khng tham danh vng.
cng l iu him c, khng ch him c trong cc tng lnh phong kin, m him
c c trong cc tng lnh Ty Sn thi by gi. V Vn Nhm, khi em qun ra
nh Nguyn Hu Chnh, vo thnh Thng Long ti hm trc th sng sm hm
sau cho qun i cp bc nhn dn. Nguyn Hu th khc hn. Khi ng em qun
ra Bc H nh nh Trnh, vo ti Thng Long, mt mt ng nghim cm qun s
khng c t ho ca dn, mt mt ng em ca ci trong kho cha Trnh phn
210
pht cho qun s. V danh vng, nhng lnh t v tng lnh Ty Sn nh Nguyn
Nhc, Nguyn Hu Chnh, V Vn Nhm, mt khi c iu kin thun li, c quyn
th trong tay, u mu b vng, ginh cho mnh nhng ci g l ph qu nht,
vinh hoa nht, danh vng nht. Nhng Nguyn Hu th khc hn. ng l mt tng
bch thng, nh u c y, lc no cng c qun i trong tay, cng lao ln nht
trong cc lnh t v tng lnh Ty Sn, vy m lc no ng cng ch nhn mnh l
mt ngi tng, nhng ngi danh vng cao nht cho Nguyn Nhc. Ngay c sau
cuc xung t gia hai anh em, Nguyn Hu cng vn nhn mnh l mt ngi tng
ca Nguyn Nhc, vn tha nhn ngai vng Thi c hong ca Nguyn
Nhc. Khi em qun ra Bc H nh nh Trnh, ng cng khng mng ti
ngi vua ngi cha ca t Bc. Khi L Chiu Thng ri b Thng Long, dy qun
chng li Ty Sn, Nguyn Hu cng vn khng ginh ly ngi vua. Nguyn Hu
a ngi tn tht nh L l L Duy Cn ln lm gim quc. C nhin l thi v
hnh ng ca ng i vi nh L cn ty thuc ng li chnh tr ca ng.
Nhng nu ng l ngi tham danh vng, ham quyn qu th ng li chnh tr ca
ng c ng n u cng khng thc hin c.
Nhng dn chng trn y cho thy o c, t cch ca mt ngi lm tng
nh Nguyn Hu tht l him c cc thi i trc. Chnh nhng o c, t cch
y gip Nguyn Hu tp hp c qun chng, on kt c tng s, on kt
c qun dn, ng vin, li cun c mi ngi quyt tm chin u, dng cm
nh ch. V chnh nhng o c y gip cho thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu
thm iu kin pht trin mnh m. o c ca Nguyn Hu khng phi ch l
o c cao qu ca ngi lm tng m l o c mu mc ca mt qun nhn.
Nhng o c cao qu mu mc ca Nguyn Hu chng ta ai cng c th hc tp
v pht huy c.
Trn y chng ti phn tch tm hiu ngun gc x hi v nhng yu t c
bn to thnh thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu. Cng phn tch cng tm hiu,
chng ta cng thy thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu tht l v i, con ngi
Nguyn Hu tht l cao qu. Vi thin ti qun s y, vi lng trung thnh vi qun
chng, vi dn tc, vi T quc, Nguyn Hu l mt lnh t kit xut ca nng
dn, mt anh hng cu nc v i ca dn tc, mt danh tng bch chin bch
thng ca thi i. Nguyn Hu l ngi tiu biu y cho ch u tranh dng
cm ca nng dn Vit Nam, cho tinh thn qut cng bt khut v truyn thng
qun s u t ca dn tc Vit Nam.
Nguyn Hu i i sng mi trong lng mi ngi dn Vit Nam.
Nghin cu s nghip chin u v thin ti qun s ca Nguyn Hu trong lc
ny chnh l k tha s nghip cu nc v vang ca ng v hc tp, pht huy
nhng bi hc kinh nghim chin u v cng qu gi ca ng vo thc tin chin
u cu nc ca chng ta ngy nay.
Lng trung thnh vi s nghip ca qun chng, tinh thn qut cng bt khut,
quyt chin quyt thng, cng nhng ng li, t tng, ngh thut qun s v tc
phong, dng kh chin u ca Nguyn Hu c nhn dn ta tip tc mt cch v
vang trong Cch mng thng Tm, trong khng chin trng k chng Php v ang

211
c pht huy rc r trong cuc chin u quyt lit ca ng bo c nc hin nay
chng quc M xm lc v b l tay sai ca chng.
Nguyn Hu v phong tro Ty Sn tng oanh lit chin thng cc tp on
phn ng trong nc v cc qun i xm lc ca nc ngoi. Ngy nay, k tha
s nghip ca Nguyn Hu, pht huy nhng kinh nghim nh ch ti tnh, phong
ph ca Nguyn Hu, chin u di s ch o ca ng li chnh tr, ng li
qun s v cng ti gii, ng n ca ng, chng ta nht nh chin thng bn
quc M xm lc v mi tp on phn ng tay sai ca chng.
T tin chng ta chin thng, t tin chng ta nh thng mi cuc xm
lc cc thi i. K tha truyn thng , ngy nay nht nh chng ta cng chin
thng, nht nh chng ta nh thng hon ton quc M xm lc, nht nh
nc nh c lp, thng nht, dn ch v giu mnh.
H Ni - Sn La
1963 - 1966
Nguyn Lng Bch

PH LC
HCH XUT QUN NH NH TRNH (1786)
Sinh dn phi nui dn lm trc, vy hong thin dng t qun s;
Gp lon nh dp lon mi xong, y vng gi c phen binh cch.
Hi thun ng th ng c cha?
Vic chinh tru lng h mun ru!
y:
Bm kh tri Nam, Vn dng h Nguyn,
Nh lc nc phi lo vic nc, i phen Trng t gi n Hn;
n cm vua nn nh ngha vua, chi To Man dm vc Hn.
Gin quc ph ra lng bi thng, nn Ty Sn xng ngha cn vng.
Trc l ngn ct gia dng, ko ng nghch t mu ngp ngh;
Sau l ti ma dm khi hn, ko cng dn sa chn lm than.
V lng tri cn nn np Ph Xun, t du c li c Hu H,
No bit ngi i c by, gic h Trng toan phin bin mui tun;
Bng xui th nc tranh ba, ti nh H phi thu hi hai nc.
Th bng dut ng cn i mt; thi ng lang sao kho lng tai!
Ngoi mn li cu vin lm danh, dn kinh lon ng binh iu pht,
Trong su ch tha nguy d, chn tha bnh nn ni lu ly.
Cung i thnh quch ph lng lng, sng ng thuyn b thu thy thy!
Cn gp khc chng thng lng ngoi tc, cng rng ui th thi thi;
Du ci rng cn nh c tin qun, li khot l ba su sao n?
So ch bo, la nng qu Hng, d lng ngi, nc chy v Lu.
Chng iu tn mang c ngha v u, khin qun s mt ngy mt thnh,
Dn c cn cm lng nhn ngng c, nn binh uy cng thm cng thm.
Qung Nam qut sch bi trn, Thun Ha li em v b ci.
Nam mt di tm knh phng lng, c thi bnh ng i gn,
Bc my thnh tin nhn cha yn, b cu vin ngi trng sao tin?
212
 Cm cng c vua L dm ph, lng quyn hnh h Trnh kh nghe.
Ngi hong t khng, h nc thp lao lung thy ng;
Ti hong s chng c,... lng trinh thu dt vo bnh.
Hiu oan Vng [1] cng t d v qun,
Mu thon ot li gy lng bi ph.
Trng cung vn xa nay l ch, quyn cha trt bi bc sao nh?
in [2] tuy b nh nhng anh, mnh cha rp tranh khi sao phi?
Tai chng oi n li c mnh, mt no trng vo chn t cung?
Khin mt n con tr n b, em ch hiu n gieo xung t,
nhng k ti ngay ngi thng, ting ku oan ng n tri!
V tn ph ng bc chng mu mnh, th sc lnh ngn tin no i n?
Gm ngc cn cn em xung di, ngha l no tri t cn dong?
Li t ging qun ui c quan, chnh s y xa nay cng l!
V ph lp mun mnh cho ch, khuynh nguy lm nc phi lo.
V by nay thn nnh cha hn, m bnh tr lng tri hn mun;
Li gp hi binh kiu dn on, sa mi ging ti c phi ra.
Chc vn ton tc Honh Sn,
Binh tc khc li dng bun Bc Hi;
Sang sng Mnh pht c Chu V, ra tay s chnh dp t,
Vo t Quan ht nga Hn hong, quyt ch ly nhn i bo.
Sp sa vn nguyn lng tht, v v phi ng li ngay.
Ch "hng minh" phi mn ai suy, thng s n huyn hong l th,
My "tr thun" hn nhiu k bit.
Tn li dn ngu tu na ta.
Ai bit suy l phi, quyt mt lng H chng h t;
Ta ch ph dn lnh, t bn ch thu ho v phm.
Thi bi phn ch quen nh trc, pht thi bnh u hiu v sau.
Nc triu ng v chng thun dng, li c cng rp gi tay chn;
La chy n ha lm ngc, d hin ngu khn lt li tri.
n vi uy ng co li hng, thun hay nghch mc lng ai quyt.
-------------------------
1. oan vng: oan nam vng, tc hiu ca Trnh Khi.
2. in : in vng, tc hiu ca Trnh Cn.

CHIU LN NGI VUA CA NGUYN HU (1788)

Trm ngh: nm i i h m chu mnh, ba i vng gp thi m m vn,
o c thay i, thi cng bin thng, ng thnh nhn vng theo o tri lm ch
t trong nc, lm cha m dn, ch c mt ngha m thi.
Nc Vit ta t i inh, L, L, Trn gy dng ra nc cho n ngy nay,
thnh minh dy ln khng phi l mt h, nhng thnh suy, di ngn, vn mnh do
tri, khng phi sc ngi to ra c. Trc y nh L mt chnh quyn, h Trnh
v cu Nguyn chia b ci. Hn hai trm nm nay, k cng ri lon, vua L ch l
h v, cng thn t vun trng, ging mi ca tri t mt phen ri xung khng
nng ln c, cha c lc no h hng qu nh lc ny vy. V li my nm gn

213
dy, nam bc gy vic binh ao, nhn dn ri vo chn bn than. Trm l ngi o
vi Ty Sn, khng c mt thc t, vn khng c ch lm vua, ch v lng ngi
chn ngn i lon, mong mi c vua hin cu i yn dn, v vy trm tp hp
ngha binh, mc o ti i xe c m mang ni rng, gip hong i huynh [1]
rong rui vic nhung m, gy dng nc Ty Th, v yn cc nc Xim La, Cao
Min, nh ly Ph Xun, tin ra Thng Long, c qut sch lon lc, cu vt dn
trong vng nc la, ri sau tr li nc cho h L, tr t v i huynh, trm s
dung xim thu hia ngao du hai ni lm vui m thi. Nhng vic i dun di,
trm khng theo c ci ch xa nh.
Trm hai ln gy dng h L, th m t qun h L khng bit gi x tc, b
nc i bn vong, s dn Bc H khng hng v h L, ch trng mong vo trm, v
phn i huynh c mi mt, tnh nguyn gi mt ph Qui Nhn, t nhn xng l
Ty vng, my nghn dm t v phng nam thuc ht v trm. Trm t ngh ti
c khng bng ngi xa, m t ai th rng, nhn dn th nhiu, ngm ngh cch
thng tr, lo ngay ngy nh dy cng mc ch huy su nga.
Va ri y, vn v tng s, trong ngoi thn liu, u mun trm sm ln ngi
bu gi cht lng ngi, hai ba ln dng th khuyn trm ln ngi, t biu suy
tn, khng ai bn tnh vi ai m u cng mt li tn thnh.
Nay xem kh thn rt h trng, ngi tri tht kh khn, trm ch lo khng kham
ni, nhng c triu ngi trong bn b u xm quanh c vo thn trm, l tri
nh, khng phi do ngi lm ra. Trm nay ng mnh tri, thun lng ngi
khng th khng khng c gi s khim nhng.
Trm chn ngy 22 thng 11 nm nay ln ngi thin t, t nin hiu l Quang
Trung nm u, truyn bo cho trm h mun dn phi tun theo gio lnh ca nh
vua. Nhn ngha, trung chnh l o ln ca ngi, trm nay cng dn i mi, vng
theo mu m sng sut ca vua thnh i trc, ly gio ha tr thin h.
Mt l: mi ba o cc x a phng, v ng nm nay, cc khon "t, dung,
iu" ch thu nm phn mi, ni no b nn binh ha, cho php cc quan chc n
ni xt thc, tha min tt c.
Hai l: by ti v nhn dn cu triu hoc b v ly phi kt ti nng, tr ti
i nghch bt o, cn th u cho i x.
Ba l: cc n th dm thn u bi b i khng c lit vo t in, cn cc
n thin thn v trung thn, hiu t, ngha ph, trc c cc i bao phong th
nay u cho thng trt.
Bn l: quan vin vn v cu triu, hoc v tng vong trn trnh, cho php c
v nguyn qun, ngi no khng mun ra lm quan cng cho ty tin.
Nm l: nhn dn Nam H, Bc H, cch n mc cho c theo tc c, dng o
m triu nghi th nht lut phi theo qui ch mi.
Than i! Tri v h dn t ra vua, t ra thy, ct l gip thn thng , yn
v bn phng. Trm nay c thin h s du dt dn vo o ln, em dn ln ci di
xun. Vy tt c mi ngi thn dn u yn chc nghip, ch c theo i nhng
vic sai tri; ngi lm quan gi o cng lim, ngi lm dn vui theo l tc, gio
ha thm nhun, i n con ng ch thn, vn hi li thnh tr ca nm i ba

214
i vng, ko di phc lnh ca tn miu, x tc khng c b bn, ch l tt dp
lm ru!
(Nguyn vn ch Hn trong Hn cc anh hoa Theo bn dch ting Vit ca Hp tuyn th vn Vit
Nam, quyn III (H Ni 1963)
-------------------------
1. Hong i huynh: ch Nguyn Nhc.

HCH TRUYN QUAN LI, QUN DN CC PH QUNG NGI, QUY NHN [1]
(1792)
Tt c cc ngi, ln nh, t hn hai chc nm nay, u lun lun chu n c
ca nh Ty Sn ta.
S tht, trong my chc nm qua, trm chin thng khp c trong Nam, ngoi
Bc. Trm nhn rng c c nhng chin thng y chnh l nh c s ph tr ht
lng ca nhn dn hai ph [2]. Hai ph cng tin c ln trm nhiu ngi trung
dng, hin ti gip rp triu nh. Trm em qun ti u, qun th u phi tht
bi hoc tan r. Trm m rng chin trn ti u, qun Xim v qun Thanh tn bo
u phi khut phc. Cn bn d ng b i ca cu triu [3], th t hn ba chc nm
nay trm cha tng thy chng lm ni tr trng g. Trm nh chng hng trm
trn, s tt ca chng phi tan tc, tng lnh ca chng phi b mng, xng tn ca
chng trn y t Gia nh. Nhng iu trm ni y, cc ngi u bit r, nu
mt cc ngi cha c trng th tai cc ngi cng tng nghe thy.
Nh tn Chng [4] hn kia, phi ln trn sang nhng nc tm thng
phng Ty [5], th c g l ng k.
Cn nh m dn n hn Gia nh [6], nay dm ngc u dy, m binh, ti
sao cc ngi s hi chng nh vy, ti sao tinh thn cc ngi khip m n th?
Qun thy b ca chng ti nh chim cc hi cng ca cc ngi nh th no, cc
ngi khng cnh gic nh th no, Hong i huynh [7] c th cho trm r c
ri. Trm thy s d chng nh chim c t v gi c t ca cc ngi cho
ti ngy nay, khng phi v chng ti gii g, m chnh l v quan qun v dn chng
hai ph khng gim nh nhau vi chng. B binh ca cc ngi hn nht b
trn [8].
By gi, theo lnh Hong i huynh, trm s thn chinh cm i qun theo hai
ng thy b vo dp gic. Trm s p tan bn gic cu Nguyn d dng nh p
tan mt cnh ci kh, mt thanh g mc. Cn nhn dn hai ph, cc ngi ng lo
u, ng s gic. Cc ngi hy mt nhn, tai nghe, xem trm s lm g. Cc
ngi s thy rng trm ch nh mt trn l Bnh Khang, Nha Trang, nhng mnh
xng tn ca ci thy ma Gia nh, cng nh Ph Yn tng l trung tm chin
trng v sut mt di t Bnh Thun vo ti Chn Lp, s tc khc c thu phc.
Nh th ai ny hiu r rng trm v Hong i huynh l hai anh em rut, l cng
chung mt dng mu. Trm khng bao gi qun iu .
Trm ku gi nhn dn, ln nh, hai ph, hy ng h hong gia, trung thnh vi
Hong i huynh, ch i qun ta vo qut sch min Gia nh, ly li t v ta.
Ting thm hai ph cc ngi s mi mi lu truyn s sch.
Cc ngi ch qu nh d c nghe nhng li phao n v bn ngi Ty dng.
Ti gii g hng ngi ? M chng l mt rn xanh, chng ch l nhng xc cht
215
tri t bin Bc git v y, cc ngi nn hiu nh th. Nhng tu bng ng,
nhng khinh kh cu [9] ca chng th c g l k l m phi trnh ln trm bit.
cho i qun ca ta tin vo c d dng, cc x dn hai ph dc bn
ng hnh qun hy kp sa sang cu cng.
Lnh ny truyn ti, nhn dn hy vng theo trm.
Khm th
Quang Trung nm th nm, ngy mng l0 thng By [10]
(ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1792, tc 20 ngy trc khi Nguyn Hu mt - tc gi ch)
----------------------------
1. Bi hch ny, hin nay, cha tm thy nguyn vn, khng r vit bng ch Hn hay ch Nm.
y, chng ti dch li theo bn dch ting Php ca gio s De la Bissachre trong sch Etat
actuel du Tonkin, de la Cochinchine et des royaumesde Cambodge, Laos et Lac-tho xut bn
nm 1812. Bn dch ting Php ny cn trch in trong hai sch khc: 1. trong sch ca Al.
Faure: Les Francais en Cochinchine au XVIIIe sicle.Mgr Pigneau de Bhaine, vque d'
Adran, xut bn nm 1891, y ch trch dn mt s on, khng in ton vn - 2. trong sch
ca C.B. Maybon: La relation sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine de Mr de la Bissachre, xut bn
nm 1920. Trong sch ny trch in ton vn bn dch ting Php, nhng i ch: li, v
cch vit ch c khc vi bn in trong tp sch xut bn nm 1812 ca De la Bissachre.
2. Bn dch ting Php vit l tnh, nhng thi by gi Qung Ngi v Quy Nhn ch l hai ph
ca dinh Qung Nam.
3. Cu triu: ch tp on cha Nguyn ng trong.
4. Chng l tn tc tc tn thng gi ca Nguyn nh.
5. Khng r nguyn vn l g m bn dch ting Php vit l Europe (chu u). C th l bn ting
Php dch sai. Nguyn nh khng trn sang chu u m ch trn sang Xim v cc o pha
vnh Xim La, chc chn Nguyn Hu bit r iu . Xim v cc o thuc vnh Xim La
cng l pha ty Gia nh.
6. Ch bn phn ng tay sai ca Nguyn nh Gia nh.
7. Hong i huynh (notre frre l'Empereur) tc vua anh, ch Nguyn Nhc.
8. Theo bn dch trong sch ca Maybon th cu ny vit khc, i l: "Qun ca cc ngi
hn nht b trn, b binh trn mt ni, thy binh chy mt no". Cha r trong bn no ng
vi nguyn vn.
9. Khinh kh cu l mt th qu bng trn, ln, lm bng vi, cho hi t hoc khinh kh vo trong,
c th a bng ln cao trn khng c. Hai anh em Mng-gn-phi- (Montgolfier), ngi
Php sng ch ra khinh kh cu v a ra th nghim ln u tin ngy 5 thng 6 nm 1783.
Cch my nm sau, khong 1790 Boa-x-rng, mt gio s Php theo B a Lc sang gip
Nguyn nh, lm th nghim th nhng khinh kh cu ln tri le bp nhn dn Gia nh,
Quy Nhn v php l ca ngi Php. Nhng s le bp y khng c hiu qu. Nm 1797, tn
Boa-x-rng b mng Nha Trang, sau trn i nh Nng tr v.
10. Bn trch dn trong sch ca Al. Faure vit sai l ngy 10 thng Nm m lch.

216
 Tc gi: T Ch i Trng
Nh xut bn: Cng an Nhn dn
Nm xut bn: 2007
Chn thnh cm t:
- ng Trng Bu Lm, nguyn Gim c Vin Kho c.
- ng Bu Cm, Gio s i hc Vn khoa Si Gn.
- B Langlet, Gio s i hc Vn khoa Si Gn.
- ng Nguyn Khc Kham, nguyn Gio s i hc Vn khoa Si Gn.
- ng Nghim Thm, Gio s i hc Vn khoa Si Gn, Qun th Vin Bo tng Quc gia.
- Anh Nguyn Nh, Ch nhim Tp san S a.

LI GII THIU
Khi ngha Ty Sn l mt ti lun lun hp dn gii nghin cu Vit Nam.
y khng phi ch l mt cuc khi ngha nh c hai dng h phong kin
tr v trong nhiu th k ng Trong v ng Ngoi, m cn hon thnh s nghip
chng ngoi xm nh lui hai k th hng mnh min nam v min bc. V vy
trong nhng nm u Chin tranh th gii th hai, khi tinh thn dn tc c nng
cao do tc ng ca cc phong tro u tranh gii phng, th cuc khi ngha li tr
thnh trng tm ch ca nhiu nh s hc. Tip n trong nhng nm sau chin
tranh chng Php, trong xu hng cao vai tr ng lc lch s ca nng dn,
cuc ni dy ca nhng ngi anh hng o vi li tng thm sc hp dn cc nh s
hc Mc xt min Bc, mun chng minh cho mt nh c sn. Thm ch c tc
gi cn i n nhn nh y l mt cuc cch mng nng dn, hoc i xa hn, cho
y l ci mc nh du s hnh thnh ca dn tc Vit Nam. Cho n nay, trong
th mc ca Th vin Quc gia H Ni, c khng di 60 cun sch ca cc tc
gi Vit Nam nghin cu v phong tro ny, y l cha k hng trm hng ngn bi
bo v tp ch c mi nm n ngy Tt nguyn n li nhc n chin thng ng
a lch s v a ra nhng nh gi mi v cuc khi ngha.
Nhng ri nhng suy ngh cm tnh dn dn cng lng ng i n nhng
phn tch l tr. Cc nh nghin cu quan tm hn n nhng ti liu b tr ngoi
lch s chnh thng, c bit l nhng ti liu dn gian v nhng vn bn ca thi
cn st li, mong dng li mt bc tranh chnh xc v bn cht cuc khi ngha.
Phi tha nhn rng trong my thp nin qua, chngg ta su tp c kh nhiu
ti liu mi v Ty Sn, t nhng vn bia b b qun, nhng gia ph trong cc dng
h, n nhng vn th trao i cc n bin cnh cn lu gi c, v nht l
nhng cu chuyn k dn gian rt phong ph. Nhng lc ny chng ta ang ng
trc mt thch thc, l ti liu v thi Ty Sn cn li khng y , nhiu l
hng cha c chng minh. Chng hn ring chuyn cc vin tng Ty Sn ch
huy cc mi tn cng Thng Long nm 1789, cng lm tn bao giy mc tranh
lun m vn cha lm ngi c tha mn.
Chnh v vy m vic ti bn cun Vit Nam thi Ty Sn ca T Ch i
Trng l mt ng gp mi i vi vic nghin cu lch s cuc khi ngha. C l
y l mt trong nhng cng trnh sm nht c gng thu thp ti a nhng t liu
vit v Ty Sn ca cc loi ngi, t cc s gia chnh thng, n nhng ngi
217
trong cuc ng thi, v quan trng hn l li chng ca cc gio s, thng nhn
v bn phiu lu nc ngoi c mt i Vit trong nhng thi k (sch xut
bn ln u nm 1970 ti Si Gn). Tc gi lm cng vic kho cu mt cch c
h thng, i t vic gim nh cc t liu c s dng, xc nh tnh chn xc ca
cc t liu , t ti liu ch Hn Nm, n cc ghi chp v bt k ca ngi nc
ngoi. Nhng a danh bng ch Hn Nm c xc nh li nh Bn Thit l Mang
Tht, Xuy Mit l Xoi Mt, Thn Lung l Thang Trng. Nhng tn ngi tn t
c ngi nc ngoi ghi li bng, nhng ci tn k quc nh Ou doi be, Hoe
Hanh Loie, Choya, cua Heo c tc gi i chiu, tm quy lut chuyn m
dng li chnh xc hoc a ra gi nh mi. Qua tham kho mt khi lng ti liu
phong ph m tc gi dng li c c mt giai on lch s k t khi n ra cuc
khi ngha Ty Sn cho n khi nh Nguyn thng nht t mrc, kt thc cuc
chin tranh hn 30 nm. Mi mt s kin u c s so snh gia ti liu ghi li ca
cc i thn nh L, n cc s quan nh Nguyn, v tham chiu nhng ghi chp ca
cc nhn chng ngoi quc v t liu Trung Hoa. Tc gi khng b qua nhng t
liu vn hc v truyn thuyt dn gian hiu r thm tnh cm ca nhn dn i
vi tng nhn vt v tng s kin lch s.
Nu trong ln xut bn u tin tc gi ly tn cng trnh l Lch s ni chin
Vit Nam, th trong khi trnh by, tc gi khng dng li nhng xung t gia
cc tp on qun s Bc H, Nam H v qun khi ngha, m cn cp n nhiu
hot ng khc ca x hi m ni ln trn ht l hai cuc chin chng ngoi xm
vang di Rch Gm-Xoi Mt v ng a. V vy trong ln ti bn ny, c s
ng ca tc gi, chng ti i li tn sch l Vit Nam thi Ty Sn, mang
tnh bao qut hn. Nh tc gi nhn nh trong li kt l Tt c to nn mt
hon cnh si sc trong pht trin Nam H. a phng v trung ng trng chng
nhau c hai bn sng Gianh, nhng sc mnh a phng min Bc yu th
nhiu v qu kh 10 th k kt tp chung sng. Cho nn bin c c tn l Ty Sn li
n bng ra Nam H v sc mnh o ln tt c: chin tranh 32 nm ch l ci
gt tm thu kt qu ca my trm nm gm g phn tranh, my trm nm bin
i dn d trong x hi i Vit (... ). Cho nn phi ni rng nhng tha hng ca
qu kh, ca trn chin kt thc phn tranh, m hay lt, nhiu hay t ri s hp vi
nhng iu kin mi ny sinh bt u lch s Vit Nam. t nc s cng ngy
cng phc tp hn theo nhng bin ng th gii m bc vo thi cn i vi
Gia Long.
Vit Nam thi Ty Sn l ml giai on bn l trong lch s t nc ta. l
s bng n ca nhng xung t ngm ngm bn trong mt x hi ang trn pht
trin, san bng tt c mi tr ngi trn con ng thng nht dn tc, pht trin
quc gia. Mong rng vic ti bn cun sch ny s p ng c nhu cu ca bn
c, mun hiu su thm v mt giai on y bin ng ca dn tc, c c ci
nhn y hn v nhng nhn vt anh hng cng nh nhng k phiu lu ca mt
thi k lch s.
O HNG
Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam

218
 M U
Hu bn th k XVIII l mt trong nhng giai on ri ren nht v cng l mt
trong nhng giai on him hoi m ngi Vit sau khi chu c cn chuyn mnh,
thy t nc ln mnh hn, di do sinh lc hn ngy trc. Cuc khi ngha Ty
Sn, bin c tn L, mt Trnh, s phc hi ca h Nguyn, tt c y sinh ng, hp
dn, khin cho ngi ng thi vi v ghi chp, ngi sau kin nhn lc li lm
nn nhng tng hp chuyn bit, khoa hc m chng ta ch y. Hy k ly mt
vi trng hp. Thi i lch s k trn trn mt phn kh ln trong quyn Histoire
moderne du pays d Annam (1529 - 1820) ca Ch. Maybon1 l quyn sch c gi tr
c bit, mt cng trnh c gi tr trong hc gii nh Phm Qunh tn tng2.
Khng kh phc c do bo Tri Tn (1940-1945) a ti pha ngi Vit, di s
thc y ca nh hng Trng Vin ng Bc c qua cc ng ng Ho Nguyn
Vn T, Bit Lam Trn Huy B, Mn Khnh Dng K... hp vi khng kh nghim
trng ca Th chin th hai nui dng hng kho st, khin thy xut hin gia
nhng tc phm lch s khc, quyn Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, anh hng dn tc
ca Hoa Bng3. Cng c sa son thnh hnh trong thi k , nhng xut hin
mun mng trong thi chin tranh (1945-1954) nhn dp bin h cho thi son
gi trc thi cuc l quyn La Sn Phu T ca Hong Xun Hn4. Hin nay theo
vi s to lp cc chng ch S hc trng i hc Hu, gio s Nguyn Phng
cng kho st bin ng Ty Sn ng dn trn cc tp ch i hc, Bch khoa, i
hc S phm Hu5. V bt u chng ti cng thu nht ti liu kho st giai on
ny trong tnh cch ton th ca n di nhan l: Lch s ni chin Vit Nam
t 1771 n 1802.
Cc th vin: Th vin quc gia, Tng th vin v c bit Th vin Kho c
cung cp ti liu cho chng ti. Cc bi ch dn th tch ca L. Cadire v P. Pelliot,
E. Gaspardone, Trn Vn Gip, Hunh Khc Dng, cc sch tng hp cn thn
theo tinh thn khoa hc gip chng ti d dng trong khi tm ti. Nhng y
chng ti vn vp phi mt iu m ngi trc lu ti: ti liu khim khuyt.
L Qu n ngy trc thng trch v tnh trng sch v lu lc, mt mt
nc ta6. Hay ni nh L. Cadire v P. Pelliot7, khng u m ci gia ti kin thc
ca mt dn tc li tan bin nhanh nh vy. Thc ra, tnh trng him hoi sch v,
nht l s k, cng c ngi xa cng nhn l ti ngi ta t chuyn tm ch
sng tc. Tham tng i Trnh Khi l Bi Huy Bch vit: Nc ta v mn s k rt
l s lc. Chp s c hai li, mt l k truyn, hai l bin nin. Li k truyn thi
khng c ri, n li bin nin cng li thiu thn, nhiu ch sai lm... Hc gi c
bit ngh n cng nn sa sang li s, hay l lm li bn bc, cha vo kho vua
i hu th8.
Th m kh hu v chin tranh tn hi li ua nhau ph hoi nhng sch v t i
ra i. Hai tc gi Cadire v Pelliot t nm 1904 cn c ging bi quan hung l
chng ta by gi, tri qua chin tranh tiu th 1945-1954 v 1956 -?. B Thc lc
chnh bin nht k ca Vin Kho c thiu mt t quyn 14 ti quyn 32 l mt
trong nhng v d. C nhng sch khng dng c hoc thiu ht hiu qu xc
thc: quyn Hong L nht thng ch theo bn dch ca Ng Tt T c nhng li in
tht l tai hi. Ti liu him hoi dn n s cch bit ngi v ti liu: c th th vin
219
 Hu cn gi nhng b Thc lc thiu st trn9. V l m ti liu thng phi ri
rc khin chng ta s dng khng u phn sch tham kho lit k.
Nhng nu bng lng vi thc t th chng ta cng c th s dng phn hin c
c. Ti liu gm c hai phn xt t ngun gc: nhng giy t, s sch ca ngi
nc ta li hay ca cc nhn vt Ty phng c lin lc vi cng cuc truyn
gio, bun bn vi x ny cung cp.
Loi th nht, phn thuc nhng ti liu xc ng nht, c th l cc ng tin
Cnh Hng, Chiu Thng, Quang Trung, Cnh Thnh, cc b gip, kh gii ca
tng binh Ch-v ca Nguyn nh (trng by Hi ch Si Gn, khu lch s
1942), bn chp nh cc th Nguyn nh gi ngi Ty phng, chiu truyn La
Sn Phu T ca Quang Trung, sc phong thn i Quang Trung (trng by Hi
ch H Ni, khu lch s, 1940-1941)10... Trong nhng th ny th chnh chng ti
cng ch thy tn mt, trong hnh trng thc ca n, cc ng tin, cc th v t sc
thuc Nguyn Hunh c v chuyn i s nm 1797 thi. Ti liu ny ct trong nh
th c Nhun hu lng Khnh Hu, tnh Long An v cm gic u tin ca chng
ti khi nhn thy l x s ng thi qu thc ngho nn, t mi hiu r hn ni
tht vng ca bn phiu lu Olivier, Barizy.
Cng thuc loi th nht nhng tip theo nhng ti liu k trc trong th t c
in v tnh cch xc thc l cc thi vn, li thut ca cc nhn vt lch s (Ng Th
Nhm, Phan Huy ch, Trnh Hoi c...). Phn nhiu nhng loi ny v tnh cch tiu
khin, ngm vnh ca chng v mt s nhng bn vn v hnh thc vn i ca chng
vn c k l ti liu vn hc.11. Nhng nu ni nh H. I. Marrou12 mi th u c
th l ti liu, th ta vn dng c chng bi v, cc vn thn ca chng ta ngy
xa lm th vn l din t mi xc ng ca h trc s kin xy ra, ngha l tnh
cch nhn chng lch s ca h vn c ngay khi h hn m mng. c cu th L
Ngc Hn khc Quang Trung:
M nay o vi c o
trong mt ting ku tht vng di 164 cu, trin min ni nim au xt, ta thy xc
ng trc cnh t bit sinh ly. Nhng nu dng lnh vc s hc, th hai ch c
o l mt chng c hot ng ca qun tng Ty Sn, chng c thy ni khc,
ni cc bc th ca L.M (linh mc) D. de Jumilla v L. Barizy.
_______________________________________
1. Paris. Lib. Plon. 1919.
2. Thng Chi vn tp, B Quc gia Gio dc (Vit Nam Cng ha) ti bn, tp V.8. ng lu
rng Aurousseau khi ph bnh sch ca Maybon li ch rng ng ny khng tm c g mi
hn nhng iu m L. Cadire ni n hn 10 nm trc.
3. Gm 2 tp, tp trn 202 trang (Tri Tn xut bn, in xong ngy 6-5-1944), tp di 310 trang
(Trnh Nh Lun xut bn, in xong ngy 8-8-1944). (Theo ch dn ca li ta ln ti bn
quyn Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, anh hng dn tc, sa li mt tp. Si Gn, xut bn Bn
phng, 1958)
4. Paris, Minh Tn xut bn. 1952
5. in thnh sch Vit Nam thi bnh trng: Ty Sn, Khai Tr. 1968.
6. L Qu n, Kin vn tiu lc, L Mnh Liu dch. B QGGD. 1963. 8. Xem dch vn v nguyn
bn li ta Ngh vn ch, i Vit thng s do E. Gaspardone dch trong BEFEO. 1934: 7-9.
7. Premire tude sur les sources annamites de lhistoire d Annam. BEFFO. IV 1904. t. 167.

220
8. L trung tp thuyt. Tuyn Trang Trn Vn Ngon dch trong mc Tn c lc. Nam Phong tp
ch, Janv. 1919, t. 52.
9. Hin nay (1969). Vin Kho c c vi n bn Nht.
10. Xem Foire exposition de Saigon, La Sn Phu T, Ph lc ca sch ny.
11. Chng ta thy khuynh hng ny r rt khi Sn Tng Hong Thc Trm em cc bi D Nh
su quc m, Hiu th qun dn Qui Nhn vo trong quyn Quc vn i Ty Sn (Si
Gn, Vnh Bo xut bn, 1950), Dng Qung Hm dng bi D tng s Gia nh
minh chng phong tro vn Nm cui th k XVIII, G. Cordier (Morceaux choisis dauteurs
annamites, Hanoi. 1932, t. 254, 255) chp bi Hch d cc ngi trung ngha ngoi Bc
thnh ca L Huy Dao.
12. De la connaissance historique, Du Seuil, 1962, t. 315.
ng thi c mt quyn lch s k s l quyn Hong L nht thng ch. Theo
gio s Dng Qung Hm, quyn lch s tiu thuyt1 ny cn c tn An Nam nht
thng ch chia lm 7 hi, chp cng vic nh Hu L t Trnh Sm n lc nh Trnh
mt ngi Cha (1767- 1787). Mt bn tc bin (hi 7 - 17) chp tip t lc Chiu
Thng chy sang Tu n khi di hi c em v chn Thanh Ho. Gio s thc
mc khng bit c phi Ng Du son 7 hi sau khng m khng lu rng bn
tc nh gio s dn c n 10 hi. Trong khi bn dch ca Ng Tt T c n 19
hi tt c. Xt theo hi vn v ch ch l ra, sch chc phi do 3 tc gi vit. Ng
Th Ch chc vit 7 hay 8 hi u vi dng hiu ch nht thng l gm-mt-v-L
nhn dp Ty Sn dit Trnh. Cc hi sau (n trang 277 trong bn Ng Tt T) c l
ca Ng Du vit trong thi k h Ng c Ng Th Nhm l sng thn ca Quang
Trung, ging vn y tnh cch thn phc vin ch tng ny. Ging vn t trang
277 i i gi Quang Ton l vua Ngu Ty, qun Gia nh l qun ca Hong
Triu khin Ng Tt T phi ch thm l dch theo nguyn vn. Tc gi on ny
r l mt k b ti Nguyn vit ra ni bn vn trc cng p nht thng do
Ng Th Ch ra, quay v phc v cho cng cuc xy dng s nghip ca Nguyn
nh.
Bi th di Hoi nam khc th thun nht hn. Ngi ta bit tc gi l Hong
Quang v s vic ghi li vo khong 1774-1775. Khung cnh l x Hu v ng vai
tr l m quan liu tht c l vn ca Cha Nguyn. S s ghi kh r: tnh cch
chuyn quyn ca Trng Phc Loan, ngy Kinh thnh tht th, cnh kh nhc trong
khung cnh i rt chung Thun Ho... Nhng ng ch hn l thi biu l
ca tc gi khin ta hiu c mt phn khuynh hng chung ca ng thi: ngi
m tc gi trng cy khng phi l Du Tng, cng khng phi l Nguyn Phc nh
m l Hong tn Dng. Lc no cng l Hong tn.
Mi my nm sau, bi th li c mt tc dng khc. N nung nu trong vng
Ty Sn mt khuynh hng trng ch Gia nh v thnh mt cht liu kch thch
tinh thn binh s ni ny. n y ta c mt ghi nhn thch th: gi tr minh chng
ca mt ti liu khng phi ch ni dung nh ri, lc ban u, m cn trong
i sng ca n, cch hiu ti liu ca nhng ngi sau biu l thi lch s ca
h na.
Lch s trong thi i ny lin quan ti cng nghip ca ng vua khai sng triu
Nguyn nn cc s quan chm ch trc tp kh nhiu. Theo hai ng Cadire v
Pelliot th Quc s qun thit lp nm 1821, n nm 1841 vit xong Lit Thnh thc
lc tin bin, Thc lc chnh bin nht k gm 60 quyn v mt quyn th. Nm
221
1852, i Nam lit truyn tin bin xong v in ngay, cn i Nam chnh bin lit
truyn s tp (33 quyn) th lm tip sau , nhng mi n nm 1889 mi in.
Mt quyn sch m hai tc gi trn khen l tc phm quan trng nht v ton th
lch s Vit Nam l Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc. D sai lm ra ngy
23-1-1856. Ngi coi sc l Tng ti Phan Thanh Gin, ph t c mt Ph Trng ti,
6 Ton tu gp ti liu, vit ln, 6 Kho hiu xt li v 6 ng t vit ch ngay ngn.
Sch son trong 3 nm 1856-1859, dng ln T c coi li cc ln 1871, 1872, 1876,
1878 v c li ph bn trn.
Sch c ln php bin nin v cng mc. Cng mc l mt hnh thc ghi chp
lch s c tnh cch tng hp cao hn php bin nin. Ngi ta tm thu chnh ca
vic lm trong mt tiu (cng, bi ci) ri thut t s r rng tip theo (mc,
bi con)2. Trong cc sch ngi ta c nhng li ch ch r v tr a d hin ti, nhc
li cc vic lin quan ni khc.
Li bin nin khin cho mi ngi phn nn l lm cho c gi kh thy
c mi lin lc gia cc s kin c lin quan m li xut hin ri rc trong thi
gian. Tuy nhin chng ta cng lu rng s quan cng thng hay tm lc cu
chuyn sp k bng mt cu ngn. V d:
Thng 8 ngy inh Du, ly Gia nh: Vng t Tam ph v Nghi Giang,
Phm Vn Sm by dinh t ch iu Khin n ch Khung Dung. Sai V Tnh i
vng ra ng tp trn..3.
i li s bt tin k trn, ta gi c cc vic cn nguyn tnh cch s khi ca
chng, mi qua c ch quan ngi ghi chp, cha phi bin i ln na qua ngi
tng hp. im v s chnh xc ny, ngi ta phn bit d s v chnh s. Ngi ta
hay ch chnh s c nhiu thin lch nh trng hp s quan nh Nguyn gi Ty
Sn l ngu Ty, Ty tc, gi cc cuc chim ng ca anh em h l nhp khu
(vo n cp)... S quan ch chp nhng s vic ca Ty Sn, Trnh - L khi chng
c lin quan ti Cha ca h thi. D s s b khuyt vo s thiu st .
Nhng ta khng nn qu tch bch hai ngun ti liu chng chng i nhau
v quan im, t , v gi tr s kin ghi chp. iu trc nht l ngi vit d s
cng l nhng nh nho c ti. Chnh s quan nh Nguyn cng bit b khuyt ti liu
mnh c c bng cch tham bc d s khi vit v t chc qun chnh triu Ty Sn
chng hn4. H cng dng nhng ch rt ku khen ti Nguyn Hu, cng
khng giu tt xu say sa ca Nguyn Vn Thnh, tt ham chi trong tnh trng
chin tranh ca Thnh, Duyt, Hunh c... Cho n c vic quan qun Gia nh c
ngi i cp ca dn, sch nhiu dn chng, h cng ghi r.
Thiu st c chng l do khng kh hiu bit, tnh trng bn cht ca kinh t to
s thp km k thut m cc s gia xa phi m ghm vo . Thc ra, c nhng
nh nho nh Bi Huy Bch qu gi li trong mt kip ca mt triu i nn lm T
tng b ngi ta ch trch5, nhng cng t ra c kin thc hn ngi. Theo li
Knh ph Nguyn nh, nm 1740, Bi lm c ng em qun n bin gii Ai Lao
gi gic, bc thang tro ln ni xem bi vn bia ch to bng bn tay, khc vo
su mt tc, ly mc in bi bia v6. Phng php kho st thc l mi m, khng
phi l mi m hnh ng m l tng p dng: ngi xa in ch cc bi bia
ly mu vit thip (thp), cn ng in ch bia lm ti liu nh chng t
222
lun c ca ng v vic kho s. Chnh ng bn v mt cch ghi chp s sch sao
cho chnh xc, bao gm nhiu s kin, by t c tnh trng sinh hot kinh t, vn
ho trong nc: Cc vic sau ny cng l cn lm: tra xt ngun gc sng ni, a
danh bin i, nhn vt k hay ngi d, php tc lc i khi theo, thi dn ni tt
ni xu, sn vt ch t ch nhiu, hay l php chu, cch n cc nc lng ging,
ch tt vn hay ca cc ngi i trc, cng l php tc thng dng ca cc quan,
nh dn, nhng iu ch li v vic canh ci, ngi lnh k c, chuyn hay chuyn l
m c bo ng t trc n nay, rt nh cho n t bui vn vt, bi thuc kinh
nghim, chia ra tng loi, bin ra tng pho sch cho ngi sau c ch m d. Lm
nhng cng vic y, so vi nn nt cc cu v dng chng ch li gp my mi ru?
nh rng th, nhng nh trc thut cng nn tra xt cho r rng ch no nghi
ng th nn b ng, c th mong rng sau ny c ngi bit chng. V bng ng m
cng cho l tin, nhiu t c khng cng ch nghe theo ngi ta ni, nh th khng
phi l cch lm sch? Cc bc qun t c th khen sao c?7.
____________________________________________
1. Vit Nam vn hc s yu, t. 289. V s xc nh tnh cht ny, xem li phn i ca ng Nguyn
Phng tp ch Bch khoa ngy 14-5-1963. t. 15-22: Gi tr quyn Hong L nht thng
ch.
2. Dng Qung Hm: Vit Nam vn hc s yu, t. 264, 350, 351
3. Thc lc q3. 14b.
4. Lit truyn. 930, 40b: kin d s, tp k
5. Hong L nht thng ch. t. 153. 154.
6. Chuyn Bia ni Thnh Nam trong mc Tn c lc. Nam Phong II, Fv. 1918. t. 106. Chnh
chng ti nhn mnh.
7. L trung tp thuyt, dch trong mc Tn c lc, NP. IV. t. 53.
tng ch dn nh rng kh tin b nhng cng cho ta thy tnh cch vn
vt, tn mt ca phng php. Nht l ch ch lun l trong s bin chp cn
nng y: ngi lnh ngi c, chuyn l chuyn hay m c bo ng t trc n
nay. Quan im ca sch Xun Thu chi phi rt nhiu cc nh vit s xa t s
quan ca triu nh ti nhng nh nho sng tc ring t nhng vn c nh dng
lch s lm gng o c cho ngi i. Th ri ng trc s th thch ca thc
t, gio l trung trinh ca h b lung lay, khin h phi lng tng. K theo th tn
tng triu mi nhng cn nh triu c, k chng li v trt lm ti mt ng cha
nhng cng thy i phng c nhiu kh nng...
Tuy nhin tr ngi vn khng hn l gii hn ca quan nim o c lng tng
. Ti liu i hi c gii thch. V lch s l s hiu thu ti liu ca s gia.
iu ny li cn tng tin v tu thuc theo vi kin thc, khun mu t tng m
ngi c sch chu thu nhn. Chnh v l , lch s triu Ty Sn vi cc s quan
phi chu tu thuc vo hnh ng ca Nguyn Phc Thun, Nguyn Phc Dng,
Phc nh. Vy m di nh hng ca cc thuyt cch mng Ty phng v nhng
bin ng mi y, n tr thnh mt triu i vi Trn Trng Kim, ri b ch
triu i cn mang du tch phong kin, n tr thnh lch s mt cuc cch mng,
nhn tin tc gi quyn sch t chen vo nhng tng chnh tr giai on
by gi1.

223
 V l , tuy s quan trong Thc lc k chuyn quan chc thuyn chuyn lng
thng, chp vic chnh tr, qun s nhiu, ta vn c th tm c y nhng ngha
kinh t, vn ho. Qua s sp t cai tr Ba Thc, Tr Vinh, ban u Nguyn nh git
t trng phn khng c-nha c, cai tr bng qun tng ri rt lui i phin
liu Gia- tri-gip coi sc, dp lon ri cho h t tr mt phn qua chnh qun i,
mt phn qua m ngi Trung Hoa ng c, chng ta bit c mi tng tin tip
xc ca cc nhm chng tc, trnh t Vit ho ca cc nhm thiu s vng Hu
Giang (tit 14). Qua v nh c lu dn Ph Yn, Bnh Thun Gia nh, ta bit
c chnh mc kinh t gia 2 vng th nghch...
C nhng gii thch phi c chng thc thm khi phi hp vi nhng ti liu
Ty phng c tm nh hng quan trng hn. Ti liu thuc loi ny gm mt
phn l nhng hnh nh, bn... ca ngi Ty phng v nhng nhn vt ng
thi, ghi bng nhng con s chnh xc cc v tr sng bin trong x. Nh c thi quen
lm vic ng n ca h, ta bit c hnh nh trung thc ca cu b Hong t
Cnh non tr m vn lm dng oai nghim, khun mt mt Nguyn Phc nh rn ri
r ra ca mt v vua tng tri phong sng, khun mt mt B-a-lc y t tin v
ng ch v hon cnh hi khc l l hnh dng mt Chaigneau c v Vit Nam hn
i vi chic khn qun u, b o qun rng nhiu np, tht chn ngang lng v chn
qun x cp, i t. Ta thy c cc bn vng v v ca Thi Ni, ca Thun An
ca L. Barizy k bn cc bn kh chnh xc do J.M. Dayot cung cp ti liu. Mt
s phi hp nh b ca cc ti liu ta v Ty xut hin trong bn thnh Din
Khnh c hnh thc mt cng s Vauban m bn gc li ghi 4 ch Hn Din Khnh
i n.
V s c mt ca gio s khp ni, ca nhng nh bun, lnh trng Ty phng
trn t nc ny m chng ta c thm mt l nhng ti liu gm nhng bc th k
cho nhau nghe v tnh hnh trong, ngoi nc, nhn xt ca h v nhng nh cm
quyn bn x, v tng quan giao tip gia chnh quyn, dn chng bn x v ngi
ngoi quc. Cc gio s Phng-xi-c: Diego de Jumilla, J.M. de Castuera, Ginestar...,
thng nhn Chapman... lm nhn chng cho nhng ngy u Ty Sn khi
ngha, nhng ngy lao ao ca Du Tng, ri nhng ngy u phc hng ca
Nguyn nh. Cc gio s De Gire, Serard, Ceram... vng Trnh, Labartette,
Doussain vng Ty Sn, Lelabousse, Lavou, J. Liot - khng cn k ti Pigneau -
v cc tng Olivier, J.M. Dayot, L. Barizy... vng Nguyn u lm y nhim
v quan st vi thi quen i hi tnh cch xc thc v vi s t m c kch thch
thm v thy g chung quanh cng l, cng mi. Gi tr chng nhn c ghi nhn
ngay lc ng thi: Nguyn nh sai Olivier vit th cho ngi i din cc phi
on Truyn gio l Letondal Macao lu xin d xt v chi tit cuc giao thip
ho bnh hay chin tranh gia Ty Sn v nh Thanh v nhng ti liu do ng ny
cung cp th chc chn hn t nhng ni khc a n.
Chuyn h ghi li thng nhiu chi tit. iu c mt phn l do h c nhng
tip xc c nhn trong nhng v lin quan n h. Lelabousse, Pigneau, Lavou...
ghi rt r hnh vi, c ch ca Hong t Cnh lc mi v, thay i nh th no lc ln
ln v s xung t gio s - nho s trong triu mt cch t m, chn xc trong khi s
quan ch nhc nh bn l v chng tng chng rng: Nghe Ng Tng Chu bi bc
224
t o, B-a-lc cng ght, hay v Tng Vit Phc b cch chc v thng hay
ni hn vi B-a-lc nhng qun lun nh ci gio ca Hong t.
S t m cn t quan im nhn xt ca nhn chng na. Ta thy s quan cng
t m trong vic lit k quan tc, thuyn chuyn chc v, chm ch trong khi ghi
chp li vng ngc ca vua h. Trong khi , L.M. Jumilla t m khi k cuc khi
lon, khng lu n chnh, ngu, Chapman cho thy tnh trng lng tng ca nn
kinh t Ty Sn qua s vut ve thng nhn ny ca Nguyn Nhc, qua cnh tn ph
Hi An ko theo s bin mt lp ngi Hoa lm trung gian bun bn vi bn
ngoi. Cc gio s vng Trnh khin chng ta lu n mt tng lp thng nhn cc
li Thanh, Ngh, x cy th, cy thn, vch r s cu kt ca mt th thng ban
khng chnh thc vi vn, v, gim ban ca h Trnh.
Nhng khng phi nhng ti liu ny khng c khuyt im. Nhng khuyt
im ny chnh l b tri ca iu m ta khen l u im. ng ngoi mt khun
mu vn ho, ngi Ty phng c nhng nhn xt khch quan, nhng ng thi, h
cng b b trong nhng thnh kin sinh ra v gio dc hp th c, nn nhng
thin lch trong phn on li xy ra. ging nh b ti Ty Sn khinh b gi ngi
Ty phng l nhng xc cht tri t bin Bc xung, cc gio s cng ch trch
nhng tay ph thu, gi o Pht l o Thn tng, l Vn Miu, tc th cng t
tin l d oan, m tn. H khng ngt li di dng ca tng mt ng Hong ha ci
gio, mt ng Gim qun t thin vi B-a-lc trong khi h kch mnh nhng
nho s chng i li h l nhng Sa tng tranh u v tc v, quyn li m khng
thy trong mt chng i v l tng, v thc h. l cha k h cng theo
thi m gi Ty Sn l bn phn lon, bn v o, tn bo cha...
Mt khuyt im na cng do ni tnh cch ngoi quc ca h. H quan st, ghi
trung thnh s vic - tuy qua lng knh vn ho ca h - kim im c ngy thng
chnh xc m khng lm sao ghi ng c tn ngi, tn x nn c khi b lun
khng thm ni ti. May mn l khi nhc v mt ngi c thnh tch, h ch tn bng
cch ni vng quanh n cng vic ca nhng ngi ny nn ta cng d bit: v d
nh khi L. Barizy ni n mt ng Gim qun tng qua Php (Phm Vn Nhn), ng
tng thu qun trc kia theo Ty Sn (Nguyn Vn Trng). Cn ngoi ra l
nhng tn ngi k qui: Ou doi be, Hoe Hanh Loie, Noe Hau Loe, Dou Doue
Cane, Bahaa, les Sang leys (lnh ca L Ti), nhng tn t tc ci: Dou hau,
Choya, ong Datte, cua Heo...
ch nh ngi, vt h dng nhng ch khng tng ng v th c
ngha hoc thiu st, hoc d tha. Nhng ngi Php dng ch oncle maternel du
roi ch mt vin tng ti ba ca Ty Sn (ta on l Trn Quang Diu) m
khng lu rng vi s minh nh qu t m trong tng tc Vit Nam xa, ch c
th ch t Bi c Tuyn sang Phm Vn Sm, Phm Vn Hng n Trn Quang
Diu, ng dng ca Cnh Thnh (b con qua Bi Th Xun, nu c th gi l b con
v Bi c Tuyn l anh em cng cha khc m vi Phm Hong hu, m Cnh
Thnh). Thy nhng tn to ln Ty dng dng thuyn, i hiu thuyn, Hi
o thuyn, s quan dng m khng t ra, ta mun tm cc ti liu Ty phng
r hn thc lc thu qun Nguyn nh, th li khng khi ng ngn trc cc tn:

225
frgate, corvette, chaloupe canonire, demi-canonire... ln ln vi Thao,
ghequienne... trong cc bc th.
Nho s v Ty nhn thng khng ch lm hoc ghi st nhng cu ca dao,
truyn thuyt ca dn chng. C khi loi ti liu ny xut hin di hnh thc nhng
sm k c mc ch tuyn truyn chnh tr, ni theo li by gi. Chng hn nh
cu:
u cha ly lm chn con,
Mi bn nm trn, ht kip th thi.
Hay:
Cha nh u, con nh chn,
n nm Nhm Tut (1802) th thn chng cn.
[Ch tiu trn u ch quang (trung) xut hin di ch cnh (thnh)].
C khi l mt c m tht nn li, chng t c chuyn bin tm l trong dn
chng:
c cn th gi ly tng (tn Trnh Khi),
c long, cn (Trnh Cn) gy cn mong ni g.
C khi l li ghi nhn s kin, mt s s ngn, trng trn hoc bao gm c
nguyn nhn, kt qu:
- Binh Triu: Binh Quc ph; Binh : Binh Hong tn.
- Thanh cy th, Ngh cy thn.
- S ny ch ti B Ch (ng Th Hu),
Cho Cha mt nc, cho ngh lng xiu.
____________________________________________
1. Vn Tn, Cch mng Ty Sn, H Ni. Vn S a xut bn, 1957.
Ngun tin t dn chng tuy m h v ln ln c php thut v tnh cch thn
thnh ho do c tn sng ca h dng ln, nhng ta cng khng th t m tc
b, khng cng nhn pht s thc no. V vic Nguyn Nhc t ngi vo ci
chim thnh Quy Nhn trong tay Tun v Nguyn Khc Tuyn, c ngi nh ng
Nguyn Phng1 nghi ng v bi bc hn. Vic ny Cng mc (144. 22b) c chp
v Chnh bin lit truyn th ghi li bng ch nh. Lit truyn vit ra xy dng trn
cc ti liu ly sch v c nh m cn thu nht cc gia ph, tin tc trong dn
chng na2. Vic Lit truyn vit bng ch nh khng phi l t hoi nghi tnh
cch xc ng ca ngun tin nhng l ghi thm mt li ni cho di do, cho xc thc
hn cu chuyn nh chnh s quan ch v vic khuyt h, v a im ch xc
lc h vit sch. C th Lit truyn nht c cu chuyn Nhc chui vo ci Bnh
nh v d lun truyn thuyt cn mnh ti ni cui th k XIX mt ngi Php ti
x ny cn nghe n v chuyn y3. S thc l mu c th em ra dng thc nh
nhng mu cp thnh c nhan nhn trong truyn xa, vi ai ngi trong ci khng
bit nhng Nguyn Nhc a v ch tng tha hng s thn phc gan d t
dn chng. Dn chng i vn c nhng hnh ng bt ng m lun l thng thng
khng th bn ti c4.
Chnh t nhng ngun ti liu khc nhau m chng ti phi hp vi nhng
nhn xt ring t lp nn quyn sch.

226
 Phi nhn rng cng vic nh bt mt phn: phn ph bnh ngoi din ti
liu, v xut x v iu kin kh tn ca n. iu ny c nguyn nhn l giai on
lch s tng i gn cn, sch v sng tc hoc c c quan chnh thc nh Quc s
qun in ra, hoc d dng xc nh tc gi, thi gian sng tc nh Hoi nam khc. Mt
khc, thi k ny, nh ni u, kch thch c c tm ti ca hc gi. V pha
ngi Php, thi k ny vi s can thip ca B-a-lc v bn phiu lu Ty phng
Gia nh, nh l mt chng minh cho lng tt ca mu quc vi thuc a, hay
ng n hn, l s kin nh du ko di s thnh lp quc ng Php li v
trc trn di 100 nm, mt giai on m s tip xc ng - Ty, rt r t trc
my trm nm, bng tr nn mnh m, mt thit hn. H gia cng tm ti ti liu,
hnh nh, th t. Chng ta c hnh nh xa c trong tp Iconographie historique de
l'Indochine ca P. Boudet v A. Masson. Chng ta c cc th t trong
Correspondance gnrale (Paris 1906-1907, E.J.Vrill) ca H. Cordier, 3 tp Histoire
de la Mission de Cochinchine ca A. Launay m ta dng tp 3 (1925) rt nhiu... Mt
ti liu a ra d t i vn c bin chnh k cng v gi tr xc tn cng nh v ni
dung s kin: chng ta hy xem vic lm y tnh cht khoa hc ca L. Cadire khi
a ra nhng bc th Nm ca Nguyn nh.
V pha ngi Vit, chin thng ng a nh l mt chng minh trong thi k
ngoi thuc (Php thuc) v tnh cht qut cng ca dn tc; cuc khi ngha Ty
Sn c dng mt cuc khi ngha ca dn chng, quyn r, d say m trong thi k
t tng cch mng, dn ch li cun con ngi. c o luyn trong l khoa hc
Php, mt s hc gi tip tc truyn thng c, i v cc ni thn d su tp ti liu,
cung cp cho m qun chng a men say i quc qu kh oai hng ca dn tc, d
vng phc tp, di do sinh lc ca quc gia. Nhng phi nn nhn rng trn bc
u ch quan , tinh thn khoa hc vn c chng minh gi tr ca tc phm.
Vic tm li s thc lch s cn c vo s i chiu cc loi ti liu tm ra .
Phng php lun gio khoa vn bo ta rng mt ti liu c chng by ni cc
ti liu khc xut x th c cng nhn l ng. Song mt i hi kht khe v
nguyn tc nh vy khng bao gi p dng c v nhng cn c lun l chung v
tm l ngi chng. Hn na nguyn tc i phi c s ng ca cc ti liu khin
cho s s tr nn ngho nn thc cht hn5. ng khc, nh trng hp tp sch
ny, ti liu c khi ch mt, hay cng mt loi ca ngi cng phe. T , ngi ta
nu ra mt phng php xt nh nh sau:
Khi chng ta ng trc mt ti liu, mt ngi chng, iu quan tm ln ca
chng ta khng phi l t hi xem c th em i chiu vi nhng th khc khng
(thc ra... (...) chng c hu nh lun thuc cng mt loi, cng ni dung, cng
khuynh hng), khng phi l xem th ngi chng c mun la ta khng..., nhng
trc ht l phi hiu xem hn ta c hiu nhng g hn ni vi chng ta hay khng
(hay l nu khng phi l mt chng c c m l mt chng tch ti liu dnh lu
ti th phi xem th hn ta trnh by ra c khng), n mc no th hn ta hiu hay
trnh by ra, n chnh xc no, ngha l v s di do phc tp su sc m hn
ta phn chiu, ghi nhn, t chuyn cho chng ta s thc t nh ca con ngi
m chng ta mun nm ly.

227
 Bng vo thi rng ri - rng ri sau khi thu sut tnh cch phc tp ca
vn , ch khng v khng gii quyt c m d di, bung th - mt ti liu n
c c th ng tm ngi ta o su ngha ni ti ca n, hay qua kh nng ca
ngi chng. Lc by gi m kin thc tng qut hay chuyn mn ca cc khoa hc
bng ph s gip ch ta rt nhiu cho ti liu thm vng vng gi tr. V d s
quan k chuyn Nguyn nh gp nc ngt gia bin nh l mt bng c v
mnh ca ng ta, Nguyn Vn Thnh cng c nhc ti bng ch hi l (nc ngt
bin) trong bi Vn t trn vong tng s c Bc thnh cui nm 1802. Nhng
ti liu gm li ch l ca mt phe: b ti Nguyn nh. Chng c n c li
khoc thm ci v huyn hoc nh c dng by ra li ko ng Tri v phe mnh.
B i chng? Khng, s s vn c tht duy trnh hiu bit ca s quan khng ti,
mi gii thch theo mt li va d di v c sn, va c li cho h thi. Dng mt m
kin thc v a l thin nhin, nhn vo a im lnh nh (t ca Ma Ly i ra), xt
lu lng sng Cu Long l ta c th hiu r s kin ngay.
M rng nguyn tc xt on ti liu xong, ta phi i su vo chi tit. Trong
nhng kho lun thnh, nhng k cu ca ngi Php, c khi phi b l nhng
chi tit v tn ngi, tn t ch ch ti s s v ngi ta cng gp phi nhng
xa l kh gii quyt nh ngi trc. V pha cc son gi Vit, tn ngi tn t li
c v quen thuc qu nn khng ch ti vn nu ra, nht l khi vn khng
hn d gii quyt.
Tuy nhin, c tnh ca i tng s hc l tnh cch c nht trong thi gian,
vi nhng ngi c tn h ring tham gia, ni mt a im c thc. Cho nn phi
gii quyt vn trong chng mc v phng tin c c. Tn h cc tng Gia
nh nhiu lc cn phi tm mi ra. V s quan sau ny th chp c tn ln h, nhng
th t, sc ch ng thi ch ku tn tc m thi. C may cht t l khc vi triu
L v v trc, chc tc Nguyn c hp bng tn v mt tnh t thnh mt danh
xng c tt p nh Chn V hu Nguyn Vn Chn (Vannier), Tnh Thnh hu
Ng Nhn Tnh, c Nhun hu Nguyn Hunh c. Th m iu ny cn lm cho
L.M. Cadire tuy bit trc, vn tng Khim Quang hu l Nguyn Vn Lim m
ngi ta vit ln khi sao li ( v ) v phn vn khng bit Qu Ngc hu,
Long Chnh hu ai l Phm Vn Nhn6. So vi Thc lc, Lit truyn, tm hiu hnh
ng nhng ngi can d n, ta bit Khim Quang hu l Nguyn Vn Khim, Qu
Ngc hu l Ng Cng Qu v Long Chnh hu l Nguyn Long.
Th cn trnh sao c nhng lm ln v pha Ty Sn, ngu triu! Thc Lc,
Lit truyn y ry nhng li ch khuyt tnh (thiu h). Nguyn Trn ca Trnh
Hoi c, ng Vn Chn, ng Vn Chn, Nguyn Vn Chn ca s quan, Ng
gia vn phi l mt. Tn ngi cng bt nht trong cng mt xut x ca sch: Phm
Vn Hng, Phm Cng Hng, Nguyn Vn Hng. Tn Chn hay Trn sai lc l do
ging c, kh m c th ni tn no l trng. Nhng h Nguyn th sai l chc v ta
nh ti thi quen ci h theo dng vua ngy trc. Gia Phm Vn Hng v Phm
Cng Hng, ta ly tn Phm Vn Hng v ch cng c ngha tn trng hn l
ngha mt ch lt trong khi nhng ngi ng h gi a v quan trng (chc xut
thn t pha ngoi Quang Ton) c tn l Phm Vn Sm, hay trng trn: Phm
Ngn. Tn ca nhng ngi cha c xc nh nh phi chu vit theo thi quen
228
 thnh trong khi ch cc chng c khc quyt nh r rng hn. Trng hp
Phm Vn Sm l mt may mn. Tn vin Thi bo ca Nguyn L ny rt t khi
c c l Sm m vn c gi l Tham, khng cht phn vn no gia hai li c
cho cng mt ch . Th ca G.M (gim mc) Labartette vng B Chnh gi
ngy 23-7-1788 khin ta b thi quen thch nghi vi ch mi. Trng hp ca V
Vn Nhm cng vy S quan nh Nguyn phn vn gia hai tn Nhm v S
ca ngi con r Nhc. Khng c ch Chuong Nha (Chng Nhm) ca cc gio
s th ta cn lm lu.
____________________________________________
1. Nhng bc u ca anh em Ty Sn, i hc, thng 4-1962, t. 336.
2. Cadire v Pelliot cho bit mt vin quan ang (1904) thu thp ti liu vit quyn Lit truyn
nh k. Ch rng Hong L, ni m Cng mc v Lit truyn thng ly ti liu cng c
ghi chuyn ny.
3. E. Navelle. De Thinat Bl, Excursions et Reconnaissances, XIII, 1887, t. 142. V tinh thn
a phng mt phn ln, x s ny cn giu con cha Nguyn Nhc ti i Minh Mng mi b
pht gic (Lit truyn q30, 55b). Cho n hi Mai Xun Thng chng Php, ngi ta cn
ghp ti ng ny mu phc nghip Ty Sn. Thnh kin tt gp phn vo vic gn gi s
tht ban u.
4. Ty Sn c rt nhiu sng kin em p dng trn chin trng gy b ng cho ch qun ca
h: cc trn ym kch, bi thu, cc mo la.
5. H. I. Marrou. De la connaissance historique. 1. 128-133.
6. Ch thch bn dch bc th Nm th t trong lot ti liu k.
a danh mi cn gy nhiu li thi hn na. ng Aurousseau khi ph bnh
Ch.B. Maybon ch trch rng ng ny khng lu n khoa hc a l lch s
vit lch s Vit Nam cho chnh xc hn. ng cn c nh ch cho Maybon mt s
sch a l Vit, Hoa k cu1. Thc ra vn khng d dng nh ng tng. L
Qu n i s Tu b ngi ta hi v tr tu thuc ca mt a im xa m khng
tr li c. Phm nh H k li chuyn lm bng chng cho cng trnh tm
ti ca ng v s thay i duyn cch, a l2.
ng khc, a danh cng khng c ghi trong s sch nh tn gi thng
thng: cc lng Mc, lng T... Bc u c tn ch khc. Th m s sch li
vit bng ch Hn ghi nhng m Nm, tt c s sai lc kh hiu, nht l khi s
chuyn m li khng theo mt tiu chun nht nh theo thi quen vit ch Nm.
C nhng a danh c phin m bng nhng ch Hn c gn cn: Bn
Thit..?.. l Mang Tht, Phan Thit, Xuy Mit l Xoi Mt, Tr Lut l
Tr Lt, M Thu l M Tho... C nhng a danh phi c dch ra mi hiu.
Lam Kiu l Cu Chm (Bnh nh), L Cnh giang l sng C C
(An Xuyn), Tam Ph l Ba Ging, Gi Kh l Rch Gi. C khi s ghi
nhn a danh tht bt ng: Thn Lung tht v ngha khi ta mun dch ra, m
thc khng kt qu khi ta mun d m gn cn. l a im p Thang Trng do s
kt hp ca mt ch dch ngha theo ging min Nam v mt ch Nm l (lung tn
c l trng tin).
Kh khn cng i su cng hin ra. Mt vi ch l mt trng hp khc nhau.
m Hn khng c vn R nn B Ra phi vit l B a, H Riu l H Liu, nhng
ng Lam nu khng tm c a im ng Chm th c phi gi l ng Ram
229
nh sng Xch Ram Phc Hi by gi m sch vit l Xch Lam? C nhng kh
khn gy ra chnh v thi quen khng quy nh mt ch c ngha ch xc, dng
trong nhng trng hp nht nh (c l bt c dn tc no cng vp phi). Bi vy,
bt u bng ch hn m cc a im Hn t, Hn Chng (H Tin), Hn Khi
(Khnh Ho) li trn t lin, trong khi hn Tre, hn Th Chu (Nam Phn), hn
Ngang, hn t (Bnh nh) li l nhng hn o, lm sao ngi ta khng phn vn
trc cc tn ip Thch D, Chng D...? V trc mt dy ch d dch ch
hn (ch cn st ngha), lm sao ngi ta hiu rng Yn Cng l Hn Khi nu
khng tm c l l chng dn thm? Cha rc ri, Ph Qu Cng (Bnh nh)
li l mt ngn o gia ni rng trng ip.
C nhng kh khn v thay i duyn cch, a l. Tn x ta lun lun thay
i v chnh quyn sau t khng phi k tc chnh quyn trc nn i thay gi
ring bit cho mnh. Trng hp r rt khi Nguyn nh chim ly Quy Nhn (1799)
bn i tn l thnh Bnh nh ri sau ny ct thm mt thnh mi gn li chuyn
tn v v tr mi. Phn na v tnh cch khai thc nhng vng t ai cng ngy cng
su rng. Hng Phc ngy xa phi chia thnh Phc Hng thng, Phc Hng
h...
Lch s thm ngha khi a danh c xc nh v tr ca n, nh khi thy
Phc Hng l mt tin n ca Nguyn nh ta mi thy th lc ca ng cn quanh
qun vng B Ra.
Vic xc nh a danh i hi nhiu ti liu. C khi vi mt bn c nh
(1/2.000.000 ca Service Gographique de Dalat in ra), chng ta cng tm c a
im Hn Khi, Ba Ngi (Khnh Ho), Vng Lim (Vnh Bnh) C khi cn nhng
bn ln hn, nhng chuyn th hng tnh (loi ca nh cm quyn Php trc
y, ca chnh quyn VNCH v ca Hi Nghin cu ng Dng), nh y chng
ti xc nh c ca Xch Ram ch khng c Xch Lam, Ba Vc ch khng l Ba
Vit... Nhng sch a ch xa (Gia nh thnh thng ch vi cc bn dch ca
Aubaret v Trn Kinh Ho, Phng nh d a ch ca Nguyn Vn Siu, i Nam
nht thng ch ca Quc s qun) cng gp phn xc nh tuy nhin phi c kim
chng trong hin ti: a im Quang Ho thuc x Cm Giang tnh Ty Ninh thy
sch Phng nh cng nh chuyn th v tnh Ty Ninh; Lng Ph Giang l
rch qun l Bn Tranh c (Lng Ph, tn ch, tn p chin lc), Nht thng ch
cn gi l Tranh Giang , phn bit vi rch Chanh (Tranh Giang )
ng Thp, Long An, nh Tng (nhng vn cn c ch phn vn: rch Lng
Ph c cp, lc no Bn Tranh, lc no ch mt ph lu ca sng Hm
Lung?)
C tr ngi l ngay n nhng bn qun s cng khng ghi ht cc tn t
trong khi khoa a danh hc ta cha pht trin my. Cc chuyn th a phng
vn thng mang khuyt im chung: cc tc gi vn l nhn vin hnh chnh hay
khng chuyn mn nn yu v k thut bn v khng bit tm ti su trong qu
kh. Nn rng cc a im ni danh ngy xa tri qua nhng bin thin c khi
mt tch trn bn ngy nay cc tn mi thay th vo. V d trn cc bn
Bnh nh d ln n u cng khng c cc tn Nc Mn, An Thi. Ch c cc
lng Nho Lm, M Thnh thi. Phi tm hiu n tn ni mi moi ra cc s kin
230
tng t. Vy m cc chuyn th ta ang c phn nhiu li ch l nhng loi v ranh
gii hnh chnh, ngay n nhng a im c bn n trong sch cng khng xc
nh .
y chin tranh cng c i cht ch li: cc trn nh xy ra tn hang cng
ng hm - cng nh ngy xa, nn ct tin tc chin s trn bo cng l mt ngun
kim nhn qu gi. Tt nhin khng phi khi tm ra mt a im trong thc t ng
in hay gn ging nh trong sch l ta vi quyt xc ngay.
Do nhng tr ngi , cc a danh c khi cn mt khong trng xc nh kh
ln ch i cc bng c khc. Cng trong tnh nh Tng c 2 con rch Tr Tn
v Tr Lt m cc s quan hnh nh cng khng phn bit r rng. H ni nhiu n
Tr Tn v ch mt ln Tr Lt nhng li ng vo cng mt s kin xy ra. Bit
rng ch tn c th ln vi ch lut ta da vo ch tr lut ni bc th
Nm ca Nguyn nh m xc nh mt chuyn mt con rch chy t M Li
(ng Thp) ra Tin Giang qua ch Ci Na, tuy khng bit r l s vic xy ra
vo khc no.
Nhiu khi l lun phi bo mt cht. Th D ca Thc lc m Barizy gi
l Dung Thi (ng Th) l ni no? Theo chi tit cc trn nh vng ny phi min
ni pha nam Bnh nh ngy nay n thng vi con ng lin tnh Bnh Ph m
Nguyn Vn Thnh ko qun ra. ch c th l ng Cy Cy (G Cy) nm cch
ng tin qun bng o Ph Qu pha nam. Tn Cy Cy ly t mt cht bin
i m c khi dch ch th l cy cy cng nh vng M Cnh Sn m dn Ph
Yn c khng phn bit C nga (dch ng ch trn) hay C nga. Trng hp
ch Thn lung trn cng c th sp vo y nu i Nam nht thng ch (Lc tnh
Nam k) khng ghi r l Vng Th (Thang Trng).
Nhng xc nh trn khng bao gm c ht cc a danh. Tp sch cn phi
nh cam chu ghi nguyn vn ch dng ca sch v xa ch kt qu nhng tm
ti tip sau, nu phng tin cho php m rng kin thc v ch cng vic ca ngi
khc ph thm vo. Nhng thnh qu thu c v a danh c tp trung mt phn
ln vo 2 bn nh km.
_______________________________________
1. im sch: Histoire moderne du pays d'Annam (1582 - 1820). BEFEO. XX 1920, t. 75 tr i.
2. V trung ty bt: Xt v tn cc x t nc ta thay mi i mi khc: ng Chu dch trong
NP. V. Dc. 1919. t. 335.
Tin ln mt mc na l vic xc nh s s. Ta ni n 2 ngun tin tc, ti
liu cng tnh cht v u khuyt im ca chng. Nhng thc l may khi ta c c
2 ti liu khc nhau nh vy. Chng s b tc cho nhau lch s m chng ghi nhn
thm di do sc thi, cht liu.
S thc, ngay nhng ti liu trong nc c s b tc ri. Lch s Ty Sn
ch l ph vo s nh Nguyn i vi s quan ca triu ny, nhng quyn Hong L
nht thng ch li t trng tm cc s vic xoay quanh l s hng vong ca triu
nh L, Trnh Thng Long. Chnh v phi hp hai ngun ti liu ny vi ti liu
ca cc vn v thn Ty Sn Ph Xun m ng Hoa Bng vit t m v Quang
Trung thnh 2 tp sch dy.

231
 Ta thy ti liu trong nc nu r nhng ngi, s vic ny mt cch t m
nhng li b qun s vic khc. V d s quan ch ni mt cch s si v trn Bn
Vn qun Nguyn Nhc b nh lui phi v Bn . L.M Diego de Jumilla li
k mt trn nh gn Tin o vi ngy thng, chi tit v tin lui, t s thng
vong, cc hng ro lm chin lu chng c. May mn hn nhng ln khc nh lc
xem ai l hai ngi b con vi Cha, ln ny ta nhn vo a im Bn Vn (Qung
Nam), thy cu da lu chng c ca Thc lc, ta c ton b chi tit trn nh Bn
Vn ngy 22-12-1773. Trong cuc xung t thc h Gia nh nm 1795, th cc
gio s ni n u mi l mt ng Gim qun c i trn Din Khnh, khng v ti
Gia nh m cht dc ng. Lit truyn on Tng Phc m cng Thc lc thi
gian xy ra chuyn vy cu, cho ta bit l ng ny. Th gio s cng nhc ti 2
vin quan trong s 19 ngi t co B-a-lc lm h Hong t Cnh, b cm ngc
v b qun bn khi Ty Sn tin nh. Thc lc cho ta bit l 2 ng Tng trn sau
ny: Nguyn Hunh c v Nguyn Vn Thnh. Tuy h khng nhc g n v Tng
Phc m c, nhng ta thy r l Nguyn nh nhn dp hi ti, cho lnh tng giam 2
ngi lm va lng B-a-lc. Nh vy, ta chp ni c mt cu chuyn xung
t Gia nh, hnh thc i gi ca sc mnh ni ny (tit 17).
S quan ch trng n chnh tr, quan chc, vic k v, nhng mt thng nhn
nh Chapman tt nhin phi quan st v ti nguyn trong nc, nhn xt v iu kin
bun bn tng quan vi thi ca chnh quyn bn x nh th no. Nh Chapman
m ta bit c tnh hnh Quy Nhn vo khong 1778 khi s quan Nguyn ch vo
vic Nguyn nh vi v xy dng quyn binh sau chuyn tn st dit tc ca
Nguyn Hu, cn Hong L th ang lo k chuyn tranh ginh ph trng lp th
Ph Liu, Thng Long. Nhn tnh hnh chung ta thy Ty Sn trong thi gian ny c
yn n cng c v lo bnh trng thc lc. Nhng qua Chapman cho bit, Ty
Sn cng phi lng tng. tuy l s khng hong ln ln: L Ti va i mang c
1/2 thu qun ca h, h ht c tin v phi nhp cng thc phm, h nh qun bnh
li khng hong v nu c th, pht trin x s hn bng g Chapman n bun bn
khng ly thu, nhc cho ngi Anh rng h sn sng mi gip, i bng mt thng
im trn t h. Qua tnh trng lng tng , ta mi hiu v sao h khng chim hn
c Gia nh m ch vo ri ra, ta mi thy ch vo cp bc (nhp khu) ca s
quan dng, tuy c dng thin lch nhng t ng c thc trng.
Nhng iu quan trng hn, chnh l t nhng kh khn , ta thy r nhc
im ca triu Ty Sn, nhc im m h c gng khc phc xy dng mt ch
qun chnh mnh m t Ph Xun tr ra, nhc im lm suy yu chnh h v
nht l m anh em cn li Quy Nhn, Gia nh. Nguyn nh len vo li dng
nhc im ln mnh. Ty Sn khng dng c thng nhn Trung Hoa,
gio s lm trung gian thu nhn k thut Ty phng th Nguyn nh phc hng
c vy. Tt mt li, ng nhn t Quy Nhn nm 1778, vi nhn chng Chapman,
ta phng ln ra si dy cng thng lch s gii r s ln mnh ca Ty Sn x
Nguyn, Trnh, L, thng trn ng a, gip ta hiu s tht bi ca Nguyn Hu
Chnh cng nh chnh s tht bi ca Ty Sn c nhng lin quan no a n thnh
cng cho Nguyn Phc nh.

232
 Bng vo cc tng hng dn, ta bt tay vo vic tng hp cc ti liu v
li lch s hu bn th k XVIII theo nhng ng nt ln, gt sang bn nhng n
on, hn gin ring t, phe phi ca ngi ng thi v v sau.
y l giai on kt thc phn tranh, mt cuc phn tranh ko di my trm
nm, b ngoi l s tranh ginh a v ca cc h phong kin m b trong l mt phn
do s phn r ca x hi i Vit m dn tc phn ng li bng con ng v Nam.
Phn tranh li cng c nguyn c t trong gii php xy dng m s tin b k
thut ca quc gia, s tng tin thc ca dn chng cha trng thnh ni kt
nhau li.
Tnh trng phi gy ra mt s v ln lao. Ty Sn tng nh l lc lng
p ng nhu cu ca tnh th. Cho nn ta khng ly lm l v sc tn ph ca h.
Khi ngha Quy Nhn, h nh tan qun cha Nam H ang chia ko b phi, h
n trc k th n tn hang cng ng hm, dit Du Tng, Tn Chnh Vng v x
c gng trung hng ca Nguyn nh. T Nam h ra Bc bi v chnh trong bn
thn v qun ng h cha mm mng lm tan r h phong kin Bc H (tit 7).
Chim ri nh, h phi lng l v chng i vi thnh kin a phng, tng tc, v
s phn r ngay trong lc lng ca h. Cho nn cui 1786, u 1787, ta tht t
nc chia 5: Nguyn L Gia nh, Nguyn Nhc Quy Nhn, Nguyn Hu Ph
Xun. Hu qun ly khai ca Ty Sn, Nguyn Hu Chnh Ngh An v Trnh Bng
gng go Thng Long. Chnh l iu m ta gi l phn ng di ngc trong
s bnh trng ca Ty Sn vy. Nguyn Hu c vn ln bng trn thng ng a
a dng h mnh ln hng mt triu i Vit Nam. Li chnh phn ng di
ngc kia nui sng mt triu c: Nguyn Phc nh Vng Cc ln v Gia
nh.
Tt nhin khng nn qun c gng ring ca ng ta. Hu bn th k XVIII c 3
h phong kin b bin c xua ui. Th m Trnh Bng khc than chng may vo
nh Cha (...) b mt l tiu nhn xi khn, xi di... L Chiu Thng khng c
phn ng no trc s thay i ca vua ti nh Thanh nn phi ngm ngi cht t
khch. Ch c Nguyn nh theo qun Xim v nc m vn c mt o qun ring,
lu vong vn c qun khai thc n in, gp dp th ln trn v phc nghip. Ta phi
ngh rng hon cnh Chiu Thng v Nguyn nh khc nhau. Ty Sn Gia nh
yu km khng lm p lc vi Xim vng nh Nguyn Hu Thng Long
gn nh l yu sch vi Cn Long vy. Tuy th, nh cng phi chu nhng kh
nhc v cc i x ca b tng Xim, chu ng s nghi ng ca vua Xim, ngha
l nhng yu t gy nn tht vng cho Trnh Bng, L Chiu Thng.
Chnh kh nng vt kh khn ca Nguyn nh v b ti khi gp dp Ty
Sn khng gii quyt c kh khn ca h, gip ng tr v Gia nh t chc
qun lnh m rng chin tranh phc th a n trn thng cui cng.
Trong tp sch c nhng tiu mc ca mi tit tm thu nhng vn phi xt
n. V d:
TIT 13: NHNG LC LNG CHIN U
Tnh cch chung ca i bn * T chc qun chnh ca Ty Sn * Vai tr b
khuyt ca nhng chic thuyn T Ngi * T chc khai thc Gia nh * u th v
kh, cng s phng th v thu qun ca Nguyn nh.
233
 Trong tit ny, ta s xt, nh ni, nhng lc lng chin u m hai k th
mnh nht, Nguyn Hu v Nguyn nh nm gi. Tt nhin nhng lc lng
c t trn mt cn bn t chc kinh t, chnh tr... da theo iu kin kh c ca
tng i phng. Cho nn, Ph Xun ta xt n ch qun chnh ca Ty Sn v
min Nam ta ni n cng cuc khai thc t ai Gia nh. Ch qun chnh
bt ngun t u, pht trin nh th no, kt hp vi nhng iu kin mi (t
chc nng nghip, thng nghip Ph Xun, Bc H, s hp tc ca L thn...).
Trong v tr ta gii thch c mi bang giao Ty Sn - Thanh cng nh nh
chim Lng Qung, ta hiu thu c lc lng Ty Sn cng vai tr k l ca bn
cp bin T Ngi nh l lc lng thu qun ph t v mt i thng thuyn c
v trang, trong mt chng mc ging nh loi ca bn Corsaire Anh, Php nhng th
k trc. Nhng cng t , ta chm thy nhc im ca ch Ph Xun m mi
n tit 16 ta mi phi bn n.
V pha Gia nh, ta xt ti vit quy thun ca nhm nho s Bnh Dng nh l
mt nhc nh, khu dy thc t chc x hi trn c s Khng gio, nng nghip
d nng vi bn, ni mt vng m t, ngi ang ch n khai thc. Pht trin
nng nghip i i vi s pht trin thng nghip c tr gip ca cc tay phiu lu
Ty phng (tit 12) quy nh tnh cht v kh nng lc lng ca Nguyn nh. Cho
nn ta c th ni n u th v kh, cng s phng th v thu qun ca Nguyn
nh vy.
Gi l nhng vn khng phi l chi b tnh cch bin ng trong
thi gian nhng l nhn mnh rng lch s khng xy ra qu ri rc, tch bit vi
nhau nh php bin nin cho ta c cm tng nh vy. Nhng s kin v con
ngi x hi khng nn c kt tp theo quy nh ca nm thng, quy c tnh
xoay vn ca v tr, m l theo nhng iu kin lch s, vn ho ca tp on .
Cho nn lch s ni chin khng phi ch xt v giai on 1771-1802 ca Nam
H, Ty Sn, Bc H hay r hn, ca i Vit c lp trong thi gian, khng gian.
Vt trn tnh cch quy c ca s phn chia giai on lch s, lch s ni chin t
1771- 1802 ch l ni tip ca lch s phn tranh ca i Vit, khng phi bt u
vo nm 1558, nm Nguyn Hong trn vo Nam m l manh nha t sau triu i
huy hong ca L Thnh Tng (1460 - 1497), bc pht khi Trn Cao ni lon dn
n vic Mc ng Dung cp ngi Nguyn Kim, Trnh Kim mu chng li
Thanh Ho.
Bi tr c thnh kin ring bit, t tn hay t ty, v quc gia chng tc, ta s
thy lch s i Vit trong giai on ny tng quan vi mi lin h vn ho ca dn
Vit khi tip xc vi cc dn tc phng Nam, cc dn tc xa tn phng Ty theo
thng thuyn trn n. ng thi h cng vn o su nhng kh nng vn ho t
phng Bc em li lu i.
Hin tng ny khng phi l ring r c nht. Lch s cc dn tc vn
chng ta ly ra c nhng v d chng dn v s phi hp vn ho: lch s vn
minh Trung Hoa qua s thnh lp cc triu ng, Nguyn, Thanh chng hn, ni r
c im phi hp ca vng Trung Nguyn vi cc dn tc pha ty, phng bc.
Nhng trong tnh cch c th ca mt trng hp giao tip, chng ta cng vn thy
c s ring bit: v l , chng ti coi bin ng Ty Sn nh mt kt qu ca cuc
234
phi hp vn ho, chng tc ven bin ng t th k XV, bin ng c tip ni
mt cch oi om bi mt nhn vt cn st li ca dng cha phong kin c.
Ta thy trung tm nhng bin ng chnh tr quy m ca i Vit c di dn v
phng Nam: Nguyn Kim, Trnh Kim Thanh Ho, con chu h Nguyn Ph
Xun, Ty Sn Quy Nhn, cui cng Nguyn nh Gia nh. Nhc li, trong giai
on ph v phn tranh ny, lch s nhn theo s ny n ca Ty Sn, bin ng kt
hp s thu nhn vn ho phng Nam v vn ho k thut Ty phng do thng
thuyn a n. Xp Nguyn Nhc, Chu Vn Tip, Nguyn Hu Chnh vo cng
bn thng nhn ni a kt tp phn no do phong tro giao thng u - em li,
khng phi ta mc vo l lun qu th thin ca Nguyn Bch Khoa ch nhn thy
mt trong hai yu t vn ho gy bin ng thi. y, chng ta khng ni n s
thnh lp mt giai cp thng nhn, ph ho, nhng l s chm pht nhng nh giu
v bun bn, bun vi trn ngun, bun vi di bin. Khng th no chi ci c
tnh cht i biu ca nhng ngi cm u mt bin ng.
Duy y khng phi ch c yu t t sn m thi. Nhng nh giu, thng
nhn xut hin i Vit vo th k XVIII tt nhin mang du vt c th ca x
hi ny, khng th no l khun mu in li ca nhng nh t sn Ty phng lm
Cch mng 1789 c. S nng nhit, lng hng say ca Ty Sn c tnh cht rng r
tht c bit. Khi pht trin ra, h s em tnh cht ny truyn th cho nhng ngi
mi kt hp. Nhng thm ho ca Ty Sn bt u ngay t bn cht ca tp th
h i din. Xi c nng dn ni lon, h phi ln t hoc b ri nho s - hay b
nho s b ri. Th m trong khun kh thc h truyn thng, nho s chnh l lp
ngi hng dn chnh sch nng nghip trong nc. B ri nho s, khng c chnh
sch nng nghip trong bui u, h li gp nhng bin ng do h gy ra khin cho
chnh sch thng nghip ca h phi tht bi. Mt hng tin hp vi bn cht pht
sinh ca h, h quay v ph d c nho s u hng th chnh sch nng nghip
truyn thng li t ra thiu sinh kh v c thi hnh i li mi trn t c: Ty Sn
Nguyn Hu b t Quy Nhn i v pha Bc, c hng mnh hn thc y nhng
phi chui vo l li sinh hot c khin phi t tan r. Nguyn nh tha hng
c tt c nhng thiu st Ca Ty Sn: mt chnh sch nng nghip mi trn t
Gia nh chng t hiu lc ca n, mt chnh sch thng nghip trng chng cho
khng lm hi c cu chnh th m vn c ch, tt c lm di do sinh lc quc
gia, iu ho tm thi cho khng c mu thun trong quc gia. Cng trnh
thm mt bc cho s hon thin cuc thng nht (xem kt lun).
Cho nn, lch s, nhn qua l lch s chin tranh m thc mang y ngha vn
ho. Ta c dp dng li nhn - mt cch thiu st - sinh hot ca dn i Vit vo
cui th k XVIII (tit 14). Ta dnh mt tit (tit 17) bn v mi dao ng c th
gi l thc h Gia nh. T , chin s khng phi n bng mt cch l loi m
hoc l kt thc ca mt chuyn bin vn ho, hoc l m ra cho mt chuyn bin
vn ho mi, lc tin, lc li, chuyn i lng l hay t: lch s din t s c
chiu su, chiu rng, sng ng, di do hn. Chng ta gng em li ngha
ch thc, t ng gi tr ca quan nim lch s v bin c vn thng hoc c
qu ch trng hoc b qu coi thng vy.

235
 Trn y l trnh by tt c l li lm vic cng nhng tng hng dn vic
xy dng tp sch ny. Khng c ngi ghi chp con ngi vn mang s tnh -
nhng ta khng hiu c lch s nu n khng xut hin trn trang giy. y th m
c bit bao nhiu kh khn cho ngi thu xp: gii hn s lng ti liu cn li, kh
nng ph phn, tng hp m ti liu y, gii hn gp phi khi din t thnh li...
Nhng nhng iu khng phi ngn mt giai on lch s mang hnh thc
din t l tp sch ny. Chng ta ch tm dng li, ch nhng tng hp khc gn vi
s thc ca qu kh hn.
Li ph thm:
Tp sch ny c vit vo cc nm 1962, 1963, 1964. n 1969, mt s ti
liu c ph bin thm nn chng ti c sa cha mt t chi tit cho r rng hn.
Cn i th, dn bi, nhng tng gii thch giai on lch s vn cn nh c,
khng i.

PHN TH NHT
S TAN R NAM H
(1771 - 1785)
Chng 1.
CC LC LNG TRONG V NGOI NC N KHONG 1775
BIN CHUYN TI 1775: TY SN KHI NGHA
Bin ng Ty Sn v nhng bo ng Bc H * S suy i quyn bnh Nam H
vi kh nng phn khng ca dn chng * Chin tranh Ty Sn - Nguyn. * Qun
Trnh vo Ph Xun * Cha Nguyn vo ng Nai.
S kin quan trng nht xy ra trong lch s i Vit vo gia hu bn th k
XVIII l lon Ty Sn. T trc khng phi khng c nhng ngi thng dn ln
lm vua, dng nn mt triu i mi, nhng h lp nghip bng cch nh ui
ngoi xm (L Li), hoc bng cch ph t triu i trc, mang quan tc ca dng
h ny ri tm cch son ot (Trn, Mc). Ch ring c anh em Ty Sn trut quyn
cc triu i c mt bng mu m binh lc, em vo lch s nhng tn m bnh
thng l anh bun tru, ch n b gi con, ng thy lng v c nhng k sng
ngoi vng php lut na1.
Bin ng Ty Sn c tnh cch dn chng lm ta lin tng nhng cuc chng
i Bc H di thi Trnh Doanh, Trnh Giang. Nhng Nguyn C. Nguyn
Tuyn, Nguyn Danh Phng... u da vo m nng dn cng kh, lp ring triu
nh c khi n hng 10 nm tri. Tuy nhin, h lm lon st kinh , trong mt x
hi qu thun nht v k thut, thc, nn phi chu tht bi, ngm th ngi than:
Hi sao sao lu c trn,
Bn ti bay nhy, xt thn tang bng?
No khi v cnh ra lng?
Ht cu thin tng trong vng lao lung?
(Nguyn Hu Cu)
H khng sc ph v chnh quyn Trnh, nhng ngc li h Trnh nm
trong s nt ca chnh mnh, trong s rn nt ca thi i cng khng th no bp
nght c sc phn khng ca dn chng vn lc no cng hi vng, ch i:
236
 Mc bay ng ng, ty m,
Ch khi phong tin dt dm vn lung.
(Nguyn Hu Cu)
Trong khi Bc H chnh quyn v dn chng trng chng nhau th Nam H
nhm ln lon Ty Sn ngang nga, tn bo dt t nhng g to lp th phn tranh
ko di 200 nm c hn. Tt nhin c nhng iu kin ch quan v khch quan
em n s thnh cng cho h, gip h t mt tin n di dn ho lnh o xung x
ngi v Nguyn, trn ra t Bc chm dt Trnh, L, cng nh sau ny c nhng
iu kin mi ny sinh a y h ti tht bi, trao cng trnh thng nht ln u m
h m li kin to vo tay mt ng hong cn st li ca Nam H.
Trc nht l s ri lon ngay trong triu cha Nguyn Thun Ho. y mi
ti li u c b ti h Nguyn trt vo u Trng Phc loan. X s Hong
Quang k ti Loan vi ging hm hc, c khi ngy ng: quan Quc ph em tinh
binh gi bit th Phn Dng ca mnh, binh lo nhc ra ngoi chng gic; quan
thu thc la, bc vng cho y ti bng nhng mu m lm suy bi nc: quan thu
dng, mua chuc triu thn h phi chu ging ming xi cha 2
V vng Nguyn Phc Khot mt i (1765), Hong trng t Chng qua
i (1763) m Thi t Hiu, con th 9, li cn mt trc na (1760)3. ng l cha
Nguyn Phc nh l Chng V, con th 2 V vng ln cm quyn, nhng b
Trng Phc Loan giam vo ngc u ut m mt. Vic ny hi ly n c 2 i
thn: Trng Vn Hnh v L Cao K4. Phc Thun con th 16 ca V vng c
ln ngi (12 tui), chim a v ca con Thi t Hiu thng c gi l Hong tn
Dng. Ri lon trong vic th tp ny cn nh hng rt lu, n mi khi h
Nguyn chy vo ng Nai.
c Du Tng phong lm Quc ph, qun Tng c, kim Tu v, Trng
Phc Loan cn t vy cnh bn ngoi, cho cc con ly cng cha Ngc Nguyn,
Ngc Ch lm th lc bn trong. Quyn uy c th tin cng theo m di do.
Cha cho ng ly sn thu cc ngun Thu Bn, Tr Sn, Tr Vn, ng Hng lm
bng ring, mi nm thu bc n 200 lng c d vi ng voi, sp vng, mt trng,
qu cht nh ni5. Gi l Cha cho, nhng chc g Cha tr khn v
quyn bit v c th lm g? Gia t ca Phc Loan li c tng bi bng nhiu
hnh thc m mui khc. P. Poivre cho ta bit vic ng gt tin ca ngi khch
thng ny6.
Vai tr ca Trng Phc Loan trong vic x y triu cha Nguyn i vo ch
suy sp tht khng th chi ci7. Nhng khng phi ch mnh ng thi nt.
______________________________________________
1. Khng phi ch v thn tnh m Ngc Hn cng cha (trong Ai t vn) ni v Nguyn Hu (Ty
Sn ni rng ra) l dn o vi c o, gip dn, dng nc... Trong mi t th biu a sang
nh Thanh. Quang Trung vn xng l k b y. Ngi Ty phng (BSEI. XV 1940. 66) Cng
thy r tnh cht x hi ca cuc lon ny. Ngay n k th ca Ty Sn cng cng nhn c dn
chng ng h h. Qun thn Nguyn nh khi khuyn Cha ng lm mt nhn tm, ni v
Ty Sn: K kia, Nhc Hu, anh em t dn o vi, khng t cm di, vn tay h mt ting,
ngi theo c c vn chng y 5, 6 nm c c t nc. H khng c qu ti c ca ngi
th v l g li hng thnh d di nh vy? (Thc lc q1. 2ab).
2. Hoi nam khc, NP XIII. t. 157 - 180.

237
3. R. Orband. Gnalogie des Nguyens, BEFEO, 1914: V vng c 30 con (18 trai, 12 gi).
Cc con trai l: (1) Chng hay Tr ( 1763), (2) Lun, (3) Mo hay Vn (1734-1773), (4) Qui
hay Thnh (1735-1775), (5) Du hay Bu (1735-?), (6) Cht (1737-1777), (7) Kinh (1737-
1775), (8 ) Bng (1739-?), (9) Hiu (1739-1760), (10) Yn hay Chiu (1740-1772), (11) Tun
hay a (1742-1764), (12) Yn hay Vim (1743-1776), (13) ng hay Trng (1744-1786), (14)
Tuyn hay Quyn (1749-?), (15) Diu (1753-?), (16) Thun, Du Tng (1753-1777), (17) Xun
(1757-1780), (18) Thng (1762-1819).
4. Thc lc tin bin, q11, 1b, 2a, s s tip theo t 4ab.
5. Ta khng nn ly lm l v s giu c ny. Chapman, ngi i din ca W. Hastings trong
chuyn i thm d Nam H nm 1778 cho bit vng Hu, tnh Chm (Qung Nam) c nhiu
m vng. Tr Sn (NNTC, tnh Qung Nam, q5 gi l Tr T Sn) l ni sn xut vng. Hi
cng Nng chuyn phm vt ngun ny ra ngoi. Ngun Tr Vn, theo li t ca NNTC,
tnh Bnh nh, q9, nu ch ngun An Lo, Kim Sn th cng c vng, ngoi mt ong sp vng...
Ngun Thu Bn sn xut qu chc dng ca Hi An lm ni chuyn tip ra ngoi. Ngun ng
Hng Bnh Khang (Khnh Ho, vng Vn Ninh) m NNTC tnh Khnh Ho gi ng
Hng, l ni sn xut sp ong vng vi cc i Hong lp hot ng thng xuyn. Nh vy
c th ni Trng Phc Loan bao thu ht cc ngun li trn rng ca Nam H v cn nm
quyn xut cng na (ng coi chc Tu v). S vic ny cn chng t sinh hot rn rp ca
ngnh bun ngun, khai thc lm, khong sn vo th k XVII, XVIII vng ny.
6. L. Cadire, Quelques figures sous la Cour de V vng, BAVH, 1918, t. 262-264.
7. L.M Cadire (bd, t.270, 271) khng ph nhn lm li ca Trng Phc Loan, ngh rt ng
rng ngi chung quanh ng cng lm by nh vy, nhng li cho rng s d s quan nh
Nguyn ght ng v ng gt cha Gia Long khng cho ln ngi v v ng mt phn no c cm
tnh vi ngi ngoi quc. L.M khng lu rng Trng Phc Loan n tip nim n P. Poivre
chng hn l li dng i tin ly bc v khi thy Poivre i ng tho mn vic i bc rit
qu, ng bn tm cch tng kh i ngay. Thm na c nhiu chng c cho bit mi ngi kt
ti Loan t lc Nguyn nh cha l din trn chnh trng (Trnh a hch k ti Loan lm
c tin qun, Ty Sn tn ph Hong tn Dng).
Khng i n Du Tng mi c tr h hng v Loan dy cho cch n chi. V
vng lc sanh tin cng ch ngh ti lc th ring, P. Poivre c mt ng Cai b
cho bit nh th. Ngi khch thng i din cho Dupleix ny c cho bit rng
cc quan di quyn V vng c cch di gt Cha cn tr Poivre. n ni
ng phi ku ln mt cch tc gin: Phi cho h hiu rng chng ta t hn 6.000
dm li y khng phi chu mt c nghip lm giu cho c by hu i ny1. Cha
c nhiu con bn ngh ra cch gy dng bng cch bt cc quan nui cc hong t v
phi chia ca cho h. Nhng h khng thit thi v nh s che ch ca Cha h s
c nhng g h mun... H cp bc m khng b trng pht v khi c ca, h s
em giu t cho cc con ring ca h, b ngay lc bn ny cn sng phn gia ti
mt i kia2 (phn chia cho cc hong t). Binh lnh, tng lnh by gi th lo
nhc, nht nht, nghe n phi i nh gic vi vng em vng bc t lt quan
Quc ph ct t ngi khc thay3.
Tt nhin tin trong lc trn khng tun cng k ny th di, ngi ta
khng n h g m khng v vt ca dn en.
An ninh khng c chnh quyn lu tm, trm cp tha h honh hnh. Ri
i kh, mt ma cng lm cho dn chng cng qun. Cha phi nhng trn i kinh
hn ca Cng mc, Thc lc t vn tt, ca cc gio s Hu, Qung Nam k t m
vo cui nm 1774, u 1775. l hu qu ca chin tranh hn l nguyn nhn ca
chin tranh. i km bt u t nm 1768 v mt s sai lm v chnh sch tin t:
238
tin km c tha h c t vua ch dn gy nn mt tnh trng lm pht khin dn
chng mt tin tng, ua nhau vi m c tin lu mua la tch tr, trong khi nh
giu khng dm tung go ra. T trng y ko di t Ph Xun n Ba Thc trong c
nhng nm khng mt ma4. Li thm tham vng ca Mc Thin T, vng H Tin
phi lm vo cnh chin tranh vi Xim, nh hng n tnh trng sn xut ca mt
vng vn c coi l va la ca quc gia5.
Rt cc trong triu Cha phn r, nm phe ba pha. Cht men l tng trung
trinh khng c i tng ni kt lng ngi. Dn chng khng nh cy c
chnh quyn, phi quay v nhng ngi no ha hn v thc hin c mt phn no
ha hn em li m no cho h.
Nhng khng phi s ri lon triu chnh, s on ght ca dn chng em li
s sp cho h Nguyn. Quan li nhng nhiu hu nh l mt chng bnh kinh
nin ca x hi xa, trc v mi sau ny na (c di thi Ty Sn). Ta thy
Nguyn Hu Cu dng mnh, Nguyn Danh Phng bn dai vi dn chng Bc H
ph ho cng khng ph c h Trnh. Tri li tnh th Nam H lc ny thun tin
cho mt cuc ni dy thnh cng cho nhng ngi chng i c mng tng, c kh
nng lm vic ln.
Nhng iu kin , anh em Ty Sn c , v nu thiu, bit to ra. Bi
v ng thi phn i Trng Phc Loan khng phi ch c h. Ma h 1770, vng
Qung Nam c lon6. Nhng cuc lon khng c ngy mai. Ch cn anh em Ty Sn.
H l 3 ngi: Nguyn Vn Nhc, Nguyn Vn L, Nguyn Vn Hu. S quan
nh Nguyn khng cho bit r hn. Nhng trong mt bc th, gio s Labartette
thm mt t chi tit: Nhc l anh ln, ngi th hai l c ng by, ngi th ba l
c ng tm7. Nhiu ti liu cho ta bit c ng tm l Nguyn Hu8. Lc mi
khi ngha, Hu mi 18 tui u. Cch bit th bc vi ngi em nh cho ta thy
Nhc l ngi ch xng cuc chng i.
Anh em Ty Sn l dng di H Qu Ly. nguyn qun t Hng Nguyn
(Ngh An). ng b h b qun Nguyn bt vo Nam nhn lc Nguyn Hu Tin,
Nguyn Hu Dt em qun ra ly 7 huyn pha nam sng C, thi Thnh c nh L
(1653-1657, nhng trn chin ko di t 1655-1661). Mt nhn vt chnh trong h b
bt c th l H Phi Phc. H c a v lng Ty Sn thuc huyn Ph Ly, ph
Quy Nhn9 n i cha Nhc m Lit truyn gi tn l Phc, mi di xung p Kin
Thnh sinh ra 3 anh em, ly mu tnh gi Nguyn Vn Nhc, Nguyn Vn L,
Nguyn Vn Hu10.
C theo s sch th nguyn nhn khi lon ca Nhc rt tm thng: ng lm
bin li t Vn n (?) g bc, tiu lm tin thu, b c trng ng i hi gt
gao mi trn vo rng t ng n cp. Chi tit i tin thu ph hp vi bng
chng ca Chapman cho bit mt nguyn nhn bng ra ri lon: Trng Phc Loan
nh thu vo khong mt dollar espagnol cho tt c mi ngi, khng phn bit
gi tr, giu ngho g ht11. L.M Jumilla k chuyn vo khong thng 5-1773, mt
vin quan i thu thu Quy Nhn c mang lnh h tng, b qun Ty Sn chn li
i giy t, tin bc, m cho mt nht vai tri phi cng lnh hu b chy12.
Nhc thua bc, qut thu, tng cng lm lon hay ng v pha dn chng
chng i ch thu m kht khe ri b chnh quyn vu co? Chng ta c ti
239
liu tr li dt khot. Vic vin quan thu thu b m thng 5-1773 v vic c
trng ng thc thu Nguyn Nhc r l mt. Nhng Ty Sn khi lon t nm
1771 v ko nhau xung ng bng c lc ban ngy t thng 4-1773 th v gi l
qut thu u phi l nguyn nhn ca cuc ni dy? V li, a v ca Nhc khng
phi ca mt anh c bc tm thng: mt ngi ng u cng cuc lm n bun
bn ca c mt vng mi c chnh quyn trung ng cho coi vic thu thu ri li
nh vo chc phn ny m tng uy tn vi dn a phng13, th chng i vi chnh
quyn - tt nhin l sng ngoi vng php lut - u c phi i n ci th cng mi
bo gan lm vic?
_______________________________________
1. Trch Du k ca P. Poivre ni Cadire, bd, trang 273.
2. Bd t.289.
3. Thc lc tin bin. Q11, 18a.
4. Thc lc tin bin, q11 12ab. t s ca Ng Th Ln (1170).
5. J.Komer, Description historique de la Cochinchine, RI, XV, Mai-Juin 1911 t.10: Xt thm th
ca gio s Halbout. thng 7-1775 (A. Launay. III, t 460): Mi nm t ng Nai, vng ph
nhiu, c hng ngn chic ghe n vng ny mang li s y v ni vui mng cho dn
chng.
6. Thc lc tin bin, q11, 11ab.
7. Th ngy 12-5-1787 (RI, XIV, Juil-Dc. 1910, t. 44)
8. Hong L, t.53, ghi: ...sinh ra Nhc v 2 ngi em l Bnh v L. Bnh l Nguyn Hu (Lit
truyn, q30, 37b). Cng mc q44, 22a cho bit th t Nhc. Hu, L. Sch ta ch c Lit
truyn (q30, 1a) l cho bit Hu l em t, ph hp vi nhiu ti liu ca cc gio s ng thi
li. Mt v d: th ca c ng Veren (Labartette) ngy 8-6-1788 c cu: chin tranh
bng n () gia 2 anh em Nhc v ng Tm (ng Phng Nghi, vi ti liu mi l v
nhng cuc Bc tin ca Nguyn Hu, S a s 9-10 t. 237).
9. Ty Sn l mt a danh ch c vng ni pha Ty ng bng ca ph Qui Nhn xa. Danh t
hm ngha phong thu hn l a l. Cn a im Ty Sn, ni pht xut ca triu i h
Nguyn mi ny l a phn 2 lng Cu An, An Kh ngy nay (khu vc xc nh vn cn rng
qu), trc 1945 thuc Kontum, sau 1955 c sp nhp vo tnh Bnh nh trong mt qun
mi lp: qun An Tc. Tn ph Qui Nhn cng tri qua nhiu thay i: ban u l ph Hoi
Nhn (1470), nm 1602 ln u c tn Qui Nhn, 1651 tn ph Qui Ninh, 1742 tr v tn c,
1831 li gi ph Hoi Nhn, 1832 thnh tnh Bnh Ph (NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, q9, Kin tr
duyn cch). Vi ngi ngoi quc bun bn th Qui Nhn l vng Thi Ni m h gi l
Quinion, Chincton, Choya (Ch Gi, tc l thnh ph Qui Nhn by gi).
10. Hong L nu ln tn H Phi Phc l mt ng t trong dng. Hoc Lit truyn sai lm, hoc
hai tn Phc phi l hai ngi khc nhau. Khng nn ni nh ng Vn Tn (Tp san Vn S
a s 19, H Xun Hng vi cc gii ph n, vn hc v gio dc trnh by do ng
Phm Vn Diu trong Vn ho Nguyt san, thng 7-8/1962) rng l mt ngi. Nguyn
Hu cht nm 1792 th 40 tui, vy sinh vo khong 1753. H tn th ph cho bit H Phi
Phc c mt Ngh An nm 1655, d l cn m nga, nu l cha Nguyn Hu tt phi sinh
ng ny vo lc 100 tui. Hung na, ging iu ca tc gi Hong L, ngi sng sau cu
chuyn t binh Hng Nguyn c hng 100 nm, r ra l H Phi Phc lc cn Ngh An l
ngi c danh vng ri.
Nu ngh rng tc l ta hay k hu ng b khng th c 2 ng Phc nh h H Ty Sn
th cng ch nn gi tn Phc ca x Ngh thi m b tn Phc ca Lit truyn i.
11. Chapman, Narative of a voyage to Cochinchina in 1788, bn dch Php vn ca H. Berland.
BSEI, XXIII, 1948, t. 22.

240
12. L.M. thuc dng Phng-xi-c, tit th Tin a ngy 15-2-1774 k chuyn mt thy tai nghe
v cuc khi ngha trong chuyn ng vo Qui Nhn, t tc ti nh th Gia Hu (pha bc
Bng Sn) (BSEI, XV. 1940. t. 74).
13. Mun bit chc tc ca Nguyn Nhc to nh th no i vi dn chng, hy xem li mt chi
tit trong tin trin ca cuc khi ngha. Lon qun t tp t 1771, ko xung ch thng 5-
1773, thng 9-1773 cp tnh thnh m trc ch c mt trn ng cho s quan cng
ngi ngoi cuc khng hn m cng ghi nh nhau: xung t vi mt vin c trng, mt
ngi trng coi vic thu thu. Xung t nh m y ngha gi tr chng c x hi, i vi
dn chng, chnh quyn trung ng l vin quan thu thu. Nguyn Nhc, trc khi lm lon, l
mt vin quan thu thu nh vy.
Cho nn, nh bc, Nhc no c d g cho ngi ta lt!
Quan st vng t v c dn, ta thy r s thc hn. Lng Ty Sn c th coi
nh mt tin n di dn Vit v pha Ty, su vo trong x ngi Thng. L mt
tin n di dn, thc vy, v tuy s sch khng ni r hn, nhng vic bt ngi
Hng Nguyn em ln vng ny c th coi l h Nguyn p dng chnh sch khai
ph c truyn trn t mi vi tnh cch cng bch m thi. C l i n 2 i sau,
thnh ngi a phng, thot tnh cch t binh cng bch kia, h H mi di
xung Kin Thnh, sa son cho con dng nghip ln.
V tri c tr mi li c th cho cng cuc lm n ca h ny. Kin Thnh cng
trn b sng Cn nh cc sng nh min Trung khc, ni lin ng bin v ni
rng, ng vai tr rt quan trng v nhn vn, kinh t. Nhng sng ny to nn
nhng vng t nh hp nhng rt ph nhiu. Chng l con ng giao thng trao i
phm vt trn rng, di bin. Trn rng c mt ong, trm hng, mng le, vng...
chuyn xung ng i ly go, ch phm (vi la, st...). Lm sn, la go li
a xung cc vng bin chuyn ch ngc v ngun nhng loi c, mm, mui,
ng st1. Vng ba huyn c a im Kin Thnh nh mt giao im t hi ca
phm vt cc ngun Kim Sn ng Hu, An Tng... chuyn xung Nc Mn,
Thi Ni ra bin v cng l ch phn phi ngc ln cc ti nguyn ngoi bin c
a vo.
Trong khung cnh hng ho lu chuyn nh vy, tay bun Nguyn Nhc chn
ly mt phm vt quan trng, cn thit v l nhu cu ca phong tc: tru ngun. Loi
tru ny c dng hn th tru trng cc vn di ng l nh mu xanh vng,
gn l ni nhiu khin ming tru hay dn, d gy. C nhn thy tng gi tru ngun,
l to bng bn tay s - tm c nhiu ming - mu xanh lc la, mm mi xp nm
st ln nhau lm ni nhng u cung l ni thnh hng di mu xanh non, c nhn
thy tng gi tru cht vun ln, ti mt ch n bn hng cc phin ch sm nh
th mi thy s c dng ca mt mn hng c khp mi gii a chung.
Cn c vo cht phong tc cn ri rt li lm du vt cho tro lu cui ma ca
dng thng mi, cn c vo a im Trng Tru cn li, ta c th v ra khung
cnh hot ng trong vng ngi ho ph t Kin Thnh.
Len li vo trong cc ngun - cng vo su l tru cng tt, c nhng ngi
Thng hi tru cha trong gi mang thng xung Trng Tru, hay qua nhng
trung gian khc chng tc. y, ngi ta ta l vng a, vt l su qun, xn bt
phn cung ho mt - cho t ra tru cn mi - ra sch sp xp gn gh ri cht cho
cc bn hng em v phn phi cc ch min xui. Nguyn Nhc hnh nh ng
vai tr u nu2 ca cng vic bun bn ny v chnh nh s giao thip khi gom gp,
241
chuyn giao hng ho, iu khin vic tnh ton li l, trch thu phn li ca ngi
mua, k bn m ng tp cho mnh thi quen t chc, c ch huy v s qung giao
rt cn thit cho v sau vy.
Ngh bun ngun thnh hnh v nhiu li, nn ng thi vi Nhc cng c
ngi ni danh: Chu Vn Tip. Tip bun g? Khng bit, nhng c th ni chnh v
tnh cch khng chuyn ring mt mn hng no m Tip yu th i vi Nhc. ng
khng nm c mt t chc ln m ch c nhng bn bun nh Nguyn Long (dn
ng Xun, Ph Yn), Phm Vn S (dn Ph M, Bnh nh, ng x vi Tip),
nn lc u khi lon phi phc tng theo Nhc, v khi phn khng th ch t tp
c m ngi Thng trn mt vng ni thi.
Gi l Nguyn Nhc c lc lng phi hp ln lao l chng ta cn c vo tnh
cht c dn trong vng. Nhng nhm ngi Thng chc trc khi Vit ho sng
lan xung cc vng ngun v pha ng hn by gi nhiu. H l lc lng kt hp
qu bu cho Nhc lc ban u. (Truyn thuyt ghi rng Nhc c mt ngi v nh
thuc b lc Thng hn khng qu xa s thc). Nhng ngi Thng ny cn c
mi lin h chng tc gn vi nhm ngi Chm Thch Thnh vng Ph Yn3. N
cha Th Ho ca h hng ng Nguyn Nhc ngay t lc u.
Vng ny cn khi di dn Trung Hoa sinh sng nh mt tp th t tr, nhng
vn chu di quyn nh Nguyn. Chnh quyn tp hp h thnh tng thuc: c 6
thuc nh vy Quy Nhn vo nm 1799 v 3 thuc trc , hi u th k XVIII,
cui th k XVII4. H sng bn l mt t trong t nc thu nhn h. Phn ln h l
Minh dn lu vong, nm trong cc t chc hi kn (Thin a hi) t chu dung hp
vi chnh quyn.
Nhng ngay c m ngi Vit cng c mt phn ln thot ra ngoi k cng
ca Triu nh: nhng ngi ln rng, xung bin trao i phm vt, nhng ngi
lm thu, gt hi theo v ma khc nhau ca la ni la ng, nhng k trn xu lu
thu... Vo nhng lc rnh ri, tt c c th gp nhau quanh chiu bc, ni m ht.
Triu nh khng th no kim sot c m dn vong mng, v li ny.
Cho nn khng nn ly lm l rng di quyn Nguyn Nhc c bn cp
Nhng Huy, T Linh ngun An Tng. Khng ngc nhin vi m qun ca Tp
nh, L Ti ngi cao ln, gt u kt tc, gi lm ngi Thanh, khi nh gic,
ung ru say, trn, eo giy vng bc xung trn liu mnh5. Tp th hn tp,
cung say bo ng tht xng mang tn qun , hm h tng ng6.
Nhng khi ngi sn sng bo ng c Nguyn Nhc ni kt thnh mt lc
lng vng chc. Nhng hng dn vo nhng mc tiu to ln phi nh tay mt
ngi t xa n, em tm mt ca ng Bin li t Vn n vt khi s hn ch
ca nhng dy ni chp chng bao quanh vng t ng. l Gio Hin, mn khch
ca Trng Vn Hnh, vin quan Ni hu ri ro trong cuc tranh chp Triu nh.
Trong trng dy vn v ca Gio Hin An Thi c anh em L, Hu7.
Hon cnh i mi em thay i n cho con ngi Gio Hin. Nu Ph
Xun ng phi lo s cho tnh mng mnh th phn t cng tch ny, ng c th
th nui ch cm hn Trng Phc Loan. Ri b a v bn cnh quan Ni hu,
ng tch ri m quan li sang c n gn vi dn chng hn. Gi ngy trc
kia c ng lng trc cnh trm h lm than ng cng n lm nh Ng Th Ln,
242
Nguyn C Trinh dng ln mt bn thi bnh sch l cng. Tr thnh mt tn tr
thc v li, con ng gia ng chn l lt Trng Phc Loan v Du Tng
tn ph Hong tn Dng. Gia ci khng kh thn quyn bng bc khp a
phng8 to bi s hn hp tp nhp ca tin tng ni ng Dng, ni B cha x,
ni Thn ni..., ng em ci l tr ca Nho gio to ra ph ho vo vic gii thch li
sm Ty khi ngha, Bc thu cng xi Nhc lm lon9.
_______________________________________________
1.Tout le pays est entrecoup de rivires sinon assez grandes pour recevoir des vaisseaux de fort
tonnage, du moins trs disposes pour faciliter le commerce intrieur... Avant les troubles, les
primitifs habitants des montagnes, apportaient de grandes quantits de poudre dor quils
troquaient contre le riz, des toffes et du fer. Ce sont eux galement qui procurent le bois daigle
et le calambac de mme que certaines quantits de cire, de miel et divoire... (Chapman, bd, t.
59).
Ai v nhn vi nu ngun,
Mng le gi xung, c chun gi ln (ca dao).
2.Ngh u nu cha truyn con ni (v s k tc ti sn v ngh nghip), nhng ta khng bit sng
kin t hp ngh bun tru ngun l ca cha Nhc hay chnh ca Nhc thc hin. Ch bit ch
nu c s dng nhiu ni khc (hong lp nu: t hp ly sp vng; n in nu: t
hp lm rung), nhng khng c ni no danh t vt khi lnh vc chuyn mn. Ch Bnh
nh (nht l min Nam) ch nu tr thnh mt danh t ph thng, dng ch mt tp hp
(nu ngun cu ca dao trc) v tng qut ho thnh i danh t ch h, ngi
ta, (nu). C phi l bng c chng t sinh hot t hp ngh nghip y c nng
cao hn ht trong vng Nam H thi by gi khng? i xa hn, c th thc mc l l li sinh
hot t chc tp th ny c nh hng no trong s thnh cng ca Ty Sn khng?
3.NNTC, tnh Ph Yn, ch r Thch Thnh y ch khng phi Thch Thnh v trong Hng
c bn , thuc v Bnh Thun.
4.Thc lc, q11, 5b c cc tn: An Ngi, Nhn n, Ngha Ho, Sn in, H Bc, Vng Nhi. Hng
c bn , t. 154, ghi 3 thuc 3 huyn. Th n Bng Sn, Th Lng Ph Ly, Th Ngn
Tuy Vin. ng ch l trong sut tp bn khng c ni no ghi tn cc thuc nh vy.
Ch thuc cng thy c dng cho mt t hp tm k nam (Tm hng thuc Bnh Khang.
Thc lc q5. 37a).
5.Thc lc tin bin, q 11, 18ab: Ph bin tp lc q1, 50a
6.Lit truyn q30, 1b.
7.Gio Hin n x An Thi sm nht l vo nm 1765 (nm V vng mt). Vy ch c L, Hu
tui 13, 14 i hc thi. Nhc vo khong tui nhi lp, li phi trng coi c s lm n hn
khng c tng quan thy tr vi Gio Hin. S kin ny gii thch tnh cch c lp trong hnh
ng ca Nhc v vai tr lu m ca Gio Hin v sau trong qun i Ty Sn.
8.c Nc non Bnh nh ca Quch Tn, ngi ta thy khuynh hng thn b , tuy sau bao
nm i thay vn cn lu truyn trong truyn tch, trong quan nim phong thu v ni sng. Tn
T Linh, mt m cp An Tng, c v nh khng phi ca mt ngi cm u m nh ca
mt tp th tn ngng, du vt mt gio phi hot ng cn c trn t tng C Trung Hoa
chu mt t bin i trn vng t cn y tnh cht b lc ny.
9. Lit truyn q30, 1b. Khng c chi tit no r hn v xut x cu sm bit l ca Nhc hay
ca Hin ba ra, hay c t trc vi mt ngha no khc.
nh hng chc khng phi ch xuyn qua Nguyn Nhc m thi. Mt ng
ni lng qu l ci ch ngng m ca dn chng. ng ny li l mt ng quan
Kinh v. Chnh kin ca ng chc n su vo tm tr mi ngi mt cch ng k.
ng em vo u c mi ngi mt l tng. Chnh trong lc nhng ngi trong
triu Cha hoang mang, phn tn, hoang mang n thnh phn bi nh s thy th

243
m bn cng ni lon tng tm c mt ngha cao c cho hnh ng ca h.
H tuyn b trong cc lng mc rng h khng phi l nhng tn trm cp, nhng
h gy chin tranh l tun mnh Tri v tun lnh c Thng s1. H ni v
lm, nn c dn chng gi l nhng tn trm cp nhn c. Tt nhin
khng trnh c nhng hnh vi v k lut ring r. Nhng trong phn ln, i qun
Ty Sn tng chng t mt tinh thn chu ng k lut rt cao c nng bng
mt l tng v h gi c tinh thn ny trong gn sut thi gian theo chn anh
em Nguyn Nhc.
Trong ngh ca Gio Hin, chc ng cng ch mong Nguyn Nhc tr c
Trng Phc Loan tr hn cho bn v mong Nhc tr thnh b ti lng ng ca
Triu nh. i theo ng li ny c Chu Vn Tip ng ni Ch Rang (Ph
Yn). Nhng quyn hnh ng vo mt tay c tr c tham vng nh Nguyn Nhc th
s vic u c xy ra nh Gio Hin toan liu c. Khng phi l mt s phn bi,
nhng chnh l v Nguyn Nhc khng xut thn nh Gio Hin, vo hon cnh
nh ng.
Tuy nhin trong bui u, Nhc khng qun dng chiu bi tn ph Hong tn
Dng, khen ng ny nhn hu thng minh2. ngha tn ph n vi Nhc ch
cn l mt phng tin khng hn, khng km. Tung chiu bi tn ph, ng lm
mt cng i vic. Mt mt n s lm cho cng cuc chin u ca ng c chnh
ngha bui u cho cuc thay i khi t ngt, li ngi theo di c ca mnh
cng nhiu cng hay: Chu Vn Tip lin kt vi ng sut my nm tri, cng
theo qun i Qung Nam rc Hong tn v Quy Nhn3. Nh th hng ng i
phng yu i. Li th khc li v ng: triu Cha mt khi cn gi Hong tn trong
phe h th c cn nghi ng m khng c c tr b ri c lc c mi.
Triu Cha tht vo th suy yu nht trong khi Ty Sn cng ngy cng ln
mnh.
Thng ging nm Nhm Thn (1772), Vua sai Chng c Tn Tht Vn i tuyn
xt Quy Nhn4. Bo co v vic Ty Sn lp 6 n trn vng Thng o t nm
trc (1771)5 c n tai Triu nh ri khng? T ng quan kim tra ny c thy
y nhng du hiu g t r mt cuc ni lon s khuynh o c dng h ng hay
khng?
Tnh hnh nghim trng hn khi vo u thng 4-1773, Ty Sn ko nhau
tng ton xung cc ch ngay lc ban ngy, ly ca nh giu chia cho nh ngho, e
da t nh ca bt ngi tun theo. H hp tng nhm khong 300 ngi, ring
vng Dou hau (ng Hu, ng Ho?) c n 600 ngi v h quy nhiu sut 7
thng rng Ph Yn, Quy Nhn. T chc ca h c theo thng li m tr thnh ln
lao, c quy c hn. Lc u h v trang gio mc, cung tn v c sng tay na. H i
b, nhng sau , khong thng 8, h i nga, cng v vng. by t v tr phng
nam v tnh cch bo ng ca qun khi ngha, h mang mi i mt l c di
9 aunes (khong 1m)6. Thanh th ln ln, Nguyn Nhc di qun xung Kin
Thnh t xng lm nht tri ch coi 2 huyn Ph Ly v Bng Sn, cho Nguyn
Thung lm nh tri ch coi Tuy Vin, Huyn Kh lm tam tri ch coi qun
lng7. C th l o qun ca Chu Vn Tip v qun N cha Th Ho chia
nhau khng ch Ph Yn. Qun th thc phc tp m cng thc nguy him.
244
 Triu Cha cn th vi bin c quan trng ni tnh nh ny th quan Tun v
Nguyn Khc Tuyn lm g m chng c li c? Khong trung tun thng 9-1773,
vo mt bui sng sm, c 2 i qun vi ni cng n vy bit th quan Trn th,
chim thnh tr khin ng phi b li n tn, v con, mc qun o s si chy ra Tn
Quan. Li thut ca Jumilla chng t phn ng v phe Cha a phng hu nh
khng c. V vic nh ph Quy Nhn8, tuy ta khng nhn thuyt Nguyn Nhc chui
vo ci gi b bt v a v ch tng khng cho php chnh ng lm nh vy, nhng
ta khng th bi bc hn cu chuyn9. C th l mt mu lm k ni cng,
ngoi kch v k ngi trong ci tuy khng l Nhc vn c th xng l Nhc c
lt vo vng thnh gn dinh Trn th hn. Dn bo ng vn c nhiu k hoch liu
lnh ta khng th ng c.
Chim c hai kho lng Cn Dng v Nc Ngt xong, n thng 10-
1773, h ra Qung Ngi thng thm mt trn. Nhng ln ny h gp phn ng ca
triu Cha. Cha sai cc Ph m Nguyn Cu Thng, Nguyn Cu Sch, Cai i
Phan Tn, Nguyn V, Tng nhung Tng Sng, Tn l Vn Hong nh chng
li. Sng, Hong phi cht trn10. Linh mc Jumilla cho bit r chi tit hn. Qun
hai bn gp nhau Bn sau l Cc thnh (1-11). Bn phn lon c 3 o qun,
hai bn l cnh qun Trung Hoa v ngi Thng, gia l ngi Vit... Bui chiu
ngy th ba, qun Trung Hoa cnh phi git c vin quan dng mnh nht ca
binh triu l Ou doi be11. H ton thng v tin vo Qung Ngi. Linh mc cn cho
bit c mt o thu binh ca qun triu i ng b b bo m, ch cn thot c
mt thuyn do mt quan Cng gio iu khin.
Trn tht bi ny gy ra mt s ri lon triu Cha. Cc quan ti ln cho
nhau thng ng vi Ty Sn. Cui cng, Trng Phc Loan thng th v Chng
c Tn Tht Vn phi dm nc cht bin Tam Giang12.
H tun thng 12-1773 qun hai bn gp nhau Bn Vn, gn Tin o13.
i qun hng mnh ca Cha t Hi An14 gm 5.000 ngi v cm u l mt
vin quan dng mnh nht trong tnh. C th l Nguyn Cu Dt m Thc lc tin
binthng ghi nhn chin cng. Jumilla k mt cch t m vi ngy thng xc
thc trn nh ny. Hai bn gip trn ngy 22-12. Binh triu qua 2 ngy chim hai
lu. Cnh qun Thng ca Ty Sn ghi mt thng li nh, ui vin tng triu
chy cng vi voi trn nhng h khng tin c hn. Qun Ty Sn c th trong
chin lu c nht vng nht cn li. Mi tm vin tng Ty Sn v qun h
chng vi 3 cnh qun triu 3 mt: dc theo chn ni, dc theo quan l v t cc
thuyn chin di bin bn ln. Thu qun bn cht c mt vin tng dng mnh
ca Ty Sn vi 2 tn qun. Sng 27 qun triu ton thng tin vo lu vi mt lnh
cht v hai b thng.
Li thut chuyn cho ta thy mt iu quan trng: qun triu uy hip c Ty
Sn nh c sng ln. Lc by gi khng c nhng c i bc lu ng trn t
(Nguyn nh s du nhp k thut ny lm ri Ty Sn). Cc sng ln gn trn
thuyn chin v di ng nh cc thuyn i ch. Nh u th , qun triu c th tn
cng t xa, lu ng, khin ch qun hong ht, tan r mau.
_____________________________________________
1.Th Linh mc Jumilla k trc, bd, t. 74.

245
2.Lit truyn. q30, 2b.
3.Lit truyn, q6. 21ab, truyn Chu Vn Tip.
4.Thc lc tin bin, q11, 15b.
5.Lit truyn, q30, 2b.
6.Th Jumilla dn. Ch n ch c o trong Ai t vn ca Ngc Hn. ngha c trng
l c hng, c l c quyt chin thy trong cuc bn ci nh hay u Ph Xun, nm
1786, di quyn Phm Ng Cu.
7.Lit truyn, q30, 2b, 3a.
8.Khng phi thnh Ch Bn, NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, q9, 14b ch r thnh Cn Dng. Chng
ti khng c phng tin tm ra v tr Cn Dng: nhng ng Nguyn Phng cho bit ph
tr lng Chu Thnh (Ph Ct). Chng tch danh xng c th l mt bng c ch xc, tuy
nhin bn trang 6 ca ng Khnh Ng lm a d ch , quyn thng, li vit l
ch khng phi l .
9.Chng ta lu rng Nguyn Nhc trng coi vng Ph Ly vn bao gm c lng Chu Thnh.
10.Thc lc tin bin. q11, 18a.
11.Ou doi be: ng (Cou Chinh: Cng Chnh, Dounai: ng Nai) i Be, Be l tn ring, c th ch
Cai i Nguyn V (bua: vua) tuy khng thy Thc lc ni t trn.
12.Thc lc tin bin, q11, 18b ni r tn ngi v m mu lt Trng Phc Loan b Loan vu
co li. i chiu vi Jumilla, ta thy ng vit: triu, cc quan bt giam hai ngi tn tht
v phi chu trch nhim trn bi qun ny.
13.Lit truyn, q30, 3b: Nhc n Bn Tn ( ) bng lu d c. So vi th Jumilla, bd, t. 77,
L.M vit: Thin o, cng nh ni khc: Tha ao.
14.Bn dch bc th vit Faifo. Khng bit nguyn vn c nh vy khng. J. Koffler ghi l Phai
pho v ch l march de vieilleries. ng Nguyn Phng vit Hi ph. C l phi gi nh
tn gi thng dng cho a im hin ti ging nh sch Quc s qun: Hi An. ng
Nguyn Bi Lin cho bit rng Hi Ph, Ch Chiu, Hi An l 3 a im ring bit (S a s
7-8, t.249-252). Ch Chiu ng l tn March de vieilleries ca J. Koffler. Vy th thng
cng ni ting ny cng c lc di i trng tm nhng rt li a im Hi An c v c s
dng lu di hn ht v trn tm bn ca Thin nam t ch l th q1 (chp nh, phin m
ging gii trong Hng c bn , Vin Kho c, trang 94, 95 m ng Trng Bu Lm cho l
thc hin vo gia cc nm 1630-1653, c cc tn Hi An ph, Hi An kiu, Hi An m v
Bnh nam (sch trn, trang 148, 149. ng Trng Bu Lm cho rng thc hin khong
cc nm 1653-1690) cng vn c Hi An ph, Hi An m.
Ty Sn thua phi rt v Quy Nhn. Nhng trong chuyn vn ra Qung Nam
ny h ghi nhn mt thng li thu phc nhn tm na. Ngi ta thut cho L.M.
Jumilla nghe rng trong lc i ng gp mt ngi Thin Cha gio phi mang
vng st ni c1, h rt ra nm xung t. D my nm sau (1778), J. Liot c gp
mt ngi c (d) ca cha Ty Sn m o i na2, ta cng khng th cho l mt
hnh ng sng knh. C ch ca tn qun r ra l ca mt k chng i mun xo b
nhng quy ch ang lu hnh, th thi. Tuy rng ln sau ra ng nh th Tin o,
tng Ty Sn (Nguyn Nhc?) t thi thn thin vi o gio, cng vn
khng phi l thi ca mt con chin m l ca mt tay chnh tr. H li thm
L.M, xin thuc men v cho php ging o cng khai, xy nh th, cho 13 ngi lnh
gc bo v. H li i L.M ti Dinh ni r nguyn c ni dy ca h v cho bit mc
ch ca h l thay i cha Nguyn v chnh quyn. Tuy L.M d dt tr li rng
ng khng mun can d vo vic chnh tr nhng h rng trc (th 15-2-
1774), ng khng nhn xt rng chnh quyn xu xa v cho rng gi phn xt
ca Thng im i vi cha Nguyn v by ti ? Tt c nhng phn

246
ng ca gio dn ha theo Ty Sn khin cha Nguyn phi cho ra mt sc lut n
x ngy 12 thng 3 Gip Ng (22-4-1774)3.
Tuy nhin sau trn Bn Vn, Ty Sn phi lng tng. Thng ging Gip Ng
(1774), qun triu mt bc nh thc vo Quy Nhn. Ngay trong so huyt ca mnh,
Ty Sn c th phn cng d di. Tp nh, L Ti phc kch qun triu ni
Bch K vo lc khong 9 gi ti, lm ri lon 40 voi ch v n sng hm sau th
ui kp Tit ch Tn Tht Hng m cht. Cu b Tn Tht Thng (12 tui) trn
ng tip chin, hong s b qun chy sut m. Ch trong 7 ngy, qun Ty Sn
chim li Qung Nam v c tnh thnh.
H y trong 2 thng chng vi Tn Tht Nghim. Nghim b i v chng
Trnh Nguyn Cu Dt li lm T qun i c nh Ty Sn 10 trn lui v
Bn Vn. H c th gi v vt ca ci, mang i 45 con voi, kh gii trong c 82
khu i bc m ngi Anh v ngi Ho cho (?) cha Nguyn gi thnh4.
Vic rt lui ny c th cn do s hin din ca 2 chic tu Ma cao va n
y. Cho nn, vi s trc tip can thip ca chic tu Diligent bnh cha Nguyn, h
khng ngn ngi ph Hi An, va cp tin bc, va tr th. Bn nm sau,
Chapman gh n cn trng thy cnh iu tn ca mt ni m ngy trc hng
trm thuyn b t cc ca bin Trung Hoa v Nht Bn n mua ng, qu, h tiu,
k nam...5. Hnh ng ph phch trong chin tranh ny tt khng sao trnh khi
nhng cng lm xa lnh cc khch thng m sau ny Ty Sn c tm cch vi
n v thy cn thit, nhng h khng hon ton t c mun.
Cn ng chng nhau vi Nguyn Ca Dt Qung Nam th Ty Sn li gp
phn ng ca Gia nh: ma h Gip Ng (1774), vin iu khin l Nguyn
Cu m sai Lu th Long H l Tng Phc Hp ra nh Bnh Thun, Din Khnh,
Bnh Khang, vt vnh Hn Khi lm le chim Ph Yn.6. Nhng Ty Sn lng tng
th Du Tng cng bi ri khng km v qun Trnh ko vo.
Ci hn khng nh chim c Thun Ho vn canh cnh bn lng cc cha
Trnh. T khi Trnh Doanh cht i, Trnh Sm ln ni ngi (1767), tip tc nh dp
gic gi cn li trong nc: nm 1769 ph tan gic Hong Cng Ton (con Hong
Cng Cht) Hng Ho; cng nm, c im Trn Ninh ca L Duy Mt cng b ph
v. m qun binh ang hng sc th xy ra vic Nam H. Chnh vin Trn th Ngh
An Bi Th t va d vo trn Trn Ninh phi bo cho cha Trnh r. ng thi
ngun tin lon Ty Sn v vic Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn gy ri cng c
chnh cc nn nhn ca Loan, con Tn Tht Du, Tn Tht Vn chy ra Thng Long
bo co t tng7. Ht sc d dt, Trnh Sm cng phi vo Nam mt o qun ln
do Qun Vip Hong Ng phc cm u vi cc danh tng ca Trnh cn gi
nhng vai tr quan trng sau ny: Ph tng Bi Th t, Thuc tng Hong
Phng C, Hong nh Th, Hong nh Bo8.
n H Trung, Phc khn ngoan nghe theo li dn ca Trnh Sm bin th cho
Nam H mn ting dp gic. i su vo cng gii, ng cng p dng chnh sch
chia r : mt bi hch di k ti Trng Phc Loan c ban b ra9. Thc ra,
Hong Ng Phc ch x mt bc tng h nt ri. Nam H khng cn c c
ch on kt ca trm nm v trc na. Mm mng ri lon bn trong lm cho

247
lng ngi phn tn. Cho nn, phn bi c tip theo phn bi m lm cha Nguyn
thua mt.
Qun mi n bc B Chnh c mt Tri ph tn Trn Giai u Trnh xin lm
hng o. ng Xng (Qung Tr), mt th sinh lm th xin yt kin Hong
Ng Phc ch v s trng, s on ca qun Nguyn Trnh qun liu m ch
ng. Phn bi khoc hnh thc hn h hn nh trng hp hng tng Kim Long.
ng ny xi Qun Vip tin qun bng mt cu ni ng khng i khng ti,
chung khng nh khng ku. Lng ngi nh vy th thnh lu vng chc m
lm g? Cn u thi Trng Phc Phn chng gi cho lu Trng Dc? Cho nn,
Trn Ninh, Hong nh Th c cc bin tng gi thnh lm ni ng m ca cho
qun Trnh trn vo.
Tinh binh lc by gi Qung Nam ht n ni Du Tng phi rt Tn Tht
Nghim v. Tn Tht Thip, Cai i Thuc ni ng phi em c qun Cm v ra
chng gi Kinh thnh. Qun th tht l yu cho nn trc , Trng Phc Loan
b cc i thn hp li bt a cho Hong Ng Phc, hy vng qun Trnh gi li
tuyn b trong bi hch H X m dng tin qun10, nhng khng ngn h ni c
khc l vo gip nh Ty Sn. Thnh Ph Xun b vy ngy 28 Tt. t Mi (30-1-
1775), Du Tng phi dn quan binh, gia quyn vi c cu b Nguyn Phc nh,
nng m ti ra i theo ca T Dung vo Qung Nam, b li c mt kho tng lm
cho Trnh Sm thm kiu hnh11.
Mt Trng Phc Loan, khng phi h Nguyn c cng c li qun th. C
th Du Tng khng a g Loan, nhng sut 10 nm, ngi v ca Nguyn Phc
Thun gn lin vi quan Quc ph. Nay mt Loan, nhng khuynh hng chng
i c th p Du Tng phi chu nhng b trn ng lu vong. Cho nn,
Qung Nam, Hong tn Dng c tn lm ng cung coi gi tnh ny.
Nhng Cha phong Th t cho Dng th Ty Sn cng i Dng. Thm na,
h li vo th mnh. c th ho i hi, h tin qun theo 2 ng nh p li:
Tp nh, L Ti ln ca bin Hp Ho, Nguyn Nhc em b binh t sng Thu Bn
xung, xua Nguyn Cu Dt v Tr Sn (bn o Sn Tr)12. Dng chy v Cu
, Cha chy v Lin Ch. a v Du Tng cng b e do nng. ng phi tm ni
nng ta, trnh nguy him, mt ni hy vng cn ngi trung thnh vi danh hiu
Cha v xa ch v cch bit vi nhng iu ting khng hay v s tranh chp trong
Hong gia: t Gia nh. Ngy 12 thng 2 t Mi (1775), Cha xung thuyn13. V
vn c cu b Nguyn Phc nh i theo.
B Du Tng b ri, ng cung Dng d dng cho Ty Sn thun ting chim
ot hn. H t chc hai o qun rm r i rc ng v c Hi An sau khi ph
tan mt m mu phn bi trong hng ng h14. Bin chuyn ny thc l quan trng
trong tn tung lch s ang din ra. Cc vai tr sp phi i b mt, tuy ngi ta vn
thy nguyn vn cc phe phi: Ty Sn np bng sau ng cung, Du Tng cao
bay xa chy, v qun Trnh lm le tin vo.
____________________________________________
1.Th Jumilla, bd, t.71: theo lut cm o 1750, ngi Thin Cha gio phi mang mt vng st
ni c, ln bng ngn tay, c nh ming st khc hai ch t o v phi ct c cho voi n.
2.A. Launay, III, t. 16, 17. Chuyn Qui Nhn.

248
3.Revue Indochinoise (RI) 1913. t. 535. Bn Php ng ca o lut ng trong t Gazette d
Amsterdams thng 2-1776.
4.P. Jumilla, bd, t. 18. Lit truyn q30, 4ab. Thc lc tin bin, q11, 19ab, 20a.
5.Chapman, bd. t. 37.
6.Lit truyn, q30, 4a. 5b gi vnh Hn Khi l Vn Phong. Tn ny c t t nm Minh Mng
th 6 (1825 (NNTC, q10, Ph Yn).
7.Thc lc tin bin. q11, 20b.
8.Cng mc q44, 10b, 11a ni qun c 33 dinh, 3 vn ngi, Thc lc tin bin, q11, 21a: 23
dinh tng s; Labartette, th ngy 26-1-1775 (A. Launay III, t. 102) cho bit khong 13,
14.000 ngi.
9.Thc lc tin bin. q11, 23ab.
10.Thc lc tin bin. q11, 23b, 24a.
11.Thc lc tin bin, q11, 25b, 26a, P. Jumilla, t. 83.
12.NNTC. tnh Qung Nam, mc ni v Tr Sn c (vng Nng) ch bn o Sn Tr l Tr
Sn. Nhng Hng c bn , t.148, 149, ch r Sn Tr di bin v Tr Sn tn trn ngun
trong ni. Chc Nguyn Cu Dt chy v Sn Tr th phi hn v y ng mi tin ng
theo Du Tng c.
13.Thc lc tin bin, q12, 2a.
14.Thc lc tin bin, q12, 4a.
By gi Trnh i u vi Ty Sn. Cng nh ln mi gp qun Nguyn, Nhc
thua to mt trn Cm Sa, phi rt v Bn Vn v em ng cung v giu H
Riu, An Thi ri Bng Giang. i vi qun Tng Phc Hp chc tin ra, Nhc
dng ng cung din tn tung tn ph1 nh la Hp khng phng b cho
Nguyn Hu nh trn thng chp nhong bt ng u tin trong i vin tng ti
ba chuyn ym kch ny (thng 7 t Mi 1775)2.
Nhng c ng cung li dng, Ty Sn cng gp phi tr ngi trong ni b
h. ni trong bui u dy lon, vi chiu bi tn ph Dng, h tp trung thm
di trng nhng ngi ch c mc ch tn ph, in hnh l Chu Vn Tip.
Nhng u phi Nhc ngy ngc dn c sn cho ngi n nh vy. Cho nn mn
c tn ph xy dng s nghip ring phi t r ra mt khi Ty Sn c Dng
trong tay, nu Nhc khng mun v bao nhiu d tnh ca mnh. Trong s nhng
ngi hp tc nhn dp ny bit r iu chng i li vi ng, quan trng hn
c tt l Chu Vn Tip3. Ngi th hai cng quan trng l L Ti. Nguyn nhn
phn bi tuy khng cng l mt vi Tip, nhng cng do nh hng gin tip ca
vic bt ng cung Dng: Hi An, Tp nh mun git Dng, L Ti phi can
gin mi mi thi. Cm tnh gia hai ngi ny sinh t , v mt khi chng i vi
Nguyn Nhc, L Ti s gn b vi Dng.
Cc hnh vi chng i, bi phn ny rt quan trng trong vic lm yu sc Ty
Sn v tip sc cho nh Nguyn hp hi di hi hn. Ta bit m quan binh nh
Nguyn, tr mt vi ngi, khng c gan d, c tr nh gic: c nhiu
chng dn trc ri, hy k thm mt Tng Phc Hp gi ci, do d, chn mt nm
tri m khng thng lnh Ng dinh qua c Ph Yn. Gan d, liu lnh dt khot
lp y thiu st v s ng, v k thut, nhng ci trong bui u ny phi c
hun luyn t trong l la Ty Sn. Cho nn, nhng hng tng Ty Sn thc l ca
qu cho nh Nguyn. Hu qu gin tip cho vic L Ti v vi Gia nh l s hp
tc ca nhng ngi Trung Hoa y v cng vi vic Nguyn Nhc ui Tp nh
sau trn Cm Sa, c l m di dn Trung Hoa Quy Nhn mt sng kin m tr
249
thnh th ng. nh hng trc tip l vic suy yu nh Ty Sn trong khonh khc:
Ty Sn mt mt na s lng chin thuyn trong khi lc lng thu qun l lc
lng lm cho h t tin nht4 v lc lng ct cn gip h b c vo Gia
nh.
Nhng d sao th vt qua c nhng chng i gy nn v chuyn Dng, Ty
Sn cng chnh thc bc vo lc hnh ng nh mt lc lng c lp vi chnh
quyn c, khng nh v g ht, cho d ch l mt cht ting tm. H em ng cung
an tr Thp Thp t lp cha mi (thng 3 Bnh Thn 1776). Vi Trnh, h khn
kho xin u hng. C nhng kh khn trong tnh hnh qun chnh Thun Ho (i
km, dch t, sc chng i ca cu thn Nguyn), c nhng cn tr v mt tm l
(Trnh vn coi t mi khai ph ca cha Nguyn nh khng phi ca h, h ch bn
tm trong toan tnh ng ho5 vng Thun Qung c va chim li c thi),
khin Hong Ng Phc phi chp nhn cuc hng u. Ty Sn ng vai tr tng
Trnh khn ngoan nh h tn ph Dng: mi mt cng trn h u bo co vi
Hong Ng Phc. Cho nn sau trn Ph Yn, Phc by gi Chu (Qung Ngi)
bn phong cho Nguyn Hu chc Ty Sn Hiu Tin phong Tng qun6.
Th qun bnh Ty Sn - Trnh cng tm thi vng nh tnh hnh kinh t hai
vng c nh cm quyn Ty Sn khai thc mi tng quan c li cho phe h.
Trong chin tranh, phn ln vng ca h ch chu mt vi trn ri trnh khi s
giy xo qua li trong cc cuc tin qun. Cho nn khng ly lm l rng hai nm
sau, Chapman n vng Quy Nhn thy b bin nhiu ch trng trt k lng... cc
vng thp trng la v nhng cy tiu trm ln cc i n tn nh. Trn ng i
cng ln thnh Ch Bn, ng cng thy vo trong mt thung lng trng trt k lng
v rung la c cy ngay trong thnh7. Tim lc Ty Sn c vng vng cn nh
s vng bc, kh gii h cp c cc cuc cng ph tnh thnh, hoc ni h
Nguyn, hoc ni dn chng, nht l ca ci thuyn b ca m thng nhn Trung
Hoa8. Chnh sch chia ca th s bui u khin dn chng ngho kh khng lm
vo tnh trng i kht. Li qu kh dn en ca nhng ngi cm u cn gn
qu nn h sng rt gin d, t hao tn. Chapman nhn xt rng triu nh Ty Sn
thiu ci huy hong, trng l nh ca cc ng Hong ng phng, nhng c tnh
cch sp t, cn thn lm ngi ta c cm gic ng trc mt v cha t dng
mnh. m qun hu ca mt v ph m Ty Sn c dng k lut, mnh bo. m
qun lnh di quyn gp g mc ny. Hiu sut kh nng kinh t do d tng ln.
Cng vi kh nng ca m ngi cm u, lng hng hi ca binh s, Ty Sn qu
c iu kin ch quan lm e d Hong Ng Phc chnh so huyt ca h.
Qun Trnh Thun Ho, Nam, Ngi c c s ng h ca Bc H. Nhng h
cng vp phi nhng kh khn nh t tin h gp. Trnh Sm cn thn lp ra c
mt t chc chuyn vn qun hng t Sn Nam ti ng Hi9. Nhng ngay t u
nm (thng 2 Gip Ng) Ngh An gp i, dn cht10. Ri khi tin su vo
Nam H th qun Trnh gp thm kh khn, ln ny cc k nghim trng: chin tranh
li ko ton qun qua li tn ph, Qung Nam, Thun Ho gp mt trn i kinh
khng trong lch s.
i t thng 10 Gip Ng (1774)11. ca Hn (Tourane) khng cn mt con
heo, con g, con vt. ng ct trc kia sn xut tht nhiu, nay bin mt. Tin st
250
gi: mt quan cn gi tr mt ng tin. l tnh trng gia nm 177512. c
ngi n b gio khu Bau nghe (?) n. tht con13. Tnh trng nguy hi hn l thm
vo vi vit mt nhn cng, ngi ta khng cn ht ging gieo ma sau14. Cho
nn i kh khng cha n c m quan quyn, tn tht: cc phu nhn phi i n
xin. Gio s Labartette vo mt ch nht, ngc nhin thy mt ngi chu vua dt
con trai, c hai u rch ri, n n my ng15. C bn Hoi nam khc thm thng
l ting ku than ca m quan quyn h Nguyn mt tc lc, chu ng kip sng
ca k ch ting ta lai (li y: ting gi ngi n my), van v ming n, rn sit
i lnh.
C th no m qun Trnh cn tinh thn chin u vng cht lc ban u mt
ni xa l y cht chc, gm ghic nh vy? Thm na, cht chc v i kh dn n
cht v bnh tt. n iu ny th qun Trnh khng cn hy vng g trnh khi. H
cht qu na. V chnh Hong Ng Phc trong chuyn ko qun v Ph Xun cng
phi b mng dc ng (thng 10 t Mi, 1775)16.
Thin tai loi dm cho Ty Sn mt k ch. H Nguyn phng Nam, trn
mt vng ph nhiu, tip xc gn hn vi tro lu giao thng quc t qua s trung
gian ca m Hoa kiu Minh dn lu vong hay thng nhn, c tm cch g loi tr
c nhng mu thun ni b em t Ph Xun vo, c bit cch khai thc nhng
iu kin c li cho mnh chng i vi Ty Sn khng?
__________________________________________
1. Lit truyn, q30, 7b k r rng chi tit. Vic Tng Phc Hp chu c s gi ra Qui Nhn xem xt
tnh hnh trong lc hai bn cn nh nhau chng t tnh hnh phe phi lc ny cn m m khin
cho Nhc dng c ng cung Dng gy chia r pha triu Cha c nm tri mi n khi
ng thy lc lng khng cn Dng na.
2. Thc lc tin bin, q12. 6ab.
3. S kin lm cho Tip dt khot vi Nhc hn l trn nh ui Tng Phc Hp. Vic L Ti,
Chu Vn Tip tch ri t cui nm 1775 khin cho Nguyn Nhc thy qun th mnh thun
nht hn, nh hng n quyt nh sau ny ca ng.
4. Chapman, bd, t. 30, vit: V vy ng (Nhc) phi chu mt v nng khi ti y, lc 1/2 thu
qun tch ra sau mt chuyn knh ci gia ngi em ng v mt trong nhng vin tng chnh
di quyn. Chapman mun ni ai y? Thi gian c xc nh khi ti y, ngha l
vo khong thng 7- 1778. Khong ny khng c s tan r no quan trng. C th Chapman
nghe chuyn trc (nhng i vi thi i vn cn l chuyn thi s). Cui nm 1775 c 3
ngi phn Ty Sn: mt ngi khng quan trng nn b Tng Phc Hp git, cn li Chu
Vn Tip v L Ti. Chu Vn Tip t chng trn ni, qun bn b ton l ngi Thng. Ch
c L Ti tng iu khin thu qun Qung Nam v chu di quyn sai phi ca Nguyn
Hu khi ng ny tp kch Ph Yn ri giao cho Ti gi ( Ti tr li cho Tng Phc Hp).
Cho nn. Chapman mun ni n vic Ti vy.
5. Thc lc tin bin, q12, 12a.
6. Thc lc tin bin, q12, 6b.
7. Chapman, bd, t. 26, 27. Chapman n ca Thi Ni ngy 13-7-1778, bt u ln Ch Bn ngy
22-7.
8. Chapman, t.30. Thc lc tin bin, q12, 5a. Ty Sn cp c thuyn lng ca Mc Thin T
vin tr cho Du Tng.
9. Cng mc, q44, 11ab.
10. Cng mc, q44, 10a.
11. Thc lc tin bin, q11, 22a.
12. Th ca Labartette t Tho duc ngy 21-6-1775 (A. Launay, III, t. l03).
251
13. Th ca Labartette t Tho duc ngy 21-7-1775 dn li ca ng Halbout Qung Nam (A.
Launay. III. t. 105). Hong Quang: ngi n tht ngi tri t thu chng.
14. Th ca ng Halbout thng 7-1775 (A. Launay III. t. 106).
15. Th ca Labartette Tho duc 21-7-1775 (A. Launay, III, t. 104).
16. Thc lc tin bin, q12, 7a. Vn t ra l dch t c lan trn n vng Ty Sn hay khng.
C l tnh cht tch bit ca 2 o qun, 2 ch quyn, ngn cn s lin lc gia hai vng khin
v tnh c mt hng ro y t c lp nn c li cho Ty Sn.

LC LNG NGOI QUC

Lu n lc lng Ty phng v tin b k thut ca h * Cc quc th hng *
Cc quc hng u: cuc cnh tranh Anh, Php * Nhng k phiu lu.
Tht l mt chuyn khng cn phi bn ci khi ta nhn xt rng nhng bin
ng trong mt nc tt c nhng tng quan nh hng vi cc ln bang. Nhng
phong tro c lp thi Bc thuc phn ln c thnh cng nhm vo nhng giai
on Trung Hoa gp ri lon, qua phn. Tri li, nhng khi trong nc Vit c tranh
ginh ngi bu, ri lon th qun Trung Hoa li c c em i binh sang. C mt
vng Thu Chn Lp v tay cha Nguyn nhn dp h ny nhn v phng nam l do
nhng tranh ginh th tp ca cc triu vua Cao Min lm suy yu thc lc trong
nc h. T cui th k XV, vi nhng pht kin v hng hi, ngi Ty phng
em thuyn b sang ng, m rng s giao tip ng - Ty th cc nc chu
mt khi c bin ng li thy ngay s can thip ca ngi da trng. Qun o Nam
Dng l mt th d c th. Nc i Vit trong nhng th k phn tranh Nam, Bc,
c ngn chn c s quy ri ca cc thng nhn Ty phng cng nh ni t
chc chnh tr cht ch hai min. Cuc th sc gia thu qun v Th t Nam H
Nguyn Phc Tn vi hm i Ho Lan vo cui nm Qu Mi (1643) m kt qu l
chin thng v tay qun Nguyn lm cho Cng ty ng n Ho Lan (VOC) -
ni rng ra, cc thng nhn Ty phng - chu bng lng n bun bn di s
kim sot ca cc chnh quyn hin hu.
Tnh th i khc khi thi gian tri qua. Bin ng Ty Sn lm o ln cc
trt t c. Du Tng dt Nguyn nh v tip theo sau , ng cung Dng chy
vo ng Nai. H Trnh phng bc b ngoi c v hng mnh nhng bn trong
cng b mc nt v s nhu nhc ca m s phu cm quyn trc thi khinh ln
ca m Kiu binh Thanh Ngh. T 1674, h git quan Tham tng Nguyn Quc
Trinh, ph nh Phm Cng Tr. Mt ln na vo nm 1741 h li ph nh v chc
git Tham tng Nguyn Qu Cnh. Ch cn i Trnh Sm cht i (1782) vi ri lon
b trng lp th l Kiu binh c th can thip vo vic vua cha ri hunh hoang
tuyn b rng ngy nay, c c triu nh, khin vua tn ngi yn m hng ph
qu u l sc ca chng mnh. H i n tt nh ca quyn hnh nhng v
thiu mt l tng, thiu mt ngi cm u sc so, chng ta khng gp c Bc
H mt ch qun chnh m ch mt tnh trng hp, hn lon ca Kiu binh thi.
Nhn v phng bc, bc thy ca i Vit, cng thi gian cng ang trong
tnh trng rung nt bn trong ci v ho nhong ca triu i Cn Long (1736-1796)
rc r. Chin thng ca qun Thanh Tn Cng (1755) m rng bin gii pha ty
ngn chn tham vng b ch ca Nga hong ng lo vi quc Anh, nhng to
gnh nng chin ph gn gi qun i thng tr. ni a, dn s vn vt tng vt
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xa s lng t ai khai khn khng cung ng cho nhu cu, to nn vn cp
thit v quan trng nht cho Trung Hoa mi n by gi. Giai cp a ch bn x vn
hp tc vi qun Thanh, by gi li hng th thm mi li t ai tng gi nn
c sc gi ci tch lu bng cch ngn chn cng thng nghip khng cho pht
trin mnh. Mu thun x hi gp dp bng dy ng lot vi mu thun mang hnh
thc quc gia ch ngha. Lon ni ln Sn ng nm 1774, nm sau Bch Lin
gio pht c phn Thanh phc Minh H Nam, ri An Huy. n p ca chnh quyn
tht tn nhn trn 6 tnh c nhiu tn v cuc lon hao ca tn ngi d di nht
t 1793 n 1802 mi chm dt.
Tnh hnh ng ch hn l trong khi Nam Bc H, Trung Hoa cc tnh trng
ri ren, ngng tr kinh t, k thut th Ty phng bt nhng tin b k thut t
th k XV, cng ngy cng pht trin mnh m.
Xt lch s u chu, s gia Ty phng nhn thy t nm 1640, tri vi tnh
trng ngng tr trc , l bt u cho mt giai on thnh vng v kinh t. S tin
trin ca h tng c s c bin i dn, ngm ngm m chc chn sut tin bn th
k XVIII.
u tin l s pht trin dn s. Thuyt Malthus(1766-1834) l thc ca u
chu hong ht ln v s gia tng . Cc tay lnh o, tr thc u t l nhng ngi
tr tui. Th k XVIII l th k ca tui tr u chu. Gia tng dn s gy nn s
ngho i cho m bn cng khin h phi ra tnh, i ra nc ngoi. Dng xut c
phiu lu tm sang giu khch ng cc th k trc v vng bc ca M chu, v
cc chuyn k l ca Marco Polo a v, n by gi v bin i k vn tn ti
vi nhng ngi b x m i.
ng k l nhng ngi u chu ra ngoi nc - bun bn, truyn o, phiu
lu - hng c c nhng thnh qu v tin trin k thut xy ra trn t nc h.
Th k XVIII u chu thy xut hin nhng khoa hc thun tu ng lot v c
tng quan vi nhng pht trin k thut trong cc ngnh dt, my hi nc, ch to
kim kh, nht l Anh.
Tt nhin, nhng tin b ny gip ch cho s pht trin lc lng qun s m
u chu tng tin t khi bit dng thuc sng ca ngi Trung Hoa qua dn Rp.
Nu trc kia Alexandre de Rhodes ngm chic thuyn Nam chinh ca cha Trnh
m khng thy chic thuyn Ho Lan no di bng, th n th k ny tnh th o
ngc. Cha ni n d tr can thip ca Pigneau de Bhaine da trn s kiu hnh
v u th qun s ca Ty phng, Chapman trong chuyn i d xt Nam H nm
1778 theo lnh ca Ton quyn Anh n cng c cm tng tng t.
Nhn xt v thc lc Ty Sn, ng ghi: Cc o qun ca Nhc t ng k, gi
tr qun s km lm v ti c th ni chc chn rng 100 ngi c k lut s nh
lui ton b qun i ca ng ta. Thu qun ca ng gm c vi chic thuyn chin v
3 hay 4 ghe chi ly ca ngi Trung Hoa... C th l cn mt s qun ri rc cc
ni, i theo Nguyn Hu, nhng ring chnh Nguyn Nhc cng nhn thy c u
th k thut Ty phng. Chnh ng hi Chapman xem th ng ny c th dng
cc tu di quyn gip ng c khng? Vi cc iu kin no? Nhc mun c
cc c vn Anh, mun c cc tu chin Anh ph gip thc hin mng khut phc
nc Cao Min, ton th bn o n tn Xim v cc tnh Nam H pha bc cn
253
trong tay qun Bc H. nh i ly s tr gip , Ty Sn c th nhng t cho
Anh quc lp thng im.
Ri khng phi ch lnh a Ty Sn Chapman mi gp s ni p gip
qun s . ng n Ph Xun vng chim ng ca Trnh, mt vin quan Bc H
n tip ng cng l b mt phn i chnh quyn v mong ng gip mt tay1. Tt c
minh chng rng mi ngi thi by gi u bit n s hng mnh ca Ty
phng, cho d ch mi bit qua cc i thng thuyn l t. Nhng tng quan lc
lng ca cc quc gia Ty phng c mt chu vo hu bn th k XVIII
khng ging nh cc th k trc. Nhng bin chuyn u chu gy nn s
thay i .
Ngi B o Nha t th k XIV tranh chim c nn c lp trong tay
dn Hi gio ri dng m qun binh phong kin tht nghip vo trong cng vic tm
kim t mi. H dng v lc ginh git c quyn bn hng liu ng trong tay
ngi Rp. quc ca h l mt chui nhng thng im gn b bin, c v
trang. Kinh ca quc l Goa trn b bin pha ty n .
Nhng t 1580 nc h sp nhp vo Ty Ban Nha di quyn ca Philippe II.
quc h tan r dn v s tranh chim ca ngi Ho Lan. n th k XVII, khi h
ginh c t tr th n mt. Cht quyn bo tr Gia t gio m h hng
c ca cc Gio hong v cc vng ng ca ng ranh gii n nh bi cc hip
c Tordesillas 1499 ri cng s b s cnh tranh ca cc nc, nht l nc Php
vi hi Truyn gio, m yu dn i v mt hn.
Tuy vy khi xy ra ri lon i Vit, h cng mun can thip vo. C hai
chic tu B Nng vo dp Ty Sn ra Qung Nam. H t Macao ti. Macao l
mt nhng a m ngi B em tin lo lt m quan li Trung Hoa lp nn
thng im. Vo cui th k XVIII, chnh quyn y di tay mt vin quan cai
tr do Lisbonne c, i din cho v Ph vng thnh Goa vi mt Bin l, mt u
vin, hai thm phn v nhiu v c vn2. Nhng lc lng qun s ca B mt ni
rt gn i Vit ny thc khng ng k. Pigneau ni mt cch ma mai v vic c
nh cu vin mt ni nh Macao, khng c ly mt tn qun3. Vin bin ca Phi
on Truyn gio Macao thi l Letondal th ghi r hn: C 4 - 50 tn
Cipaye hay mi da en khng c hun luyn k cng v n mc li thi4.
quc Ty Ban Nha, v hip c Tordesillas, dn ton lc M chu thu nht
bc vng v truyn gio. Nh chuyn vin du ca Magellan (1519-21), h chim
c Phi lut tn, bin t ny thnh t ca Cha, sung tc nh vic giao thng
- M chu (qua M ty c) bng cc thuyn galion. H cng c quyn li tn gio
i Vit. Cc nh tu hnh kht (Franciscains) y thng lin lc vi Manille. H
c mt trong v gip Du Tng ri Nguyn Phc nh. Quyn li tn gio ln ln
vi quyn li quc gia thng gy nn s xung t gia ngi Ty Ban Nha v
ngi Php5.
Trong khi , ngi Ho Lan m ting tm ca h ngy trc lm cho ngi
Vit gn danh t Ho Lan o cho Gia t gio li khng c hnh ng no ng k
bn o ny. Cng ty ng n ca h (VOC) tht bi Nam H, i Loan bn
dn tr v qun o Nam Dng lo khai thc nhn vt ti lc y. Vo hu bn th
k XVIII, h b ngi Anh cnh tranh ro rit: hip c Breda 1763 cho h ton
254
quyn Nam Dng, nhng hip c 1784 m rng vng bin ny cho cc tu Anh
vo giao thng.
Bin chuyn xy ra bt li cho cc quc gi ci nh vy v trong th k XVII,
XVIII nc Anh pht trin mnh v kinh t nm quyn trn bin c. Cnh tranh
vi ngi Anh nh s hng mnh ca thi i Louis XIV, ngi Php cng pht
trin n . Mt tay phiu lu, Franois Martin, xy dng nn thnh ph
Pondichry. Dupleix (1697-1763) c tham vng mun thnh lp mt quc Php
n nn m rng t chim c v pha ni a ri gp phi tham vng ca
ngi Anh ngn cn li. T trn Chin tranh K v nc o (1740-1748) n trn
Chin tranh By nm (1756-1763), Anh - Php xung t nhau u chu ri m rng
chin tuyn n tn cc thuc a. Karikal b chim 4-1760, Pondichry u 1761 ri
tip theo, Mah, Nelisseram trn b bin Malabar ln lt lt vo tay qun Anh v li
lm nghim trng ca Lally Tollendal. Kt qu Trn chin By nm l ngi Php
cn c 5 thnh ph: Karikal, Pondichry, Chandernagor, Mah, Yanaon. Ri v
Chin tranh ginh c lp Hoa K, xung t Anh - Php ti pht. Chandernagor (7-
1778), Karikal (8-1778), Pondichry (10-1778), Mah (3-1779) phi b qun Anh
chim ng ln na v ch giao hon ngi Php sau ho c Versailles 1783.
___________________________________________
1. Chapman, bd, t. 30-32, 39.
2. "Macao la fin du 18e S., R. Jolez, tng lnh s Php Hong hong, BSEI, 1950, t. 41-49.
3. Th ca Pigneau cho ng Descouvrires, 12-3-1786 (A. Launay, III, sd, t. 161
4. Nht k ca ng Letondal (A. Launay, III, sd. t. 157).
5. V Manuel gip Nguyn nh, BSEI, 1940, t. 32, 33 (xem sau).
Cuc xung t thuc a thc ra c tnh cch v quyn li cc thng nhn,
chin tranh cc tay bun, nh Voltaire nhn nh. Kt qu l thuc a, ni
ring n , ngi Php b thua thit, mt t, ht tin. Sau 1763, ngi Anh lm
ch nn thng mi ni a, nm trong tay cc th dt n, iu khin cc ng Hong
n (nabab), xi h cn tr ngi Php. Bengale, cc giy thng hnh Php khng
c gi tr g, tu h b ng thu 2 ln, b lc li, sot xt, ngn cm ch vng bc
xui sng Gange (ch th ca W. Hastings 1769). Trc tnh trng , B trng
Necker phi gii tn Cng ty ng n v cho cc thng nhn c t do
bun bn ring r (ngh nh 13-8-1770).
Xung t Anh - Php nghing tht li v pha ngi Php khin cho h phi
tm cch hng v ni khc n va tr th, va tm li th lm qun bnh lc
lng hi ngoi.
Ngy trc kia, P. Poivre ch ti v tr a l thun tin ca t Nam H i
vi vic bun bn ca ngi Php. Chin tranh cng lm t r gi tr kin y ra.
Trong nhng vn kin b mt, ngi Php nhn xt: Hnh nh ch c x Nam H
l trnh khi s ch ca ngi Anh, nhng lm sao ngi ta c th tin rng h
s khng dm ng ti? Nu h quyt nh trc ta th mi mi ta s b loi tr
y, ta s mt mt im ta quan trng trong phn t ny ca chu, phn t lm
cho chng ta nm quyn ngn chn ngi Anh bun bn vi ngi Trung Hoa khi c
chin tranh xy ra, che ch vic thng mi ca ta khp ni trn n v lm cho
h lun lun lo ngi1.

255
 Tin tc v lon Ty Sn Nam H c truyn i n cc thuc a Anh - Php
n nh nhng chuyn tu bun Ty phng gh Nng. Ta ni n hai
chic tu Macao. Vo khong thng 9-1777, chic tu Diligent gh Nng ch v
n L.M Jean de Loureiro, y s ca cha Nguyn, vi hai v quan i thn xin i
nh vo Gia nh. Loureiro c vn ng cu cu Ty phng gim cho cha
Nguyn. Th l Anh - Php li c ti xung t na. Warren Hastings, ton
quyn Anh, phi Chapman i d xt khong thng 7-1778. Trc v cng nm,
vin t lnh thnh Chandernagor, Chevalier, cng thc y vin ton quyn Php
Pondichry, De Bellecombe, nn nhn dp ny m hng khi uy th v tng tin
nn thng mi quc gia. ng nhn mnh thm rng nu khng chu lm trc
ngi Anh, h s can thip vo v ngi Php nm sau, s au n c tin rng
ngi Anh va c mt thuc a mi na2.
Nhng xung t v Nam H khng xy ra gia hai quc. Chin tranh c lp
Hoa K (1775-1783) gii to vn Nam H. Hai chnh quyn khng lu ti th
vn b lng cho cc sng kin c nhn.
T tro lu xut c vo cui th k XV, cc thng nhn Ty phng chng
t tinh thn mo him phiu lu ca h. Chng ta hy nhn nh u im ca m
thng nhn ni chung v tinh thn mo him, sng kin un c thm trong khi di
chuyn so vi m ngi l mt ch, bo th, kin thc hp hi, thiu gan d. Hy
xt hnh tung mt Chu Vn Tip sau khi chng Ty Sn, c triu hi v Gia
nh li ra Ph Yn chng nh st bn nch ch. Ri khi Cha chy, qun tan,
ln m theo ng thng o i cu vin, nhn c li ha, Tip li theo ng
rng v tm Cha. Con ngi trung kin tng i bun ngun vi cha Ty Sn
l mt v d v tinh thn mo him ca m thng nhn.
Nhng thng nhn Ty phng nh vo mt phong tro rng ln hn, c
nhng hnh ng quyn r hn. Chng ta lu n mt tc gi ca hu bn th k
XIX, cng l mt tay phiu lu, ca tng m ngi tin phong: V mt bao ht tiu,
h khng ngn ngi ct c nhau, t chi s cu ri linh hn, iu m vo nhng lc
khc, h t ra rt bn tm. Ci li cng u cng c k l trong khi theo ui
mun lm cho h thch vi cht chc hng ngn hnh thc: nhng ri ro ca
bin c xa l, cc bnh k d v gh tm, thng tch, bt b, i rt, dch t, tuyt
vng. iu lm cho h tr nn to ln, anh hng, bi thng ngay c trong nhng
ham mun bun bn khng tho mn ca h, trong khi ci cht lnh lng n em h
i khng cha gi tr. Hnh nh kh c th tin rng ni mt lng tham lam li thc
y nhng ngi y theo ui tng mt cch lin tc, c gng v hy sinh mt
cch kin tr nh vy... Vi chng ta, nhng ngi k tc m nhng th thch nh
th trnh khi, h c v sng rc ln khng phi v nhng thnh qu h t
c m l v chng ta thy h nhng cng c ca nh mnh x y h i vo
ni v nh, tun theo mt ting ni bn trong, mt khch ng ton th i tm mt
gic mng xa vi...3
Ring ng Nam , in hnh cho m ngi phiu lu ny cui th k XVII
l Constantin Phaulkon lm cho Louis XIV tng thc hin c tham vng lm
ch mt quc gia: Xim La di triu Phra narai. Th k sau, thnh cng n
ca Dupleix (Php), Clive (Anh) v tin bc, danh vng, gy nn s thm kht, ganh
256
ght cc chnh quc. V huy hong rc r ca cc triu nh ng phng vn cn
lm ngp nhng tay phiu lu. Cng ty ng n Php suy sp, chnh Php
tan r, cc chc vic, v quan tht nghip ua nhau em kin thc phc v cc ng
hong n chng vi ngi Anh. Trnh k thut thu nhn quc gia xut pht,
tinh thn gan d km vi c t chc khin h ni bt ln gia m ngi h phc v.
Cho nn, khng ly lm l rng nhng vin lnh thu o ng ca Php li gi nhng
vai tr iu khin quan trng trong thu qun Nguyn nh sau ny.
Hnh ng song song vi m ngi phiu lu v t li ny cn c nhng k
c gi l Lp ngi Phiu lu ca Cha v ca Lng Bc i, tc l cc tu s Thin
Cha gio. H i truyn gio vi mc ch em nhng ngi ngoi o tr v
nc Cha. Ta cng thy h tinh thn mo him khng s gian nguy. L.M. Laneau
can d vo v Phaulkon b bt giam Ayuthia n thng 4-1691 mi c th.
Trong t, ng vit th (6-1690) cho Louis XIV: Chng ti s lm li nh c nu
phi bt u lm li...4
Nhng ng thi, cc tu s ny cng khng th no tch ri quyn li o gio
vi quyn li t quc ca h. Vin T lnh thnh Chandernagor ni r rng trong
mt bc th gi cho Ton quyn Pondichry (12-2-1778): Ti lun lun ly lm l
rng ti sao ng B trng khng ra lnh cho cc tu s cc ni lin lc th t vi
cc ngi cm quyn bo co cho h bit v tnh hnh chnh tr nhng ni h ,
vi cc chi tit v bun bn m ta c th gy c ni . iu chc chn c ch
cho quyn li chung hn l vi tn tn m h phi chm sc. Vi li lm c hai
vic khng c g l mu thun ht. Trong khi mt ngi l L.M, h khng nn qun
rng tnh trng tin khi ca h l ngi ca vua h v phi ch trng n vic phc
v cho vua trong mi vic cn n h.5
Khng phi l chnh quyn p buc, cc tu s cng cng nhn vic phc v cho
vua h nh mt bn phn thing ling. Laneau trong th ni trn, khng n hn b
bt, v iu c lin quan qu nhiu n thanh danh ca Hong thng.
Chnh trong ci thc tm l chung ca thi i m chng ta thy cc gio s
u ng lot hnh ng nh nhau. Khng phc v cho vua h chnh quc th h
phc v cho vng quyn ni h tr ng, nht l khi ng li phc v ny c hy
vng dn n kt qu tt p cho s pht trin o. L.M Jumilla c ln ch trch vua
ti nh Nguyn m cng phi theo phn ng t nhin cho Du Tng chui xung gm
ging, thot tay Ty Sn Nguyn L6. Cc L.M ng Nai cng nh Thun Ho
u gi Ty Sn l bn phn lon (les rvolts), gi Nhc, Hu l k bo cha,
k thon ot (le tyran, lursurpateur), by t trong cc th gi i tm lng hng
v cu Nguyn ca h. Cht ht l B-a-lc gt b bao li mi gi, dn d ca
Ty Sn hnh ng cng quyt tr gip Nguyn Phc nh. Cho nn, chnh trong
khung cnh d, c nhng tham vng phc v c nhn, quc gia hay tn gio t
bn ngoi sn sng nhy vo can thip m chin tranh chm dt phn chia i Vit
thy thm mt yu t quyt nh vy.
______________________________________
1. G. Taboulet, La geste franaise en Indochine, tome I t. 154, 155.
2. Th ngy 12-2-1778 Chandernagor (G. Taboulet, sd, t.159).
3. Hutchinson v Berland. Aventuriers au Siam au 17e sicle: BSEI. XXII. 1947, t. 13.
4. Aventuriers au Siam.... bd, 1.148.
257
5. M. Gaudart. Les archives de Pondichry et les entreprises de la Compagnie franaise des Indes
en Indochine au 18e sicle, BAVH, Oct- Dc 1937, t. 367.
6. BSEI, XV. 1940. bd, t. 84.

Chng 2
GIA NH,
T TRANH CHIM QUYT LIT
T GIA NH V CHA TI NH NGUYN
*Tnh trng khai thc v tim lc ca Gia nh * Trnh cha t b nh Nam xm
* ng Sn Thanh Nhn v Ty Sn Nguyn L (1776) * Nguyn Hu tiu dit
h Nguyn (1777) * Nguyn Phc nh v mt giai on mi ca lch s h Nguyn.
t Gia nh1 m ch chu Nguyn Phc nh dt du nhau vo hi thng 2 (t
Mi 1775) l ni lp thnh do cng khai thc ca hai nhm ngi: m Minh thn
lu vong na cp, na quan v m nng dn Vit ngho kh. min ng,
Dng Ngn ch, Trn Thng Xuyn khai ph t ai v ng ch hn, h m
mang thng cc, lm giu bng cch mua bn vi cc hng ngi: Trung Hoa,
Ty phng, Nht Bn, Ch-v (M Lai)2. V pha cc Ty, Cng Khu3 H Tin
ca Mc Cu cng thnh vng bng nhng sng bc rt tin ca m thng nhn
v bn lu dn Ph Quc, Cn Git (Kampot), Rch Gi, Vng Thm (Kompong
Som), Trng K, C Mu4. m nng dn Vit th ph rng, v t, ginh git t
rung ca ngi Min bn x5.
Tt nhin vi s khai thc vi v nh vy, bn x Gia nh vo hu bn th
k XVIII c nhng nt ring bit.
Vic Nguyn nh t chc hnh chnh ba nm sau (1778) cho ta thy mt vi
c im . ng hoch nh bn v chia ranh gii cho cc dinh Trn Bin, Phin
Trn, Long H lin lc nhau. Dinh Trn Bin lnh mt huyn (Phc Long) v 4
tng (Tn Chnh, Bnh An, Long Thnh, v Phc An). Dinh Phin Trn lnh mt
huyn (Tn Bnh) v 4 tng (Bnh Dng, Tn Long, Phc Lc, v Bnh Thun).
Dinh Long H ci lm dinh Hong Trn lnh mt chu (nh Vin) v 3 tng (Bnh
An, Bnh Dng, Tn An). o Trng n (nh Tng) lnh mt huyn (Kin
An) v 3 tng (Kin ng, Kin Hng, Kin Ho)6. R rng l dn chng (Vit)
tp trung cc th trn ln v cn ri rc cc ni xa. Vng H Tin v chin tranh
vi Xim b tn ph, dn c tht tn mi n thi trung hng ca Nguyn nh
(1788) cng cha gng dy c v cn chu nh hng binh lc ca ngi Xim.
Cc th trn Vit ging hng t c lao i Ph (Bin Ho), Gia nh, M Tho, Long
H, Cn Th ct t hn mt khi ng c dn Min khu vc Bassac, Tr Vinh
on tuyt vi chnh quc ca h. Khi dn ny c hng s thnh vng thng
mi do cc ca C Chin, Bassac, M Thanh vn l mt ri lon, mt cho nhng ai
nm quyn x Gia nh. Chnh uy quyn ca h Nguyn lm cho phn t phc tp
ny tr thnh i Vit tch ra khi con mt dm ng, khng phi ca m vua quan
Chn Lp suy yu m l ca quc gia Xim ang ln mnh.
i vo Gia nh, Du Tng khng nhng trnh thot c gng km Trnh -
Ty Sn, b ri c vo tay ch mt k tranh quyn vi mnh m cn k vng ni
o qun Tng Phc Hp mu khi phc. K vng khng phi l v cn c

258
v t ng Nai va la ca quc gia cn l ni ca m dn t ching, cng
cng, vi m ho ph Minh hng sng trong lu son gc ta, ngi lp tng
xy, tim lc nui dng chin tranh.
Vin lo thn Mc Thin T tuy khng cn thnh tr cai tr na, nhng vn l
cnh tay c lc ca Du Tng. L ngi Minh hng, lm quan triu, ng c uy
tn cng nh lin lc hng p vi m ho ph ng Nai ku gi h gip
Nguyn. L tng tng c tham vng ln lao ( gy nn chin tranh Xim - Vit
1769-1772), ng qung giao v bit r kh nng k ng c th li dng c. ng
vit th cho B-a-lc ku ng ny t Nam Vang xung vo khong gia 17757
bn bc chnh sch cu vin.
Nhng iu kin thun li , ch chu Nguyn Phc nh khng dng c
trong nhng nm u vo Gia nh, v mt mt, Du Tng cha gii quyt c
nhng tranh chp ni b, mt khc, k th ca h anh em Ty Sn nhn dp rnh tay
pha bc, theo ui h n tn cng.
Gi l rnh tay pha bc khng phi ch v Nguyn Nhc c mt chnh sch khn
ngoan i vi Trnh Sm m cn v Trnh Sm b mng tng chim t Nguyn.
Thc vy, ni i km, dch t Thun Ho, Qung Nam ngn bc tin qun
Trnh. Trong khi Thng Long, vic chim Ph Xun mang li cho Trnh cha c
mt kho tng to tt8 gip cho Sm phung ph lm ly cung trn Ty H mi
thng ba, bn ln do chi. Cc ni thn gi lm n b, by hng bch ho chung
quanh b h bn cho cc quan theo hu Trnh Sm gh ln mua trong ting nhc
du dt, ro rt ca bn nhc cng np u . Triu bt tng9 r rt thm trong
s nung chiu th phi ng Th Hu. Cho n nm 1777, khi con ngi lm cho
Cha mt nc ny sinh c Trnh Cn c k ginh ngi th t vi Trnh Khi,
ngi con trng, th nguy c nghing ngai vng khng c c cu vn c.
Cui nm 1775, Nguyn Nhc dp xong cuc chng i hai ph Thng
(Bnh), in (Bn) (Qung Nam) ca Tn Tht Xun, Tn Tht Quyn vi mu ch
Trng Phc T v vin ho ph ngi Hoa tn Tt. Nhc cho Tham tng
Nguyn Vn Du gi Qung Nam10 m khng gp phn ng no ca Ph Xun ht.
Thc l mt khuyn khch cho Nguyn Nhc trong vic ui theo h Nguyn.
Vin Tit ch i Gia nh vo thng 2 nm Bnh Thn (1776) l Nguyn L, ln
u m cng l ln cui cm u qun tng. Du Tng vi chy i ng Chm
Trn Bin t nn, ku Tng Phc Hp v cu. Nhng ngay Gia nh, Cha cng
cn c mt lc lng ph t di quyn Thanh Nhn, vin tng t Qung Nam
vo.11
ng ny t tp c 3.000 ngi Ba Ging12 vi cc tng Hunh c,
Trn B, Honh, V Nhn, K, ly tn ng Sn qun (ci tn mang quan
nim phong thu, ma thut, ng chng i Ty Sn, khng ch mt hn ni no
ht). Binh tng quay v vi nhng v kh th s, bin ch ti ch: dao x gc, on
ao, gy lao, gy vung nha si13.
_________________________________________
1. Gi theo s quan Nguyn. Sau 1790, Gia nh thnh c xy ct lm ni tp trung thc lc
Nguyn nh ri vi Tng trn L Vn Duyt, n tr thnh tn ch chung ca c Nam phn ngy
nay. S thc i vi dn chng min ngoi thi , tn thng dng l ng Nai (Thc lc, q10,
37b).
259
2. Thnh tr ch ca Trnh Hoi c, i hc V, 1, thng 2-1962, trang 141 v ch s 49. Thc
lc, q31, 2b, 3a.
3. Can Cao ca ngi Ty phng, gi t m Qung ng (Kang Kao).
4. Lit truyn tin bin, truyn Mc Thin T q6, 1ab. Nguyn ch Hn (Vit) l Cn Bt, Gi Kh,
Hng c, Lng K, Kha Mao. Ch trong ngoc l dn gii ring. Cng quyn t 6a ni Thin
T i Kha Mao ra Long Xuyn, do , ta hiu rng danh xng cn ch c vng nc en
pha ty h lu sng Cu Long.
5. Thc lc, q10, 11b chng hn.
6. Thc lc, q1, 8a. Mun hnh dung mc khai thc c dn trn vng t rng nh Gia nh
quanh cc nm 1778, hy so snh vi ph Qui Nhn ng thi chng hn nh hn nhiu m c
ti 3 huyn (Bng Sn, Ph Ly, Tuy Vin).
7. Th ca Pigneau cho nhng ngi cai qun hi Truyn gio, Can Cao, 5-6-1776: Ti t
triu nh Cambodge xung Can Cao gn mt nm ri.
8. Th Jumilla dn. t. 83, Hong L, sd, t. 2.
9. V trung tuy bt, ng Chu dch, NP, XXI. t. 236. Chuyn xy ra vo cc nm Gip Ng, t
Mi (1774-1775). Ch rng bn dch ca B Quc gia Gio dc (VNCH. 1962, khng c chi
tit thi gian k trn.
10. Thc lc tin bin, q12, 7ab. Lit truyn, q30, 8ab.
11. Truyn Thanh Nhn, Lit truyn q27, 21b... Mt s s s tip theo thy y v Thc lc
tin bin q12, 9a, 11b, 14ab... n ht sch.
12. Tam Ph. Ba Ging gm c: Ging Da (thuc x Phc Thnh, Chu Thnh, nh Tng).
Ging Ct hay Ging Nh Bnh (x Nh Bnh, qun Sm Giang), Ging Thuc Nhiu chy di t
x Dng im, im Hy (qun Sm Giang) n x Nh Qu (qun Cai Ly). Ging Ct cn c
tn Ging Gia (v nm gia 2 ging kia) v G Lu (chc l G L, L Ph ni n sau ny).
(Ch dn ca ng Trng Ngc Tng Cai Ly.
13. Bd. BSEI, 1940. t. 84. v bd, Thnh tr ch, i hc, 2-1962, t. 143.
S quan nh Nguyn ghi ba trn thng ca qun ng Sn v quy cng khi
phc Si Gn cho Thanh Nhn. Thc ra trong lc cha c trn ng to tt no
ghi tn chin trn th Nguyn L vi v v vt thc la Gia nh ch trn hai
trm thuyn v Quy Nhn. Thiu ngi cm u c ti, gan d, Ty Sn b mt
mt c hi tiu dit h Nguyn.
Va lc y, binh tng Tng Phc Hp cng t Bnh Khang ko vo vi L Ti.
a v mt vin Ngoi hu do chin cng khc phc Si Gn m c v l ch tng
ng Sn, Thanh Nhn khng dung mt vin tng Ty Sn, cho d l tng
quy phc. Xung t xy ra. B gi l ch heo ngay ti vng t y ngi Trung
Hoa, L Ti tc gin chiu m hn 8.000 ngi, chia lm bn sc c, lp i Trung
ao qun ring cho ngi Minh hng, ln chim ni Chu Thi1 dng gio, tm
vng, dao, sng iu thng, trong thng 8 thng qun ng Sn sui L 2 ri e
do chim thnh Phin Trn. Tnh th tr nn phc tp hn khi ng cung Dng b
cha Thp Thp trn xung ca Thi Ni i vo Nam (5 thng 10 l)3. Vn c quen
L Ti t lc Hi An, Dng c thuyt phc Du Tng chiu hng L Ti. Ti gi
s gi, em qun xung Si Gn, chu Dng chiu an trong lc qun ng Sn
chy v Ba Ging khin Du Tng phi chy theo. Nh vy, ng cung Dng
thng Du Tng mt ln na. Cuc o chnh thnh khi ng cung sai Trng Phc
Thn rc c Du Tng v cha Kim Chng4 cng nhn nhng ngi cho.
Dng thnh Tn Chnh vng di s chuyn chnh ca Bo gi i tng qun L
Ti.

260
 Trong khi xy ra s ph lp Si Gn th Nguyn nh Ba Ging vi ng
Sn. Khng nn ly lm l iu ny. T khi vo Gia nh c chc Chng s cm
T dc qun, bn Du Tng bn vic binh, khn kht vi Du Tng lc chy
trn Ty Sn, Nguyn nh lun lun hng v Du Tng5 chng L Ti kiu
honh nan ch. Gia nh trong chia r, ng Sn Ba Ging chng Ho Ngha
qun Phin Trn, l ming mi ngon cho Ty Sn.
H vo thng 3 nm inh Du (1777) nh h ha6 c thu ln b, cm u l
Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu.
Tn Chnh vng em qun i Trn Bin. Tng tin o ca Vng gp Ty
Sn u b git, Vng lui v Si Gn. Thu binh Ty Sn cng ang dng co y.
Ho ngha qun git c Tun st Tuyn Hc Mn. Nhng gp lc Trng Phc
Thn ko qun t Cn Giuc7 v tip vin, qun Ho Ngha tng l ng Sn nh
tp hu bn b Hc Mn chy v Bn Ngh. Ty Sn tha th ui theo, thu b p
nh. L Ti hong ht chy v Ba Ging b git, cn Du Tng c 4.000 qun
ng Sn rc v tr Rch Chanh8 ri i Ti Ph.
Thng t, Ty Sn tin n ui Du Tng v Long Hng. Gp lc Thanh
Nhn t Rch Gi n, c hai bn i Cn Th gp Mc Thin T. Sau khi bn nh,
Thanh Nhn bn i cu Trn Vn Thc v Chu Vn Tip gip . May mn nh
chuyn i ny ng trnh c nn ln.
V phn Tn Chnh vng ng chy thua Rch Chanh v Tr Tn9 ri c
Tng Phc Thim rc v Ba Vc10. Thng 7, Ty Sn nh tan vin binh Bnh
Thun ca Trn Vn Thc v tin n Ba Vc. Tng Phc Ho (em Tng Phc Hp)
khng gi c lu, t t. Vng cht cng 18 ngi theo (19-9-1777) khng c dp
thc hin nh chy ra Bnh Thun vi Chu Vn Tip.
S phn ca Du Tng cng c nh ot sau . Cha b chy i Trn
Giang (Cn Th) tc l ni Mc Thin T v cc con T chng gi. Nhng T t
trn H Tin cng khng c thc lc nn bn vi Du Tng xin qua Kin Giang n
thuyn i Qung ng cu vin. Cha chy v Long Xuyn, nhng Ty Sn ui kp
n ni. Cha cng Nguyn Phc ng, anh Nguyn Phc nh, v cha con Chng
c Trng Phc Thn, Lu th Lng, Tham mu Nguyn Danh Khong u b git
(18-10-1777).
Lc by gi Nguyn nh u m li thot khi ci v dit tc ny? S quan
nh Nguyn khng lu nhiu n vic chy trn khng ly g lm v vang cho cha
ca h nn khng xt n ni chn lu lc ca ng. H thay th ci nhc ln trnh
Ty Sn bng cu chuyn c su a qua sng, mt bng chng mng s vng
ca ng hong ny. Tuy nhin, do ta cng thy nhng ngy chy trn tht y
kinh hong. Th m, ch trong mt thng sau ta thy ng c mt Long Xuyn vi
Thanh Nhn11. iu chng t ng vn theo Du Tng t lc ri Ba Ging.
Nh m c Pigneau em giu trn v sai H Vn Ngh em thc n nui
sng12. Nguyn nh thot nn tht l mt may mn, trong khi Du Tng v Tn
Chnh vng cht i khng hn l mt bt hnh cho h Nguyn. Hai ngi cht i,
chm dt mt giai on trong lch s h Nguyn, giai on suy vong, tranh chp
quyn li ring t trong ci th nghing nga ca dng h.

261
 i vi Ty Sn, con bi ng cung Dng khng dng n na t khi h
ph Tng Phc Hp Ph Yn. Nhng thc ra n vn gip ch Ty Sn trong vic
cng vi Du Tng chng i lm phn r th lc Gia nh cho n by gi.
Tht m, c m, ci cht ta Du Tng v Tn Chnh vng vo trng hp
. Tin chc xong vic Gia nh, Nguyn Hu v Nguyn L ko binh v Quy
Nhn li Tng c Chu, T khu Uy, iu khin Ho cng Cai c Chn chia binh
cai tr13. Nhng khi anh em Ty Sn xy thnh Ch Bn14, Nguyn Nhc xng ,
hiu l Thi c, phong L lm Tit ch, Hu lm Long nhng Tng qun t
Quy Nhn, th h cng thy Gia nh mt trong nhng ngi cui cng ca dng
h Nguyn tp hp tn binh chng li. Thc l kh chu cho h.
_________________________________________
1. Chiu Thi.
2. Tn Bn Kiu.
3. Vic Nguyn Nhc xng l Ty Sn vng, phong chc cho cc em, sai Nguyn L vo Nam v
em y ng cung Dng vo cha Thp Thp ng thi trong ma xun Bnh Thn (1776)
chng t mun hnh ng c lp ca Ty Sn, loi tr dt khot uy th ca cu Nguyn.
Cn vic cha Thp Thp ngay chn thnh Ch Bn, tc l ch d cho Nhc trng chng
Dng nht m Dng c th thot xung ca Thi Ni gn 20 cy s ng nc lt li chnh
l nh s h ca lnh gc trong ma ma to gi ln a phng hn l nh mu k t
ngi gi cho ng trn ging ca anh mu s no .
4. Nay b ph i, trn nn y xy ct tri nui nga trong thnh Ma (tr s B T lnh Cnh
st Quc gia - VNCH).
5. Thc lc, q1 2ab.
6. La rvolte..., bd. BSEI, 1948, t. 85.
7. Ch dn ca Trnh Hoi c (Aubaret, t. 201). Thc lc tin bin lm vi Cn Bt (Kampot).
8. . C 2 a danh tng ng: Bn Tranh (nh Trc Giang: Bn Tre) c tn ring khc,
v Rch Chanh: (Tranh: chanh, t in P. Gouin, o Duy Anh), con rch chy trong vng
ng Thp n thng vi Tin Giang qua Ba Ging. Qun tng Nguyn hay chy v pha ny
np trong tnh Romdoul ca Chn Lp hay qua sng hng Long H, i Cn Th, Rch
Gi ra bin: con ng thot thn thit yu n ni L Ti bit ng Sn Ba Ging m cng
chy v b git.
9. Rch Tr Tn chy t ging Thuc Nhiu qua cc lng Long Khnh, Long Tin, Long Trung
(ch Ba Da) ri ra Tin Giang ni lng Hng Long (ch dn ca ng Trng Ngc Tng,
Cai Ly).
10. Ba Vit ca Thc lc, Lit truyn. a im Ba Vc trn rch Ci Mn chy trong c lao M
Cy.
11. Thc lc. q1, 3a.
12. Th ng Faulet cho ng Descourvires ngy 25-4-1780 (A. Launay III. tr. 69. 70).
13. Lit truyn, q30, 9b. Th thch chin trng l mc thc o ti nng cc tng. Cc tn
Chu, Hn, Uy sau ny bin mt trn chnh trng. Ho chc l Nguyn Vn Ho. Cn Chn c
phi l ng Vn Chn (Chn) khng?
14. ng Nguyn Phng (i hc s 5, thng 10-1762, t. 762) c da Ty Sn s truyn t
thnh ny. ng lu l nhng danh t to tt dng ch nhng kin trc thng rt khim
tn ca ta ngy xa khin ta c tng s xy ct bn trong tt l hng v, trng l lm.
Chapman (bd, t.29) trong chuyn i thm Qui Nhn t r nh sau: Thnh ch l mt bc
tng nhiu ch h hi, khng sng, khng thp np bn, hay tt c nhng g gi l mt
thnh tr chin u... Ca chnh v tng khng c mt tn lnh gc no v bn trong t cy
thnh rung. Chapman n gia nm 1778 t nh trn, nhng thnh c th xy p thm vo
nhng nm sau. Tuy nhin chi tit t cy thnh rung bn trong vn ng nu ta nhn li di

262
 tch ngy nay. Qui m tng i th kh hng v vi dy b t ong chim ba lng B
Canh, Nam An, Thun Chnh ca qun An Nhn. Tn thnh c th c l Bn,
Ch Bn, X Bn. Ngi a phng ngy xa, trn danh thip ca h, thng dng tn thnh
chi tnh Bnh nh: Nguyn Vn M, X Bn Thnh, hay Trn Vn M, C Bn Thnh. Tn
Ch Bn, gc Chm, c ngha tn gio (aban = autel - Aymonier v Cabaton, Dictionnaire
Cam-Franais, Paris, 1906, t. 461).
Hin nay thnh cn du vt l nhng m t chy bao quanh vi hai th ng, dng song
song, chc l ca thnh st li sau khi Gia Long (nm th 12) sai ph i, ly vt liu xy thnh mi
l thnh Bnh nh by gi, cch pha Nam vi cy s (cng b ph nt nm 1945, 1955). Thnh
Ch Bn nay gi l Thnh C.

NGUYN PHC NH V QUYN UY GIA NH

Cuc khi binh Long Xuyn * Nhng nhn xt v Nguyn nh * V Thanh
Nhn * C gng t chc kinh t vng Ty Sn v gii hn kh nng cng ph Gia
nh ca h.
C dng h Nguyn sau bin c Ba Vc v Long Xuyn gn nh l khng cn ai
hot ng na ngoi Nguyn nh. Thc vy, v pha vai ch Nguyn nh c Tn
Tht Cht cht cng nm ny, Tn Tht ng (1744-1786) khng hot ng, Tn
Tht Xun (1759- 1780) chy sang Xim vi Mc Thin T v mc nn y, Tn
Tht Thng nm l Ph Xun. Hai ngi anh th Tn Tht Cao cht trn (khng r
nm no), Tn Tht ng cng cht vi Du Tng. Mt ngi em, Tn Tht in
cn sng ti 1783.
Phi nhn rng sau bin c 1777, nu k sng st khng phi l nh th bin
chuyn Gia nh cn gy nhiu phin phc cho h Nguyn. Bi v, chng ta lu
rng Gia nh lc by gi L Ti mt, Mc Thin T lu vong, lc lng cn
li c ngi cm u l qun ng Sn. M nh ta bit, Nguyn nh nhn
danh Du Tng iu khin qun ng Sn th nay Du Tng cht i, v cha khng
chi ci ca h l chng thanh nin 16 tui ny.
Thng 10 m lch 1777, ng tr v khi binh Long Xuyn. Gp Thnh Nhn
Sa c1 v Cai c H Vn Ln tip vi qun Cn vng Tng Phc Khung,
Nguyn Vn Hong, Tng Phc Lng, Dng Vn Trng, ng nh thng Long
H. Thng 12 inh Du, qun Nguyn tha th tr v Si Gn, ui Tng c Chu,
T khu Uy v Quy Nhn2.
Thng ging nm Mu Tut (1778), h Nguyn lp li chnh quyn di bng c
ca i nguyn su Nhip quc chnh Nguyn Phc nh.
Nh ni, mt giai on mi m u, khng phi ch ring cho h Nguyn m
cn ko di cho lch s Vit Nam na. Nhng bin c mi s tu thuc khng t th
nhiu vo con ngi ny m ta mun bit.
John Barrow da trn cc ti liu ca L. Barizy, ca mt vin th k Trung Hoa
ca chnh quyn Gia nh (Trnh Hoi c?) v cc gio s m v r mt Nguyn
nh lc ng tui vi dng ngi cao trung bnh, v mt u n, nh nhm, mu
da hng, rm nng v du di.... S quan im lng v im hnh dng ny v khng
dm mn thng, v khng c thi quen t thc. Nhng khi ni n tnh tnh th ta
thy h khng tic dp cao v hong ca h. Theo h, Nguyn nh l ngi
thng du tc thnh. ng rt trung thnh vi Du Tng, khng b vua khi nguy

263
him. Vi by ti, ng bit chia ngt x bi trong ngy nm gai nm mt. Trong i
sng cng cng nh t, ta thy ng lc mm mng, lc cng quyt, ng ph kh l
lng vi tnh th. ng tng hp c ni mnh vai tr ca mt chnh tr gia, mt v
tng. Chng ta c th thy vai tr ng ng phi kh khn ti chng no khi ngh
rng trong thi k cm quyn, di tay ng l nh mt m quan binh phc tp v
tnh th (hm qua cp, nay quan, sm u ti nh) v li phc tp v cu to na
(qun Vit xen ln qun Min, Chm, M Lai, Ty phng, Trung Hoa).
Ngi ta t ng gan d, khng th kch, di do bin tr trong mi tnh th.
tng ng n; khng khi no kh khn ngn chn c ng v chng ngi khng
lm cho ng li bc... C ch ca ng i vi ngi ngoi quc tht d thng v
ho nh. Cc s quan di quyn ng rt knh phc ng. ng i x vi h rt nh
nhn, thn mt v tt..3. S quan cn cho ta bit ng bn c sng iu thng,
bi li gii.
Nhng hnh nh y tuy c lc c v vi cho c v chn mng vng
nhng khng hn qu xa s tht. Cng nhn xt nhn vt quan trng ny ng thi
tn tng mt b trn ca mnh, L.M Lelabousse vit trong bc th ngy 14-4-
1800:
ng hong ny c l l con ngi nng ny, on tnh nht trong x, nhng...
nhng li ry la ca Gim mc dAdran lm m tnh bng bt . ng cng
quyt nhng khng hung tn, ng hay nghim tr nhng theo l lut.
ng c c ca tm hn cng nh ca tr tu. ng c tnh bit n, bao dung
v t nh v im danh d. Ln ln trong tai ng, ng chu ng c nghch cnh
mt cch can m, xng ng vi nh thng thi hun luyn cho.
Lc tr ng a ru, nhng t khi phi cm u cng vic, ng b i n by
gi khng nm ly mt git... V vy, ng mi ra nhng lnh rt nghim khc chng
vi nhng ai say sa...4
Cc c tnh tr tu khng nhng nhng c tnh tm hn. Hng hi, thng tu,
thng thn, ng hiu ngay t lc u nhng vic phc tp nht. ng nh mi chuyn
rt ti v ng bt chc rt d dng...
ng rt cn mn. Ban m, ng c nhiu. ng rt t m tm hiu5
l v Hong v i nht t xa n nay ca x Cochinchine. Gim mc
dAdran v ng hong ny l hai con ngi v i m nhng v trng l ca x ny
s cn gi li hnh nh oai hng. Th k ca h s lu danh...6
nh hng ca B-a-lc Nguyn nh khng phi l khng quan trng, nhng
khng phi ch nh th. Gio dc m ng hong ny hp th l mt th gio dc
Khng mn c khun nn trong thc t. Ln ln trong tai ng, Lelabousse
ni c l. Gia Long l mt Nguyn nh c tp thnh trong bin c. Tui tr, gp
gia bin qu sm, trc mt k th gn nh l v ch, b rt ui tn hang cng
ng hm, ng mang nhiu mc cm yu t, hay than th v b bt buc mong i,
trng cy ngi nhiu. Nhng tnh th gip ng t ch dn dn. Vic khu tr
Thanh Nhn l mt v d in hnh.
Nguyn nh va yn v Gia nh th thng hai nm Mu Tut (1778), qun
Ty Sn li ko vo. Quy Nhn mc bn rn vic xng ca Nguyn Nhc nn
phi vo Tng c Chu, T khu Uy v H gi Phm Ngn. Ty Sn chim nh cc
264
vng Trn Bin, Phin Trn v ven bin. Cu tng Ho Ngha o Trn Phng
thua trn sng Phc Lc. Thng ba nm , Thanh Nhn trn gi Si Gn,
Nguyn nh b i Bn Lc7 L Vn Qun v Nguyn Vn Hong chn nh c
Ty Sn Bn Lc khin h phi rt ra ngoi sng ln. M cuc phn cng,
Thanh Nhn chn c T khu Uy sng Bn Ngh8 trong lc Nguyn Vn Hong
tin nh ng Nai (Bin Ho) git Lim. Lng thu Trn Bin. Thu qun b L
Vn Duyt ph, Phm Ngn theo ng b v Bnh Thun gp cn tr ca Chu Vn
Tip v L Vn Qun phi thi lui v Quy Nhn9.
Vic Thanh Nhn li chng gi cho thnh chng t ln na vai tr quan
trng ca ng trong chin tranh. a v ng s cng vng chc khi Gia nh thy yn
n, thot khi nhng chuyn nhiu lc thng xuyn ca Ty Sn.
Trong cc nm 1778, 1979, 1980, Gia nh lo cng c thc lc ca mnh:
Nguyn nh lo t chc hnh chnh, chia doanh trn, t ngi coi gi, to chin
thuyn, tr lng phng b chin tranh. Sc mnh Gia nh cng cn phi c
chng minh vi phin thuc, nht l vi Chn Lp ang tha th ri ren tm cch
thot khi nh hng ca i Vit.
T thng 6 m lch (1779), Chn Lp, Nc Vinh git Nc Thm v bc t
Nc Tn chim chnh quyn. Thanh Nhn em qun nh dp, lp Nc n l
con Nc Tn ln lm vua, lu H Vn Ln li bo h ri rt qun v.10
Ngay chnh trn t Gia nh cng khng yn v thiu s ngi Min vng Tr
Vinh di quyn ca t trng c Nha11. H chim c mt vng m s quan phi t
l rng su, m ln, c dy, tm ti. Thanh Nhn lc by gi gi chc Ngoi
hu Ph chnh Thng tng qun, nhn dp tc v ca Nguyn nh (u Xun
1780) bn ct qun ph rng, m ng tin nh. Dng Vn Trng ly mc st
cu cc thuyn li vi nhau, dng b chui trn thuyn ngn tn gic v theo nc
thu triu, quan binh tin ln ph c sc khng c ca ch qun.
Chin thng Tr Vinh xong, Thanh Nhn tr v sa son chin thuyn, hun
luyn thu binh cng b binh. ng tip tc hc hi v khoa hc, k thut Ty
phng vi B-a-lc.
Vic t chc Gia nh chc c B-a-lc nhng tay vo mt t. ng ny c
mt y t 1775 m mi lin lc mt thit vi Nguyn nh c cc nh truyn
gio r t nm 1777. Tuy nhin, ngi quan trng vn l Thanh Nhn.
Kiu cng trong quyn tc, th ni lc lng ng Sn trong vic gi gn
quyn vua, Thanh Nhn tr thnh chuyn ch. ng m thm vy cnh ring cho
ng. Bn tnh hung bo, ng lm cho c x phi s hi, th ght. Qun ng Sn
cng c nhng hnh ng tn c nh Trung ao qun ca L Ti thu trc: h dng
hnh pht rt thm khc, thiu sng ngi, git c n b c mang. C tham vng
khng cng, Thanh Nhn cn mun chim ly chnh quyn. ng ct xn cc
khon chi ph trong cung. Nguyn nh ti ph ring ng khng thm gi l. ng cho
tay chn nm cc chc v, v cho nhng ai thn hu c mang h ca ng nh
mt v cha t vng tc.
Nhng mt v tng th bo nh Thanh Nhn t dn mnh n ch cht m
khng hay bit.

265
 Mt ngi chn chn, c thc v a v ca mnh, c nhiu ph t mu lc
nh Nguyn nh, tt khng th no chu p mt b. Vo gn na m mt ngy no
, ng i tm B-a-lc hi kin. ng ny phn vn gia Thanh Nhn v
Nguyn nh, c hai ngi ng u c gi lin lc li dng truyn o, nn tr
li thi thc mt cch khn ngoan. nh khc v, vn khng b nh ginh li
quyn binh.
Tng Phc Thim thy c nh, tu xin tr gic bn cnh vua. nh suy
ngh rt lu v hai ngi bn bc k lng. Cui cng mu k c t ra. Nguyn
nh gi bnh mi trong cung, cc quan vn v phi vo vn an. Nhng trong my
ngy u, Thanh Nhn khng ti. n cui ngy th ba, ng ti vi mt s ng
v s nh thng l. qun hu ngoi, Nhn tin vo trong gp m, v Nguyn
nh trong phng bnh, c hai khng hay bit g ht. Nhn cha kp ni mt li th
mt nhm v s phng bn cnh tin ra, git cht ngay.
Nhng mi lo s ca Nguyn nh khi ngh ti hu qu v tr Thanh Nhn
xy ra. Ti ngi c ri lon ln. Qu vy, qun ng Sn mt ch tng b phn ra
lm 4 o. Mt s qun trung thnh vi ch c chy v Ba Ging, cn c c, lm
phn di quyn ca Bng, V Nhn - anh ca Ph m Chng hu qun V
Tnh sau ny.
_______________________________________
1. Sa ch ca Thc lc.
2. Thc lc, q1, 3b v Lit truyn q27, 23b, q30, 9b.
3. Trch li ca G. Taboulet, La geste franaise, t. 270.
4. Thc lc q6, 19a. Ch khc kh: q4, 9b, 15a, q8, 28b.
5. Lng ham thch hc hi c truyn n cho con. Xem li dn Hong t Cnh lc cho ra trn
Din Khnh (Thc lc q6, 35b). kin ca Dayot: (Nguyn nh) ch thch th vi tt c
nhng g thuc v khoa hc pht minh (G. Taboulet, La geste franaise, sd, t. 250).
6. G. Taboulet, La geste franaise. sd. t. 268.
7. Lt Giang ca s quan.
8. Trnh Hoi c ch r sng Bn Ngh l sng Bnh Giang, vm Bn Ngh ch rch Bn Ngh
ra sng Si Gn (Aubaret. t. 137, 184). C l l khc sng Si Gn (Tn Bnh giang)
khong Bn Tu by gi.
9. Thc lc. q1, 4b. 5ab.
10. Thc lc. q1, 7b. Lit truyn q21, 23b.
11. Chc quan Chn Lp.
Cc lon tng khng c may mn nh my ln chng i trc. Trong thng
5 nhun, Nguyn nh Ton, Tng Phc Lng c lnh nh h sng Lng
Ph. Tng Phc Lng vng v lm bi binh. Lng b bim, Cai c Nguyn Vn
Qu, Phan Vn Tuyn thay. Bng, V Nhn u b tr1.
Nh vy, Nguyn nh cng tri qua mt cn th thch. Ln ny, k ch
khng phi t ngoi vo m l nm trong tm phc. Th thch lm vng chc
thm kinh nghim cm quyn ca ng. V ny gy nn sng gi trong chnh
quyn Gia nh. Cuc bo lon ca cc phn tng ng Sn l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn lm ngng cuc tin qun ra Ph Yn hi gia nm 1781.
S quan nh Nguyn vn cho l v ny lm u mi cho vic Ty Sn li tn
cng vo Nam: c tin Thanh Nhn b git, Nguyn Nhc mng r Hu
Phng cht ri, cc tng khc khng ng lo ri chun b nam chinh2. S thc
266
khng gin d nh vy. Thanh Nhn cng nh Chu Vn Tip nm sau, khng
l mt cn tr nguy him cho Ty Sn.
Chng ta lu rng t 1775, lc tin lc lui, qun Nguyn vn gi cc vng Ph
Yn, Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun trong khi Ty Sn chuyn ch vo vic tn cng Gia
nh ti ba ln ri. Ti sao vy? Khng phi ti c Chu Vn Tip cn tr vng
ngoi nh ngi ta vn tng. Chuyn nam chinh 1777, Ty Sn ko vo bng c
ng b m khng gp cn tr quan trng. Tng c Chu, H gi Phm Ngn
nhng ln rt lui tuy b chn nh nhng vn v c Quy Nhn. C th coi bn
Chu Vn Tip nh cc i tin n l t, ln trnh trn vng ni rng trong khi i
bn doanh ng Gia nh vi h Nguyn cm u. nh vo ni phi nh, l
l do Ty Sn nhp khu Gia nh.
Ty Sn cn bit Gia nh mt im na: l s sung tc min ny. H
hn khng qun vic h cp thuyn lng ca Mc Thin T vin tr cho Du
Tng vo nm 1774, vic Nguyn L ch la thc kho Gia nh v Quy Nhn.
Ngoi ra, h cn cp tin bc ca cc ph thng Hoa kiu c lao i Ph na.
C th ni tin ca, thc la nui nng qun Ty Sn cht vt nh gic.
Tnh trng ngho cc vng Ty Sn khng phi l mt im l. H ni dy
tha hng mt x cng kh sn, cng cng kh hn v tn ph ca chin tranh, lm
rung t b hoang, cng ngh ln bi, khin h kh khn khi mun pht trin quyn
lc qu gii hn a phng qu hng h.
Chim thm Qung Nam, h ch thm c mt x tan nt ca Nguyn, Trnh
li. H phi mua nhng vt dng cn thit nht ca cc thuyn bun Trung Hoa
nhp cng vi gi ct c. Tin bc do ht ln v h phi ph nh th, nht l cha
ly chung tng c tin.
Nguyn Nhc cng c lng c ti nguyn trong x rt di do: tiu, u
khu, qu, g mun, ng voi, thic... m dn chng khng bit li dng v h ngu
dt. Nhng ng cng bit rng cc nc khc coi cc th ny l qu gi v chng c
th em li li tc cho quc gia ng. Cho nn, gp Chapman, ng vi v mi bun
bn, a ra mt thu biu: 10.000 quan cho mt chic tu 3 ct bum, 7.000 quan
cho tu 2 ct bum, 4.000 quan cho nhng chic nh hn. B ch mc, ng h xung
cn 7.000 quan, 4.000 quan v 2.000 quan. Ri mi mc Chapman v nh ring, ng
li nm ra mt kin t ra hng u: tha thu. Cuc thng thuyt tht tc ci
nhng cng cho ta thy c tnh cnh ng thng ca Ty Sn trong vic thc
hin m c ln lao vi cc phng tin eo hp.
Thc vy, chnh quyn Qung Nam cho Chapman mt giy php bun bn, bt
mi ngi ai mua ca ng phi tr , khng c c hip, ngc i ng cng
nh khch hng ca ng. Nu khng tun, h s phi chu nhng hnh pht nng n.
Nhng iu ng nguy cho c Ty Sn l Chapman khng tm c mt ngi no
trong tnh tho lun vic bn bun. Ta hiu ti sao c iu : ch c ngi Trung
Hoa mi lm ngh bun bn to ln, th m Faifo va b tn ph n tn gc th ai u
m giao dch vi ng3.
Tm li chin tranh khng phi l khng hao tn cho Ty Sn. Sau ny, Nguyn
nh c ln ko qun ra cng v lng vn ti khng kp m phi rt v. Cho nn,
nhng chuyn nh vo ri li quay ra ca Ty Sn phi c gii thch bng s gii
267
hn ca lng tin cung cp chin tranh. Gii hn ny li chuyn qua hnh thc khc,
gii hn quy nh ca gi ma. nh vo khi cn ma gi bc, rt v khi ni gi
nam, Ty Sn phi liu nh thi gian hnh qun thu n mc ti thiu: chin thut
ym kch, nh mnh rt nhanh m ngi ta vn khen Nguyn Hu, c mt phn
nguyn c t cc gii hn ny.
Cht vt nh vy nn khi anh em h xng Hong thnh (Ch Bn),
khinh ch a vo Nam ton qun yu km ca Tng c Chu, h mt mt c
hi dit Nguyn nh. Phi ch ti nm sau khi Nguyn nh thu nhn nhng yu
t mi (tit 5) ci thin binh lc4. Ty Sn s tu Ho Lan tr nn e d. Thanh
Nhn cht ri, Nguyn nh cn t chc c mt cuc tin qun ra Ph Yn. Ty
Sn hn khng dm vi xt on hu qu ci cht ca Nhn s c li cho h. Thc
ra, ch c lc tin Hu Phng cht hp vi iu chng kin tn mt v kh nng ca
i qun Tn Tht D tin ra, h mi vng lng t phn cng, nhp khu Gia
nh ln na ghi trn Ng By vo s qun cng ca h nh ta s thy.
_______________________________________
1. Tng hp Thc lc q1, 11b, 12a, 13b; Lit truyn q12, 3a chuyn Nguyn nh Ton, q13, 2ab,
chuyn Tng Phc Thim, q27, 2ab, 25a, chuyn Thanh Nhn; A. Launay, III, t. 312, 313, ti
liu ca Th vin Hi Truyn gio.
Qun l Bn Tranh c cn c tn l Lng Ph, vy Lng Ph Giang l sng Bn Tranh.
Truyn Thanh Nhn ni r ng ny cht vo khong thng 3 l 1781, Lit truyn q30, 10a cho
vo nm Nhm Dn (1782). Suy xt mi lin quan vi cuc tn cng Ph Yn, v cc tu B (tit
5) chy trn c xc nh r thng 7-1781, ta thy vic xy ra qu vo nm Tn Su (1781).
2. Lit truyn q30, 10a.
3. Chapman, bd, t. 30-32, 36, 37.
4. Chapman ln thnh Ch Bn vo khong gia thng 7-1778, c Nguyn Nhc tip, ng lu
n mt chic gh trng bn cnh Nhc dnh cho ngi em khc ang ng Nai. Ai y?
Nh trc thy, chuyn vo thng 2 Mu Tut (1778) khng c ngi no trong 3 anh em
Ty Sn theo ch huy. Trn chin kt thc vo khong thng 3 l. Nh vy khng th ni rng
ngi em vng mt kia ng Nai c. Phi ngh rng Ty Sn lc ny ang chun b nh
bo th t khi h bit tin thua. Ngi i sa son tt l Nguyn Hu, chc lc by gi Ph
Yn ( ca Thi Ni th Chapman bit) v v th mi c tin n ng ng Nai v
Chapman mi thy thu s Ty Sn ch c vi chic galre v t thuyn cp c ca ngi
Trung Hoa thi.

K THUT TY PHNG RT R
BC VO CHIN TRANH NAM H
Mi m trong qun lc Nguyn nh * Trn Ng By * V cu Tham Lng v hu
qu * Chu Vn Tip v Nguyn Hu.
Khi cc i phng m cuc chin tranh thanh ton nhau th h th dng tt c
phng tin t ti mc ch. Trong cuc tranh chp Ty Sn - Nguyn bui
u ny, lng can m, gan d ca chin s Ty Sn b ngn cn rt nhiu v hu
thun kinh t gii hn, v thiu phng tin ni lin vi mt chin trng xa ni xut
pht. Cho nn thy c k thut cao ca Ty phng Nguyn Nhc mi ngh
vi h xin ngi luyn tp s tt, mn tu ch binh lnh, m giao thng. Nhng
ng tht bi nh ta thy v s thy v x s ng, do nh hng ca chin tranh,
thiu mt m ngi trung gian quan trng: thng nhn Trung Hoa.

268
 May mn hn Ty Sn, Nguyn nh Gia nh c nhng iu kin li ko
thng nhn Trung Hoa, li thm cc gio s Ty phng, mt trung gian quan trng
khc na. Trong khi phn trn v hnh ng can d vo chnh tr i Vit, Gim
mc dAdran chng minh cho ta thy xc nhn trn trong bc th ngy 26-7-
1779: Hai chic tu t Macao n Bassac trong nm nay bun bn... Mt ngi
Trung Hoa a kin vi ng ln ca x Cochinchine cho ng ta bit rng tu cha
y i bc, dim tiu, lu hong v cc th kh gii, n dc khc. ng quan m
ti rt quen ng ht sc cn cc th hng ho ny, vi v bt ti vit th cho
cc quan coi tu yu cu h bn cho ng ht hay mt phn. Hay nu c th, h em
tu gip x Cochinchine: i li, h c hng quyn gh bn v nhng quyn li
khc na1.
Tuy cc v ch tu c phn nn v thi tham d ca B-a-lc, cch giao thip
ny cng a ti kt qu l vo khong thng h 1781 trong cuc duyt binh thng 5
Tn Su vi khng di 3 vn qun, 80 thuyn i bin, 3 i chin thuyn, s quan
ghi r c hai chic tu Ty (Ty dng thuyn). Thc ra, B-a-lc v cc L.M ging
Franciscain ghi nhn ti 3 chic tu B o Nha ch y binh lnh, kh gii sng n
v lng thc. Chnh B-a-lc, bng cch ni chuyn chi cng du nhp kin
thc, k thut mi vo Gia nh khi ng dy Thanh Nhn li dng lu n, lm
gip mt thc o gc c in, mt rapporteur, mt ng loa, mt dng c thin vn
v nhng dng c ton hc khc... Hn na, ng cn cho ngi gip vic ca ng,
Mn-noi, Emmanuel..., mt tay lnh thu breton, sang ph t Nguyn nh, iu
khin mt chic tu B.
C c lc lng nh vy, Nguyn nh tuy va mi x xong Thanh Nhn,
vn tng rng c th tn cng ngay Ty Sn. Sau k duyt binh, ng sai Tn Tht
D lm Tit ch b binh Bnh Thun cng Tng Phc Thim, Nguyn Hu Thu,
Dng Vn Trng ra Hn Khi2 hp vi Chu Vn Tip tin nh. Hai chic tu B
nhn dp ny ging bum chy thng. Chic th ba di quyn Mn-noi khng
trn c. Tuy ch c mt mnh, n cng lm cho binh Ty Sn nghe n bn
Olane gip vua, by gi thy chic tu do tay ng C to ra, chy khng cn
nc, m ra s hi b trn khi Bnh Thun, Bnh Khang, Ph Yn3. Nhng cuc
tin qun khng t kt qu v b binh Ty Sn vi nhiu voi thin chin nh
ui qun Nguyn nh lm Chu Vn Tip phi chy v Ch Rang. Gp lc d ng
ng Sn ni dy, qun Nguyn rt v Gia nh.
Tn thc nhiu trang b tu B m khng c ch li g, triu nh Gia nh
ly lm tc gin. Nu phi e ngi phn ng ngoi quc th Mn-noi c ra tay
tr th ngay, lun tin thanh ton mi him Php, Ty Ban Nha trn bnh din o
cng nh i x ny. Mn-noi phc cho vin ch tu Antonio Rodiguez say
trong mt tic ru, ri git cht cng vi 27 lnh B khc v L.M Antonio lm
Tuyn u di tu, ch thot c 8, 9 k bi trn vo b (thng 9-1781).
Tt c nhng vic xy ra lm suy km binh lc Nguyn nh, tuy nhin h cng
cn mnh hn o thu binh Ty Sn ko vo u thng 4-1782, nh nhn xt ca
Pigneau. S quan Nguyn ghi o qun Nhc, Hu vo ca Cn Gi thng ba Nhm
Dn c vi trm thuyn. Tng Phc Thim lnh thu binh t khi Thanh Nhn

269
cht i, c lnh dn binh ra sng Ng By i. L.M Ginestar ghi nhn qun Gia
nh c hn 400 thuyn chin, 70 ghe Tu (?) v chic tu B ca Mn-noi cp.
Nguyn nh ng u thuyn, chin u rt hng. Nhng Ty Sn tha th gi
ln thi thun, xng thng ln, o t tin nh. Tng Phc Thim mang phn ln
binh thuyn b chy, Nguyn nh phi lui. Ty Sn ui theo nhng b Mn-noi
cn tr. Hai ln h c tro ln tu m khng c v Mn-noi dng lu n nm h
tan tnh. Ln u tin chin c Ty phng chng t trc tip hiu nghim ca n.
Nhng qun ch vn o t xng ln ln th ba. Ln ny h thnh cng. Mn-noi
mt mnh li gi thuyn, chm la cho thuyn n, mnh cht. TySn thng trn
nh gan d nhng phi mt rt nhiu mng.4 Thc l mt mi cm hn cho Nguyn
Nhc, Nguyn Hu.
Nguyn nh b chy v Ba Ging, c khi ln trn trong khu rng Romdoul ca
Chn Lp.5 Ty Sn ui theo vo cui thng t dng lch, bt vua quan Chn Lp
hng phc v bt tt c nhng ngi Vit chy lon y phi v nc. May mn
cho Nguyn nh, mt vic va xy ra Phin Trn khin Ty Sn b ngn tr phn
no trong vic sn ui.
Lc by gi Tit ch Bnh Thun Tn Tht D nghe Ty Sn vo Gia nh vi
xut binh em Nguyn Vn m, Trn Vn T, tng Ho ngha Trn Cng Chng
i vo cu gi. Thng 1 m lch, vin binh n Vn Tru6 gp b binh Ty Sn, h
bn phc binh nh. Tham tn H Cng Siu b n cht. V pha Ty Sn, H gi
Phm Ngn b Chng git cu Tham Lng. Va lc y i binh Ty Sn ko
n, h phi rt lui.
Ci cht ca Phm Ngn gy ra mt cuc git chc Minh dn tn bo khng tng
thy. Nhc, Hu mt khn ngoan ri sao?
Chng ta hy lu trc tin n c nhn ngi b git. Ti liu khng ni r g
hn, nhng ch khc ta thy Nguyn Hu c mt ngi v h Phm sinh ra
Quang Ton. Trong x hi c ca chng ta, mi lin lc tng tc, a phng l mt
bo m cho s vng bn ca triu nh. Cho nn h Trnh la qun Tam ph cho
lm u binh, hng c quyn. H Nguyn trng ngi Tng Sn n ni ly phm
t qu thay th cho ci tn huyn ring kia gi nhng ngi cng x theo
Nguyn Hong vo Nam l dn Qu Huyn, Qu Hng, cho hng rt nhiu u i
n nh Tng Phc Phng theo Ty Sn ti th cng lc kit mi hng vn c k
vo hng thn t nh Nguyn. Ty Sn vn ln trong mt x hi rn nt m vn
trong khun kh c cng khng thot khi thng l . V Quang Ton phong tc
cho anh em, v Bi c Tuyn s l nhng chng c mnh m. y, Phm Ngn
c b con vi Nguyn Hu khng? Ta ni ti liu im lng. Nhng mi thm tnh
vi hai ng cha Ty Sn th hn Phm Ngn c. Chc H gi vi my ln Nam
chinh m khng c Nhc, ngi cn h gi, chng t vai tr quan trng, a v thn
thuc vi Ty Sn ca ng. ng cm qun c ngha nh chnh Nhc cm qun vy.
ng khc, nhn vo hot ng ca k m Nhc trt cm hn ln u, ta cng
thy nhiu im sng t. T nhng bin lon 1776, 1777 tn ph c lao i Ph
Bin Ho th thng nhn Trung Hoa ko v quy qun quanh thnh Gia nh. L
Ti cht i nhng m Ho Ngha qun vn cn. Nguyn nh khn ngoan thu
dng h, tuy khng ng ho c qun i h.
270
 Ta thy trong trn 1779 c tn Ho Ngha qun ca Trn Phng, trn Vn
Tru c Trn Cng Chng, v nm sau na c Ho Ngha o ca Trn nh vi
cc tng Tng binh Trn Hng, Lm Hc. Nh vy, ngi Trung Hoa, bun bn
cng nh binh lnh t dn ng c m ra u trong mt th hp tc cht ch vi
Nguyn nh. Thc lc Gia nh lm cho Ty Sn phi thng m hao qun Gia
nh, lm cho h bi mt vin H gi thn tn cu Tham Lng, Nhc v Hu hn
khng th khng hiu chnh l v m dn Trung Hoa y. Ra lnh tn st, Nhc
tun theo s xi gic ca tnh cm, c s gp sc ca l tr. Hn on lm cho lnh
cng gh gm.
L.M Castuera c mt Ch Qun ghi nhn (th ngy 7-7-1782c ) gn 4.000
ngi Trung Hoa b git. S quan nh Nguyn tng s ln hn vn. Trnh Hoi
c cng vy. Andr Tn (th ngy 1-7-1784) ni c t 10.000 n 12.000 ngi
cht. ng lu l con s trn vn l nhn xt ca nhng ngi Vit quen c lng
phng i. Tuy nhin cnh tng din t tht l kinh khip v hn khng xa s tht
bao nhiu: Ngi Trung Hoa, bt lun binh lnh hay dn bun, mi n hay lu,
u b bt git, thy cht ngn ngang vt y sng ngi, n ni nc khng chy,
c thng hn ngi ta khng ai dm n tm c, ung nc sng. Mt khng kh
khng b bao trm khp vng: nhng ai c hng Trung Hoa trong nh nh vi la,
tr thuc, hng giy... u vt c ra ng m khng ngi dm lm7.
_____________________________________
1. A. Launay, III, t. 74, 75. ng quan ln ny l Thanh Nhn (xem trc: v Thanh Nhn).
Chnh chng ti nhn mnh ch Trung Hoa. Chng ta cng lu n ngy thng bc th
hiu r nhng iu ni tit trc v s e d ca Ty Sn i vi thu qun Gia nh.
2. Yn Cng, Hn Chng, nh ging Hn t ca Pigneau u ngay trn t lin. V l , tri
vi tin tng thng thng, hn khng phi ch ring nhng o nh m cn ch
nhng g t nh ra gn bin. Cho nn, Hn Khi tht l a danh rt hp tm ra v tr Yn
Cng ca s quan.
3. Chi tit k ra trc v sau y ly th Pigneau k trc, th ca L.M Castuera gi cho L.M
Trng tnh (BEFEO, 1940, bd, t. 88), th Pigneau ngy 24-7-1782 (A. Launay, III, t. 71,
76). Thc lc, q1, 13ab c ghi Thu binh Ty Sn khng dm nh ph hp vi li hunh
hoang ca Castuera.
Olane: Ho Lan; ng C: B-a-lc. Nhng chi tit do cc ngun s liu khc nhau so ra ht
sc st sao y.
4. Th Pigneau 24-7-1782, Langenois Sa c, 14-11-1782, L.M Ginestar, 7-7-1782, Lit truyn
q30, 10b, Thc lc q1, 16ab.
V thi gian Ty Sn vo, Thc lc, Trnh Hoi c c ch r thng 3 l. Th Pigneau
Pondichry ghi: Mars 1782 gn vic xy ra hn, ph hp vi xc nhn ca Langenois au
commencement d Avril. Khng nh ng Nguyn Phng on c l vo hi thng ging
Nhm Dn (i hc, 10-1762, t. 773, ch s 1). Cng khng nh ng bo ngi mang binh
thuyn b trn l Nhn Trp (bi dn trn. t. 773). Thc lc q1, 12b ni: nh sai Phc
Thim lnh thu binh, 16a nh sai Phc Thim dn binh Tht K giang. Vy vin
Gnral commandant la flotte m Ginestar ni n chnh l Tng Phc Thim.
5. Swayrieng by gi.
6. Hc Mn, Gia nh.
7. BSEI, 1940, La rvolle t la guerre des Ty Sn, bd, t. 87; Thc lc q1, 17a; Lit truyn q
30, 10b; A. Launay, III, t. 84.
Th l sau v Hi An, theo vi s a y ca chin tranh, Ty Sn cng tr
nn c lp. Nh thy, thng nhn Hoa cung cp vt dng cho ngi Vit, xut
271
cng nhng sn vt trong nc, l mt nhn t quan trng cho s pht trin kinh t
y. Tuy Ty Sn s cn khn ngoan ve vn cc gio s, c tm cch li h v
pha mnh vi o lut t do hnh gio (thng 12-1783), nhng thng nhn Ty
phng thy gng cc bn ng ca h v ca c chnh h na, tr nn d dt,
lo ngi: mt vic chic tu ca Chapman b qun Trnh Ph Xun cp bc vo
gia nm 1778 m mi n gia nm 1793 cn lm cho phi b Macartney lo lng
khi phi gh vo Tourane1 chng t. Phi ch i ngi ta qun, nhng thi
gian li khng ng v pha Ty Sn.
Tuy nhin, bn rn vng Bn Ngh lm cho Ty Sn phi xao lng ni
khc. Nguyn nh li tr v ging L, c thm hai ngi Hoa ph t l Thng binh
Hp v Knh. c Ty Sn, Nguyn Hc, ui theo b Nguyn Kim Phm nh
git thu hn 80 thuyn. Mng r tng c th nh thng v Gia nh, nh sai
Nguyn Hunh c lm tin phong, Tn Tht Cc lm trung qun, Trn Xun m,
Kim Phm h gi, tin qun ko v Ng T. Nhng Nguyn Hu, khng bit c bit
n Hn Tn khng, dn binh xoay lng ra sng, nh tht d. Nguyn nh phi
chy v Bn Lc c Lu th Vinh Trn doanh rc v Hu Giang, qua Rch Gi,
H Tin, theo thuyn nh trn ra Ph Quc.
Tng yn c Gia nh, Ty Sn rt v Quy Nhn, lu li hng tng ng
Sn Nhn Trp vi H b B v 3.000 qun coi sc (thng 5 m lch). S qun
v tn tng tht khng gi. Cho nn, ch thng sau l H Vn Ln nh
ui c Nguyn Loan, chim Long H ri cng vi Dng Vn Trng, Nguyn
Vn Qu nh Bn Lc, thng thm mt trn nh. Nhng ng e ngi chnh l lc
lng Chu Vn Tip vi cy c thu Lng Sn t quc by t nh trung thnh
vi nh Nguyn. Qun Tip ko vo vi nhng vin thuc tng sau ny s ni danh
nh: L Vn Qun, Nguyn Long. H b B mun rt qun th Nhn Trp ngn
li quyt th sc. ng b tin phong Phm Vn S xng vo nh trc ri hu i
Tip cng cng kch nn phi i bi. Nhn Trp v B chy v Quy Nhn2.
Nh vy, nh Chu Vn Tip, Nguyn nh li lm ch Gia nh ln na. ng
li lo t chc binh b. C mt s ngi t Ph Xun trn vo u, nhng cng khng
phi l k c ti. Lc lng ca ng sau my ln tan r yu t n ni ng phi lo
sai s thng hiu vi Xim phng Ty Sn nhp khu.
Tuy nhin, nhng thng cui nm, ng cng lo t chc phng th. Trn b nam
sng Si Gn (sng Tn Bnh), nh lp lu Vm C (Tho cu) cho Dng Vn
Trng gi, pha b bc lp lu C Tr (Gic ng) cho Tn Tht Mn gi. C cu tre
ni hai b. Gia sng by hn 100 thuyn c Gim qun T gi b na i Ty Sn
n dng ho cng t.
Nguyn nh khng phi ch lu v chin tranh vn mang tnh cch nh k ca
n, quy nh bi nhng trn gi ma. Ln ny l vi Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu.
T u thng 3-1783, B-a-lc phi hi bn vi Nguyn nh v vic trnh
Ty Sn. Ngi ta khng tnh vic chy qua Chn Lp v chin tranh v i km
tn ph x ny. Phi tnh chuyn chy ra cc hi o vnh Xim. B-a-lc c u
thc sa son tu b, lng thc phng phi i.
Ngy 19-3 c tin Ty Sn n. Cng bng ca Cn Gi. Ti ni, Ty Sn chia
binh lm hai o: T khu Nguyn Vn Kim nh bc ngn v c L Vn K
272
nh nam ngn. Lu th Thng v Tin phong Tu nh d thu qun Ty Sn mc
vo k ho cng m khng tnh n vic nc triu a qun ch ln theo vi gi
ng thi ngc li. Mi la quay li t thuyn Cha. L Vn K cht t cu ni
lm cht Tn Tht Mn. Dng Vn Trng b bt. Chu Vn Tip may thot c,
chy thng qua Xim cu vin. Nguyn nh v Ba Ging vi 5, 6 ngi tng v
hn 100 qun. cng khng yn, ng chy thng ra H Tin gp B-a-lc ri
hai ngi trn qua Ph Quc, hai ni khc nhau3.
Nhng qun Nguyn cn cha chu thua. Khng bit s vic tin trin ra lm
sao, hai thng sau, Nguyn nh li tr v ng tp trung qun ng ng Tuyn v
phn phi nhim v cho cc tng s: Nguyn Kim Phm c lm Tin phong,
Nguyn Hunh c trng coi m binh ngi Min lm Hu ng; Trung qun c
Tn Tht D, Nguyn nh Ton, Li b H ng, Binh b Minh, Tham ngh Trn
i Th, Tham mu Trn i Hu (con Th); Chng c Hong gi T chi, Nguyn
Vn Qu Hu chi. Nguyn Hu nghe tin em binh ti. Trn chin xy ra v Ton,
Qu, Minh, Hu b git, Hunh c, H ng b bt v lm tay chn Nguyn Hu.
Mt ht thuyn, o qun trn chy trong mt x y sng rch ny phi em thn
lm mi cho c. Nguyn nh bt u t nay mt cuc i lu vong tht s.
__________________________________________
1. Van Imbert. Le sjour en Indochine de lambassade de Lord Macartney (1793). Hanoi, 1942.
2. Thc lc. q1, 18ab, 19ab, 20a.
3. Thc lc q2, 1ab ch ni n vic nh thua, chy v Ba Ging trong thng hai l ri tip n
thng 4 l vi trn ng Tuyn nh l nh vn cn ln qun trong vng ny. Thc ra, hy nghe
B-a-lc ni (th 20-3-1785): Ngy thnh Joseph... chng ti nhn c tin gic ti... ngy
sau... chng ti ra bin bng ca Bassac v ngy th hai ti mt gio khu c 400 dn
Cochinchinois... Vua chy trn ra y vi 90 thuyn. Chng ti phi i tm mt ch khc,
chc chn v xa hn. Chng ti dng li mt hn o ln lm l Phc sinh... Ngi ta em
tin cho chng ti bit l vua cch chng ti mt ngy ng, v gic vn theo (A. Launay,
III, t. 87, 88). Th khc (Bangkok, 6-12-1783) b tc cho ta bit gio khu ng gp Nguyn nh
vo ngy 21-3 l gn Cancao v ni Nguyn nh trn vo khong l Phc sinh tuy cch
B-a-lc ti 1 ngy 1/2 ng nhng cng mt hn o (A. Launay, III, t. 77-79). Hn
o ln chc khng th no khc hn l hn Ph Quc.
S quan nh Nguyn lng im ch Nguyn nh chy ra Ph Quc vi ngy sau trn Bn Ngh
c dng g? H qun, hay trnh ni n vic chy trn ca Cha h chng no hay chng ny,
hay v trong khong thi gian ny c vic nh cy cc Linh mc Franciscain i xin cu vin
Manille m cc s quan th lm sch trong thi k st t nn trnh ni n cng n ca cc gio
s c chng no hay chng ny?

CHIN THNG TY SN
TRC VIN BINH XIM LA
Ty Sn sn ui * Giao thip Gia nh v Xim La * Vin binh Xim v chin bi *
nh hng.
Sau trn ng Tuyn, Nguyn nh li thm mt ln khn n. Trong lc qun
lnh cht ui th nh bit bi, ng thot nn. C nhng may mn a n cho ng
Cha ny s quan nh Nguyn li c dp tn tng phc mng vng. Qua
Rch Chanh, ng nh n mt con tru nm trn b; gia dng nc triu chiu chy
xit chm tru th may sao mt con c su (?) li a gip ng qua b bn kia1. Ty

273
Sn c mt ti Hu Giang chn mt con ng chy trn quen thuc, ng phi
chy xung tr M Tho, ri t a gia quyn i Ph Quc.
B sn ui, binh tng tr lng. l m ngi t lu vn kh ng ho:
qun Ho Ngha o. Nguyn c ngi iu khin m tn binh, nh sai Tn
Tht Cc trng coi ri sai tng Ho Ngha Trn nh v ca Cn Gi do thm.
Cng vic tht kh khn m tng sai th khng uy tn, nh khng thi hnh. nh
sai Cc git i. Thuc tng ca nh l Trn Hng v Lm Hc lm phn chim H
Tin. Ri ro cho Nguyn Kim Phm v cng cha Ngc Ch, ngi v H Tin thu
binh, ngi mua go mm, u b bn ny git cht.
Tuy nhin vic qun i Gia nh c mt cc o vnh Xim gy nn kh
khn cho cc m cp bin vng ny. Vinh-ly-ma, mt tng Xim t sau lon
Phi-nh Oan-sn (1781) t tp mt m ngi M Lai chim c o C Long trong
vnh Kompong Som, thy l khn ngoan l em thuc binh ra thn phc Nguyn
nh. i qun lu vong li thm 100 chin thuyn v 200 ngi na.
Thm ngi tt thm ming n cho m qun thiu thn sn. Nguyn nh phi
dng binh Vinh-ly-ma quen cp git hai ba ln vo H Tin v quanh kim
kh gii, lng thc. Tin tc ni tr n l ra ngoi.
Thng 6 m lch, lc Nguyn nh ang mi Chng th Tng sut Ty Sn
l Phan Tn Thun ko binh ti va thu va b. Cai c L Phc in phi ng
vai tr L Lai thu trc, nh mi chy thot v o C Long.2 Tn Tht in, Tn
Tht Cc, Hong, Vinh-ly-ma u b bt v b git.3 Ty Sn vn khng tha. Mt
thng sau, ph m Trng Vn a li em qun n C Long vy ba vng trng
trng, ip ip, quyt khng nh thot ln na. Ri ro cho Ty Sn, mt trn
bo nh m nhiu thuyn nh nhn thot ra, chy i C Ct.
Ty Sn rt i, nh li m v Ph Quc. Tnh cnh m qun bi tht thm
thng: thuyn nh gy nt ct bum, qun lnh ht lng phi bt c m n ri
sng nh mt thuyn go ca mt ngi n b H Tin em gip. v con li hi
o, nh to bo em mt chic thuyn vo ca Ma Ly4 do thm tnh hnh. 20
thuyn Ty Sn thy c n vy, ng ging bum chy thng ra bin, lnh nh
sut 7 ngy m. Gp c dng nc ngt, thot cht kht, ng quay tr v Ph
Quc.
Khng yn c mt ch, nh phi sai Cai c Nguyn Vn Chnh v Long
Xuyn chiu binh, tp m. Thuyn n ca sng ng c5 th bt c tng Ty
Sn l Qun Nguyt, nh sai chm u th chng. Oai v cha thy u m ch lm
ng n Ty Sn. May mn, o qun tun m bt c vin Ph chin Dng
trong i phc binh ca sng do Lu th Long Xuyn ca Ty Sn l Nguyn Ho
iu ng. R c c mu, nh gic thuyn chy mau cho thot.
Lc by gi L, Hu v Quy Nhn, li Trng Vn a vi Chng tin
Bo. Nguyn nh tri dt Hn Chng, ri Th Chu, C Long, C Ct... sng cuc
i vt v phn ch ca vin cha t trong cn bi vong. ng phi thay phin cho
chng, chia st cng kh vi bn tng thn cng vi trm binh trn mi lm
chic thuyn. Tng s c khi vi ngy khng n, phi o r cy nhm nh cm hi.6
Vng Nguyn Hu, d ng nh t lin tng c dp ni ln thnh cng. H
Vn tn nh Tn Chu, Tn Tht Hi chim ging Sao7, p lu c ch trong khi
274
L Vn Qun li gi sng Tn Ho. Qun Ty Sn tin nh ging Sao ri ph tan
n Tn Ho. Thng ging nm Nhm Thn (1784), kin tng nh khng cn ai
Gia nh v Hi, Qun u b chy sang Xim, ch tr cui cng.
Chu Vn Tip sau trn C Tr theo ng thng chy mt mch qua Xim
ku xin vin binh. Tip thc to bo trong lc nh khng dm liu lnh8. S d c s
d dt ny v bang giao Xim Vit lc by gi tuy c du hiu ci thin nhng cha
cho nh thy Xim t ra qun nhng cu th c.
Nam Vang v H Tin l hai a im u mi gy chin. Ta bit m mu
m rng H Tin qua pha Xim gy nn trn chin tranh gia Mc Thin T v
Trnh Quc Anh9. Khi Du Tng b bt, T vi Tn Tht Xun chy trn b thuyn
Xim bt v Vng Cc. Ma xun 1778, nh sai Cai c Lu Phc Trng qua tm T.
Ma h nm s b ca Cai c Tham, Tnh i Xim th gp ri ro: mt thuyn
Xim i bun Qung ng v qua H Tin b Lu th Thng git cp. C ngi
Chn Lp li ni dm rng Gia nh c mt th cho T, Xun lm ni ng chim
Vng Cc. Mun khi lo lng, Trnh Quc Anh cho git T, cc con ln T Din, T
Hong, T Thng v Tn Tht Xun, Tham, Tnh, 50 ngi tu tng, ch cha li
con nh v chu T phi i y thi 10. Tnh hnh bang giao khng my kh quan th
li tip xy ra vic tranh quyn bo h Chn Lp.
___________________________________________
1. Ta bit l nhng khc sng c tn l Rch Chanh bt u t Long nh (Long An) i vo Vm
C ng pha h lu Bn Lc, qua Vm C ty ri ra Tin Giang bng kinh B Bo v rch Ba
Ri. Vy th Nguyn nh thot nn cc khc Rch Chanh no?
Chng tch hin ti so vi s s th hnh nh khng hp. Rch Chanh kh nh (tr phi vo th
k XVIII n c ln hn khng) m s quan k chuyn nh li qua sng, leo ln lng tru ci, nc
triu bui chiu dng, tru chm, c su a i... nh trn mt khc sng ln vy. a im chnh
xc chc l vnh Hn trn sng Vm C ty gn ch mt khc Rch Chanh nhp vo (x Hng
Th Ph, Long An). l mt vng nc xoy rt d (mt khuu sng). tc truyn Nguyn nh i
qua khng ghe thuyn, bng nhin di sng tri ln, hn li (vi th mi c tn l Hn.
Ngi ta n khc sng ny c by tru nc, ai ly c mt si lng ca n mang theo qua
sng, thn mnh khng bao gi b chm. Phng pht trong truyn tch, ta thy c chuyn Nguyn
nh ci tru qua sng. Vy chc khc sng ny l ch Nguyn nh thot nn. )
2. S quan gi l o Cn Ln. Tm ra a im C Long l cng ca Ch. Maybon (Histoire
moderne du pays dAnnam, t. 201, ch s 3). Tuy nhin, tn Cn Ln ni cc quyn Thc lc
v sau khng th ln c v o ny, t lc Nguyn nh chim hn Gia nh ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic tip xc vi Ty phng m Ty phng th bit r n hn C Long.
3. Chi tit v ny ly Thc lc q2, 3ab, Lit truyn q28, 9b, th Langenois gi cho Descourvires
t Sa c 14-11-1783. S quan gi v tr xy ra cuc vy hm l ip thch d, hn
Chng. Trnh Hoi c (Aubaret, t. 52) k chuyn Vinh-ly-ma, gi l vng Lu Thch Ph
Quc. Hai ch lu v ip c th ln vi nhau. Thc ra ch d y khng ch mt
hn o m ch mt mm ni nh ra st bin.
Trn chin hnh nh khng phi ch xy ra ngoi bin, mi Chng ca o Ph Quc m cn
c trn t lin vng H Tin na. Ti liu Ty phng trn ghi: ...(nh) trong lc ch i
vin binh Xim hai ba ln ln vo Cancao v quanh vi bn M Lai Campot tm
lng thc, kh gii th thu qun Ty Sn v o qun Lo, Bassac bng ng b x n
cp ca ng nhiu thuyn i bin, bt cc tng, hu ht u phn bi. Mt vi ngi b git,
s cn li em v Si Gn. (A. Launay, III, t. 79, ch s 1).
Chng ti nhn mnh cc ch M Lai Campot v l u mi tng hp cc ti liu. S quan
vn gi bn cp bin vnh Xim l gic Ch-v (t ch Java). Khi Nguyn nh Xim nh

275
Pgou (M Lai) gip Rama I, s quan cng gi l nh gic Ch-v. Vy Ch-v y l ch dn
Malais, v bn Malais du Campot ni trn l tng s ca Vinh-ly-ma. Thc lc ghi vic Xim
tng Vinh-ly-ma v u ri tip theo v ip Thch D lin, khin ta c th thy ngay s lin tc
gia hai s kin. Hn na trong thi gian ch i vin binh Xim, ch c trn bi chin ny l ln
thi, trn m Pigneau c ni ti: ... (khong 17, 18-7) vua nh vi bn ni lon mt trn mt
gn ht binh thuyn cn li (A. Launay, III. t. 88) rt ng vi thi im thng 6 l ca Thc lc.
4. ng Khnh, quyn h, t. 209 cho bit l ca bin ca x Tam Tn (nay thuc Bnh Tuy).
Sng Ma Ly c tn trn bn ca Nha a d l sng Phan. Ta c th hoi nghi l a im
nh ti qu xa Ph Quc v qu gn Ty Sn. Tuy nhin s vic li qu hp vi chi tit nc
ngt gia bin k sau. Phi Ma Ly chy thng ra bin ng, i ti 7 ngy m ngi ta mi
vn c th may ra gp cc dng nc ngt do sng Cu Long ra v khi lng ln qu nn
khng ln vi nc mn c.
5. c Cng hi khu. Thc lc, q2, 7ab.
6. Thc lc, q2, 8b; th ca Pigneau k chuyn na sau thng ging 1784 (A. Launay III, t. 90.)
7. C lao ng Chng.
8. Th ng Descourvires (A. Launay, III, t. 80).
9. Ch. Maitre Documents sur Pigneau de Bhaine, vque dAdran, RI, 1913. t 176. Lit truyn
tin bin, q6, 5ab
10. Lit truyn q32, 3b, 4a.
Vo cui nm 1781, Trnh Quc Anh phi cc tng Cht-tri, X-si qua Chn
Lp hi ti Nc-n, tr th v Nc-vinh b Thanh Nhn git. Nc-n thua rt binh
v Colomp cu cu vi Gia nh vo cui thng ging 1782. Nguyn Hu Thu v
H Vn Ln tin qun ln Loveck1. Chin tranh cn dng dai th Xim xy ra chnh
bin. Gic thnh C Lc (Korat) ni dy, Trnh Quc Anh sai Phi-nh Oan-sn2 cm
qun dp m khng bit ti sao li khng lu rng ngi cm u cuc lon li l
em Sn. Sn quay gio em qun v Vng Cc bt Anh cm t. Chn Lp, Cht-tri
cu ho vi Thu, b tn th, nhn c, ao, kim ca Thu tng ri ko qun v git
Quc Anh, vu ti cho Sn ri git lun. Cht-tri, X-si, v chu l Ma-lc lm
nht, nh, tam Pht vng, cng nhau cai tr truyn dng Rama3.
Vic kt giao vi Nguyn Hu Thu, tip theo vi vic Rama I ku Mc T
Sanh v Vng Cc nui, c th coi nh nhng du hiu khuyn khch Nguyn nh
ti gn Xim hn. Cho nn, khi bi binh sng Ng T, nh sai s b trn 100
ngi theo ng Chn Lp qua Xim cu vin. Dn Chn Lp gp dp may tr th
k tht th, bn git gn ht s b vi Nguyn Hu Thu, Trn Xun m. Ch c
Nguyn Vn Nhn, Cao Phc Tr l chy thot4. Tuy b tr ngi, Nguyn nh khn
ngoan vn c gi lin lc thn thin hi vng nh cy. Ma thu nm 1782, khi tr
li Gia nh ri, ng cng sai s i Xim na.
n nay, Xim vng nghe li Chu Vn Tip ai cu, mt mt sai Tip theo
thng o tr v tm ch, mt mt sai Tht-x-a em thuyn i H Tin tm rc
nh Long Xuyn vo thng 5- 17845. Nhng c phi v li ku xin khn thit ca
Chu Vn Tip ngy nay v v nh mi kt giao vi Nguyn Hu Thu trc kia m
Xim vng cho rc Nguyn nh ri tnh vic tr gip khng? C nhng ti
liu khin ta phi d dt.
B-a-lc n Bangkok vo u thng 11-1783 c gp y mt s gi ca Ty
6
Sn . Ti liu tht l t i cho ta c th bit thm v ngy thng ti lui, s mnh
giao ph, s tin hnh cng vic ca vin s gi ny Bangkok. Tuy nhin do , ta

276
cng thy Xim phi la chn Nguyn nh v Ty Sn m quyt nh nghing v
bn no li tu thuc vo tnh hnh Chn Lp.
Thc vy, trong thng 12-1783, Trng Vn a dn qun tn cng Chn Lp.
Trc , Nc n b Chiu-thu-bin, mt ngi M Lai, ni dy nh ui n phi
trn qua Xim. a n, Bin vn c Xim cng nhn lm ph chnh y t
trc, vi vng chy qua cu vin. V ri Ty Sn gip mt qun Xim. Trng Vn
a nghe tin ip vin bo rng qun Xim s tin theo ng Lo nh Quy Nhn,
nn quyt nh khai chin. Xim cng i Ty Sn tr nhng k th ca Xim m
Ty Sn gi (?) khng th chin tranh. V chin tranh xy ra. Ty Sn b Xim vy,
hai bn nh nhau vi ln.
Cui cng Trng Vn a rt khi Nam Vang (6-1-1784). Nhng t chin
tranh cng ngy cng nhen nhm gia ngi Xim v bn gic Si Gn.7
phn tn lc lng Ty Sn, Xim vng ngh ti Nguyn nh. V l c
quan trng nht gii thch vic Nguyn nh c rc mi vo Vng Cc.
Cuc n rc nu thc tnh v din tin trong bnh ng th sao li xy ra nhng
iu m khi gp li B-a-lc ln th hai, nh phi than phin v cch thc ngi
ta li ng vo Xim?
Tuy vy, nh cng Vng Cc ch i a v. y l dp may mn cho Xim
vng c th m rng cng gii v pha Thu Chn Lp. Vin binh Xim gm c
hai vn qun, ba trm chin thuyn di quyn iu khin ca Chiu Tng, Chiu
Sng, xut binh ngy Nhm thn thng su (25-7-1784).
Chin tranh dng Xim binh chim Gia nh c Nguyn nh tm thut trong
mt bc th gi cho J. Liot8:
T Thy theo Ta m tr v9 th Ta cng Xim binh tu ti Mang Tht10 hnh
cng Ty tc, th thng tu mt chic, hi o11 5 chic. Nhn ngy sau trc tn x
Lch12. Nay th Xim binh i t l lc, dm nhn ph n, lc nhn ti vt, tng
st bt dung lo thiu. Vy nn Ty tc binh th nht thnh, Xim binh th nht suy.
C y qua thng chp, mng tm va tht li, cc giai hi tn...
S quan ghi cn thn hn: thng 7 m lch, khi qun Nguyn nh v Xim
chim Kin Giang ri nh c Ty Sn Nguyn Ho Trn Giang (Cn Th),
qun Xim chia nhau n tr Ba Vc, Tr n, Mang Tht, Sa c. Nguyn nh lo
kin to lc lng ring. ng sai Cai c Trnh Ngc Tr i n cc lng ku cu thn
ang ln trn v ho kit ni ln hng ng quan binh. Kt qu s khi cng kh
quan: Vng Lim13, ph c chin L ca Ty Sn ra hng. Cai c Nguyn Tn
Vn hng Ty Sn trn C Tr nm ngoi nay cng tr v. Sau l L Vn
Duyt, Nguyn Vn Khim b bt sau trn ng Tuyn v d ng ng Sn do
Nguyn Vn Thnh chiu d.
10 m lch, Nguyn nh chu mt ci tang au n: Chu Vn Tip qu hng
hi tin su vo trn a cht i mng vi Chng tin Bo Mang Tht. Trng
Vn a vi rt v Long H, sai ngi cp bo Quy Nhn.
Qun Xim honh hnh d. nh ku vi cn tng14, ri b ra cc hi o, gp
B-a-lc Th Chu vo thng 12-1784, than th vi ng ny rng: ngi Xim
la gt ng, ly c lp li quyn binh cho ng ch dng danh v ng m cp bc
dn chng v bt sng ng thi15. Trong khi , cc tng ng cn li lc a c
277
gng tm chin thng. L Vn Qun tip tc cng vic ca Chu Vn Tip, lm
Khm sai Tng nhung, em Chng c ng tin chim Ba Lai, Tr Lt.
Nhng khng lu, thng chp Gip Thn, Nguyn Hu ko qun vo. Chm vi
mt k ch l tay, Nguyn Hu nh my ln khng th thng c rt qun v.
Va lc mt hng tng ca Nguyn nh, L Xun Gic, lin cho Hu k phc binh,
nh mnh, bt thn, hp vi s trng vin tng tr m y kh nng ny.
Hu em lnh thin chin mai phc Rch Gm, rch Xoi Mt16 ri d qun
Xim ti. Quen mi chin thng, qun Xim tin su vo ni a b nh p tan tnh,
ch cn vi nghn ngi ln trn theo ng b Cao Min chy v nc. Thc l mt
chin thng lm chong vng ch qun. Nguyn nh khng trng cy g vin binh
Xin na. H s Ty Sn nh s cp.
Nguyn nh chy v Trn Giang sai Cai c Chu Phc Trung tu s tnh ln
Nh vng nc Xim. Cuc i lao ao b sn ui li bt u qua Th Chu ri C
Ct. May mn hn, ln ny quen sn, ra C Ct, Nguyn nh gp Cai c Trung
em binh Xim rc. Thng ba nm t T (1785), vi cc tng tng vong trn 5
thuyn v 200 binh, Nguyn nh li thi vo Vng Cc.
Nhng hi vng cha dt, ng cn mong ch. Trong khi Ty Sn li bt u
tnh chuyn tun sc mnh c sn ca h ngc ln pha bc, cng bch m
dn chng y nhn nhn oai quyn, gi tr ca k b con phng xa v thu nht
c trong chuyn vin du my trm nm cch bit.
______________________________________
1. La-bch, L-vit ca s quan.
2. Phi-nh l chc tc (s quan cng bit n iu ny: Lit truyn q32, 2a). Cht-tri cng vy.
Tn Rama I l Phut Yodfa (P. Schweisguth, Un sicle dhistoire dans la pninsule
indochinoise (1750-1830), Taupin, Hanoi. 1944.
3. Thc lc q1, 14ab, 15ab. Th J. Liot cho . Descourvires, 25-7-1782, A. Launay, III, t. 74.
4. Thc lc q1, 18a, Lit truyn q13 truyn Nguyn Hu Thu 6a, truyn Nguyn Vn Nhn 15b.
La rvolte t la guerre des Ty Sn, bd, t. 87.
5. Thc lc q2, 9b, 10a ghi thng hai m lch (21/2-20/3/1784). Ghi ch ca ng Descourvires (A.
Launay, III, t. 80) tuy khng r ngy vit, nhng cho bit J. Liot Chantaboun
(Chanthaburi), bnh khng theo Pigneau c, vit th ni r Nguyn nh gp tng Xim
thng 5 nm nay ni rng vua t Chantaboun i Bangkok lc ng ta vit th ngy 31-5.
Nm nay l nm 1784 v khi ni chuyn B-a-lc xin c giy thng hnh ra khi
Xim (1784), Descourvires cng dng ch nm nay. V s qun em vo Xim, Liot ni c
ti 4.500 ngi, Thc lc ghi ch c tng hn 30 v qun vi mi. Ngy v nc c ghi
r Nhm Thn thng 6 (25-7). Vy nh Xim khng lu, chng t Xim chun b sn
sng t trc. V o qun i rc, c th y l o qun m Pigneau gp Chantaboun
gia thng 12-1783. l o thu qun, v h ra lnh cho ng i h ri bn ri hy i sau.
iu ng nghe thy l o qun ny gi chng bn Cochinchinois (A. Launay, III, t. 89)
ph hp li Thc lc q2. 9b: Tht-x-a em thu qun i H Tin... ting l cu vin m
ln mi Nguyn nh
6. A. Launay, III, t. 80.
7. Th ca Andr Tn cho . Descourvires 1-7-1784, A. Lau nay, III, t. 84. A. Tn cng b dn t
Nam Vang v trong dp ny. Th ca L.M Ginestar, dng Phng-xi-c 1784 (La rvolte...
bd, BSEI, 1940, t. 98). L.M b a ln Nam Vang vi thy ging Emmanuel trong thng 12-
1783 v v theo Trng Vn a. Thc lc q2, 8a.
8. Xem Ph lc, bn th Nm th ba. Liot c tn trong Lit truyn (q28 B-a-lc) tuy Lit truyn
ln vi L.M Ginestar (s ni sau)
278
9. Th triu hi Long Xuyn, th th hai.
10. Mt p lng M Thnh Trung, qun Minh c, Vnh Long.
11. Hi o thuyn (thuyn i bin) thy ghi trong Thc lc, Lit truyn.
12. nh Tng cn c tn x Tm Lch. Nay cn a danh Ch Lch, mt qun ca tnh Vnh
Long, pha b ty Tin Giang.
13. Lim c ca Thc lc.
14. Thc lc q2, 14a.
15. Pignea, th 20-3-1785 Pondichry (A. Launay, III, t. 91).
16. Sm Giang, Xuy Mit ca Thc lc, Lit truyn. Rch Gm chy t x Long Tin (qun Cai
Ly, nh Tng) sang cc lng Bn Long, Vnh Kim (q. Sm Giang) n Kim Sn ra Tin
Giang. Rch Xoi Mt chy t ging Da p Thanh Long sang p Thnh Hng x Phc
Thnh, vo rch Xoi Ht n Tin Giang. (Ch dn ca ng Trng Ngc Tng, Cai Ly).
Binh Xim bi ngy 8-12 Gip Thn (18-1-1785) nh li th Nguyn nh k trc.

PHN TH HAI
S TAN R BC H V PHN NG DI NGC
KHI TY SN BNH TRNG
(1786 1789)
Chng 3
CHIN TRANH BC H 1
CHIN TRANH TIU DIT H TRNH
Vai tr Nguyn Hu Chnh trong chin tranh ph v phn tranh c * Cng ch m
c ca Nguyn Nhc Ph Xun * Chiu bi Ph L dit Trnh c k khi nng
lc mi em ra s dng.
Trong thi gian tin mnh v nam, khi dn i Vit chm chp nhng chc chn
bin i ngi v t mnh bin i, th c vng chu cng thy c th gii
m rng vi cc thuyn bun u chu mang xa l n. Ring Vit Nam, ngi B
n Hi An (Nam H), ngi Ho n ph Hin (Bc H) ri sau l ngi Anh,
ngi Php. Theo vi h cng c nhng ngi chu (Trung Hoa, Nht, M Lai,
Xim La...) hnh ngh t trc nhng li tng tin theo tro lu giao thng khch
ng.
Ngi ta ghi nhn rng hot ng thng mi hi ny ta khng ly g lm
khi sc cho lm v tnh trng ngho i ca dn chng. Mi cung cp ra cng nh
vo phn ln do m li bun Trung Hoa. Nhng trn bnh din quc gia v a
phng, s giao thng em li hng ho, con ngi, t tng khc cng gy nhng
xo trn quan trng.
Ngoi thng lm khch ng ni thng: trm hng, k nam, tiu, cau, t... i
t ni, t ng xung bin, c mm, ng st t bin ln ni, ng. Ngi i bun
vt khi rng buc ca hng c, ca l lng, tip xc vi ngi khc x, khc
nc tr nn tin b, c sng kin v dm liu hn. Chng ta thy nhn dp cha
Nguyn pht trin th lc v pha nam, pha ty, ny sinh ra mt dng trao i sn
vt gia min ni v ng bng dc bin qua cc ngun hp vi nhng nguyn
nhn khc gy ra v nui dng bin ng Ty Sn.
Nhng trong lc nhm Nam H ly khai yu t phi sn sng ch n thu nhn,
thch ng vi hon cnh v mt chng mc phng tin mi, th Bc H vn da
trn c cu trng cu c sn trung chu Nh H c gang tn ti. iu gii r
279
ti sao bin lon Ty Sn xy ra Nam H, nhng cng cho ta thy trc thi k
nghing ca Bc H. Sm hay mun Ty Sn cng l mt th lc e do h Trnh
nh Hong Ng Phc thy. ng vy, nh hng giao thng lm a tp ho x
hi cng c Bc H ng thi vi s tan r triu chnh.
Lch s chnh thng khng ghi r c mt thng ban bn cnh vn, v v
gim ban ca h Trnh, chu chc tc cng c hay quy o triu Cha. Nhng
nhng nhn chng thi i cho ta thy h Trnh v v quan ng h m dn
Thanh, Ngh i bun bn tr nn giu c hn, cng nh h ban c quyn cho u
binh Tam ph bo v c nghip nh Cha vy.
Lc thi bnh ngi ta khng ch ghi nhn s c mt ca li bun v h
di bc cht ca giai tng x hi. Nhng h vn kin nhn lm giu khng k cu
vi ph bt nhn v ngi ta lc no cng cn tin v chng t, lc bnh thi, ngi
ta mua chuc h bng quan tc, khi hon lc, ngi ta tha h cp bc h. m
thng nhn cc li ca Trnh tri qua nh vy chuyn lon Thng Long, lc
Ty Sn ra Bc:
m cc li rt ph phn trong thi i km, v li dng c lc thiu go
bn mc... v cho nhng ngi ngho kh cht i dc ng. m cc li mt
ht, thuyn, thc, tin sch c. y, chng ti thy h i qua, trn trung tr v
x Thanh.
m cc li khng phi bun bn loanh quanh xm ch lng qu m thi. V
tr tp trung v s lng ca h cho bit tm hot ng rng ln ca h: h gn
ca Bng, ni hn Bin Sn, nhn s ln ti gn 3.000 ngi2.
Ngun li tc ca h khng tu thuc vo t rung nn h c gia t, sn
nghip ln, trong lc m nng dn i km st nghip v trong lc m s phu xut
thn t ng qu cng hong ht trc tnh cnh thm thng xy ra chung quanh
nn m ra chn i, bi quan3. H sng sung tc ri mun danh vng. Nguyn Hu
Chnh cng trong s 4.
ng ngi lng ng Hi, huyn Nghi Lc, trn Ngh An. Khng phi tnh c
m cha ng li bun, gia t k hng vn, c con Hng cng m vn c nng
ta Qun Vip Hong Ng Phc. l v v quan cn tin ca li bun v li bun
cn th lc ca nh quan lm giu cho d.
Cuc sng sung tc to cho Chnh hn ngi. Hc khp cc kinh s, Hng
cng nm 16 tui, hay Nm (ngha l khng chu nho ho), ho hip, giao du rng
ri, ng bin lanh l, gii thu chin n c danh hiu con ct nc, Chnh l mt
b mt c bit, ni bt ca Bc H thi y. Chnh thc c ti mnh, cho nn
khng phi l qu hunh hoang khi ng ni vi Nguyn Hu: Nhn ti Bc H c
mt mnh Chnh, Chnh i ri y l ci nc trng khng.
M c lm chim bng tung cnh n xng tc l Bng lnh hu, Bng qun
cng, Chnh c tm mt rng ri hn bn s phu, v quan ng thi. Thin h vn
nc, lo g khng ch i, l li Chnh tr li thi rt r ca Trn th Ngh An,
em r Qun Vip, khi phi trn ci v Qun Huy b qun Tam ph git cht. Nguyn
Nhc, Chu Vn Tip ri by gi Nguyn Hu Chnh, nhng ngi khc x, lc bn
lc th nhng u ging nhau ch xut thn, l nhng b mt ni lon lm
khuy o thm d di x hi i Vit ca th k XVIII vy.
280
 Thng 11 Nhm Dn (1782), Chnh i theo Ty Sn, ngy m v gic by
mu thit k. S quan nh Nguyn thy r rng Chnh rt li thnh mi lo cho Bc
H5. Nhng vt trn s lo lng cho c nghip mt dng h, ta cng thy vic
Chnh vo Quy Nhn l quan trng: l s tp trung, hp tc ca nhng nng lc
lm gy c cu chnh tr ng thi, l s tip sc lm v nt ci th phn
tranh c ko di hn hai trm nm ri.
Ty Sn mnh, iu khng ai l khng nhn thy. L Qu n em chuyn
sm k, ni Ty Sn c t thin t chng qua cng ch thay ngi ng thi thc
c ci sc mnh m thi. T khi ui nh qun Xim vo u nm 1785, qun
Ty Sn bt u dm ng pha bc, ni kinh c ca Cha Nam H. Chim c
Thun Ho mi l t n cng ch m c ca Nguyn Nhc nh khi ng th l
vi Chapman t 1778.
Trong khi con h non Ty Sn gm g nhn ra th con s t gi Trnh tn t
n mc khng th c ng c. Nhng Linh mc thi by gi Bc H ghi li
nhng thin tai, thu lon m dn chng phi gnh chu. l nhng trn hn hn
gh gm lm dn x Ngh khng gt c ht no. Trn dch tru b tip theo vo
nm 1784 lm cht 2/3 sc vt khin cho ngi phi cy ba thay. Ngh chi, ngh
lm giu cho cha Nguyn Hu Chnh x Thanh Ngh cng tn t v bo t nm
1785. Trc khi Ty Sn ti Bc H phi chu nn i v lt to, hn ln, su b
nhiu, v dch i tt6.
________________________________________
1. Nhng chi tit cho chng ny, tr xut x khc c ghi, u ly Hong L nht thng ch, bn
dch ca Ng Tt T.
2. Th ca Le Roy gi cho Blandin Paris t K Vnh (Ninh Bnh), 6-12-1786 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 7-
8). Ch nghing trch vn trn l ca nguyn vn ch Vit trong bc th.
3. Hy c Chinh ph ngm khc chng hn th thy r.
4. Qu kh thng nhn ca Chnh v gia nh khc bit vi m vua quan cn bng chng trong
cu chuyn mt gio s k v lc Chnh nm quyn Thng Long (1787): ...mt hm n, mt s
ngi c ca hng ti Hong thnh n t co vi tng Chnh rng mt vi v hong thn, ch
bc v cu vua n bc hip khng cho h bun bn. Co Chnh bt bnh bt vua phi trng
pht nhng ngi ny. Chiu Tho lp tc phi cho bt my ngi np cho Co Chnh. Sau
khi qu trch cc v ny, ng bt h phi bi thng do h gy ra, cn cm h t ry khng
c la c trong phm vi thnh ph na. Nu khng tun lnh th s b trng pht. (S a, s
9-10, 1969, t. 201).
Hy ngh, nu khng s cy ni qu kh bun bn ca gia nh quan Tng quc, thng nhn
Thng Long lm g dm khiu ni nhng hnh vi nhng nhiu ca quan quyn, hong thn quc
thch?
5. Thc lc q1, 22a.
6. Th ng Breton, gi ngy 10-7-1787, th G.M Ceram K Vnh (Ninh Bnh) (RI. XII, 1910, t.
526, 536, 538).
Nhng tai ho do nh cm quyn gy ra cng lm cho dn chng iu ng hn
na. Nhng chng u ca quyn Hong L nht thng ch cc t c tnh trng
ri lon chnh quyn Bc H vo nhng nm ny.
Chng ta thy c m qun thn vn v chuyn nnh b a n li Trnh
Sm, chc mng Trnh Cn. C k chuyn t co ngi lm quan nh c ng
Nguyn Huy B trn Thi Nguyn, c k nh ng Mu Ln cy quyn Th phi,

281
lm nhc quan qun, bt hip v con dn gian, thm ch n git s gi Trnh Sm
sau khi hi mt cu rt hch: Cha l ci g?
Cha l ci g? Thc vy, Cha b khinh khi v gia o khng yn. Trnh Sm
yu qu Th phi ng Th Hu, mun cho con Hu l Trnh Cn ln ni nghip. Con
trng Sm l Trnh Tng tng c th nhn lc Sm ni chng au bng kinh nin
nguy kch m mu ginh quyn binh, nhng tht bi gy ra v n Canh T (1780)
m li than van ut c ca mt nn nhn l li kt n ch : Tri khng c mt,
tro khng c quan cho Quc Chn cht oan.
m u binh Tam ph m s lng chng 25 - 30.000 ngi1 dng bo
v Cha, thng ngy khng c vic g lm ngoi vic ph phch dn chng, e do
cc quan, by gi mi chen vo vic nh Cha. Trnh Sm mt sau hng nm sng
trnh nh sng mt tri2 Trnh Cn ln ngi gy nn ci ho tng tranh. Kiu
binh ph Cn sau khi git Huy Qun cng Hong nh Bo, ngi che ch Nguyn
Hu Chnh, ri lp Trnh Tng ln ngi Cha trong mt cnh m Ng Th Ch t mt
cch ma mai.
Quyn binh t nay trong tay Kiu binh. Cha lp c th vua cng do h lp
c nt. H honh hnh tn ph ph phng d di nht vo nhng thng u nm
Gip Thn (1781)3.
Tnh hnh Bc H nh vy, Chnh hay bit cn k nh cn vn mt thuyt khch
ca Cha Trnh. Cui ma xun Bnh Ng (1786), Trnh Phu Nh t Thun Ho
vng mnh trn tng Phm Ng Cu vo Ty Sn iu nh vic bin gii nhng li
thc mch ni cho Chnh r v tnh hnh i km Bc H, dn vi lnh khng a g
nhau. Vi mt vin trn tng n n, chm chp nh Phm Ng Cu th ba vn
qun di quyn iu khin ca cc vin i tng, Ph tng, c th, Ph c th
cng khng thnh mt lc lng g ht, hung h l cch cai tr gay gt, cp bc
trong mt x va qua nn i li khin cho ngi dn cng th ght lnh trng.
Cho nn, cui thng t m lch Bnh Ng, qun Ty Sn trc pht Thun Ho
di quyn Nguyn Hu c V Vn Nhm lm T c, Nguyn Hu Chnh lm
Hu c vi Tit ch Nguyn L i tip ng4. nh trng vo tm l m tn ca
Phm Ng Cu, Ty Sn mu khin Cu lp n chy sut 7 ngy m, mt mi
tng s, hong ht thy gic m m ko n khng ng chng c5. i din
cho nhm treo c iu quyt chin6 ba cha con Hong nh Th v tng V T
Kin cht ngoi thnh Ph Xun v Cu mun hng khng tip t thuc n. S
mnh ca ng quan i mun treo c bc ny cng khng hn g: ng b tng v
Quy Nhn ri b git. Ty Sn ca khc khi hon vo Hu ngy 14-6-1786.
Trong trn ny, qun lnh Bc H Ph Xun rt t ngi chy trn c v,
lp b Ty Sn git, lp b dn chng Thun Ho tr.
Chin tranh tn st vn c coi l vt nh cho Ty Sn, nhng khng phi h
khng c l do bo cha. L do nm trong nguyn tc hnh qun ca h. nh
mau, nh mnh, nh bt thn th tt lut l git chc ca chin tranh c thi hnh
trit .
Ngi ta cng c th coi vic Ty Sn trong trn nh Thun Ho ph hu mt
chic tu B t Macao ti, dm nc anh em vin ch tu, git hai ngi thu th7
nh l mt chng c v lng hiu st ca h. Thc ra, chng ta lu rng thu qun
282
ca h ch l mt on thuyn8 tuy ti hn 400 chic, nhng vn p p so vi chic
tu ng Ty phng vng tin qun. H c kinh nghim ca trn chin ma
xun 1782 sng Ng By. Phi nh t lp lim ci yu km k thut ca h.
Cho nn, phi tn st. Ch bnh thng h cng bit c tm cch li ko cc nc
Ty phng theo h.
Cui nm 1785, mt chic tu Macao b gi bt vo Quy Nhn. Nguyn Nhc
tch thu chic tu , cho ngi li nhng vng v chm mt. Ch tu v thu th
c tr v Macao c l vo lc xut qun nh ph Xun (5-1786). Ty Sn cho
ngi theo mang th cho ton quyn Manille xin giao thng v mua i bc
nh gic, mua ng c tin v lun th d xt xem Nguyn nh c i Manille
vi B-a-lc khng9. Nhng d sao chin tranh cng a h ti ch c lp vi bn
ngoi cng nh s c lp vi dn chng v tnh cch tn dng nhn lc ca h.
Sau khi chim c ng Hi, ui tng Ninh Tn chy v Bc, Ty Sn
dng li. Thc vy, v nh ni, l cng tt c mun ca Nhc: chim lm
ch c giang sn h ngoi ca mnh. nh th hin trong vic xy li lu Thy
cao 19 b, dy 1 so. Khng ai c nh, c n b, con gi, ngi go - tr ngi
cn cho con b, u phi i p lu hoc vo rng n cy. Dch v li lm hao
tn thm mt x s t ngi sn v chin tranh, dch t, i km.10
Nhng nu Ty Sn ca Nguyn Nhc bt u phi d dt th Ty Sn ca
Nguyn Hu vi vin tng cha h thua 33 tui tt khng th dng li bn di
sng Gianh m phi lm ci g ph trng lng gan d ca h. Li thm vo
l vin tng chim li s vng trong kho Ph Xun m Trnh ly v 12 nm
trc, cha k kho vng ca chnh h Trnh11.
Nu Nguyn Hu cn ngn ng th c Nguyn Hu Chnh c xi thm vo.
em binh php ra khuyn d Hu, vch r t Bc ch cn ci v rng khng
tng tr, binh kiu, triu nh khng k cng, dng chiu bi Ph L, dit Trnh
tin qun, dng vin tng thnh cng ln trong li sm ngn ci s tri lnh
Vua Anh, Chnh thc ht lng tm cch tr v qu c vi uy danh sm st vy.
Nhng i nh mt x xa cng phi cn t chc thm lc lng. Qun ca h
lc t Quy Nhn cng ln ln th hng v ging ngi. Ngoi ngi Vit Nam
H, tt nhin, h cn c nhng ngi Mng, Man di v cc bn mi khc nh Cao
Min, Cambien (?), Xim...12, ngha l c th ni m ngi thiu s min ni, ng
bng Nam H, m t binh chic tu B, trong cc trn chin thng trc Gia
nh. By gi h phi ly thm qun Thun Ho, B Chnh. T binh Bc H th
khng cn na. Dn s y li st xung nhiu v i, dch t n ni ngi ta phi
li n b i p lu sa ng. Ch cn nhng ngi ca cc tn gio ln lt ng
ngoi chin tranh l cn ng c. Cho nn, t Ph Xun cho ti sng Gianh, ch
trong 5 ngy, tt c u b bt i. Ty Sn ph cc cha chin v p cc nh s phi
mang kh gii i nh gic13. Nhng tn Cng gio cng khng c cha, hu
ht u phi gia nhp vo on qun vin chinh ra Bc14. Ngoi ra, Ty Sn cng cn
kim kh. H ph nh th, cha chin, mt phn bt ngi, mt phn tm cc
tng v cc chung v c sng i bc15. ng lu l m tn binh b bt buc
vc sng ny, mt khi b li cun vo trn a, vn tr nn nhng ngi lnh can
m, c k lut.
283
 Trc kh th o t nh vy, Thng Long li khng ngh g n chng nh. H
cho t Thun Ho l t Nam H, mt i cng l iu may, ch cn gi Ngh An
l c. Qun tng sai i trn Ngh An di quyn Trnh T Quyn th trng trnh
n 10 ngy cha xong vic chnh b.
Trong lc th Ty Sn ra. Nguyn Hu Chnh lnh 150 thuyn16. i trc
vo ca i An nhm vo kho lng V Hong (Nam nh) tn pht. Trn ng i,
trn th Ngh An Bi Th Toi, Thanh Ho - T Danh Thu nghe gi b thnh chy.
Tng gi V Hong cng khng hn g. Chnh thu c y hng trm vn hc
lng, gii quyt chc vic tip t cho qun i ri t la lm hiu cho Nguyn Hu
hay bit chin thng m n (16-7-1786).
Trnh phi vi v t chc qun chng c. Trnh T Quyn xung gi Sn Nam
ng Kim ng. Bi Th Dn em b binh ym h cho inh Tch Nhng dn
thu binh n ca Luc. Nhng qun Ty Sn cng va n nh tan qun Nhng,
xua Dn, Quyn chy ri chim gi ph Hin ngy 19-7. Hm sau on thuyn trc
ch Thng Long 17.
__________________________________________
1. Th G.M Ceram, 29-5-1784 (RI, XII, 1910, t. 522, 523).
2. Th ng Breton k trc.
3. Th G.M Ceram k trn.
4. Chi tit Nguyn L lm Tit ch l ca Lit truyn, q30, 12ab.
5. Ngoi Hong L, Lit truyn, cn c th ng Le Breton dn, th Labartette gi cho Le
Blandin 23-6-1786 (BEFEO, 1912. t. 12, 13).
6. Th ng Doussain gi ng Blandin 6-6-1787 (S a, s 9-10, t. 232-233).
7. Th 10-7-1786, 1-8-1786 ca Labartette gi cho Descourvires, ca Longer gi cho Le Blandin
(BEFEO, 1912, t. 14, 15, 17), th ca Labartette gi cho Letondal Macao, 10-8-1786 (A.
Launay, III, t. 124).
8. Th Longer gi cho Le Blandin (BEFEO, 1912, t. 15 c mt li ni ng ch : chiu ngy 13
thng ny (6). Thu qun, hay ni r rng hn, cc ghe thuvn Ty Sn tin vo ca Hu.
(Chng ti nhn mnh).
9. Trch t nht k ca ng Letondal (A. Launay, III, t. 154, ch s l).
10. Th Labartette, G.M Veren, cho Boiret, 15-7-1786 (RI, XIV, 1910, t. 43); th ca Doussain, tp
ch trn, t. 47. C hai u B Chnh trong chin tranh.
11. Th Labartette cho Le Blandin. 23-6-1786 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 13, 14).
12. Th Le Roy cho Le Blandin 6-12-1786 k trc.
13. Th Labartette, 23-6-1786 k trc. Cng thy A. Launay, III, t. 122.
14. Th Longer gi cho Juilhard (A. Launay, III, t. 122).
15. Th Labartette gi cho Boiret. 15-7-1786 (A. Launay, III, t. 123).
16. Th La Mothe, 3-12-1786 (RI, XII, 1910, t. 532.
17. BEFEO, 1912. t. 7.
Tng t Kinh lo chy v con, ct giu ca ci, khng mt ngi no dm
nh gic. Tham tng Bi Huy Bch b cng kch ri b Tng bi chc, bt ra trn
c chin. Trn Cng Xn hin mu Cha, gi Hong Phng C, b tng Hong
Ng Phc trc kia, t Sn Ty v gp 300 bn b binh vi 1.000 ngi vi v chiu
m bng 5.000 lng bc qun ph, tt c em ra ng h Vn Xun. Thu qun ca
Kinh k cng n ng bn Thu i ch gic.
Np sng thi bnh, l quen thi, qun Trnh khng lng c sc nh
ho tc ca Ty Sn. Gic n m lnh trng khng kp ln thuyn vin Thin

284
tng Ng Cnh Hon mt mnh u thuyn c chin, b sng ln bn cht li theo
ci cht thm thng hn ca ngi v b Phan Th Thun. Qun Ty Sn a ln
b m qun Phng C cn n cm th ci th thua tht r rt nghing v pha no
ri.
Ty Sn chm git cho chn ri tin qun ln bn Ty Long. m lnh h v
kinh thnh by gi mi cho ngi ta thy xu h vi danh v u binh. Nghe sng ho
mai ca gic h s mt va, b c kh gii, chy thc mng. Cy c Dit Trnh
ph L pht phi trn thnh Thng Long khin cho ch c Cha Trnh, b h cng
binh lnh chy trn thi (21-7-1786)1.
Gic Qung tin vo Trnh ph ly vng bc, sng ln, sng tay, c, voi
nga, ch li ci xc vi gch. Qun tng Ty Sn chui rc cc cha, vt chn
cc pho tng, khng mt mc cm no ht2. Binh lnh cng mang tinh thn cng
cng ca ch tng. L.M Le Roy K Vnh thy h i lnh khng lng, khng
tin, m khng ly ci g ca ngi Bc ht, hoc n cm khng mui, ung nc
lnh v ng ngoi tri3. ca Bng, La Mothe thy h cp bc, t ph, nhng
git ngi rt t, v c lnh cm ca bo cha4. H tr ti bn trm cp mt cch
gin d n thnh th kch, tn nhn: c ai co l khng cn phi dng di, h cht
u tc khc 5. Hnh pht cng khng min tr cho binh lnh h.
Nhng chin thng khng , ngi ta cn phi hp php ho vic tin qun i
vi dn chng. Thc ra, ca ming ngi mnh vic g khng phi. y, nh
thy, ngi ta c sn li dng mt chiu bi c k: Ph L dit Trnh v mt li
sm truyn tng t lu trong dn gian rng Trnh s mt nghip Cha. L Tri nh
vy, Ty Sn ch l k i Thin hnh o thi. Cho nn, L Trn Qun d c t ph
o hiu 3 nm trn c nhc n ngha vua ti, tnh thy tr cng khng ngn
c tn hc tr Tun huyn Trang bt oan Nam vng Trnh Tng em np cho
Ty Sn vi ci l gin d s thy khng bng s gic, qu Cha khng bng qu
thn.
iu cho ta thy sc phn ly ca x hi Bc H ng thi. Nhng bin lon
trc xng l dit Trnh ph L nhng khng c c nhng lc lng kt tp to
ln. m nng dn trung chu i theo Nguyn C, Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn Hu
Cu, Nguyn Danh Phng... chng hn, v ngho i, bt mn quan li m vc ba
vc gy lm gic, mi ni mi nhm ch thng g L! m s phu, v tng thy
ngi ph Cha cng khng khc g in Vua, lm Bi tng cng gi ngi T
tng th c g m thc mc i thay? Cn Nguyn cha phng Nam mun ni
n ngha tn ph - gi c quyn tn ph, th cng khng sc em binh qua 7
huyn Ngh An. Nhng lc lng phn tn ca x hi i Vit ch va gi
ngi vua L ch khng trao li thc quyn cho dng h ny.
Ri theo dn vi thi gian, cc vua L khng d vo chnh s tr nn v ti,
dung thng. in hnh nht l ng vua gi, bnh L Hin Tng. Lm vua m
khoanh tay r o, tm tr mua vui, b Trnh Sm nn mi cch vn ci ct mi
c th lm vua lu di. Nhng lu dn tnh cu an thnh trm tr n ni khng mun
Trnh cha mt nghip, s mt k gnh ci lo, n ni Kiu binh xin tn ph, chnh
ng do t co vi oan Nam vng, n ni c Nguyn Hu trao quyn th

285
khng my vui, coi l mt gnh nng, g Ngc Hn cho ngi h chia st
lo lng.
Nhng ng mai gio hot Nguyn Hu Chnh chc khng ng mnh va lm
mt vic thay i ln lao con ngi ca vin tn Nguyn su Uy quc cng ca triu
L tn t. Vin tng thng thng Nguyn Hu tuy cm qun nhiu ln, tuy lm em
vua mt ci, c lc hnh din l k b y, nhng khng thot khi mc cm lm k
mng mn trong hang hc xa xi. Lm r mt ging vua c qu kh 400 nm, c
ngi v kinh s lu thng, Nguyn Hu ln ln trc chnh mnh sau mi my
nm hin ngang trc binh tng. Can d vo vic lp T Hong, lo lng cho vic
chn ct Hin Tng, ng khng l khch trong nc An Nam ny na. Mi d dt,
e ngi can thip vo t L c dn d xo tan trong u c ng cho n khi c nhng
cuc tin qun sau. Nhng hin ti ng cha dm b tn L. Ty Sn cn lo
phng lon cc trn ca cc tng mt chc bin thnh cp nh inh Tch
Nhng chim Cm Giang Hi Dng, ca vin vn quan tr thnh tng bt c
d, Dng Trng T, chim huyn Gia Lm ngay bn thnh Thng Long. Nguyn
Hu lo tm cch ci thin, tng cng chin c bng cch tm th rn, v ch chm
ch rt v. Vic Nguyn Nhc hi h ra Thng Long lm cho nh thm chc chn.
H hng Ty Sn bn mt ngy rt qun v m khng cho Chnh d vo. Ng
Th Ch cho l V Vn Nhm ght Chnh, xi Hu b ri cho ngi Bc H git, tin
cho vic chim t sau ny. Nguyn c him khch nh mn, l vt dn chng a
cho Chnh nhiu hn cho Nhm - cho ta thy mt l do l s c lp ca Ty Sn gia
dn Bc H. Ty Sn cha hn th ght Chnh, nhng trc s c th, quen thuc,
c trong nc ca Hu qun h, mt ngi vn t nhn c ti, d mun lm vic c
lp, h phi nghi k.
Th ri na m 31-8-1786 Ty Sn ln lt i, thnh lnh nh khi h ti, duy
khng c Chnh cng v. Bit c tnh hnh Bc H yu t, h khng n h g m
khng chim ly mt t t. ng qun dinh Vnh mi ngy, h cho Nguyn Vn
Du gi Ngh An, V Vn Dng6 H Trung (Thanh Ho) lui v chu B Chnh,
V Vn Nhm gi ng Hi ng tip nhau. Nhn dp , h v vt kho tng ph
Yn Trng cha bo vt ca h Trnh x Thanh. Qun lnh cng tha c trn
ng v m cp ot hai bn sng, bt cc n b, con nt, lm nhiu iu nh
u7.
Nguyn Hu Chnh Kinh vi v cp thuyn chy theo kp. Nguyn Hu
khn kho ly c ngoi Bc cn c Hong Phng C, inh Tch Nhng cha tr
c nn cho vng bc, lu Chnh li Ngh An ri rt binh v thnh Ph Xun trong
khong thng 9-17868.
Trong mt chuyn phiu lu di 3 thng, qun Ty Sn em li tan r cho t
Trnh t Thun Ho ra Thng Long. Bc H nh mt ngi nh p p, b x khng
gng dy c, mt ci nc khng nh li Chiu Thng ni, ch cn ch Ty
Sn ra cp ln na l xong. Nhng chuyn phiu lu di ny khng phi l khng
c kt qu di li trong ni b Ty Sn. Phn ng di ngc li tai hi n mc
khng ng c nh hng to ln n vn mnh ca h9.
_________________________________________
1. Th Le Roy 6-10-1786 k trc.

286
2. Th Le Roy 6-12-1786 k trc.
3. Th Le Roy 26-7-1787 (RI. XII, 1910. t. 535
4. Th La Mothe 3-12-1786 k trc.
5. Th Le Roy, 6-12-1786 k trc.
6. Hong L ghi l c Chiu Vin hu. Th Quang Trung gi cho ng ny khi sai i s Trung
Hoa nm 1792 (Hoa Bng, Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, sd, t. 329) c cu: sc sai Hi Dng
Chiu Vin i c. So vi Qui Nhn, t Hi Dng qu l xa c mt vin tng (V
Vn Dng) v gip Ty Sn c phong hm Chiu Vin hu nh vy.
7. Th Le Roy 6-10-1786, 6-12-1786 k.
8..Th Doussain k.
9. Vic Ty Sn ra Bc, cc chi tit cn quyn 30, Lit truyn, chuyn Nguyn Hu, t 18a tr i,
Cng mc quyn 46, 22a tr i.

NI DA XO THT
Nguyn nhn * Chin tranh * Kt qu: ng ng Nguyn nh.
Vo u nm 1787, trong khi ngi ta tng nhng lc lng thng nht c c
tp thnh th mt bin chuyn ln lao lm tan v vin tng : anh em Ty Sn, hay
ni ng hn, Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn Hu nh nhau. Ti sao c th xy ra nh vy?
Sch Hong L cho chng ta bit s rn nt c t lc Nguyn Hu nghe li
Nguyn Hu Chnh t chuyn ko qun ra Bc. Cha Ty Sn vn bit Hu khn
ngoan, gio quyt s Hu ly Bc H tr v hm hnh, kh m km ch. Khi tip
c th bo Bc H ly c ri, Nhc li s Hu cm i qun xa, c tng ti
trong tay sinh bin, nn lt t ngy m dn b binh ra li v. Mi rc ri quyn
bnh ny tng c th dp yn c khi Hu ra tn ngoi ca Thng Long n tip
Nhc, dng binh ph, t ti, dn v nh gii thiu v mi ci, anh em i p y
nh anh em cc nh thng dn.
Nhng chng ta thy mi nt rn vn cn: Nguyn Nhc nm quyn thy rng
c ng c i mi di quyn Hu m vn phi nguyn. Xung t n bng
khi qun Ty Sn v n Hu. Sch Hong L mn li Nguyn Hu Chnh tu vi
Chiu Thng m ni r mi bin lon ny:
Vua Ty t khi v Nam th ko v lun quc thnh, cn Thng cng th Ph
Xun, ngh qun mua vui, hoc l ban b mnh lnh, sa sang thnh ly. Bao nhiu
qun tng, kh gii, cc vt qu bu ly c Bc em v, Thng cng u cha
vo mt ch, vua Ty cho ngi ra vi, Thng cng cng khng chu vo chu. Ri
th phong quan ban chc, Thng cng u t quyt nh, khng hi g n vua Ty.
Vua Ty cho ngi em n ra phong Thng cng l Bc Bnh vng v hi nhng
th ca bu bt c ph Cha Trnh, Thng cng cng khng chu tr li. Vua
Ty gin lm, v th anh em mi gy ra cuc binh ao.
S quan nh Nguyn khi bn v ch ny quy ti thc nhiu cho Nguyn Nhc.
H cho rng t lc nh Bc H thng, Nhc c ch, ngy cng bung th dm lon,
git Nguyn Thung, ngi cng s lc u, li hip v Hu, ngi ngi u gh
tm. Trong chuyn Bc xm, vng bc qu gi ca Trnh ph Nguyn Hu ly,
Nhc i khng cho Hu v ng li cn tranh chim t Qung Nam na1. Do ,
chin tranh mi n bng.
Mt nhn chng ng thi ti ch vit th ni v vic xy ra sau ngy Ty Sn
Bc v, k nhiu im tng t vi cc ngi Vit: Nguyn Hu Nhc i v
287
Quy ph v ngay sau bt dn chng tn ln lm c Cha; Nhc bit tin khng
bng lng nn nhiu ln e do em...2.
Nh vy vic Hu t chuyn Hu, khng mun thuc di quyn Nhc na
c xc nhn ngay c trong lng yn (l k, c v thin v i vi Hu) ca s quan
bi v Nhc li em t Bc H v m phi chu Hu li Ph Xun vi vng
bc cp c ch khng ko c v ngay Hong thnh nh nhng ln Nam
chinh. S d Nhc chu v Quy Nhn mt mnh v mi lo ca Nhc thnh s thc:
binh lnh quen chu s iu khin ca Hu phn ln theo ng ny. Hong L cho
ta thy lc Nhc thu li binh ph Bc thy c nhiu s i thay, sp t qun ng
khc i nhng gi v khng hay bit g ht. ng khng th lm khc hn t ch,
nhng v ti Ph Xun ng cng khng ly li c thc quyn: mt phn rt ln
thu qun theo Nguyn Hu3. Do , ta thy hnh ng dm, st Quy Nhn
ca Nhc c th coi l v phn ch, v mi bn tm thanh ton ni b hn l v c ch
nh li s quan.
Nhng ti sao bng dng ln ny Hu tr chng vi ng anh khi khng c g
xy ra ht trong nhng chuyn vin chinh Gia nh? chnh l v Ty Sn tin
n mt giai on khc trong s pht trin ca h. Mt bin c c cn c su xa bt
ngun t nhng chuyn bin lch s bn trong cng nh bn ngoi nc nh bin c
Ty Sn, tt c nhng giai on pht trin khc nhau, k tip nhau m tng c nhn
ang ng vai tung lch s khng th thy c v phi chu gii hn ca c tnh,
gio dc, thnh kin thu nhn v khong thi gian sng na. Hy tr v Nguyn
Nhc. Nh ta ni, c vng ca Nhc th l vi Chapman l chim c giang sn
Nam H, v ch chng y ri. ng vn t nhn mnh l vua Ty Sn, vua Tri
ca binh dn t Nam H. i vi t Bc, ng tr li thi k thng dn xa xa,
mc cm tng t xut hin nh khi mi gp Chapman ng vi v thanh minh
vic ni lon khin ngi khch bun ny khng khi ngc nhin. Trn ng lt t
ra Bc, Nguyn Nhc gp Ngh An mt m dn qu khm nm dng l vt, gi
quan ln, ng gt i:
Ti khng phi l quan ln. Ti l h ngoi ca Cha Nam H vn quen gi l
Bin Nhc y... Cc ngi hu tnh thy ti i xa, lng kh n nht m em nhng
mn n ngon lnh biu ti, cm n, cm n...
V vy khi Nguyn Hu Chnh mang mm mng ph hoi Bc H vo min
Nam m ging pht trin, ng khng bit s dng lt cha Trnh. ng
ln tui ri, t mt tn Bin li lm lon (cho d c thc) ln c vua Tri, th l
lm ri.
Nguyn Nhc dng li, nhng nhng ng lc v thc ca lch s vn thc
y con ngi tin ti. Ta thy Nguyn Hu Chnh xui c Ty Sn ra Bc x nt
du vt ca nn phn tranh c. Ri trong chuyn i , ta thy Nguyn Hu ln
ln nh th no. Tui cn tr, c vng cn ln, chuyn ra Bc vi t Bc tan r h
cho ng thy c c mt x s di du vt nt vn chng t trn tr sinh lc, ca
ci phong ph, x s sm mun g cng vo tay anh em ng. Th m ng c cn
li, s kh km ch ng. Li hch lc nh nhau c ch ch Nhc khinh sut, can
khng nghe4. Khinh sut, can khng chu nghe chnh v Nhc t mn tr nn coi
thng nhng khuyn co i thay, trong lc Hu cn mun tin na5.
288
 Th l anh em chia la. Qun i Bc c c ng i thay, khc vi lc xut
pht, luyn thnh np mi. Mt phn na h l dn Thun Ho, B Chnh, c th
c lnh Bc H, h thch li Hu hn. Cho nn Nhc v Nam m Hu cn gi c
qun.
Khi ra Bc, Ty Sn chim c kho tng ca Trnh nh cc chng nhn ni.
Vng bc vn khng phi ch cn thit cho b ngoi mt triu nh m cn thit yu
cho vic binh nhung na. Hu phi gi li, v gi c v Nhc c th Ph Xun.
Nhng Nhc tt nhin cng cn vng bc. Ta thy Ty Sn cn tin nh th
no. Ch cn thm mt chng c na. Trc khi chim Thun Ho, vng Ty Sn c
xy ra mt v ri lon phong tc do gio iu Thin Cha gy ra, nn ny sinh mt
v cm o. y th m nhng k no, nu ngho, np 10 cn ng, nu giu, np t
100-200 cn ng th khi phi chi o: n ni L.M Longer phi a ra nhn xt:
C th l bo cha ch lm nh vy v keo c bn mt hn l v c c cm vi o
Thnh6. S chi ca quc gia v phi trao i vi bn ngoi trong mt tnh trng km
th nn li cng gia tng gp bi.
Ty Sn, c Nhc ln Hu, u cn rt nhiu tin. Nhc i vng t Bc, Hu
c gi v nhn c mu thun cng mun chim lun kho vng Quy Nhn. Chin
tranh xy ra.
Mt bc th vit ngy 12-5-1787 cho bit chin tranh xy ra 3 thng ri7. K
no mnh th ra tay trc ln lt cho nn Nguyn Hu mi ko qun vo Quy Nhn
trong tun l Tro (21-2-1787)8. S lng qun i, k c lng 60.000 ngi9, ngi
tnh n 100.00010. ch bit rng vi li hnh qun ca Nguyn Hu s qun khng
nh c. ng bt tt c mi ngi phi ra trn, tt c ngha l mi ngi t 15
n 60 tui. Cho nn vng Thun Ho, nh th bin thnh tri lnh, tng thn pht
b ly ra c sng i bc, c ni11. Khi qun i ri khng cn n ng, nh ch c
n b, k mt cha, ngi mt con, k li mt chng.
H, nhng lc lng quyt nh tnh th trn gii t ny h nh nhau rt d.
Li b H ng b bt trn ng Tuyn trc lm cho Nguyn Hu mt bi hch,
chi bng si lang, ch heo k ti Nhc lm nh u c mt triu, khinh sut,
can khng nghe v c quyt rng ngi bu tt phi i di.
_______________________________________
1. Lit truyn, q30, 13b, 14a.
2. Th ng Doussain cho Le Blandin ngy 6-6-1787 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 19).
3. Th ng Longer cho Boiret, 3-5-1787 (A. Launay, III, t. 143).
4. Lit truyn, q30, 14a.
5. Trng hp V Vn Nhm theo phe Hu cng ng ch . Nhm khng phi vo th bt c d
v ng c th lm nh Nguyn Vn Du. Mi hnh ng v sau: ui Du. bt Chnh, tung
honh ni t Bc khin Hu lo s chng t ng thuc lp ngi c ch ring, khng ng vi
s t mn ca cha v.
6. Th gi cho Dufresne. 1-5-1787 (A. Launay III. t. 126).
7. Th Longer gi cho Boiret 3-5-1787 (RI. XIV, 1910, t. 46).
8. Th Labartette k trc, tit 1. Cng th ca ng, mt nm sau 30-6-1788 (S a, s 9-10, t.
237) cho bit nh nhau t thng 1 l (18/2-18/3/1787) v chm dt thng 5 l (15/6-
14/7/1787).
9. Th Doussain, 6-6-1787 (BEFEO, 1912. t.19)
10. Th Labartette gi cho Letondal, 21-5-1787 (A. Launay, III, t. 129).

289
11. Th Doussain gi cho Descourvires 8-6-1787 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 19).
Qun Nguyn Hu vo vy thnh Quy Nhn, p ni t t i bc bn vo.
Nhc ku khc n th cha m ri ku ng Vn Chn Gia nh v tip cu.
Chn em binh v n Tin Chu (Ph Yn) th b nh tan, chnh mnh phi u
Hu lm t tng1. Hai ba ln gip cng, Hu cng b mt n na s qun v phi
ly thm lnh Thun Ho, bt nhng k va 15 tui2.
Nhc phi ln mt thnh, khc ku gi tnh anh em rut tht cho Hu gii vy.
Tinh thn n u chia ca anh em h tht cng ng khen, nhng em li tai
hi khng nh cho triu i. Trn Vn K ca Nguyn Hu bn ly Bn Vn lm a
gii ngn cch t ca Bc Bnh vng v Thi c Hong . Cn ch By th
c t Gia nh vi tc ng nh vng3.
Cuc chin ny thc l mt kinh ngc ln cho dn chng thi by gi4. Uy danh
ca gia nh Ty Sn b h xung, ngi ta trng ngng v mt ng Chng no
m ngi ta ch bit l k cn st li ca triu i va tr v. Theo li n th ngi
Hng Mao s em Nguyn nh tr v ngi v c. Chng c r rng l t nm va
qua c my chic tu ngoi quc i dc theo b bin Nam H, lng xng d ng
nc nng su, gh vo ca Thi Ni, ri khi gp thuyn bum Ty Sn cn li th n
sng. R rng lm l ting i bc vng li t b bin. Th lc ng Chng mnh nh
vy nn, cng vn theo li n, vua Tri b ng em qu thc nh thi qu phi
ngi xin vi ng tr li ngi bu m tn b con h ngoi ny chim ot. Ting
n ch da trn mt s thc l cc tu De Castries, La Dryade, Le Pandour lng
vng ngoi b bin Nam H d xt tnh hnh xem c tin cho mt cuc can thip
khng, th m gp dp li c dn chng thi phng ln to ra mt d lun mong
ngng v mt v cu tinh ni xa, trong lc v ny ang b giam lng v chm chm
thot khi thnh ph Vng Cc.
Trong m binh tng Ty Sn c k ng theo phe ny hay phe khc, nn ngoi
chin tranh gip cng chnh thc, Nhc v Hu cn lo thanh ton ni b. C hai
trng hp in hnh: Nguyn Vn Du, tng Nhc vng Hu v Nguyn ng
Vn, con nui Hu vng Nhc.
Nguyn Vn Du vn c Hu cho gi Ngh An km ch Nguyn Hu
Chnh. Chnh ra Bc ui Trnh Bng, c th Du hn cng nh vo, bn sp 10
lng 10 tm on xi Du mu chim Ngh An. Vic Du lm lon ny cng l do
mu k ca Nguyn Hunh c, ngi b Hu bt sau trn ng Tuyn (1783) c
cho lm tng cng gi Ngh An vi Du m lng c mu v cha c5. Vic b
V Vn Nhm pht gic. c xi Du em qun theo ng Thng Lo v Quy Nhn
v lnh qun i trc. Na ng c by t tht v d Du theo mnh i tm
Nguyn nh. Nghe Du tc gin thng ny nh bn ta y, c tnh chuyn
khng m trn thng qua Xim. Cn Du xung Quy Nhn.
c Du v gip, Nguyn Nhc ln tinh thn, tng c th phc th mi nhc
ku khc nm ngoi. Thng 3-1788, Du ko qun ra Qung Nam, ni bin gii
Chm. Khng c may mn nh nm 1775, Du b qun Ph Xun nh tan, thn
phi b bt cho voi giy, u bu thnh Hi An6. Nhc hon ton tuyt vng khng
cn sc gng dy na.

290
 Cu chuyn thanh ton ni b cng xy ra Quy Nhn: Nguyn Thung hn l
mt nn nhn ca cuc xung t rut tht bt ng . Mt nn nhn khc may mn
hn v mi tn Gia nh. Vn bit Gia nh ca Nguyn L nhng v ng Vn
Chn cho ta thy L theo phe Nhc. S quan nh Nguyn chp rng Nguyn ng
Vn l con nui ca Hu vt b qua hng Vng Cc ma thu 1787 v thy r Ty
Sn l bn nghch7. Nguyn c vin ra c nhn hng khng ng k cng nh
cu chuyn v ht mnh vng do Nguyn Vn Trng ba ra hng vy. Chng
ta phi lu rng Nguyn ng Vn l con nui yu qu ca Hu ang trong vng
Nhc v thi gian vt b sang hng l ngay sau khi chin tranh ni da xo tht xy
ra Quy Nhn. ng Vn tt tri qua nhng dao ng m Nguyn Vn Du
gp. Du khng nghe li Hunh c, nhng Nguyn ng Vn mt vng y vt
tch ca Nguyn nh trong lc con ng v Bc mt m tt phi hng v Vng
Cc. Gi ma khng nhng ch ch qun i chinh phc m cn tr ng cho tng
trn chy na vy.
Nhng khng phi ch c vi chuyn xy ra l thanh ton xong mi him
nghi ca tng v cc ph t gia hai min. Chng ta thy ngi nm gi T qun
ca Hu ng Hi l V Vn Nhm li l con r ca Thi c. Mi ngi ng
thi r rng thy Nhm vo th kh x, d mun t lng trung thnh vi Hu cng
vn b gn cho ngh trng v bn trong (Quy Nhn). Nguyn Hu cng ngh vy.
Tuy nhin, vn l mt tay c th on, Hu vn dng, dng m nghi ng. n khi
trao quyn ln cho Nhm em qun hi ti Nguyn Hu Chnh, Hu mi cn phi
lo phng bin lon, khi nh ng anh ng trc kia khng lo phng ng.
Cho nn, ng dn nh Ng Vn S iu lo ca ta khng phi ti Bc H m l ti
Nhm vy8. Ci th qun tng hoi nghi nh vy lm cho Nguyn nh s c mt
vin tng ti gii ch n Long Xuyn v cng c dp cho mt k chn tru
leo ln chc i tng qun: Nguyn Vn Trng.
May mn cho Nguyn nh hn na l vic chia ba t nc gip nh ngn
cch vi k th nguy him nht ca ng, Nguyn Hu, bng mt gii t ca ng vua
gi Nguyn Nhc ham dt lc, cu tm b yn n, khng tnh lo v sau9. Thc vy,
Nguyn Nhc b em vy nh phi khc mi c ho, tinh thn suy n, khng c
mt phn ng no khi Nguyn nh v chim Gia nh, b mc cho Phm Vn Sm
l mt vin tng ti, trung thnh, lo toan n th cng lc kit, hng ri m vn tnh
chuyn mu vi Nguyn Hu phn Nguyn nh. Nguyn Hu cng khng th lm g
hn. Nh ngi ng thi nhn xt: ng tp hp qun lnh, hoc nh anh, hoc
nh ng vua chnh thc v c l c hai mc ch (v ng khng th nh ng vua
m khng bc qua t ca anh ng10. Nhng nh ta ni, hoc tnh anh em rut
tht khng cho php ng lm nh vy. Phi i n con ng, tnh thn cch xa
hn mt t v tnh th cng bc ngt n ni, h mi chim Quy Nhn trc tip
i din vi Nguyn nh. Nhng by gi th chm mt ri. Tr li thi phn lm ba
ca Ty Sn, Gia nh n nhc yu t11 di quyn Nguyn L l mt c hi
tt cho Nguyn nh v bn by ti lu vong. H lc tc tr v.
_____________________________________________
1. Ta gp li tn Chn Bc H, sm nht sau v ny l lc Tn S Ngh sang, Ng Vn S rt i
sai ng Vn Chn em thu qun v trc. Cc trn sau ny Chn cng ch huy thu qun.

291
2. BEFEO, 1912, t. 17.
3. Cng mc q47, 3a, Lit truyn q30, t. 136.
4. RI, XIV, 1910. t. 46.
5. Truyn Nguyn Hunh c trong Lit truyn q7, 10a-17b, Thc lc q4, 3b-5a.
6. Th Labartette ngy 30-6-1788 k trc. Ti liu ca ng Phng Nghi (S a s 9-10, t.
204), li ch trang 239 cho bit vin quan ch huy Tin v b bt tn l Trn c. ng Nguyn
Phng (Vit Nam thi bnh trng: Ty Sn, t. 211) da Ty Sn s truyn ch r vin tng
cm qun cho Nhc l Nguyn Vn Du. Chng ta ngh rng chnh Du vi qun rt v tng
cng mi gy t tin cho Nhc. Cn tn Trn c nu ra chc v ng Labartette Qung Bnh
ln vi Hunh c, ngi theo Du v ri na ng trn theo Nguyn nh c ban cho h
Nguyn vy.
7. Truyn Nguyn ng Vn. Lit truyn q13, 20b-21b, Thc lc q3, 5b, 6a. Sau ny Vn hng hi
chng qun Phm Vn Sm ti cht hn khng Phi v qu trung thnh vi ch mi m v mi
th c vy.
8. Lit truyn q30, 27b. Cng mc q47, 28b.
9. Lit truyn q30, 42a.
10. Th Letondal da vo th Labartette B Chnh 7-11-1788 (RI, XIV, 1910, t. 53).
11. Thc lc q3, 1b.
NG A: TT NH CA TY SN
Bc H hay ch c di mt Ty Sn * Trn ng a v tc ng tm l ca n.
Sng ngy khi bit Ty Sn ko qun v Nam m trc, L Chiu Thng i
cc quan vo triu v hi:
- Anh em hn cp ht nc ta m i, ci nc khng li y cho ta, nu
nh c vic nguy cp th ly g m chng ch?
Cc quan ng ngc nhn nhau, khng bit nn ni th no. T hu cht c
ngi tu:
- Hm qua vng c ch truyn sm nay t triu. By gi ng gi ti, dm
xin nhc li.
Hong thng li hi cc quan:
- Triu hy thi chng?
Cc quan u ni:
- Hong thng ra triu ging ch i nin hiu, l vic ln sao li thi?
Mt on thut chuyn trong sch Hong L vn tt cho ta thy s tan r ca ci
th thng-nht-v-L. Ci nc khng m L Chiu Thng ni y khng phi
ch l khng bo vt, khng kho tng. Ni kinh hong ca Chiu Thng chnh do
ci khng kh trng trn quyn bnh m Ty Sn li Bc H.
oan Nam vng cht, Ty Sn i ngi ta c tng quyn bnh t y tp
trung v tay L, nhng tnh th tri ngc li v thi quen lu i khng d g mt
sm mt chiu xo nho c.
Trc ht l v pha nh vua. V thin t 21 tui c mi th Trnh git cha,
c kinh nghim t ngc nhng ch nui dng on hn ch khng c chun b
cm quyn ni ngi ng ni. ng ch mi mun t ch trong vic chn ct Tin
th b ng dng r ginh ly lm n phi t ti mi c yn thn.
Triu thn nh vua th qua 200 nm n cng khng bit vic g lm ht. Hy
nhn b mt ng ngc ca h khi Chiu Thng hi mu lc gi nc. C k lanh tr
ngh ra th ch c c mi mt vic l t triu ni hm qua. Th ri cc quan

292
mng r nh tm c li thot, c xi vua ra triu c tung h mng thi mi.
, vic ln qu sao li thi?
Trong khi th phi thy rng thi quen lm vic quanh Trnh ph di quyn
h Trnh tp thnh, mt khi xy ra bin c m c gia di thn nh Cha vn
cn luyn nh h. Hy nghe Th Long bin h cho nh Cha m n hc Nguyn
Hu Chnh:
- Khi ng mi xut thn, no cm qun, no phong hu, ci g khng phi l n
nh Cha. Nay ng ly ting ph L dit Trnh ko qun ra, tht l qu t. Nu
bo nh Cha hip ch nh Vua l vic c li th sao khngngh ci cng tn ph hai
trm nm tri? Theo ngi mi m phn ngi c tc l bt ngha, bi ci li lp
ci cng tc l bt nhn...
Cho nn khi vn thn ca L bt lc th v tng lm vic cc trn mt khi
ko qun v ch l ph Trnh. Khun mt Trnh ni bt nht l mt ngi tng
m mu ginh ngi anh, tnh da vo Kiu binh ot ngi chu: l Trnh L, em
rut Trnh Sm. c Th Trung hu tm n v Thng Long, L nhn cho Dng
Trng T phn Chiu Thng thn phc mnh lp nn triu cha mi. Mt khun
mt khc ca Trnh nhu ho hn, nhng nh kch thch ca thi th cng cha nhiu
tham vng: l Trnh Bng, ng qun Qu. Tn tung xoay chiu, i ch li
din ra chp nhong. Nguyn Mu N, b tng ca Dng Trng T, noi gng
ch i n Trnh Bng v ui Trnh L chy khi ph Cha (4-11-1786).
Trong h Trnh khng cn ai ginh quyn na Chiu Thng lm p lc c
hiu qu vi Trnh Bng nn nh chu inh Tch Nhng mang qun v p ng
phong chc cho Cha. ng cng cn hy vng Hong Phng C, nhng vin tng
ny cng liu gi pht c m sp hng bn ph Liu.
Nhng tnh trng khng c ngha l quyn binh c tp trung quanh
chic ngai an - n vng. Nhng ngi lng xng chy t cung Vua ti ph
Cha tranh cc danh v Tham tng, Bnh chng:.. kh kh nhng th c rch
khng phi l mt lc lng ng k. Bn vn hy xem mt Ninh Tn, tng bi trn
ng Hi ngy trc, em ci khn quyt nhanh tr ca mnh ra d Hong
Phng C xem th m i chiu ph t. m ngi s hi xm mt trc Bc Bnh
vng, b Nguyn Hu Chnh ma mai ti thuyt khch tng em mt tn trn
nc khi lm m hoc thin h, m ngi y qu khng sc ngh xa hn
cch tin thn bng mm mp. Cn v tng inh Tch Nhng chng hn, mt ng
trn th bin thnh cp, khng dn mt ni ng ngh Nguyn Hn, cn ni g n
vic nh ai? Tnh trng phn ly t trn em n mt s kt tp binh lnh, dn chng
lng lo, nay l ca phe ny, mai b vo phe khc khng c dng g hn bn trc.
Nguyn Hu Chnh tha hng c l li kt tp ca Ty Sn c thng c
Trnh Bng vo cui thng ging 17871 cng l l t nhin.
T khi b Nguyn Hu b ri Ngh An, Chnh phi lo kin to lc lng ring
bo v bn thn v ch c hi pht trin. Khng c Ty Sn th ng lm Ty Sn
vy. ng truyn hch chiu binh. Ai ngn ng, ng chng bng, ng em tay chn
n git ngay. Ch 10 ngy ng c hn 1.000 qun. Tt nhin khng phi ch c s
e do lm nn tinh thn binh s. Kh nng t chc qun binh ca ng t nhng kinh
nghim qua c em ra th thch ln na. Qun c thiu chnh ngha th phi to n
293
ra. Mt chuyn lin lc ngm vi Chiu Thng c tuyn b khoa trng khin dn
chng Ngh An b phe chng i m theo ng.
V phn Chiu Thng t khi tht vng vi Hong Phng C, qu vua thy
khng cn ai c th ku gi v gip ngoi Nguyn Hu Chnh. Qun Ngh An
rm r tin ra. Mt trn nh ph tan qun Trnh Bng gi vo hi ti, bt sng Phan
Huy ch, git L Trung Ngha khin uy thanh Chnh ni dy. Mt ln na, qun
tng quanh ph Cha li lng xa. Trnh Bng c mu mo chy trn cng ch l
thm cht kinh nghim ng cay cho con ngi thi lon. Ch c h Trnh l khng
hy vng tri dy na: Chiu Thng tc gin sai t tan ph Cha tuyt dit du
vt ca mt uy quyn p bc dng h mnh trn hai trm nm di.
Pht huy chin thng, Nguyn Hu Chnh cho qun nh bt Dng Trng T
Gia Lm, bt Hong Phng C Sn Ty em v git, ui tan qun inh Tch
Nhng Hi Dng. Uy quyn ca Chnh ln dn ngang vi thc lc. Ch ca
Chnh tp np quan chc ra vo.
Tuy nhin mun lp ring mt triu Cha m hnh ng ca Chnh vn c du
vt ca vin Hu qun Ty Sn. Thc vy, mun c lc lng bnh Bc H, mun
tm cch tp trung mt quyn hnh t lu vn phn tn nn b khinh khi, Chnh p
dng nhng phng php nh ca Ty Sn lm. Sch Hong L vi nhng nhn
xt ch quan, thin cn vn cho ta thy r iu :
By gi tin bc trong nc phn nhiu b nh giu giu ct, nhn dn i kh
v nn khan tin, vt gi t ln vn vt. Chnh bn xin vi Triu nh ra lnh thu ht
tng ng cc cha em v Kinh s m l c tin. Ri Chnh th cho th h i
khp t pha cp bc chung, tng ca cc lng xm. Ngi no m dm giu
dim, tc th b chng bt em v kho nghim tr. Duy c pho tng ng en
Qun Trn V pha bc Kinh thnh chng khng dm ly m thi. Thy Chnh lm
vic nh vy dn chng ai cng ta thn. Mt hm c ngi dn ca i Hng hai
cu (...), dch ra quc vn thi l:
Thin h mt chung cha, chung mt, vc u c?
Hong thng t ph Cha, ph t, in cng tr thi.
Tt nhin phng php a ra khng ngn c k tha hnh nhng nhiu.
Chnh li khng c tay chn c ti khng ch ngi v km ch mnh. Chnh
mi qu i vi Trnh - L thn. Cho nn, n nh vic nh dp Trnh Bng,
Qun Thc, Qun Lin, nhng k m bn thn t cu tro c hi cng ma mai, th
m vn b Ng Th Ch gi l mn Hong thng sai c nc (.:.), dng qun
tr b k hi mnh; inh Nh Hnh cng t co Chnh lc cm quyn ra tay tn
st; nhng hun thn, tc tng, lnh tc v th gia b git hi rt nhiu2.
________________________________________
1. Ti liu ca Nht k Hi Truyn gio Bc K (S a s 9-10, t. 195). Hong L, t. 132 ghi ngy
t ph Cha l 8-10 nm Bnh Ng (28-11-1786) so vi ngy Trnh Bng vo Thng Long (4-
11-1786) tht qu gn, khng kp cho qu nhiu s vic xy ra trong thi k Bng cm quyn.
Chng ta vn khng c ti liu no khc i chiu nn tm dng cc kt qu trn vy
2. Trch li ca Hoa Bng, Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, sd, t. 135
S tn ti ca vua L cng l mt chng c tht bi ca Nguyn Hu Chnh. L
vn cn l nn np c vn cn, d d n u cng cn c c tn ti. Chnh s

294
b lu vo ci khng kh n hn i mnh i, nh li nhn xt ca Ng Nho
ni vi Trn Cng Xn:
ng Bng t khi c th n gi, vng ngc cht ai, khng ging hi nhai r
rau lm vic c nh ngy xa. Ti e ng y run ry ra chn trn mc t b Vn
Nhm bt c.
khng phi l li tin tri. Vic ra Bc c Bc Bnh vng nh t trc,
nhng phi nh li v chin trn Quy Nhn1. Nguyn Hu Chnh yn li tng
nhn Nhc - Hu xung t m c th thu c mi li ng ng. ng xi Nguyn Vn
Du chng Hu khng thnh. ng sai Trn Cng Xn vo Ph Xun i t Ngh
gii to p lc ca L thn. Nhng khng phi ch s phn s b m c s phn
Nguyn Hu Chnh cng c nh ri, Ph Xun. Ni dinh trn Ngh, V Vn
Nhm ni thng vo mt Trn Cng Xn:
Ti nay lnh binh ph, sm ti s ko thng ra Thng Long, trc hy chm
u thng gic Chnh, ri sau mi hi vua L ti sao bi n dong a lm phn?...
Vua L khng gi c nc th cc trn t Thanh Ho tr ra, ti khng ly ngi
khc cng ly...
Vua L khng gi c nc, kin ny khng phi ch ca Nhm. l
nhn xt gy nn c vng ca Nguyn Hu, l u mi gy nn chin tranh ni
da xo tht.
Vic chun b nh Thng Long c V Vn Nhm sa son Ngh An vo
h tun thng 10-17872. Qun i ca Nhm vt B Chnh, Thanh Ngh c hn
30.000 ngi, bt u tin ra Bc khong trung tun thng chp. ng vi L
Dut, trn th Thanh Ho ca Nguyn Hu Chnh, t 26-12, Nhm nh trn tp kch
thng ln, git Dut ri tin ra Sn Nam. Hong Vit Tuyn y li xung t vi
Chnh v c hng Ty Sn nn qun Nhm trnh c mt mi nhn. Qun
Nguyn Nh Thi b thua trn ng i chim Tam ip. Qun tan, Thi b bt3,
Nguyn Hu Chnh phi t cm qun. Con Chnh, Hu Du, cng khng may mn
hn cc tng khc. m 6 rng 7 thng 1 (1788), Chnh ln v Kinh thnh khc vi
Chiu Thng Bloi oi la bloi, nh L mt ri! ri cng vt sng trn sang Kinh
Bc.
V Vn Nhm vo thnh Thng Long (9-1-1788), cho qun ui theo Chnh,
git Hu Du, bt Chnh (12-1) em v x t (15-1), bu u cho cng chng xem.
Vic thanh ton quyn bnh Bc H, cng nh trc kia i vi Nam H, r
rng l khng kh vi thc lc ca Ty Sn. Nhng theo vi s m rng quyn
hnh, h cn phi tm cch bin chnh hnh ng, thuyt phc L thn, Nguyn thn
cng nhn s i thay ri thu dng nhng ngi ny lm tay chn. Nguyn Nhc lc
ra Bc nh xin my ng ngh em v nc. Nguyn Hu bt Nguyn ng
Trng, th i ri bt li Gia nh mi git i. Lc nh Ph Xun, ng thu nhn
c Trn Vn K ri nh ngi ny lm trung gian mi Ng Th Nhm, Phan Huy
ch, V Huy Tn, hi d Nguyn Nghim (cha Nguyn Du) tm n ng gi n
Nguyn Thip trn Ngh An4.
Tt c nhng vic chng t Ty Sn phi mt th gi v hao tn cng phu
khun nn trong dng thc h thi i. Ta khng ly lm l, Nguyn Hu vn phi
gii quyt vn theo nhng d kin c sn. Chnh ng vn coi vic thu dng Nho
295
thn nh mt tin b cho chnh quyn ng. Ty Sn thiu Nho thn, khng c mt
chnh sch Gia nh, ch mang qun ti chim ri i, khng thay i ni lng
ngi. Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu phi ai cu Nguyn Thip chnh l qun bnh li
ci khng kh sng chung v uy trong triu ng do ni nhng k gip vic trong
nht thi u l nhng k mnh bo5.
Nhng hin ti sc mnh Ty Sn vn l qun lc ca h, c th Bc Bnh
vng Nguyn Hu. Tnh th cha n h gt triu L ra ngoi triu chnh
thuyt phc ng gi Nguyn Thip, tuy rng trong chuyn tri dt theo nguyn Hu
Chnh, L Chiu Thng qua kinh Bc ri lnh nh Hi Dng vi th ho Trn
Quang Chu, Sn Nam vi trang Hong Vit Tuyn, Thanh Ho, v li Kinh
Bc, tri qua mi lu lc ca ng vua mt triu i tn kip. y th m L cn
lm cho Ty Sn mt mt dng tng na.
Nguyn c su xa nh ni l mi bt ho ni b tn x Quy Nhn. Nhng
nguyn nhn gn cn l thi khc nhau ca nhng k chin thng i vi ci
nc khng ca Chiu Thng b li. V Vn Nhm cm u qun tng Bc pht
nn hn ai ht, ng thy r tnh hnh nghim trng do cc tng v th ho ca L
c dp mn ting Cn vng tho mn kht vng quyn uy trong mt x hi
phn r. V pha ng bn, ni theo cc gio s ng thi, ng cn lo s s phn
n ca Bc vng v ng khng khng t chi nhiu ln khng chu tun theo lnh
gi ng v Ph Xun sau khi git c Hu Chnh. ng li cn b tnh nghi l
c tham vng chim ngai vng Bc k ng l l ca ch ng nhn lc ngi ny
ang nh nhau vi Tim vng Nhc...6. Cho nn theo thi quen lm vic c sn
cng thm tng phng trc bin lon, th hng chin thng, ng tn lc
khai thc t Bc. Ngi ta ch nghe n m lnh, quyn go, quyn tin. Qun
Nhm bt cc chc sc trong lng k khai inh in tnh thu, bt xu, bt cung
n. H trit h cc m t trong lng s c th bin thnh chin lu chng h. Lon
khp ni nn Nhm phi sai p li thnh i La. Ng Th Ch k: Dn phu i kht
mt nhc, c k ng i thng t m ng sp xung. Bi vy ai cng ta on.
Tnh hnh nghim trng nh vy nn Nhm mi nghe li mt L thn m em
Sng Nhng cng L Duy Cn ln lm Gim quc gii to bt p lc tn L.
Ng Vn S ngi c Bc Bnh vng sai km cp d xt Nhm, li thy trong
hnh ng thm mt ngha mun lm Nguyn Hu Chnh ca vin Tit ch, nn
mt bo v Ph Xun.
Cui thng 3 (1788), va dp xong Nguyn Vn Du, Bc Bnh vng ngh ti
chuyn ra Bc. Qun ng xa m uy danh vng khin Hong Vit Tuyn phi
b dinh s trn i. i binh vi mt on h gi gm 150 con voi, 100 ngi nm
vng, nhiu kiu thp vng, Ngc Hn, Bc Bnh vng tin vo thnh Thng Long
vi uy th khin V Vn Nhm khng dm chng c. ng b bt tc khc. Hm sau
(5-5-1788), ng b tri phi nng ngoi php trng mt ngy cho cng chng coi ri
b x trm7.
Tuy Ng Vn S ngh rt ng rng:
T khi c nc Nam ti gi triu i thay i khng bit my ln, thin h
khng phi ca ring ai, liu c th ly th ly i, ri th t quan chia chc dng
phn tng cho s trng nghe ca mi ngi u i mi mt lt.
296
 Nhng tnh th cha ti , Nguyn Hu cng khng th lm hn V Vn
Nhm c. h b Chiu Thng, Bc Bnh vng ra mt b co cng kch ng
ny v n bc ngha, mt t cch v v ti bt tng. ng thi vi b co ny c
mt bn vn khc khn kho nhc cng ph L dit Trnh ca c lnh, bin h
cho vic x trm V Vn Nhm a ra mt cuc trng cu dn cho dn chng
khng phn bit giai cp, phm tc v a v by t kin theo L hay theo Ty
Sn (15-5-1788). Chc l dn chng mun theo L cng khng th by t Thng
Long c. Chin thng ca Nguyn Phc nh phng Nam v p lc vng L
y khin ngi v Gim quc li mc ca Sng Nhng Cng cha . Quyn x
Bc v tay i t m Ng Vn S, ph t l cc tng: Ni hu Phan Vn Ln,
Chng ph Nguyn Vn Dng, c Nguyn Vn Tuyt v cc hng thn L:
Ng Th Nhm vi chc mi L b T th lang, tc Tnh Phi hu, Hnh b T th
lang Phan Huy ch, tc Thu Nham hu, cng Ninh Tn, Nguyn B Ln. Cc trn
do tng Ty Sn chia nhau nm gi.
Nhng vic chng i chng t tim lc t Bc cn nhiu. Bc Bnh vng
mt khi khng m xa g n nh L na tt phi bit khai thc tim lc y, khng
th cho cc lc lng phn ng li dng c. Cc vn v thn u b ku ra
trnh din v b gi li kinh thnh. C lnh bt np ngay lp tc v cng mt lc
cc th thu trc kia vn phi tr trong 2 k thng ba v thng mi (hai v ma),
lun c vic truy thu cc th thu trc kia cha c thanh ton. Mt o qun
240.000 ngi, ngha l ng gp i s qun thng nht ca nh L trc kia,
c tuyn m vi hn nh 5 ngy cho xong. Khng ng c Thng Long,
Bc Bnh vng cho ph tt c cung in ca nh Trnh chuyn ch vt liu cng
la go v thnh Rum xy Phng hong Trung . Mi phng t nht phi cung
cp 15 ngi th chuyn mn cho cng cuc kin to.
Vi v sp xp xong cng vic, ngy 24-6-1788, Bc Bnh vng ri Thng
Long, ngng tin Phm Vn Hng min Nam, trong lc L Qunh, Nguyn Huy
Tc, Nguyn Quc ng ph gia quyn Chiu Thng vo t Thanh (12-6-1788), ri
c dn ti Long Chu, Nam Ninh vn ng vi Tng c Lng Qung Tn S
Ngh ra qun. Thng 9 m lch (29/9-28/10/1788), s b nn rch, o ti tn L
Duy n, Trn Danh n, c L Qunh v a ng, mang chiu th cu vin
qua ca i chnh thc ho vic tin qun ca Tn chun b sn t thng 6 Mu
Thn (4/7/1788-1/8/1788).
Ngy 28-11 (1788), qun Tn S Ngh v c Ha Th Hanh trn qua Lng
Sn. Cnh Qung Ty do Tng binh Thng Duy Thanh, Ph tng Khnh Thnh
iu ng, cnh Qung ng do Trng Triu Long v L Ho Long nm gi. Vin
c Vn Nam l i Kinh th vt ng Cao Bng nhm Tuyn Quang tin
qun. Qun s chnh quy khong 2 vn ngi nhng m ph lc ngha dng
c dp i theo rt ng, gy nn thanh th ln, trong c 2.000 qun Nng thin
chin ca Sm Nghi ng. Cho nn, s gia Ngu Nguyn mi ni ting i binh c
vi chc vn v cc gio s ng thi cho rng khng di 30 vn. Qun s c
tnh hn s 20 vn ca s Vit8.
___________________________________
1. Th ng Daussain ngy 6-6-1787 k trc.

297
2. Chi tit v ngy thng, s vic c ch no khng ging vi Hong L, Lit truyn, Cng mc l
ly ti liu gio s (S a s 9-10, t. 195 tr i). Tng tin phong ca Nhm m ti liu ny
gi Vach Quinh l Qunh Ngc hu, ngi thng Nguyn Nh Thi im X. Ti liu
cng khng ni ti ong Doc chin xung t vi Nguyn Hu Chnh l ai, nhng so vi cc
ni khc ta bit l Hong Vit Tuyn. Chnh Tuyn coi thu qun, Sn Nam, nguyn cng
vi Chnh l b tng Ty Sn, v kt cc cng nh Doc chin b tan qun v mt trn cung
phong lm chm hm i. Nhc li Chnh Hong L Tuyn Sn Nam khng v (cu Thng
Long) kp l v l v Sn Nam sau khi Dut bi tr thnh tuyn u m sao qun Tuyn li
bt ng khng giao chin? Phi ni nh ti liu gio s l Chnh cn hi vng xoa du s th
ght ca Tuyn, hi vng thnh hnh khi Tuyn c bn b Ty Sn bo ng c v m nguy
him. Tuyn vit th cho Chnh xin tha ti, b Ty Sn bt c nn phi chng Ty Sn ti
cng v Chiu Thng trong lc cn ngi cng khng k vch chuyn b ri Chnh na.
3. Theo cc ti liu ta th Nguyn Nh Thi b git ti trn. Cc gio s cho ta bit Thi (m h gi
L Thai) b bt gi v mi ti khi Nguyn Hu ra Bc git Nhm mi em x t (10-5-1788),
Hong Vit Tuyn b git ngy 1-6-1788.
4. Hong Xun Hn, La Sn phu t, sd, t. 98, 102, 103, 109.
5. La Sn phu t, sd, th ca Nguyn Hu gi Nguyn Thip, t. 105, 106.
6. Ti liu Nht k Gio hi Bc k... dn c nhiu chi tit ging vi s ta nh chuyn Chnh
xut qun dng dng v thy im xu, Chnh ln trn v Thng Long lc na m, Nhm xy
thnh phng th... Duy y li ni Ng Vn S n thng 12-1788 mi ra Bc vi 2.000
qun. Ti theo ti liu ta v c nhiu s kin v lc nh Chnh, Ng Vn S c s ta ni n
nhiu qu chc khng lm ln c.
Cn v vic th hnh ca Chnh th hn ti liu gio s ci chnh li truyn Chnh b t m phn
thy nh ngi ta vn tin Chnh tin cm trong bi th Ci pho.
7. Cng mc q47, 28ab, 29ab; Thc lc q3, 10b. S ta ni Nhm b bt git trong lc ang ng.
C l v khip ti hnh qun thn tc ca Hu m ngi ta h gi Nhm qu ng. Qun
try ra rm r sao Nhm khng hay bit, nht l khi Nhm vn c tm lo i ph phng Nam?
Ti liu gio s c nhiu s kin c cng chng d khn (Nhm b tri dn ra php trng phi
nng mt ngy) v li c chi tit ngy thng ch xc nn c chng ti theo y.
8. Ta c la ly chng c ch xc nht t cc ngun ti liu khc nhau. V danh tnh quan binh
Trung Hoa, ta theo s Thanh v chc h bit r v ngi ca h hn (tuy nhin c lc h vit
Ha Th Hanh ri Ha Vit Hanh chng hn). V qun s chc s Thanh rt bt s qun
chnh qui i hoc v Tn S Ngh s ti bo co t, hoc mc cm thua trn khin ngi ta
phi giu bt qun. Cn v s c tnh ca gio s, ta ngh rng h thy thanh th qun Thanh
to qu so vi c nhn con ngi thi lon trn chui trn nhi nh h v ngi ng thi, nn
phng i ra. Tm thi ta dng con s 20 vn ca s Vit k lun qun chnh qui v ph lc
ca Thanh, qun ngha dng ca nh L, chc khng sai bao nhiu.
Lc lng lm rung ng Bc H. Lng Sn, thy qun lnh di quyn
trn mt, Phan Khi c ra hng cn Nguyn Vn Dim rt vi v Kinh Bc hp vi
Trn th Nguyn Vn Ho chng gi v a th co cp v Thng Long. Mt cuc
hi ngh cao cp gia nhng ngi gi thnh c t chc. Ng Th Nhm trnh by
li hi, tnh chuyn vt qun lng khi thnh Thng Long trnh mi nhn cng
kch ca ch, bo ton thc lc m cn nui lng kiu cng ca i phng na. K
hoch thc l sng sut nhng t i nh tng cn khin Ty Sn th mt ln cho
bit sc ch. Phan Vn Ln hm h tn cng b hai ton qun ca Thng Duy
Thanh, Trng Triu Long nh tan 2 sng Nht c, Nguyt c phi b lnh
chy thot thn.
ng li rt qun khng cn ai phn khng na. Thu qun do Thng lnh
ng Vn Chn mang i trc ng o Bin Sn. B binh do Ng Vn S lui v

298
gi cht ni Ba Di ch tip ng phng Nam. Ngy 21 thng 11 Mu Thn (18-
12-1788)1, Tn S Ngh chim thnh Thng Long mt cch d dng.
Tn S Ngh ng qun hai bn b sng, ct ph kiu d qua li. Ha Th
Hanh chia qun ng H Hi v Ngc Hi lm th che ch pha nam. Ph gip
vo m qun ny c cc o ngha qun ca cu thn nh L. Nguyn o Lnh
trn Hi Dng, Hong o Ngha gi Sn Nam hp vi ton du binh Thanh trng
chng phng Nam. Nhng khng phi l nhng lc lng ng k. Qun Thanh
vo x khng trng cy my vo bn thn binh bn x nhng ta vo m kiu dn
lm tai mt. Trc khi vo x h c nhng ngi Trung Hoa o m, c
qung Thi Nguyn xin ph gip lm tin phong. Nhng ngi ny y lu, t
tp hn vn ngi, nhn c lon trong nc phi v trang t v, tng c ln
xung t chin thng ton du binh Ty Sn. m Hoa kiu th hai gm nhng
thng nhn ng phng H Khu trong Kinh thnh (ph Hng Bum), ph C X
Kinh Bc, ph Hin Sn Nam. H c th Tn S Ngh t tp hn vn ngi
thnh tri, tha h vu hm ngi lnh, c ch nh giu c, cp git tin bc, bt hip
n b con gi ngay gia ch, honh hnh khng king s g c.
Thc ra vic bc bch ny, lc u ra qun Ngh cng c b co qun lnh ngn
cm, nhng mt mt thng li qu d dng lm qun sinh kiu, mt mt binh lnh
qu phc tp nn khng ngn cm c. Cng qua 8 iu qun lnh ta thy c
Ngh tin liu l li hnh qun chng gi k cng chu o lm. Mi tn lnh ca Ngh
c cp cho mt tn phu eo th ring sai bo. Qun n x l, Ngh cng lo
phng b phc kch nn bo pht ng cho quang ng m i, phng cm by
trn ng, cho tun hnh nghim ngt lc m hm. chng voi Ty Sn, Ngh
bo qun dng sng bn lc xa, dng cung v ao lc gn, ui chng quay li
xo qun ch. V phn sng ho h ca Ty Sn, Ngh sp sn vi trm tm khin
bng da tru sng chn la m tin ln chm git.
Nhng d tnh trong kiu cng khin cho Ngh khng nhn thy thc lc ca
ch, khng nghe c li nhn xt ca Trn Cng Xn. H i li ch v mt ci...
nh khng th c, ui khng th kp, xa nay cha tng c ton gic no nh
ton gic y. m qun Ty Sn cn c kinh nghim chin trn trn 15 nm qua
khp chin trng, giao tranh vi k ch cc x t Trnh, Nguyn trong nc ti
Ho Ngha qun, Xim binh, tu Ty.
Cho nn, ngy 24 thng 11 (21-12-1788) tin v n Ph Xun, ngy hm sau
Nguyn Hu tc tc ln ngi tn2, ko qun n Ngh An. y ngy 29, ng i
Nguyn Thip n hnh ti hi mu ri sai H H hu tuyn binh Ngh An, c 3
ngi ly 1. Ch trong chc lt c hn mt vn. S tra xt gay gt n ni ngi
ta khng bit trn vo u trnh qun dch. Cc k sai nha em ch theo tm
ngi trong khu rng bn cnh nh ngi ta tm th: ngi ta ly dao xa vo cc
ng rm dng un nu3. m ngi mi ny c dng lm Trung qun theo
vi cu qun Thun Qung chia x chin trn.
Trc khi i ba qun cn c nghe chnh ch tng h ban li hun d kch
thch tinh thn chin u:
Qun Thanh sang ln nc ta, hin chng ng thnh Thng Long cc
ngi c bit hay khng? Trong khong tri t phn sao c nh r phng
299
Nam phng Bc, nc no cai tr nc y. Ngi Trung Hoa khng phi ni ging
nc ta, bng h t l khc hn. T i nh Hn n nay h my phen chim cp
t ct, git hi nhn dn, v vt ca ci. Ngi nc ta khng th chu ni, ai cng
mun ui chng i (...). Ngy nay qun Thanh li sang, nh ly nc ta t lm t
qun huyn ca chng, khng bit trng gng my i Tng, Nguyn, Minh ngy
xa. V vy ta phi ko qun ra ui. Cc ngi u lng tri, lng nng nn
phi dc lng ht sc vi ta dng cng ln, ch quen thi c mang lng nh tm.
Nu nh pht gic, ta s tc khc git cht, khng tha mt ngi no. ng trch ta
khng bo trc.
Gi tr li d bo m gi tr ch tng. xo nho tm l vng L, chng Ty
Sn ca binh lnh, Quang Trung chuyn i tng th hn vo ngi Hn, khu gi
lng i quc, nhc nh d vng oai hng ca dn tc ly chnh ngha v mnh. Th
ri khng ln trnh, ng vch r ra sch tm l hai lng trong qun ng, em uy
chen vo n chm dt bng mt cu anh thp: ng trch ta khng bo trc.
Vi tng quen thuc, ng lm ngc li. Khi Phan Vn Ln v Ng Vn S vc
gm ra chu ti Ba Di, ng i chm cht mt vn ln ri ni r c tha ti, bn
phng lc tin qun, tnh ng lui ti khi thi bnh tr li. Chin tranh nhiu lc
cng l s ri may nhng y, qun c l tng, tng c quyn hnh, phng
lc, tt c chm ch vo vin nh nm mi vo thnh Thng Long n mng, s
thng trn tht k bn nh ngy Tt vy.
Cng cuc chun b ko di n mt thng tri. Mng li an ninh ca Ty Sn
ko di t Ba Di n Bin Sn ngn cch vi Bc H nhng bin chuyn bn
trong khin cho mt vin cung n lt li trn v Thng Long by t mi lo lng v
ho Ty Sn cng lm cho Tn S Ngh d dt hn khng dm ct qun i.
Ngy 30 thng chp (25-1-1789), hn 10 vn qun4 chia nhau tn pht: i T
m S v Ni hu Ln em Tin qun i trc, H H hu xut Hu qun c chin,
i c Lc v c Nguyn Vn Tuyt cm T qun v Thu s vo ca
sng Lc u, Tuyt li kinh lc vng Hi Dng cn Lc ln Lng Sn,
Phng Nhn, Yn Th chn ng v ca qun Thanh, c Long em Hu
qun v Tng m qun theo huyn Chng c (H ng) ra lng Nhn Mc
(huyn Thanh Tr, H ng) nh vo qun in Chu, Thi s Bo5 li ly qun
tng m theo ng Sn Minh ra lng i ng (Thanh Tr) tip ng cnh hu.
Nghe tin Ty Sn, qun Thanh dn co th thch chin nhng Tn S Ngh
khng ng Quang Trung nhanh hn ng tng. Chin trn xy ra dn dp nh
ngi ta lo Tt. Cha ht ngy cui nm Mu Thn, qun L Sn Nam tan v,
du binh Thanh sng Thanh Quyt, sng Gin chy tn lon n huyn Ph Xuyn
th b bt trn khng ai v bo. Na m mng 3 Tt qun Thanh lng H Hi nghe
ting loa gi qun d nh v tri, hong ht ra hng. M m sng mng 5 (30-1-
1789) trn nh quyt nh xy ra lng Ngc Hi. Cng ng thi c Long
nh qun in Chu Khng Thng bc vin Thi th Sm Nghi ng cht
g ng a m oan hn hn cn hn nghe li mai ma ca ph nhn: S nghip anh
hng h by nhiu!
Nghe bi binh, Tn S Ngh nga khng kp ng yn, ngi khng kp mc
gip cm u chy qua cu phao v Bc, b li qun s b tng chen chc gy ph
300
kiu, hng vn ngi ln c xung nc, sng khng chy c. Chiu Thng
Kinh Bc t trc lt t chy theo khng bao gi thy qu cha t t na6.
Trn chin thng trn vn mt cch bt ng khng khip ny gieo mt nh
hng rt ln, thun li cho Ty Sn. Tn S Ngh nm c n tn, mt ch, chy ct
thot ly thn thi. Ton qun chn ng lm cho c mt vng bin gii, dn
Trung Hoa dt nhau chy lon n vng ngt7. Tnh trng to mt khng kh thun
li cho vic ging ho gia Thanh v Ty Sn gy s n v Quang Trung ca Cn
Long8.
Nhng quan trng hn chnh l s o ln tm l dn chng trong nc. m di
thn nh L n ngnh thy tn mt chin bi thm thng phi lo ln trnh, nn hi
lng ting. Nhng k chn ch, lng l trc tn iu trung trinh (vi L) v tu
thi, thy thay i r rt nh mnh Tri nm xung, qu quyt bc vo con ng
mi. Nguyn Thip l mt9. Trc , khi Nguyn Hu ko qun ra bt V Vn
Nhm, Thip ra chu hnh ti ni r l v trung vi L nn khng th theo triu
mi c. Th m nm sau (1789) ng sn sng lm iu coi thi trng
Ngh, bin th cho Thng c by t tnh hnh dn chng, l li cai tr, ngh
sa i chnh tr, hc vn, tuyn chn nhn ti... Theo vi ng, ta thy c m danh s
Ngh An cng ra ph t Ty Sn: Nguyn Huy T ca lng Trng Lu, Nguyn
Cng (con trai Nguyn Khn), Nguyn Thin (con Nguyn iu) ca lng Tin in,
hai h danh gia vng tc ca H Tnh. K ti Hong gip Bi Dng Lch, Tin s
Phan T nh. Quan h hn mt bc na l s i thay tm l ca dn chng vn
cng chia x nhng l lun ca nho s, tuy l phn on gin d, thm tnh cm nhiu
hn: ch Ty Sn cn c thch hn ch qun Trung Hoa hay ni cho ng th s
thng tr ca h d chu hn di cc triu vua trc... thnh th nu h bt bt tn
nhn trong vi trng hp c l chng ti khng mong i h vi v vua no
khc...10. Nhng chin tranh cn tip din th thu m kh ngng thu, binh dch kh
ngng bt. Cho nn, thu m qu ng n ni nhiu lng xiu i v nh no c
my ngi th bt i lnh c, nh c 5 ngi th i c 5 (khng k gi nua tr yu)11.
Oai danh Ty Sn, trong cng nh ngoi, lm khip rn mt vng Bc H. Duy
trong ci khng kh say sa chin thng c l c mt ngi l thy mt s kin
xy ra vng ly li xa tt tn Gia nh c th e do c nghip anh em mnh to
nn bng m hi nc mt. Phm Vn Sm Ba Thc t eo gng cm ra hng
Nguyn nh, chm dt quyn cai tr Ty Sn ni ny, bo hiu s thnh vng y
s t t nhng chc chn trn ngp pha Bc khng gii quyt c ngho i, mu
thun.
_________________________________________
1. V ngy thng, chng c ca L Qunh (Bc hnh tng k) chc ng tin hn min l vi mt
vi xc nh nh thm. Cc gio s cho ta bit ngy qun Thanh vo Thng Long l 17-11 tht
qu cch bit vi ngy do L Qunh a ra (18-12-1788). Ta on chng h ghi l ngy m
lch v cc gio s cng c dng ngy m lch (sau ny, ta thy L. Barizy cng c mt ln lm
nh vy). Ngoi ra, cc ngy nh nhau Tt K Du so ra u st sao, khng c sai bit no
gia cc ti liu ht.
L Qunh cho qun Thanh chim Kinh thnh ngy 22 thng 11 l (19-12-1788). Ngu Nguyn
(S a, s 9-10, t. 251) ghi tt li 2 ngy. Khc bit c l v s la chn s kin khc nhau: L
Qunh i vua v vo n Knh Thin trong thnh mi coi l chim c Thng Long; Ngu

301
Nguyn pha qun Thanh tnh t lc qun Ngh thy Thng Long b trng. Nh s khc bit ngy
thng cng chng t cuc hnh qun tin trin rt chm.
Ta thy sch Hong L, t. 245, 246 thut chuyn trc n b bc sng Nh, chuyn sa n
Knh Thin rc Ngh, v ghi thm: Hm y ngy 11 thng 11 nm Mu Thn. Hm sau c l
th phong cho Chiu Thng in Knh Thin. Nu ngh rng thi im qun Thanh vo thnh
Thng Long l quan trng khng nhn chng ng thi no c th qun c, th ta on rng
ngy ca Hong L ghi chc l ngy 21 thng 11 Mu Thn m v sao qua chp li lt mt
mt ch thi.
2. Cc gio s cn cho ta bit Quang Trung ln ngi t thng 10 l tc l ngy 8-11-1788 ch
khng phi ngy 22-12-1788 nh s ta chp. Chc nh ln ngi vn c sn m ngy lm l
th phi di li v tin tc can thip ca qun Thanh a v khin Hu phi di ti ngy xut
qun mi lm cho long trng mt th.
3. Th gio s Longer gi cho Julliard (A. Launay, III. t. 238.
4. Lit truyn q30, 32b.
5. Bn Hong L ca Ng Tt T. ng Hoa Bng (Quang Trung, t. 189, ch s 4) cho l i
c Bo, c Long lm tng Hu qun, ghi ca An Nam nht thng ch (tn khc ca
Hong L), cho bit Long l tn khc ca Lit truyn (q30, 33b) gi c Mu. Khng bit
bn An Nam ca ng Hoa Bng gi Bo vi chc g.
6. Ti liu gio s cho ta bit qun ch cht 50.000 ngi, t binh 3.000, 3.400 ngi. Hong
L ni bt n hn mt vn. Ngu Nguyn: hn vn ngi cht ui, vi Ha Th Hanh,
Trng Triu Long, qun nga ca Tn S Ngh tr v khng y mt na. Thanh s cho bit
thm ngi cht l Tng binh L Ho Long, Thng Duy Thanh v 13 tng khc. T binh theo
li Nguyn Hu ni vi Thanh l hn 700 ngi.
V pha thit hi Ty Sn, s ta im lng. Cc gio s cho bit ni trong trn Ngc Hi c n
8.000 ngi b git trong c mt s quan cao cp. Trong khi ui theo qun ch sng Thng,
Ng Vn S cng b thit.
7. Lit truyn q30, 35a. C chuyn nh Thanh l t 32b-35b.
8. Ngay n Hong Trung Hoa cng c v n v tn Attila ny v ngi mi phong ng lm vua
Bc k qua trung gian mt v i s, qun c vic 50 000 binh lnh Trung Hoa cht v tay
Tim vng nm ngoi ch trong mt cuc giao chin... Tim vng khng thm ri Nam k
nhn sc phong ti th chng ti v ch chu phi mt v quan thng nhn danh ng. ng
ny mc o Cha ng lm v i s Trung Hoa phi knh n. (Th ng La Mothe gi ng
Blandin, 20-1-1790, S a, s 9-10, t. 227.
9. Hong Xun Hn, La Sn phu t, sd. t. 109-147.
10. Th ng La Mothe gi ng Blandin dn.
11. Th ng Eyot gi ng Blandin, 5-7-1789 (S a, s 13, t. 146, 148). In nghing l nguyn vn
ch quc ng.

Chng 4
H NGUYN TRUNG HNG
NGUYN PHC NH CU VIN TY PHNG
Nguyn nh, Ty Sn v gio s * Nguyn nh v B o Nha * Cuc vn ng ca
B-a-lc.
Thng 7... nghe B-a-lc Chn Bn, vua sai ngi i triu v, bn bc vic
cu cu nc Php. S quan nh Nguyn chm ch ghi chp vic xy ra (nm
1783) theo ngy thng, hn khng lu lm rng h va cp n mt trong nhng
s kin s quyt nh vn mng chin tranh.
Thc vy, lc by gi trong ba phe ang chia nhau phn ng bn o ng
Dng, tr Trnh ang nghing tuy vn cn cht b ngoi huy hong, 2 phe cn

302
li, Nguyn v Ty Sn u bit rng nu li ko c v pha mnh m ngi mt
xanh da trng i trn nhng chic tu ng vng vng ngoi i dng kia, th h c
c hi kt thc chin tranh mau chng hn. Nu chin tranh c lm cc tay bun xa
lnh, khng chu ch ti ng, st, lu hong hay sng n, tu b th Nguyn, Ty
Sn cng bit phi tm ni u: nhm gio s Ty phng ln lt hay cng khai dy
o Ho Lan trong vng h cai tr.
Ty Sn tng ve vn gio s Qung Nam (1774), Gia nh (1783), nhng
v s cn thit ca chin tranh, chin tranh ni lon t ch khng c g khin h
khng nhng phi ly nh th lm ni ng qun, bt tn i lnh, cn ph chung,
tng cha c binh kh tin bc, li s si i tng qun. Cho nn t ch ngh
rng Ty Sn ni lon khi b bt gim ln thp c, et c cho voi n, v cha Ty
Sn l mt ngi i o - ngh tht l ngy th gin d - mt ngi dn i n
ch tng rng hn ta mt c tin, l k th ca o Thin Cha ln o Thn
tng1.
Thc ra Ty Sn cng thu dng c gio s: c 2 linh mc thuc dng
Phng-xi-c, mt ngi lm thy thuc, mt ngi ch dn v ton hc cho Nguyn
Nhc n gn gia nm 17862. Nhng Manille khng phi l ni ng chiu hng
pht trin bun bn, h khng th c ch hn 2 vin s gi ca Nguyn nh Gia
nh nm 1783.
Trong trn chin ginh git gio s ny, cc L.M c thi phng kh nng v
hot ng thi qu n c khi em li tai hi cho h. Trng hp ca L.M Ferdinand
l nht chng c. Nguyn L.M dArcet Quy Nhn c Nhc cp mt giy php
cho t do truyn gio x ny v i li ng ha cui vi Nhc l s vn ng
gip chin c. Th ri L.M Ferdinand b bt Gia nh a v Quy Nhn, khng
hiu sao Nhc li nhn din l dArcet - chc l da trng mt xanh, ru ria xm xom
nh nhau! Nhc qut mng rm r: Ka tn L.M phn bi... sau khi ha em ng li
cho Ta, li i v nc ri mang cho ng Chung ng v cc chin c ph x Ta.
Hy ng gng n li cho Ta!3.
Thc l oan cho vin L.M ny gnh chu tc gin ca Nhc thy binh s mnh
cht v lu n, sng iu thng gy ra, v cc gio s khc gip Gia nh tch
cc hn. S quan ghi vn tt hai ngi: Gia-c-vi v Ma-n- l dn Hi-ba-nho c
lnh sai i L tng xin binh gip vo nm Qu Mi (1783)4. Ch sai c mt chi tit:
Gia-c-vi (tn thng dng ch Jacques Liot) khng c can d vo v ny. Hai ngi
s ca Nguyn nh l L.M Ginestar v thy ging Emmanuel thuc dng Phng-xi-
c.
Vic xy ra Ph Quc vo khong u thng 7-1783. Nguyn nh n hi B-
a-lc tm cch gip ly li nc. Gim mc quay li hi cc L.M Phng-xi-c
xem th Manille c th gip c g khng. H u tr li khng v Manille
khng c qun lnh. Nhng nh ni mi, G.M mi quyt nh gi mt ngi trong
bn i Manille vi mt vin s gi cu vin hay t ra cng tm c ch tr cho
vua. Va lc y L.M Ginestar v Thy ging Emmanuel mun tha dp tr v Dng
nn nhn li. S b i trn mt chic ghe bu ch y Calaim (c lm?) nh bn
hay i ly go.

303
 Nhng h khng thot li Ty Sn ging. H b bt dn ti Phm Cng Tr
(12-7-1783). Cu chuyn ca P. Ginestar thut li cuc gp g tra xt lm chng ta
chng kin c mt cuc u tr gia nhng vin s gi sa c m vn cn khn
ngoan i p va trnh thot ti mnh, va trn an k ch khi h vic vua v
mt bn nhng vin lon tng cng t cch tng soi nh nhng kho lo ct
vn k th cho bit tnh hnh i phng.
Sau khi bit c mc ch i s bi l nh tm ra th ca B-a-lc giu trong
thuyn m khng bt ti cc L.M ni di ch trng thy mt vua ng xa, Phm
Cng Tr em h v Si Gn dng lm u khuyn d gio dn: Ta khng i
hi cc ngi i li bng tin bc g ht m ch cc ngi bit n Ta v gip Ta
lp li bnh yn trong x. Cc ngi bit ti ai m x s ln xn ri, nu trong cc
lng cc ngi c ai lm lon, hy chy bo cho Ta bit...5.
Tuy nhin nh Phm Cng Tr tic, v bt ny lm thot mt hai ngi quan
trng: ng Chng v ng C. ng Chng th ang do d ht tnh chuyn theo s b
i Manille li toan chy tr ra Ph Xun nhng s Trnh khng dung6. ng C th
ang tm ch t m tu thuc trong cn bin lon, nhng Chantaboun ri
Bangkok vn khng c li phi lnh nh trn cc hi o.
Nhn vt ny thc kh c bit. c ng Pigneau (x), Pierre-Joseph-Georges
Pigneau de Bhaine trong hip c 1787, trong giy chng nhn l i din ton
quyn cho vua Php Cochinchine, Gim mc dAdran, B-a-lc, Bi-nhu Qun
cng, l nhng tn c ngi ta gi mt gio s ca hi Truyn gio Ba-l ci
x xa xi ny, v gio s mun ng vai mt Gim mc trong triu ca Nguyn
nh, ngi c ln trnh khi ngi ta gn cho danh hiu y v thc ra cng khng
bao gi c th tr thnh mt Richelieu i Vit.
C theo li ng th khong gia thng 12-1784, ng gp Nguyn nh trn hn
Th Chu v nh quyt nh theo tu Ho Lan i Batavia nu khng c ng cn
kp. V trong khi trn Rch Gm cha xy ra th ng m Hong t Cnh cng
Ph V u Phm Vn Nhn, Cai c Nguyn Vn Lim, Trn Vn Hc vi m tu
tng lnh nh trn n Dng hng v Pondichry7.
n by gi ng mi t by lp trng ca ng. ng mun vic cu vin Nam
H phi v tay mt cng quc Cng gio, gt ra ngoi bn Th phn Ho Lan, Anh.
ng mun hun luyn a b ba tui tr thnh mt gio dn kiu mu cho thn
dn n sau ny s bt chc noi theo8.
Tuy nhin d trc kia c tnh chi ci, ngi ta n m ln t cui 1778 l
Nguyn nh s i Ty cu vin vi L.M H Vn Ngh, mt ngi thn tn ca Gim
mc9, v khi qua Php vn ng, B-a-lc a ra mt t giy u nhim ca Ni
cc Gia nh cho ng quyn hnh v hn, lnh n, h v Cnh xin vin binh Php;
t giy ny lm ngy 10-7 Cnh Hng th 4310 (18-8-1782) tc l khi Chu Vn Tip
cha ly li Gia nh trong tay Nhn Trp, H b B. nh cu vin Php qu
nh t lu.
Mt cng trng coi mt a b ln ba, B-a-lc c gi trong tay mt mn
hng qu gi m cc nc Ty phng u thm mun. Anh quc sai ngi n tn
Pondichry nn n ng nhng li Hong t cho h. Ting tm v vic cu vin cng
lan tn Goa. S tht t thng 4-1780, vin Ton quyn B Macao, O Fran Savier de
304
Castro, gi th xin B-a-lc bo Nguyn nh gi th cho thnh Goa chu thng
thng vi iu kin thun li. i li Macao s m ng ly vic cung cp cho
Nguyn nh nhng s tr gip cn thit11. Vic khng i ti u nhng khi B-a-
lc Pondichry cng thy r Goa thm mun Hong t Cnh nn vi vit bc th
ngy 8-7-1785 cho Ngh vin Macao dn B khi lm ri cc Phi on.
___________________________________________
1. Th Pigneau. Pondichry. 20-3-1785 (A. Launay III: t. 85.
2. Th Longer gi cho Dufresne, 1-5-1786 (A. Launay III, t. 121).
3. Th P.Ginestar. 1784, BSEI. XV. t. 90, 91. Th Pigneau, Bangkok. 5-12-1783 b tc tn
Ferdinand bng Olmdilla. Theo ng, P. Ferdinand cht v mt v m tn m tu. Ngi git
ng l ng Doc lanh(?) vn tn c, tng cp bc cc ngi Trung Hoa nn b ng
Long nhuong ku v Gia nh chm u. Chng ti phi hp theo tin ca Ginestar, tuy vit th
sau nhng Si Gn vng Ty Sn, tt r chuyn hn Pigneau Bangkok. ng Chung: ng
Chng. Nguyn nh.
4. Lit truyn q28, 8b, 9a. chuyn B-a-lc.
5. Th Pigneau 20-3-1785 dn trc; th L.M Ginestar 1784. L.M Castuera gi cho L.M Trng
tnh 11-7-1784 (BSEI, XV, t. 92-96). Lu rng theo Pigneau th vic i s l do 2 L.M ch
khng phi ng xng. Thi tht l d hiu: Pigneau vn cn mun trnh ting mnh
can thip vo chnh tr. Chng ta theo ti liu ca ngi trong cuc thy phn do d, phn
ch xng ca Pigneau. Hai ngi s cn sng ch khng phi b git nh tin ca Lit truyn.
6. Th Langenois gi cho Descourvires 14-11-1783: Pigneau gi cho Descourvires. Bangkok, 5-
12-1783, th Castuera ni trn.
7..Th Pigneau Pondichry 30-3-1785 (A. Launay, III, t. 92). Thc lc q2, 4b. Lit truyn q15,
17a.
8. Th Pigneau k trn v th Pondichry 6-7-1785 (A. Launay, III, t. 154). Lit truyn q15, 17b.
9. Th Mgr Le Bon cho hi Truyn gio 21-12-1778 (A. Launay, III. t. 94).
10. A. Launay. III, t. 158, 159, 160.
11. A. Launay, III. t. 154.
Trong lc B-a-lc Pondichry th mt vin cai tu Macao, Albert de Souza,
i Manille i tin vua Xim tr li Bangkok v gp Nguyn nh y. nh trao
cho ngi ny th gi cho Ton quyn Goa. Khng bit ni dung th ni g nhng
B-a-lc cng gng ni rng nu ngi B gip binh th cng vic truyn gio ca
ng vn thun li nh thng1 (v ng tin rng nm c Hong t Cnh).
Vic cu B khng phi ch vn tt gia chng nh Thc lc ghi. Antonio
Vicenti Rossa ngy 2 thng 9 Bnh Ng (23-10-1786) n Vng Cc dng th ca
Ton quyn Goa bo cho nh bit c sn 56 tu chin (?!) ch y. Bit nh
trong tay Rama I, Antonio t lt cho vua Xim 28 khu sng iu thng, 100
thc vi Ty xin rc nh i Goa2. Tuy rng nh c ni r vi B-a-lc, cng
nh vi De Richery rng ng khng n lng no theo b y nn phi uyn ngn
t t, nhng ti sao ta li thy Antonio i v mang theo hai vin quan, trong c
mt ngi tn tht vi 15 lnh hu?3 Nguyn nh khng theo Antonio c khng
phi v khng n lng b B-a-lc, nhng v Xim vng hng ngy cho ngi do
thm khin ng kh ni liu toan vy. Vy tt nh khng i c sai ngi i
thay.
Macao, ngi ta cng hay bit nhng iu kin ca mt tho c gia i
din nh v Ton quyn Goa. B o Nha s gip nh khi phc ngi bu. Mi
nm nh s tr li vua x Goa 10.000 ng bc v cng chng y cho Hong
305
thng (B). Thin Cha gio c t do truyn b v c nh cm quyn gip
ct nh th bt c u cn ti. Tu thuyn, tin bc Cochinchine mt mt in ph
hiu Nam H, mt mt in ph hiu B. nh s nhng cc ca bin, cho t i s...
Chi tit v iu khon cho ngi B ly ngi Vit v v vic phn bit vua x
Goa v Hong B lm cho tho c c v nh thc, nhng nhng i hi n b
qu qut nh tr li mi mi, ct nh th bt c u lm ta thy ting n
qu s thc. Vic khng i n u v nh Pigneau ni mt cch khinh b: Ti
bit Macao khng c mt tn qun v cc s gi Nguyn nh hn thy tn mt thc
lc ca Macao.
Pondichry, B-a-lc khng nghe li Phm Vn Nhn v cho rng Hng-
mao nh nhen, khng nh Bt-tu-k nhu thun, chng nn cu4. Qu thc ng l
ngi Php! Nhng nc Php vi nh hng ca Voltaire, ca nhm Bch khoa,
quc gia lc ng, nc Php khng lm ng tin cy bao nhiu5. Cui cng,
tuy vy ng vn chn nc Php, nc Php cn vua, v trc nht ng vn ng
Pondichry.
Ton quyn Charpentier de Cossigny th Coutenceau des Algrains t ra mun
gip hn6, nn gi chic tu Marquys de Castries do Riehery iu khin i Poulo
Panjang (hn Th Chu) tm th Nguyn nh, nhn tin th y 34 ngi i
theo B-a-lc trc kia, trong cc H Vn Ngh v Trn Vn Hc. Ngh bo tin
cho Nguyn nh hay v tu ha ch Nguyn nh i Pondichry vo thng 12-1786.
nh ri rt vit th cm n De Richery, De Cossigny, t t khng i c v Xim
vng canh gc gt gao. Nhng chng may cho nh, tu De Castries c nhim v
khc l d xt b bin Nam H t v tuyn 11-18, coi dn tnh c theo Nguyn nh
hay khng, tm cch ho b b, vng tu, xem xt nh c kh nng g, tng t
theo c ng khng; nu nh v ti yu t, thuc h t, th th v bo co m
khng ha g ht7. Sc mnh Ty Sn lc ny ang ni ln nh sng cn min Bc
trch g khi De Richery tr li Th Chu trong thng 2-1787 khng khng khng chu
ch Nguyn nh!
Tu De Castries qua ng th B-a-lc cng p tu Malabar qua Php vn
ng trc tip vi Triu nh (7-1786). Theo ng vn l Hong t Cnh, Phm Vn
Nhn, Nguyn Vn Lim vi 40 ngi hu khc.
Thc l mt dp cho m thng lu Versailles c ti n chi: h tung ra
mt kiu tc, bi th ph nhc tng ng hong ng phng b t xu m phi sm
lao ao8.
Rt li ngy 28-11-1787, tho c Versailles k kt, mt bn l hu tc
Montmorin i din Louis XVI v mt bn l Pigneau de Bhaine thay mt Nguyn
nh. Cc iu khon phn ln c vch r trong t tuyn b u quyn ca Ni
cc Gia nh ngy 18-8-1782, i lc c nhng khon nh sau: Php ha gip
Nguyn nh 4 chic tu, 1.200 b binh, 200 pho binh, 250 mi Cafres (iu 2). i
li, Nguyn nh nhng lun hn o Hoi-nan ng trn ng vo ca Touron (c
lao Chm?), nhng ca Touron cho Php vng tu xy dng v cui cng
thm hn Poulo Condore (iu 3, 4, 5). Php c quyn t do thng mi v hn
na, c quyn thng mi Nam H. Nhng chic tu bun ngoi quc no vo
Nam H phi c giy thng hnh ca Php v mang c Php (iu 6).
306
 nh theo tho c, B-a-lc cn c Louis XVI u nhim lm i din ton
quyn bn cnh Nguyn nh9. Mi vic liu nh xut qun, vin Tng trng B
Hi qun, tng De Castries, trao ton quyn cho De Conway Pondichry lc by
gi ang trng coi qun lc n 10.
Mi vic thu xp xong, Pigneau xung tu Dryade v nc, ri Lorient ngy 27-
12-1787. Vin ch huy tu De Kersaint c li dn bo Louis XVI gi gm Gim
mc v cu b Hong t, cho h nhng phng tin thun li v thoi mi trong
quyn hn ch tu, cho nhng ngi hu Hong t n cng mm vi s quan11. Cch
i khch tht l lch s v chu o nh trong hn th k n chi va qua ca gii
thng lu Versailles, nhng B-a-lc c bt tin tng khng khi c nhn vo tnh
hnh Php lc by gi, khi nh rng quyn iu ng ang trong tay mt ngi
bng bnh, ng ngnh nh truyn thng i Nh Lan ca ng y chng t?
Tuy nhin tnh hnh Nam H c thng bo cho Pigneau bit thc ng khuyn
khch: anh em Ty Sn bt ho. Nhng Pigneau tin tng chng no th De Conway
d dt chng ny. ng bo i chic tu ca De Richery v bo li. ng gi thm hai
chic tu La Dryade v Le Pandour d xt tnh hnh, tm hiu cc ca bin, cc
o nhng a...12
Th ri t vic quc gia i s, ngi ta i n nhng cng kch ring t. B-a-
lc nng ny, ngt ngo khuyn nh De Conway phi bit coi thng nhng li bn
tn giu di ci gi l thn trng, k thc ch che y yu hn De Conway ni
cu tr ming rng ng ly lm kinh ngc thy mt gio s ng knh li ch l yu
hn nhng ngi m ng khng b nhim v ng cn phi tm hiu na. B-a-lc
li vit th cho De Montmorin bo co v thi ca De Conway yu km sc lc
v tinh thn, khng phi ch khng sa son g ht m cn tm cch cho cuc xut
qun thm kh khn13. Mi c mt thng sau ngy B-a-lc n Pondichry m
xy tng y chuyn, tnh trng v thy r rng.
Vic Nguyn nh ly li c Gia nh, sai H Vn Ngh em tin bo xin vin
binh cp tc ti cng khng lm cho De Conway thay i kin: tho c Versailles
ch l nht tr a.
Vic khng thi hnh tho c lm cho cc s gia Php yu nc sau ny thy
mt mt c hi chim thuc a ng Dng sm hn gn mt th k, nn ni nng
gi nh cm quyn lc by gi l phn bi, la di, phnh gt14. John Barrow vi
nm sau cng tm cch gii thch s tht bi ny ca Pigneau v tm ra nguyn nhn
cu chuyn mt ngi n b. Vin tu s Pigneau nhn qu c ght mt ngi n
b v vin ph t ca De Conway lang ch vi ch tng, nhng b ta cng mang
tinh thn chng i 1789 nho bng De Conway phi chu quyn ch huy ca mt
Gim mc trong o qun ca Gio hong15.
Nhng duyn c chnh phi tm trong tnh hnh ln bi ca Php lc by gi.
Thi gian Pigneau qua Php l lc ni tnh Php ri ren16. Mt mt chnh quyn thy
cn phi ci cch, mt mt phi chu ng phn ng ca nhng k vn c hng
c quyn nay b trut i: cuc ni lon ca m qu tc dng di n tung ngy 20-
8-1786, cuc hi hp ca Hi ngh qu tc (thng 3, 4-1787). Ti chnh kit qu ti
ni mi ngy trc khi k tho c Versailles Triu nh tr liu vay 420 triu
ng livres. Thm na, trc hn mt thng (thng 9, 10-1787) mt o qun Ph
307
 trn vo chim ng Cng ho Batave nh ng thn Php lm cho Php mt
ng minh trn mt bin l yu t cn gi thuc a.
Cho nn, B-a-lc i ri, vin Trng vn phng b Thuc a mi bo do
lnh Vua, cho De Conway hay rng khng tnh ti chuyn vin chinh ng
Dng17. Vic n bo ch ng thi Pondichry cng bit18. B-a-lc c bit
khng? Khng r iu , ch thy lc v ng ni li vi Nguyn nh l Quc
vng i Ty c tnh thc gip trong khi trn quan h nghi chng quyt19.
Nhng nh nhn xt ca t Gazette nationale khng bao gi tnh hnh d dng
cho vic lp li quyn bnh cho ng vua mt ngi tr v chim nm tnh pha nam
nh by gi. Thc vy, tuy Nguyn nh cn php phng lo s, nhng cng c
th ly danh ngha An Nam Quc vng ni vi i Ty quc bng mt cht
kiu hnh ngm v ci tng thng trm quen thuc ca ng phng: Nghe rng
o tri b ri li thi, vn nc tn ri li hng, l c thc vy, thi no li
khng...!
_____________________________________
1. Th t Ariancoupam, 12-3-1786 (A. Launa. III, t. 161, 162)
2. Th nh vit cho B-a-lc, cho Ton quyn Pondichry, cho De Richery (xem Ph lc). Thc
lc q3, 1ab, ghi vic vo thng ging inh Mi (1787) so vi ti liu trn r l sai vi ngy
thng ca cc ti liu ch xc khc k trn. Hoc c th s quan ghi ngy Antonio lui tu
chng?
3. Nht k ca ng Letondal Macao 1786 (A. Launay, III, t. 156). Tho c Macao k tip sau
cng sch ny, cc trang 157, 158. Bc th ch Nm th 8 c cu: V vic C- Quc sai
tu sang cng vic Ta sai phc s th sai Khim Ho hu, Thim Mn hu d tng s
(chng ti nhn mnh)
4. Lit truyn q15, 17ab.
5. Th Pigneau t Pondichry 6-7-1785 dn.
6. Correspondance gnrale, vol VII, t. 571 dn bi Maybon (Histoire moderne. sd, t. 213).
7. Correspondance gnrale. vol VII. t. 567, dn bi Maybon, sd, 1. 216.
8. A. Launay III, t. 174. 175.
9. A. Launay, III: t. 168. 169, 170...
10. A. Launay, III. t. 197. 198, th ca b Hi qun gi cho De Conway - 12-1787.
11. A. Launay. III. t. 177-. S thc Nguyn Vn Lim, Phm Vn Nhn. hong tc v v tng u
phi l ti t thng thng!
12. A. Launay, III, t. 183.
13. A. Launay, III. t. 184, 185, 187.
14. Trch dn bi bi bnh lun sch Mgr D Adran ca L.C. Louvet trong BEFEO, 1901, t.261. V
d nh tic r ca Luro de Cultru trong Histoire de la Cochinchine franaise des origines nos
jours, 1910, t.22.
15. G. Taboulet, Le trait de Versailles et les causes de sa non-excution, BSEI, XIII. t. 105.
16. Histoire de France, II, Larousse. 1954, t. 72.
17. A Launay, III, t. 198.
18. T Gazette nationale Pondichry, ngy 14-6-1789 (A. Launay, III, t. 1999).
19. Bn chp nh bc th ch Hn ca Nguyn nh gi Louis XVI ch c ch mt (A. Launay,
III, t. 204). Nguyn bn dch do G. Taboulet ng trong La geste franaise, I, sd, t. 214, 215.

308
 NGUYN NH V TY SN CA GIA NH
T chc gi Gia nh ca Ty Sn * Nguyn nh v Phm Vn Sm * Tip vin ca
Nguyn Hu * Gia nh thot khi tay Ty Sn * T chc cai tr, pht trin bui u
Gia nh.
Ph bnh cuc tranh chim Quy Nhn ca Nhc v Hu, s quan nh Nguyn
rt ra mt kt lun ch r s quan trng ca s vic ny nh l nguyn nhn m u
cho thi trung hng ca Cha h: T y gic lo gm nhau, th gic tan r khng
rnh dm ng phng Nam na1. Chng ta phn tch tnh th ri. Tuy
nhin chng ta phi xt xem Ty Sn trong hai nm ri chim ng Gia nh
lm g cng c th lc h y, xo nho du vt ng cha c, li ko dn
chng v pha h.
Du vt cng vic cn li tht l t i, nhng cng cho thy tnh trng lng tng,
th ng ca h. Chng ta bit ngi gi Gia nh sau trn Mang Tht l ng
Vn Chn. ng lo phng bin c c th xy ra do bn di thn nh Nguyn ln lt
trong dn gian, nn di dinh tri ln trn vng t cao Cu Sn2 cch pha bc trn
7 dm d b chng gi. Trong nm 1786, ng p dinh tri trn g cao, cn di
thp th xy ct ph x, la cc nh bun Si Gn vo . Nhng cng vic cng
p ny khng i n kt qu no nh ta on bit, mt phn v ni mi xa ch bun
bn quen thuc c, mt phn v u nm sau (1787), ng Vn Chn phi ra cu
Nguyn Nhc, b d cng vic3.
Gia nh by gi cn li Tham c Trn T coi sc cng vic. Oai v h,
binh th yu th lon lc ni ln: L Cng Trn, Phm in mu nh p Bn
Ngh b l phi cht, trong khi xa hn, Bin Ho qun khi ngha ca Nguyn Vn
Tuyt, Nguyn Vn Ngha ko di ti ngy Nguyn nh v4. Ngoi ra cn phi k
ti V Tnh G Cng m lc lng lan n tn Kin Ho nhng khng hn vi
danh ngha ph Nguyn.
Xung quanh trn m Ty Sn khng gi c ni g nhng ni xa trong mt
x cn y rng rm, hoang vu vi knh rch bn ly. m ngi Min trong thi
k ny tt c hng s t tr rng ri sau ny, trc s e do ca qun Nguyn
nh, h s quay li gip Phm Vn Sm, ngi ph t cho ng nh vng
Nguyn L khi anh em chia t. Nguy hn cho Ty Sn chnh l s tr lng ca binh
tng di quyn.
Tnh hnh c Gim qun Tng Phc m, Th ging Nguyn , Cai c
Tng Phc Ngc, Cai b Nguyn Thim ti Long Khu (Vng Cc, a im ca
lng Gia Long) trnh by cho Nguyn nh r v xin nh tr v. Vic ra i khng d
dng g v nh ta bit, Xim vng sai canh gc gt gao. nh Xim, thuc h c
mt s qun tng theo hi u 1785 v 600 ngi ca L Vn Qun sau chia
nhau lp n in t cung cp, ng thuyn b Giang Khm ch c hi. Tt
c ko nhau i khng th lm lng l c.
Cho nn, ln v na m, li mt s ln qun s Xim5 Nguyn nh tt
nhn vo tnh hnh chn mui Gia nh, c khuyn khch bng s bi phn ca
Nguyn ng Vn. Ngi ny bit u khng lm mi gii cho Nguyn Vn Trng
quay v hp tc? Nu khng c thng ng sn th sao Trng li sai b tng
Hong Vn im i n t ngoi bin ri t mnh dem hn 300 binh v hn 15 chin
309
thuyn ra hng? Nh vy l vi 300 khu sng iu thng do Mc T Sanh a v
n Hn Tre, tip thu bn cp bin H H Vn cng b tng Thin a hi ca
ng ta6, Nguyn nh tip thu c vng Hu Giang ch tn c trn nh lu Tr n
do vin Tin phong Chng c mi l Nguyn Vn Trng iu khin thi.
c chin thng d dng khuyn khch, nh a binh vo ca Cn Gi trong
thng 9 m lch (1787) gy khch ng dn tm. Nguyn L lt t b chy v g M
Lng (hay g Vi Lng)7 xy thnh t tr n Phm Vn Sm chng gi Si
Gn. Vin Thi bo ny khng c mnh ti ni Nguyn nh phi dng mu phn
gin.
Nguyn qun Nguyn c bt c mt chin thuyn Ty Sn ch vin H c
tn L v ngi thip tn Th Lc. nh khng git li hu i ri gi mt th ca
Nguyn Nhc ni Sm kiu honh, sai L dng mu git i. Th Lc c lnh cm
th a Sm. Sm tng tht vi ko c trng ln g Lng nh phn trn. Khng
ng L li tng Sm hng Nguyn nh bn vi v b n chy v Quy Nhn
cht y, chm dt cuc i ng thng, lc loi, bt c d ca con ngi dung
thng gia m anh em vt chng, quy o thi th.
Phm Vn Sm t nay n c Si Gn lo vic chng c. Qun Nguyn tng
c th ln bc khng ng b nh mnh phi m vy. S quan nh Nguyn ghi trn
thua ny nh l t phe h rt i nhng r rng l Phm Vn Sm thng th.
Trn ng rt v pha cn H8 qun Nguyn thanh ton nhng chng ngi
dc ng. sng Ba Vc, iu pht Nguyn K Nhun ca Ty Sn phi ra hng.
Ba Lai, Ng u Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn n dn thuyn trn mt sng cn li, L
Vn Qun ln vo bn trong t la lm hiu cho H Vn Ln, Nguyn Vn Tr,
Trng Phc Gio, Nguyn Vn Tn phc bn ngoi bit m p vo hai mt gip
cng nh ph9. Tng c th chuyn bi thnh thng, qun nh li tin nh M
Tho, gp phi Phm Vn Sm ui va n. Hai bn nh nhau tht d di v i th
ca Sm l mt kin tng c ca Ty Sn: Nguyn ng Vn, con nui Nguyn
Hu. Vn b bt, khng hng, mng chi ri chu cht. Nguyn nh phi b chy ra
c lao H, cn c 300 ngi v hn 20 thuyn, cn H H Vn v b tng th lanh
chn chy tut ra Cn Ln l .
Tuy nhin mt trn m rng, Phm Vn Sm phi ng u vi mt tnh th
nguy nan. Thuc tng Nguyn by gi c mt khp ni. Thng 10, H Vn Ln
nh sng Lng Ph ui c Nguyn Vn Mn v gi Thang Trng 10 b li
Chng c Chn, T hiu Hun tr thnh Tin phong cho qun Nguyn. Nguyn
Vn Trng, Vn Hu ghi thm mt chin cng bng cch nh tp hu sng
M Lung ui Chng c T, thu thm b tt ca T cng vi mi thuyn. Phm
Vn Sm, Nguyn nh by gi li i u, k Ba Lai, ngi M Lung.
_____________________________________
1. Thc lc q2, 22a, Lit truyn q30, 14b.
2. Vng Cu Sn cn tn Th Ngh pha ng Hng Xanh xa l by gi. Lu Si Gn thi
by gi quanh vng Ch Qun.
3. Trnh Hoi c, Thnh tr ch, Trn Kinh Ho dch, i hc s 6 thng 12-1961, t. 52.
4. Thc lc q2, 22ab cho vic Ty Sn bt ho xy ra vo thng 7 l (1786) v vic lon Gia
nh vo thng 9 nhun nm (sao khng l nhun thng 7?). Chin tranh bt ho thc s

310
 xy ra vo ma xun 1787 (xem chng trc). Trnh Hoi c cng ng nh vy. Bin
lon Gia nh c th m thm nhen nhm t nm trc.
5. H. Cordier, Correspondance gnrale de la Cochinchine, t. 209.
6. Lit truyn q6, 12b.
7. Lng Ph ca Thc lc, Lit truyn.
8. H Chu ca Thc lc, ca sng Hm Lung. Xt theo ng lui qun, c l khng phi l a
im Sa c nh tin tng thng thng. a im H Chu ca Phm Vn Sm sau ny
cng chng t nh vy: khng l Sm Ba Thc mun v Bc li ngc dng Tin Giang?
9. Ngoi Thc lc, xem truyn L Vn Qun, Lit truyn q27, 2b, 3a.
10. Thn Lung ca Thc lc. l tn t Nm theo m c min Nam: Than(g) Trng, a im
lng Ph Kit, Bn Tranh, nh Tng. Gi nh th l v , theo truyn thuyt, qun Nguyn
c lm mt vng gc d chng Ty Sn. Cng v xut x a danh nh vy nn Hu Giang
cng c Thang Trng, Vng Th (qun Hu c, An Giang). Ta d theo tnh hnh chin s
y m nhn a im nh Tng, loi b a im An Giang.
Qun Nguyn pht trin ln ln. Sm v sng M Tho ri li v Si Gn trong
khi Tn Tht Hi chim Ba Ging, Hong Vn Khnh, Trng Ph Ngan, Nguyn
Vn Trng, T Vn oi p lu Nc Xoy1 dng tri cau kh lm n bn qua
lu Ty Sn bt h phi lui. Cho n u nm Mu Thn (1788), tr vic Cai c H
Vn Lc gi ging Sao b Ty Sn git ging Gm, qun Nguyn chia nhau chim
gi vng Tr Lt, ging Triu2, ging Sao, thu hp phm vi hot ng ca Ty Sn
trong vng Si Gn, M Tho. Dinh Trn Bin cng lt vo tay Lu th Khoa khin
cho Phm Vn Sm ch cn da vo thu qun3 bo v cho mt s a im bm vu
trong ng. Nguyn nh c th t ph vit th khoe vi J. Liot rng: T Ta
binh ph Ty , th b binh thu phc Gia nh ph cc x, cn thu binh n th tr
ti M Tho cng Bn Ngh, thng ph v phn, thu binh Ta th t cn tr ti Tr
Lt...4.
Tnh cnh nguy ngp cho Sm nh vy m tin tc Quy Nhn vn im lm.
Nguyn Nhc khng c phn ng g ht t khi Nguyn L b chy v. Cc gio s
ng thi gii thch thi y, cho rng: Nhc khng dm n nh Nguyn nh
l v s lc vng mt, em ng c th n chim ly kho tng m ng giu ngi
thnh c nht ny5. S thc c hai Nhc v Hu u gm nhau, gi th tng t
mt, Hu mun nh Nguyn Hu Chnh cng khng dm ri Ph Xun, li trao
quyn cho V Vn Nhm m bng c php phng s vin Tit ch ny lm phn.
Tuy nhin c vng Thun, Qung, B Chnh, dn chng lao xao v vic
Nguyn nh quay v Gia nh. Nguyn Hu tt phi lo ngi. Theo li Nguyn nh
th khong u nm Mu Thn (1788), Ty Sn - ta bit l Nguyn Hu gi
Thng Hng em i binh vo cu Thng Sm Si Gn khong thng 3 m
lch trc khi h ra Bc git V Vn Nhm. S lng qun i ny, Thc lc ghi 30
thuyn, Letondal tng n 3-400 thuyn v cho rng mc ch ch i ly lng Gia
nh cho mau ri v thi. Nguyn nh cng quyt vi qun s ca mnh nh vy
v cho rng Phm Vn Hng ch vo vn lng, c c th i vi thng hn ta s lui
v.
Nhng l no qun Hng vt bin vo ch c c vic ly lng mt ni
nguy nan nh vy khi Nguyn L chy v t thng 9 nm ngoi? C th nh ch
ni trn an qun s. Vic Nguyn Hu git Nhm ri vi v v Thun Ho i tin

311
Hng chng t nhim v d xt, gip nu c th - ca ton thu binh ny Gia
nh.
D th no i na, qun Thi u Phm Vn Hng cng hp vi Phm Vn
Sm nh nhau kch lit vi qun Nguyn dng dai hng nhiu thng Ph Xun
Nguyn Hu phi bn chn lo ngi6. Nguyn nh lc cng va thu phc mt
tng ti: V Tnh t G Cng, lm tng qun s Nguyn ln hng vn ngi. iu
cho nh tin tng ni vi J. Liot rng: Ni thng su Ta cng nh c Si
Gn m ch!
Thc vy, trong thng t, Nguyn nh t Sa c sai Tn Tht Huy, L Vn
Qun nh lu Trn nh7, d Cai c Ty Sn l Vin m ca u hng, bt c
Chng c Diu. Tha thng h tin n Thang Trng nh bt c Nguyn Vn
Mn. Nh vy Ty Sn mt cn c M Tho. Qun s ca h chy tn lon vo
trong dn gian gy ra mt mi e do an ninh cho thn xm, cho tt c t Gia nh
mt khi Nguyn nh ly c. Cho nn mt mt ng ly lng dn chng bng cch
ra qun lnh cm binh s sch nhiu tin bc, v con dn gian, t dng li lc
d h i i tt vi qun s Ty Sn, li ko m binh ny v phe mnh: ai m nui
mt binh lnh Ty Sn b chy v lng th c min binh dch mt na, hai ngi
th c min ht, ba ngi tr ln th c thng. Mt khc, ng d binh Thun
Ho bng cch ku gi tinh thn a phng ca h, nhc nh n mi lin lc x s
ca h vi dng cu Nguyn xa kia h an tm ph t, gi lng nh qu, xa x
ca h h ra hng tng qun theo v t c.
Ty Sn cng b sit cht: ng Nai, h b Nguyn Vn Ngha ph tan. lu
Ng Kiu, c chin Ty Sn L Vn Minh b Tn Tht Hi vy cht ri li phi
thua trn ho cng do thu binh Nguyn nh t Ba Ging tin ln. Th l trn vy
Si Gn bt u.
Nguyn nh ng binh rch Th Ngh8 trong khi Phm Vn Sm dn binh t
ch iu Khin n ch Khung Dung chng c. nh sai V Tnh i vng pha nam
ng Tp Trn thng ti Bn Ngh chn ng lui qun. Hai bn gip cng, Sm
khng ch ni phi b chy. Qun nh ca khc khi hon vo Si Gn ngy inh
Du thng 8 Mu Thn (7-9-1788).
Phm Vn Sm ra ca Cn Gi khng c v L Vn Qun chn ri
bn v Hm Lung ri v Ba Thc binh hai bn b sng p lu c chin. ng cn
da vo m binh Min ni lon Tr Vinh, Mang Tht lm th nng ta chng
nh. Nhng Nguyn nh n, Min binh hng phc. Vic binh y giao cho Tn
Tht Hi qun lnh Vnh Trn trng chng Sm khng cho thot ra cc ca bin v
c Quy Nhn. Sm y c th t thng 9 n thng ging nm sau (K Du
1789) khng hi vng g cu binh c v Nguyn Nhc th lng yn cn Nguyn Hu
th bn chin tranh vi qun Thanh. n ht ma gi bc, u nm K Hi, Sm
mun em qun ra bin chy th b ph c lao H. n lc ny nh cng mun
thanh ton xong Ba Thc, Nht chin cho tuyt hu u9. Cc danh tng ca nh
u c mt ni y: L Vn Qun, V Tnh, Tn Tht Hi, Nguyn Vn Trng.
c lao H h git c c Nguyn Hng, nhng i li Cai c Nguyn Vn Mai
v Vn Hu b sng bn cht. Ba Thc Nguyn nh nh mt vin tng c tn
Thanh Hm hng Ty Sn nay phn li nn ui c Sm chy v sng C C10.
312
Cn mt ton binh cui cng ca M Thanh ln tip cu di quyn Tham c
Trn Hiu Lim, Ch huy Nguyn Chun th b ph tan. Chun cht, Lim hng, Sm
th cng lc kit cng vi b tng em thuyn b kh gii mang gng ra ph phc
hng k chin thng11.
_______________________________________
1. Hi Oa ca Thc lc. l a im Vm Nao Tn Chu.
2. Ging Ph Triu Ci B?
3. Th ch Nm nh s 9, ngy 6-1 Cnh Hng 49 (1788).
4. Th s 10 ngy 15-1 Cnh Hng 49 (1788).
5. Th Lavou gi cho Boiret. Descourvires Paris t Tn Triu 13-5-1795 (BEFEO, 1912, t.
32).
6. Th s 11, 20-5 Cnh Hng th 49 (1788). Thc lc q3, 7b t chuyn vo thng 10 m lch
inh Mi (1787), tht qu sm. ng Letondal (RI, XIV, 1910, t. 53) vit th ngy 7-11-1788
bt u chuyn ny bng cu: Vo thng 7-1788 vin bo cha y rt lo lng v 3 hay 400
ghe m ng gi vo ng Nai. ng vit theo th Labartette cho bit, nh vy vic Nguyn
Hu gi qun i vo Nam xy ra trc thng 7 dng lch nhiu thng ng nh xc nhn ca
Nguyn nh trong th gi cho J. Liot k trn.
Thc lc cho rng qun cu t Qui Nhn vo, nhng Hng l tng ca Hu v ta thy sau
ny (1793), ng cm qun Ph Xun vo cu Qui Nhn. Nguyn nh ch vit Ty Sn l thng
Hng, Letondal khng bit tn Hng, nhng Olivier vit cho Letondal (th ngy 15-7-1789,
BAVH, Oct- Dc 1926. t. 362) c ni Nguyn nh bt mt tng do lon tng Hu gi n, tha
ti ri nghi ng g , ng dem cht u. Olivier lm Hng vi Phm Vn Sm, nhng li
thm chng c rng Hng c Hu gi n. C l thy cu khng c, Hng b v trc
khi Si Gn b vy (thng 6 l) nn mi thot c.
7. Vng Tn Hip by gi.
8. Nghi Giang ca Thc lcTn cc ch thy NNTC, Lc tnh Nam k cng nh Thnh tr ch
ca Trnh Hoi c.
9. Th Nm s 12.
10. Cnh L giang ca Thc lc.
11. Th Castuera t Ch Qun 11-6-1789 (BSEI, XV, La rvolte, bd. t. 100, 101).
Th l sau hn mt nm tri lao kh, Nguyn nh qut sch Ty Sn lm
ch Gia nh. Trong khi hip c Versailles ch cn c gi tr ca mt t giy ln th
Nguyn nh vn ngh rng vin binh sp v tng tin thc lc ca ng. Kinh
nghim nhng ngy chin bi c lm ng qu lo lng. Nhng bn tu tng ca ng
nh Nguyn Vn Thnh thy ci hi ca vic cu vin ngi ngoi quc nn t
cn Xim khuyn ng khng nn trng ch g ngoi.
Vic Nguyn nh v Gia nh thng y trong khi nc Php khng sc
gi vin binh l mt s kin quan trng.
Nh nhn xt ca L.M Castuera d l ngi Php khng ti na th cng gn
nh chc chn l trn b hay di nc g ngi Ty Sn cng khng thng c
Vua, v hai anh em h bt ho nhau v v cuc chin m mt ngi em phi chng
vi Tu. Quyn v tay Nguyn nh ng phi t chc Gia nh nh mt ngi
ch, bin m nh mn di quyn B-a-lc thnh b h tay chn, a k thut
mi vo trong nc cn thit cho chin thng m khng c a v uy danh g lm
o ln trt t trong nc. thc h c vn lm nn tng cho t chc x hi ng
thi. D Nguyn Hu, d Nguyn nh khng ai c th lm khc hn c.
T khi v, mi ln ly mt ni chc chn l Nguyn nh lo t chc cai tr. t
H Tin b tn ph v vn l mt u mi gy bt ho vi Xim nn Nguyn nh ph
313
cho Mc T Sanh, ngi vn t lng trung thnh vi v cha ca cha mnh nhng li
c Pht vng nui dng, k trung gian rt tt trong tnh giao ho Xim - Vit.
Sanh cht, nh dng mt ngi Xim l Ng-ma cho lm Cai c trng coi trn
(hay l chp nhn trn th ca vua Xim c?) Vnh Trn dinh yn n hn nn
c t cng ng cho Phm Vn Thn lm K lc gi.
Nhng chin tranh tip din th ta thy cc tng qun lnh trng coi lun vic
hnh chnh. Cho nn va nh c M Tho lp cng ng dinh Trn nh th gi
vic dn, binh l cc tng Tn Tht Huy, Tng Phc m, Phm Vn S. Vic
ch l tm b. Si Gn, Nguyn nh la cc vin Tham mu qun i chuyn qua
cc b Li, H, Hnh lp mt triu nh. Vic kh quan trng l ng thu phc
m nhn s do V Trng Ton o to hay nh hng gm c ngi Vit, ngi
Minh Hng, gip vic t lnh bui u: L Quang nh, Trnh Hoi c, Ng
Tng Chu, Hong Minh Khnh... Noi theo tit tho ca thy, hnh o n dt trong
thi lon, nay ra gip vic, gip i, h s c kh nng v cng rn, t tin bnh
vc o Thnh. H s hp thnh mt khi vng vng bo v thc h Khng
gio chng mi xm nhp khc.
V vic cai tr y, Nguyn nh cng gp kh khn gy ra v nhm ngi
Min. Thc ra Min binh di quynca Nguyn Vn Tn Tr Vinh1 cng gip
Nguyn nh rt nhiu trong vic nh Phm Vn Sm. Nhng h bt thng nay
u mai nh tht kh m liu nh. Tng c nha c theo Phm Vn Sm b nh
ui chy v Cn Th gp Nguyn Vn Phong bt git. L Vn Qun v V Tnh
gi Ba Thc cng khng yn. Nguyn nh nh phi t k hoch cho t tr: ng i
hai tng v ri cho vin quan Min v u l Gia-tri-gip trng coi x y, ph Tr
Vinh th giao cho c-nha Chch cai tr.
Tnh cch phc tp v chng tc, v qu qun lm cho vic kim tra dn s cng
thm phn phin nhiu. Vic kim tra li cn c gi an ninh, nh binh s m
bt lnh, thu thu. Trc nht ngi ta kim im lp danh tnh nhng ngi tng
qun: quan qun cc chi, hiu, i, thuyn c bng vo tn tui, chc sc m a v
qu qun lm s sch. V pha cc tng x thn phng u phi ghi vo s nhng
ngi ng, n lu cng vi lnh Ty Sn trn v. m ngi khng t sn th c
ghp vo hng cng c, min np cc thc cn cho binh v nhng vn phi lm xu
nh mi ngi. y mnh vic kim tra dn lu, t thng 5 nhun K Du (1789),
Nguyn nh li cho php thng ngi t co: dn t co th c min mt nm
xu, lnh th c thu ni p trng, ngi cha chp 40 quan tin. V mt x hi,
cc loi ph thu, bc, ng bng, ht xng u b cm ch.
Tt c nhng bin php khc kh u nhm vo vic t chc mt qun i
mnh gi vng Gia nh. Vic tuyn binh cho ta thy r s cn kp . T
thng 10 Mu Thn (1788), sau khi vo Si Gn, Nguyn nh buc dinh Phin Trn
tin khi trong vic bt trng inh, c hai ngi ly mt lp thnh ph binh, chia i
ng ra chnh b nh gi. Qun c hng u i nht l qun bo v Nguyn nh.
Theo l mi thng h c cp mt vung go, 1 quan tin, o qun hai th, li c
cp ring cho mt ngi dn c tn trong s b s dng. Nhng r rng l khng
phi ai cng c hng u i nn lnh trn tht nhiu n ni quan phi ra lnh
cho dn, qun ai bt c th thng tin, min xu.
314
 Nhng hot ng binh v phi ta trn mt nn kinh t di do mi c c
trng cu c. nh li c kinh nghim c v nhng chuyn thng thuyn Trung
Hoa em li thnh vng cho t ny nn m mang ngay mt chnh sch mi mc v
kim sot cc thuyn bun. Theo bng thu l lit k ra, ta thy n cp bn c cc
tu Hi Nam (chu thu nh nht: 600 quan, ngoi l lc kh nhiu), Triu Chu,
Phc Kin, Qung ng, Thng Hi (c hai chu thu nng nht: 3.300 quan). Quan
qun ch nhng vt c lin quan n binh dng nh ng, ch, dim tiu, lu
hong, khng cho bun bn ring t cc loi ny. Cc sn vt trong nc cng khng
c trm ch i. Ai thng ng mua bn ring t vi nhau th b nh 100 roi cp
lm dch phu 3 nm, tch thu ti sn. Ni tm li l mt chnh sch kim sot kht
khe lm sao qun i c s dng ti lc trong nc n mc ti a.
Khng ngi trng ch tu bun n bn binh kh, Nguyn nh sai cc
ngi trong ni vin i Chu Thi2 mua sng ln, n dc, lu hong, dim tiu...
ng vit th cho J. Liot bo ng ny mi gi tu Ty ti bn binh kh khi chu
thu3.
Vic phng th cng c t chc chu o, nht l v pha bin, ni t nhp
ca ch qun: cc phong ho i c dng ln Cn Gi, ng Tranh, Vng Tu.
Nguyn Vn Trng, Nguyn Vn Thnh lo i tun tiu cc ca bin. Thnh C Tr,
Vm C c xy li. L Vn Qun c phi i ng gi B Ra. Cuc t chc mi
nm u m cng c v vng chc lm4.
______________________________________
1. Truyn Nguyn Vn Tn, Lit truyn q28, 3a-4b.
2. Khng bit u. Theo ngha duy danh ca ch Chu Thi c phi l mt ni khai m
ngc, chu bu b bin Xim, M Lai, Min in?
3. Th s 11 Ph lc.
4. Nhng s s k trong tit, tr cc xut x khc c ghi, u ly t Thc lc q2, 18b n ht, q3,
q4, 1a-15a.
TIP VIN CA B-A-LC
Je ferai seul la rvolution * Cc tay phiu lu Ty phng Vit Nam: vai tr,
a v v nh hng ca h.
Pht u tu chy ln,
Bum trng gi du [?] hai bn ko lo.
Ti ni Bn Ngh gieo neo,
Di trn bum cun x lo rng rng.
ng ng sng bn lin thanh
Ching cng mng r vang rng dy dy.
Hai bn t din ng ty,
Di trn thin h dy dy u coi.
Mng tu ry ti ni,
Mng Thy li vi Con ngi sang1.
l nhng li thut chuyn n rc B-a-lc v Hong t Cnh ca mt tc
gi v danh no . C hai cng on tu tng v 4 gio s bc ln chic tu La
Mduse qu giang v. Ngy 28-7-1789 h cp bn Vng Tu, c Tn Tht
Hi n rc2. vin thuyn trng, Hu tc De Rosily Meros cho bn 15 pht sng,
cho De Bhin v vi s quan a ln. Lun th ng cng t mt c ch bt thip: Ti
315
tng c bn phn phi thrn vo cho s b nh b ny 2.000 cn thuc sng cho
cu Hong t khng c dng tr v vi hai bn tay khng v lm vui lng Gim
mc t v c mun chng lm3.
Hai chng nhn hai a v c hai li nhn ring v cuc n rc. Nhng tt c
u l s thc bi v chng l cho ta thy nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca s thc. S
thc l mt bn pha Gia nh, ngoi tm lng ca mt ngi cha quan sn vn l
hoi nim, nay hn hoan thy mt con, cn c nhng ngi dn lnh, quan vua
mng r c thy bn b tip sc, em t phng xa li s tin tng thng li
ngy mai. S thc l m ngi tr v c lc cng tin tng nh m ngi
n rc h by gi, m rt li lc ny ch l mt s b nh b, i khng li tr v
khng.
Nhng s vic nm tung ra ri th n s mc ni li cun cc s vic khc
xy ra tip. Cnh i cu vin, cc nc Ty phng u bit. Duy h khng can thip
c v chnh h ang phi lo g ri cho h, g mi bng bong m chnh nn vn
minh h to ra.
Chnh ph khng gip ch g c th cc t nhn phn tch tnh hnh theo li
nhn ring ca h by t s tn ng can thip. Ngi Php khng can thip vo
Nanh H th thiu dp khc thnh lp mt c s vng chc v qu gi trn mt x
s s em li cho quc gia mt nn thng mi c quyn hn 20 triu ng v c
bit l vic giao thng vi Trung Hoa m khi cn qua Qung Chu4. Chnh khi
nhng d lun tr thnh nhng ngh c th th B-a-lc mi c th gin di
De Conway ni thng vo mt ng ny l Mt mnh ti cng lm nn vic o
ln.
Trong chuyn t Php v, B-a-lc gh Ile de France vit th cho De
Montmorin: o ny, ti thy cc nh cm quyn sn sng nhn lnh quan
im ca Triu nh. Tt c nhng g c lin quan n cuc vin chinh
Cochinchine u phi tin liu t ch ny v xong ri5. Thc vy, B-a-lc tip
tc ng v th trong cuc hi ngh Port Louis ngy 3-9-1788, cc nh cm quyn
cc o Ile de France, Bourbon ra tuyn ngn xin t do giao thng vi
Cochinchine. Th ri trong mt t trnh gi cho Quc hi Php ngy 2-12-1790, dn
chng (?) cc o ni: y c nhng tay tnh nguyn, nhng bn Cafres, tu b
kh gii cho cuc vin chinh . Nhiu nh bun yu nc ca thuc a ny dng
cho Gim mc dAdran ti nguyn ca h gip ng thi hnh mt d tnh tht c
li cho quc gia Php6.
Qun o Cn Ln nm ngoi bin l ni thun tin nht n cho cc tu
thuyn Ty phng. T nm 1779, Nguyn nh t y nhng vin quan mang
chng minh th ca P.J.G. Gim mc dAdran gii thiu vi cc thuyn trng
Ty phng, mi h vo bn, cho tin tc. Ch ch ca Pigneau l n tu Php
nhng Gia nh khng cn phn bit iu m ch cn tu Ty giao thng
thi7. Chnh Cn Ln l ni vo thng 9-1788 chic tu La Dryade trong s mnh
d tnh hnh Nam H th li H Vn Ngh v 1.000 khu sng mua cho Nguyn
nh8. Lnh thu tu Ty trn xung y. Cng y vo cui nm 1790 Nguyn
nh dng lm ni nui nga cho qun i dng9.

316
 Nhng khi Gia nh bnh yn th Vng Tu hay chnh Bn Ngh s l ni
n cc tu, thuyn tip vin. B-a-lc gom gp tin bc, kh gii lng thc cht
ln cc tu ng thu Ile de France v c Pondichry na nh s gip ca cc
nh bun nh bit. Nguyn nh lm ch Gia nh ri s c tin bc m eo
ui chin tranh. Qua li th ca De Guignes, Vin Lnh s Php Macao, ta thy
ng lm trung gian mua cho Nguyn nh nhiu chic tu. V cng t Macao
trong nhng thng cui nm 1789, 8, 9 chic tu i bun Cochinchine mang
theo nhiu th kh gii qun dng. Mt trong nhng chic tu l chic la Garonne
bn cho s gi Nguyn Xim hai khu i bc10. Tt c nhng chuyn mua bn
lm cho Nguyn nh c di quyn mt s tu chin Ty Phng quan trng.
L.M Jean de Jesus Maria vit th t Ch Qun ngy 4-3-1790 ghi nhn nh c
khong 10 chic tu B v 1 chic tu Php tt c u l tu bun nhng v trang
vi y kh gii qun dng11. Nhng quan trng hn c l vic c m ngi
Ty phng gip. Gia nh c n 140 s quan v 80 lnh Php. Mt bc th ca
B-a-lc ngy 18-7-1794 ni n 40 ngi u trong b binh, thm vo chng y
na trn cc tu ng12. V khng phi ch c ngi Php m thi. Crawfurd vo
Hu thng 10-1822 thy mt bi v ngi Irlandais13. M. c Chaigneau ghi
nhn c c ngi Anh, Irlandais14.
_________________________________________
1. Trch li ca Thanh Lng. Biu nht lm Vn hc Cn i, T Do xb, 1958, bi vn Nht trnh
ng cung k vng Ty bang, ti hi bn quc, trang 51.
2. Thc lc, q4, 15b.
3. Trch li ca G. Taboulet, Le trait de Versailles, BSEI. XIII. hd, t. 103.
4. T Gazette nationale dn.
5. Th ngy 14-4-1788 (A. Launay, III, t. 178).
6. Vn kh Ngoi giao chu, trch bi Ch. Maybon, Histoire moderne, sd, t. 268.
7. L. Gaide. Notes historiques sur Poulo Condore, BAVH, Avr. 1925 t. 88. Chng minh th ghi
Si Gn ngy 10-8-1779.
8. V. Imbert. Le sjour en Indochine de lambassade de L. Macarney. sd, t. 2.
9. Thc lc q5, 7b.
10. Th ngy 16-12-1789 (A. Launay, III, t. 158, ch s l) Ch. Maybon, Histoire moderne, sd, t.
270. H. Cordier, Correspondance gnrale, sd, t. 209.
11. La rvolte... bd, BSEI, 1940, t. 101, 102.
12. Dn bi G. Taboulet. La geste franaise... sd, t. 204.
13. Chuyn. J. Crawfurd do Ch. Maybon dn.
14. Souvenirs de Hu, t. 18.
Binh lnh Php phn nhiu l thuc cc i thu qun tnh nguyn, thu nht
nhng gia nh trung lu c hng mt nn gio dc t do nn chu s quyn
r ca khung cnh xa x l ln mnh vo nhng chic tu i y i 1. S ng
ny k trc ngi sau, c khi k ti chn b i, ngi mi li ln vo, tu trung c
mt s hot ng hn c m s quan Nguyn cn ghi li l a-t (Jean Marie
Dayot), -li-vi hay ng Tn (Alexis Olivier de Puynamel), Ba-n- hay Nguyn Vn
Thng (J.B.Chaigneau), L Vn Lng (De Foran), Ba-la-di (Laurent Barizy),
Nguyn Vn Chn (Philippe Vannier), tt c u c chc Cai i2.
Dayot c phong lm Tr Lc hu thng 6-1790. trng coi chic tu ng
Nai v c d trn thu chin Thi Ni 1792, l linh hn v ch tng ca thu qun

317
Nguyn nh Gio s La Bissachre ni. C th tin c iu ny v chnh ng
tng l ch tu Adlaid nm 1786. Nhn dp theo thu qun Gia nh nh Ty Sn,
ng i d xt cc hi cng xem nng su, trong khi Olivier cng lm vic tng t
nh v tr trn t lin3.
Vi chc V u Thn sch V ban v sau , Thuc ni V u, lm Cai i
trong qun Thn sch, mt th ch lc qun, Olivier c mt nhiu nht trong s
sch nh Nguyn4. Ch l mt binh nh trn tu La Dryade, ng trn Poulo Condore
ngy 19-9-1788 ri theo H Vn Ngh phc v Nguyn nh khi mi 20 tui d hn
thng. ng dng ho ca Le Brun - Khm sai Cai i Thch Oai hu - v cng
ng ny xy thnh Gia nh theo kiu Vauban. ng t chc qun i - c l trc
ht l qun di quyn ng - theo li Ty phng.
Chaigneau, Thng Ton hu, n chm nht (1794) v li Vit Nam sau rt,
thay J.M. Dayot vo cui nm 1796 trng coi tu Phi Long, c d vo trn Thi Ni
1801, hot ng Qung Nam, Hu sau v trng coi vic tip t cho qun i
Ph Xun (sc ngy 16-3-1802)5. De Foran coi chic Phi Bng trong chuyn tn
cng Qung Nam, Hu (1801). Barizy, con ngi si ni, cu nhu bt mn nht
trong m, n Gia nh nm 1793. ng tng c phong Thnh Tr hu, gi
vic tip t cho qun i bng cch lin lc mua bn vi n Manille, Malacca.
ng s gi chic Thoi Phng trong chuyn chim ca Thun An (1801). Vannier ti
nm 1789 cng vi Felix Dayot - em J.M. Dayot, ch coi vic tip t - ng coi chic
tu Phi Phng vi chc Cai c (1801) cho n cui nm 1802 th c phong
Chng c Chn V hu.
Nhng ngi khc t c bit hn l J.M. Despiau, thy thuc trong qun i
(sc ngy 21-4-1799), ngi sn sc cho Pigneau lc cui cng, v Desperles,
vin thy thuc gii phu ca tu Le Pandour.
Tt nhin ta khng qun vai tr ca B-a-lc v nhng v linh mc khc. m
quan binh Ty phng hot ng cho n khong 1793-1794 th rt i gn ht. C
nhiu l do, trong c l do tin Cch mng Php chuyn sang giai on phn
gy xo trn t tng ca h v gy nghi ng cho Nguyn nh. Nhng chnh yu l
l do h tht vng khi phc v Gia nh.
Chng ta phn tch tm l m ngi phiu lu Ty phng mong mi ni
bc Dupleix, Clive ti a v sang giu ca ng phng thn tin. H cng c th
tho mn cht t nu h chu phc v ti sau khi thng trn nh Chaigneau, Vannier,
De Foran c thng chc, cp lnh trng hu h... Nhng h n trong thi chin
tranh v phi phc v trong mt x ngho nn, , cha k ti u, ngi lnh va
em thn nh gic va phi np thu, rt lng ring cung cp qun nhu. H tht
vng l phi nh Olivier ni nm 1793: Chng ti phc v v ch cho Cha
x Nam H. ng than phin rng lm vic cn mn, chin thng nhiu trn m
khng giu c c cht no6.
ng khc, chng ta cng nn lu n t cch ca bn ny. Thc lc k n
trn nh Quy Nhn 1793, khi binh ra ti Bnh Khang, c ni n m Ty-dng-
nhn chung vi lnh Min, lnh Tu u tnh d tn, hay ru, kh cm7. Cc L.M
ng thi ch khen c Chaigneau cn th ch trch li sng sa o ca Olivier v ca

318
nhng ngi khc, sng v o nh ca Voltaire. Khng nn ly lm l,
l c im ca lnh nh gic mn.
Tuy nhin, Nguyn nh cn cn ti h nn cho php h c bun bn ring
ly li khi thu m. Olivier c bun bn dc b bin vng Nguyn; nm 1799
ng i Malacca bn mt thuyn cau c 3000 ng. Despiau nm 1800 mua
c ca ng Chng dinh Hu qun (?) mt chic ghe chin v xin php Nguyn
nh mua mui, cc vt dng khc v 30 vung go i n bun mang c hiu Gia
nh8. Chnh l mt quyt nh khn ngoan ca nh: lm vic cho h m m
phiu lu ny vn c ch cho nh v chnh h ng vai trung gian cung cp v kh
cho nh, tuyn dng uy th ca nh nc ngoi, nht l cc nc ln cn9. Cng
nhim v giao dch , chng ta thy h cng cc linh mc l nhng k d la tin
tc Ty Sn rt c lc v h c mt khp ni trong, ngoi nc, hiu r tnh hnh v
lu, bit ch xc s vic, nh thi quen chuyn tm ch quan st ca ngi Ty
phng. Hy nghe Olivier trong mt bc th, nh Letondal Macao d la tin tc
xung t gia qun Thanh v Ty Sn (15-7-1789): Chnh v mun bit trong chi
tit mi nht v trn nh y m Hong thng hm qua bo ti vit th cho Cha,
nh vin thuyn trng Antonio Vincenti. nh ca Hong thng l mun bit c
g xy ra trong trn nh y, nh ngi Tu ra sao, lc lng ca h th no.
Ngi cho rng nh ni hiu bit v ngi Trung Hoa ca Cha m Cha c th cho bit
nhng tin tc chc chn hn t ni no khc...10. Cng vy, tin t vng Ty Sn c
th v tnh ti Gia nh bng nhng cnh th ca cc gio s Labartette, Longer,
Doussain B Chnh, Thun Ho gi cho Letondal Macao, Le Blandin Paris
chng hn.
Nhng quan trng hn na l vic qun nhn, gio s Ty phng c mt Gia
nh cng tc l m ca cho vn minh Ty phng trn vo. Nhng iu ni trn
dn chng mt t ri. Chng ta c th ni thm. Gio s De Labissachre cho bit
Pigneau dch t ch Php ra nhiu quyn sch ni v chin thut v cch phng
th cho Nguyn nh c. Nm 1819, Chaigneau v Vannier cho mt du khch Anh
ti Hu bit l B-a-lc dch ra ting Vit nhiu on c ch nht ca tp Bch
khoa v nhiu quyn sch khc dng cho vic cai tr quc gia. Cha ht, Gio s
Cadire cn tm thy mt tm bn Ni cc ghi tt c nhng phn chnh ca mt
v tr phng th vi mt loi sng pho binh, v t mt quyn sch ni v Vauban,
xut bn nm 1773.
nh hng s du nhp k thut, t tng ny tht l quan trng trong nhng
ngy sp ti, khi Nguyn Hu cn bn bu cng c pha bc, b l cho Nguyn nh
c th gi khai thc Gia nh ln mnh ln.
______________________________________
1. L. Malleret trch li ca A. Faure. BSEI. X. ch s 1. t. 37.
2. Lit truyn q28, 8b, 9ab. Thc lc q6, 35a. Lit truyn lm gi Dayot l Nguyn Vn Chn.
Thc lc c ghi Chn coi tu Phi Phng m theo Barizy ngi coi l Vannier. Vy Vannier l
Nguyn Vn Chn. Dayot c tc l Tr Lc hu c tn Vit th phi l Nguyn Vn Tr. Thc
lc q9, 3a c 2 tn Ba-lang-hi, Ba-la-di, Cai i. ngi Hng mao (?), chc cng ch l Barizy.
3. G. Taboulet. La geste franaise..., sd. t. 250.
4. Thc lc q6, 35a, q7, 26a, q10, 18a.
5. BAVH, Avr-Juin, 1922, t. 139 tr i; Janv-Mars 1923, t. 43 tr i.

319
6. G. Taboulet. Le geste franaise... Sd, t. 248.
7. Thc lc q6, 19a.
8. G. Taboulet, sd. A. Cadire, Les Franais au service de Gia long: Despiau. BAVH, Juil-Sept
1925, t. 185.
9. Thc lc c ni n vic cng ca cc x T-n ngoi cc x Xim, Min, Vn Tng. Th
Olivier 10-4-1798: Vua phi liu c vi ngi u bn cnh cho cc nc tin cy. (BAVH
Janv-Mars 1923, v Chaigneau).
10. L. Cadire, Les Franais au service de Gia Long: leur correspondance, BAVH, Oct-Dc
1926, t. 363, 364.
PHN TH BA
GIAI ON THANH TON NGUYN - TY SN
(1789-1802)
Chng 5.
S CNG C I BN TH GING CO
NHNG LC LNG CHIN U
Tnh cch chung ca i bn * T chc qun chnh ca Ty Sn * Vai tr b khuyt
ca nhng chic thuyn cp bin T Ngi * T chc khai thc Gia nh * u th
v kh, cng s phng th v thu qun Nguyn nh.
Trong 10 nm sau cng ca th k XVIII, ta thy tnh th ct c c v n gin
dn. Tuy vo nm 1789 chng hn, nc cn chia ba vi Nguyn Hu Ph Xun,
Nguyn Nhc Quy Nhn, Nguyn nh Gia nh, nhng thc ra ch c Ty Sn
v Nguyn i u thi. Nhng lc lng gi nn th phn tranh c tn li dn: Cu
Nguyn bin mt vi ci cht ca Du Tng, Tn Chnh vng, Di thn Trnh L th
tan r sau trn ng a, tn nt sng nh s c lp a phng hay chy vo Gia
nh u qun1. Quy Nhn sng ly lt, ch cn Ph Xun v Gia nh c ng lc
bin thnh hai u nam chm thu ht cc tay mun tn dng kh nng mnh trong
chiu hng thc t.
Cc i phng u tm ht th cch lt nhau v trong tin trnh cng i
n gn nhau v l li t chc chnh tr, qun i, ni dung k thut tranh chin. iu
kin chung ca thc hng dn t chc x hi ng thi bt buc nh vy, nhng
ban u h cng phi theo nhng quy nh ca hon cnh a phng, ca tnh th
m pht trin kh nng, vun bi thc lc ring.
Pha Ty Sn chng hn. H i t vng ni pha ty, ly sc mnh cng bo
ni m ngi Thng, Trung Hoa khch thng liu lnh, nng dn Vit i khai
ph t hoang tm tnh tr thnh hung d ri truyn tm lng hng hi, nhit thnh,
tnh cht vong mng cho dn ng bng hin lnh chn cht2 gy nn mt cuc
o ln d di nht trong nc. Nguyn Hu phi th nhn tnh cch qun phit
vi Nguyn Thip. Ng Vn S Thng Long nghe Tn S Ngh sang, ly lm
mt dp diu ct quan Th lang Ng Th Nhm:
Phi phin ng lm mt bi th ui qun gic. Nu khng th ti ao bao
kim vn l phn s ca k v thn3.
Khng phi ch vi m nho thn ca triu i c m thi, v tng cn coi
thng mt s tin tng c na. Nghe kinh i Ma c hai con ma hin v, h t
quan ti, em sng i bc bn nt lm bi bn sng4. min Bc, vin trn tng
Ngh An ngo mn trong l t thn: Ch cn c ch hn thn X tc5.

320
 H t ph cng phi v s nghip ny do cng lao hn m ca h to nn.
Nhng khi trt ci lp cng o tr thnh k iu khin quc gia th ngi ta
phi thy vn phc tp hn nhiu chu ng dung hp vi truyn thng c. Mt
khc vic Ty Sn b a y di chuyn trng tm tp hp tinh hoa t Quy Nhn ra
Ph Xun ri mong ngng ngy v Phng Hong Trung , i ngc con ng ly
khai v nam c, chng t ci th bt buc v mun t khun nn ca h.
V tr Ngh An vi hnh nh cng cuc hp tc gia Nguyn Hu v Nguyn
Thip ni ln tt c nhng c sc ca triu i Ty Sn trong thi gian xy dng,
pht trin tt cng ca h. Quy Nhn mi Vit ho ch mang li sc mnh cng
bo, Ph Xun, Thng Long th y du vt cc cu triu, li tn t vi m nng
dn mt mi trong lon lc hng my trm nm, vi m s phu iu khin quc gia
ngc ngoi trong ci hc t chng thiu sinh kh. Ngh An, ngoi ngha l qu
hng ca cha Ty Sn, cn l v tr gia nhng nh hng i khng, mun gi
vai tr dung ho m khng mun b l thuc.
Cho nn khi Ty Sn thy cn thit phi thun ho triu i, th n vi h
khng phi l Nguyn ng Trng, L Trn Qun, Trn Cng Xn... m m vi
triu i c m l Ng Th Nhm ln trn Trnh cha sau v n Canh T 1780, Phan
Huy ch nhc nh v ci ting nh nho ni khoc ca Nguyn Hu Chnh gn cho.
Nguyn Hu ti to Nhm6, em c duyn7 c nht n cho ch, gy dng cho
nhng s phu t hay nhiu khng gp may mn di triu trc. Cng nn k vo
hng bt mn vi thi i - bt mn mi i n - l x s Nguyn Thip, ng gi
vai cy, tay cu.
Tt c c khun nn thm hu trong Nho gio ri tu phn ng c nhn m
lc tc phng s Ty Sn. c bit l h tng ng ngoi triu chnh c, c dp
phn xt, t nhiu cng khng bng lng, nn lm quan vi Ty Sn, h a ra nhng
nim t chc x hi, tuy vn l ca Nho gio, nhng di nhng kha cnh lng
qun hay khng bit n cc triu trc. Nguyn Thip, trong mt bi biu gi
Quang Trung8 cng kch mnh m li hc t chng, xa ri thc t, thy li thot l
tr v vi tinh tu Kinh Sch: Ban u ging i hc, ri Lun ng, n Mnh t,
n Trung dung, sau li n Ng kinh, Ch s, tun t m tin, c cho k m ngm
ngh cho tinh. i vo thc hnh, ng chu vng mnh Quang Trung gip vic dch
Kinh Sch ra ch Nm trong Sng Chnh th vin Vnh Kinh ph bin o hc
su rng trong dn gian.
Cng mt chiu hng hi c thch hp , Ng Th Nhm dng s (1788)
cho Quang Trung nh cch cai tr, ph nhn th ch tp trung ca Trnh L m tuyn
dng ci th phn phong cho con em ng tnh cai tr cc ni theo li gi nc ca
nh Hn, nh Chu9. Con ng gio hun m Nguyn Thip cao theo Chu t ri
Nguyn Hu cng thun nht nh theo php hc Chu t10 v l li t chc x hi
phong kin ca Ng Th Nhm th hin giao im thc ca m s phu c t ci
to, thc tnh trc ting di t min Nam ra v m qun tng Quy Nhn b v i
tm thc h.
Triu chnh Ty Sn l c mt tnh cch dung ho m yu t qun s lc no
cng gi u th. Thc l d hiu khi nh li qu kh ca h v tnh hnh si sc lc
by gi.
321
 Phi bt u chn chnh li th h nhn vo m nng dn iu linh trong lon
lc sp xp vic lm n, kim sot dn s. T chiu khuyn nng m Ng Th
Nhm cho bit chnh sch lc by gi, ra lnh bt v bn qun nhng ngi ng c
cha c ba i, nhm vo m lu dn v lon lc, v trn trnh giao dch, lng
c c tay sn xut. Cc sc mc, x trng, thn trng phi lm vic kim tra s
rung cy cy, s rung b hoang, s inh thc ti, lm s b dng ln triu nh11,
nu gian ln: coi ngi nh nh i vng, coi ngi cn sng nh cht, lm st s
dn, lm thiu thu u phi chu trng ti12.
______________________________________
1. Thc lc q5, 2a, q7, 13a, 14b, q9, 16b... l trng hp ca V B Din, ng Trn Thng,
Nguyn B Xuyn v nhng ngi do Nguyn inh c chiu m Bc H.
2. V. Imbert. Le sjour..., sd, t. 26.
3. Hong L, t. 240.
4. Do Trnh Hoi c k (Aubaret, t. 189). Kinh i Ma chy t ch Rch King (Long An) vo
sng Vm C ng.
5. Vit in u linh tp, L Hu Mc sao, dch, Khai Tr, truyn Thin c a ch X tc qun, t.
218; bn dch trang 57.
6. Hong L, t. 208.
7. Ch trong th cm hoi ca Phan Huy ch, trch ni Hoa Bng, Quang Trung, sd, t. 275.
8. La Sn phu t, sd, t. 144-146.
9. S bng ch Nho, lc dn bi Hoa Bng, sd, t. 277.
10. Chiu theo Sng Chnh Th vin, La Sn phu t, t. 147. Chu t l Chu Hy, mt Tng Nho c
danh trong phong tro Tn Khng gio. Thuyt cch vt tr tri ca ng ly trong sch i hc,
khng phi hiu theo ngha thc nghim m l ngha trong kinh sch xa, nhng cng t r
c thc phc c, thc y mnh s xut hin ca Vng hc, va l phn ng va l tip
ni ca Chu hc.
11. Dn li ca Hoa Bng (Quang Trung, sd, t. 283-285) ly Hn cc anh hoa ca Ng Th
Nhm. Ngi ta cng tm c t chiu khuyn nng ca Quang Trung v Cnh Thnh sc dn
trung chu Bc H canh tc (T Do, 1-11-62).
12. Li nhc vic lm s inh trong t sc v vic thu thu lm sn ca dn tng Hu o, huyn
Thng Du, Ngh An. Quang Trung th ba, 25-3 (9-4-1790). Cng tm c Ngh An s khai
rung t cng t ca x V Lit (Thi c thng 7 nm th 11 (1788) v s nhn s ca x
V Lit (1792). (Tin c bit min Bc ca nht bo T do, 19-1-1963).
C l l ln u tin trong lch s dn ta mi gp mt chnh quyn c thi hnh
hiu nghim chnh sch n mc ti a bng cch bt dn mang th tn bi. l
mt tm th gia in 4 ch trin Thin h i tn chung quanh vit tn h qu qun
ca ngi c th v c nh du mt ngn tay bn tri lm bng. Th phi eo lun
trong mnh phng khi xt hi. Khng c l dn lu phi sung qun v x trng, tng
trng ca h phi pht ti1. coi sc cng vic, b my hnh chnh trong nc
phn ln nm trong tay cc v tng. T trn triu nh, nhng chc Tam khng,
Tam thiu, i chng t, i t , i t m, i t khng, i t ci...2 mang vt
tch ca t chc Trung Hoa thi xa y hng kh rt thch hp cho tnh cch qun
chnh triu Ty Sn. cc trn, trn th l quan v v quan vn ch l hip trn.
Mi huyn c V phn sut v Vn phn tri hp vi T Hu qun l coi sc. Cch t
chc cho u th v v quan ny c th coi nh ly ca Nguyn Thip, nhng chnh
Thip cng cn c trn thc t khuyn Quang Trung chn trong cc by ti ly
mt vin thanh, cn, nhn, dng lm chnh trn, mt vin sn c vn hc lm

322
hip t3. c im ny c phi on Macartney (1793) ghi nhn ng: Giai cp
qun s ng u ht trong x ri sau l cc quan to4.
V l ta khng ly lm l khi thy chnh sch chung l nhm vo vic thnh
lp mt o qun hng mnh. Tuy khng nhn Lng Qung thuc vo a bn c
ca ngi Vit trung chu Nh H, ta cng khng th ph nhn nh chim t ny
ca Quang Trung5, nh m mang bng vic dng s i li 6 chu Hng Ho v
3 ng Tuyn Quang6, xi gic cc thuyn T Ngi cp ph ven bin Trung Hoa,
ri tip n vic s b cu hn, xin t do V Vn Dng lnh o (1792).
Xt nguyn nhn hiu chin, c ngi7 thy tnh cht Napolon ca ch
Quang Trung: dng chin thng qun s bn ngoi nh bt sc phn ng ca
cu ch, bt ming nhng phn khng bn trong do s tho hip ca chnh quyn
vi mt phn cc lc lng c khin qun chng cch mng khng bng lng. S so
snh qu th s qun mt nhng thc t sng ng, di do, ring bit ca mt
trng hp c th. Chng ta c th tm ra nhng nguyn nhn chnh yu, xc ng
hn, tng hp hn vi hon cnh ng thi.
Chin thng tng i d dng vi qun Thanh sau nhng chin thng lin tip
cc chin trng khc l nguyn nhn tm l8 khin Ty Sn hng v Lng
Qung. Trn ng a lm e d bn bin thn nh Thanh, m ng cho nhng vn
th ngoi giao trao i, a n vic Thanh nhn Quang Trung lm An Nam
Quc vng, qun mt tham vng tha nc c th cu chim lnh phng Nam.
Mt bn l Phc Khang An v Ho Khn, mt bn l Ng Th Nhm c Nguyn
Quang Hin, chu Quang Trung, n g ca thnh, vic ho hiu c mau l tin
hnh y vinh quang cho Ty Sn. Tip theo vic phong vng v vic ban nhn
sm cho m Quang Trung l vic s b Gi vng9 sang chu l th bt tun ca Cn
Long (thng 8 Canh Tut 1790). S b gm Nguyn Quang Thu, Ng Vn S,
ng Vn Chn, Phm Cng Tr v cc vn quan Phan Huy ch, V Huy Tn... vi
hai tht voi tin cng tng trng ci inh ca qun lc Ty Sn. Cui nm 1790
s b v nc sau khi hng c nhng u i c bit hn nhng s b trc10.
Thi lm khoi tr, khip phc c cc vn quan nh Phan Huy ch, nhng
tt lm tng uy th ca Ty Sn v thm phn kiu hnh cho m v tng.
Trong nc li bt an do cc di thn c L gy ra: L Duy Ch Cao Bng, Trn
Quang Chu Bc Ninh, Trn Phng Bnh Ngh An... Nguyn nh li l mi lo
ln nht ca Quang Trung cho n khi nhm mt11, tuy rng ng cha phi th sc
trc tip vi Gia nh trung hng. Tt c buc Ty Sn phi lo cng c qun lc v
theo bin chuyn t nhin, h bnh trng th lc bo v th lc sn c.
Lc lng h nh th no? S quan ghi vo khong thng 3 Nhm T (1792),
Quang Trung tnh em 2-30 vn qun nh Gia nh (ngha l qun s cn c th
hn th na)12. Theo li kim sot dn s ni v vic ly 3 sut inh mt lnh, mt
khch ngoi quc thy l s ngi trong qun ng rt ng. Ring Hu c
30.000 ngi luyn tp hng ngy. H v trang bng dao gm, gio mc, sng iu
thng, rt nhiu sng ngn c ming loe ra kiu th k XVI ca Ty phng (c l
mua li) v sng bn phi mi la do h t ch (ho h?). Ngi Anh i lc trong
thnh Qung Nam khng thy c mt khu i bc no, nhng chng ta bit h cng

323
c sng ln - v c nhiu l khc khi chim c ca Nguyn, Trnh, ca qun
Thanh - hng 2-3.000 khu13.
Lc lng ch cht ca b binh l m chin tng tp luyn hng ngy m cc
v tng rt tin cy kh nng chin thng v Tn S Ngh phi lo phng trc.
Gia nh cng e d s lng 300 con voi t dy xo trn ng tn cng14. Tng
qun qu bu tnh cht a hiu ca n: voi l lc lng vn ti khng nhng qun
lng, binh s m cn l v kh nng na; voi l lc lng tn cng kin hiu - nh
mt th thit gip binh c i bc h tr.
Mi chi ph gn gi qun lc ny r ra l rt ln. Th m nh ta bit, vng
Ty Sn trong cp thi li vi l li khai thc nng nghip c in trn t ai tn
dng, khng th no sn xut cung cp nh Nguyn Thip trn tnh: Ngh
An t xu, dn ngho. V trc ch chu xut binh ch khng phi chu tin go,
nay th binh, lng u phi xut. S lnh ngy mt tng bi. K cy cy th t m k
i n th nhiu.... Trong ngha t ai kit lc , ta hiu c danh t phong
thu ngy xa ch v mt vng t mt ht vng kh nh ch dng trong vn th
ngoi giao Ty Sn - Thanh ch t Thng Long15. i t Lng Qung l tm
t mi thay t c kit lc, l tm cch gii quyt nhng kh khn gp phi trong
thi k xy dng vy. Cho nn, vic nh chim kinh Vn Tng vo nm 1791
ca bn Trn Quang Diu, ngoi ngha ph mi lo b nh tp hu, qun Ty Sn
cn tm ca ci nga voi, ngha l nhng th nui dng, tng gia binh lc m Ai
Lao ng l hng k hn phi np vi th l triu cng16.
______________________________________
1. Hong L, t. 270.
2. Lit truyn q30, 40b.
3. La Sn phu t, sd. t. 141, 142.
4. V. Imbert, Le sjour... sd, t. 28.
5. Quang Trung... sd, t. 310-315, t. 320-329 trch th i 6 chu, biu cu hn, chiu sai V Vn
Dng i s. S b Macartney cng ni Nguyn Hu c nhiu mng ln m mt l chim ly
mt phn nc Trung Hoa v ng khng ngn ngi tm mi cch thnh cng (sd, t.
17). Hong L, t. 271.
6. Hoa Bng ni i 6 chu nhng t s dng Cn Long c trch trong sch Quang Trung... li k
n 7 chu. ng L Vn Hng li ni n 16 chu (S a, s 13, t. 135-142) v cho rng s d
nh Thanh tr t l v Quang Trung chu lp n th Sm Nghi ng (nhng ng khng cho
bit u ni nh vy).
7. Lng c Thip, Vit Nam tin ha s, Lin hip, 1950. t.102-105.
8. Hong L, t. 256.
9. Vic Gi vng l ai th cn m m. Ty Sn thut lc (bn dch S a s 7-8, t. 161) cho l
c Nguyn Hu Chn, mt tn ht sc xa l. Hong L cho bit Ng Th Nhm chn c
Nguyn Quang Tr lm qun hiu (?), ngi lng M in, huyn Nam ng, Ngh An. Lit
truyn q30, 39a ch ch xc Phm Cng Tr ngi c mt Gia nh nm 1783. Rc ri l
trong s b qua Thanh nm 1790 li c tn Phm Cng Tr n Qung Ty m v Nguyn
Quang Thu b bnh phi theo h tng tr v. Cn Long cng c thng bo vic ny (i
Vit quc th, B QGGD, t. 270).
10. Hong L, t. 262-265. Lit truyn q30, 35b-39a.
11. Lit truyn q30, 42b. Hong L, t. 267-271.
12. Thc lc q6, 3a.
13. V. Imbert. Le sjour de lambassade... sd, t. 23-25, t. 40. Hong L, t. 270. Trc , khi ra
Bc chuyn u, Nguyn Hu bit tm cch thu dng gii tiu cng ngh gp sc vo vic
324
 ch to v kh, gia tng tim nng qun s. Hong L, t. 100, ni vic Hu sai tm th st.
Xem thm S a s 9-10, t. 225.
14. Th Lelabousse Gia nh, 13-12-1970 (A. Launay, III, t. 278).
15. Hoa Bng, Quang Trung... sd, t. 222, 224, 226.
16. Lit truyn q33, 27a, 28b. Hong L, t. 269.
Mt con ng khc c th m ra cho h l giao thng vi bn ngoi. Th m
tnh trng giao thng min Bc i Vit lc by gi nh th no? Chng ta
thy ni khc nhng bin c khin thng nhn Trung Hoa v Ty phng xa lnh
Ty Sn. Tnh trng vn cha kp xo b. Tuy Quang Trung m c cc ch
i Bnh Thu (Cao Bng), Du Thn (Lng Sn) v nh hng Nam Ninh (Qung
Ty) bun bn vi Trung Hoa khin hng ho khng ngng ng, li cho dn
dng1, nhng vn khng phi ch l giao thng vi Trung Hoa trong lc a m
l s dng cc hi cng trong nc, gn tng a phng mt hn mong tha
hng cht tin b k thut Ty phng.
Phi on Macartney ti nhn thy Tourane c nhng ghe thuyn Trung Hoa,
nhng thuyn i dc bin ca Macao theo kiu Ty phng nhng nh b v khng
v trang. y ngi B nm ht vic bun bn cn st li, m cng ch mua vt
cc ch Qung Chu em bn li thi. Cho nn khi Macartney ti, vin trn th
Qung Nam ni n ngi Anh bn kh gii v n dc, l cho h thy rng Ty Sn
cn c gip vi bt c gi no!2.
Quang Trung trc khi cht cng tnh gi gio s Labartette i Macao mi gi
ngi Ty phng ti bun bn. Gia khi ngi u cn e ngi vi Ty Sn th Gia
nh m rng ca bun bn, li cun cc tu tp np gh bn ng Nai, ch cn st
nhng chic tu bt mn vi Nguyn nh mi quay ra giao thip vi Ph Xun thi:
cng Labartette cho bit c mt tu Macao, mt tu Manille em bn cho Quang
Trung 100.000 cn lu hong3. V vy cho nn ng ct rt nhiu v rt r Qung
Nam m khng tr thnh mt mn hng xut cng nh Bin Ho trong khi trc
ni chin, Tourane nm np nhng ghe trng ti t 40-150 t-n n ch cau,
ng m ring th sau mi chuyn em i hng 40 ngn t-n4.
Kt qu l hiu nng v kh km i vi nhng khu sng nhi bng thuc n
Trung Hoa khng bn xa bng th cng loi Gia nh nhi bng thuc n Ty
phng. Lc lng qun s pha mt bin yu thy r. Ty Sn phi tm cch b p.
Bn cp bin T Ngi b tc vo s thiu st .
Thc ra sau khi lm chm chic tu Macao tch thu c ca ngi B b bo
dt vo Quy Nhn, Ty Sn cng c gng pht trin thu qun. Nguyn Hu cho
ng nhng chic i-hiu-thuyn c th ch ni con voi5. C l l nhng chic
tu m ngi Anh i lc vo thnh Qung Nam chuyn thp tng phi b Macartney
nhn thy v c lng n 150 tn trng ti v chc cng l loi tu nh quc
m V Vn em n ng ca Thi Ni trong trn thu chin 1801. Nhng chng ta
hy ngh ti nhng chic tu bc v ng ca Nguyn nh r l c sc chu ng
hn nhiu. Cho nn cc thuyn T Ngi va gi nhim v tip t cho ni a va
chnh l mt b phn ca thu qun Ty Sn qun bnh yu km vy6.
T Ngi hi ph l g? C khi gi l Tu hi ph, danh t c thy Thc
lc7 ch r m cp bin ng gm c hai nhm: gic Tu vng Lng Qung
v Thin a hi T Xuyn (nn nh H H Vn thuc Thin a hi hot ng
325
 vnh Xim). Cc u mc c Quang Trung phong chc Tng binh (hay Thng
binh) cho i cp ph khp ni. Thc lc v Lit truyn cho ta bit mt s tn cc
ngi ny nh: Dng Tht Nguyn, Ng Tam ng, Phin Vn Ti... V c bit l
ngi cm u xng ng hi vng Mc Qun Ph8.
L quan Ty Sn nn so huyt h ngay trn t lin, khi Nguyn nh tin
nh th h b thuyn chy b b bt sng. Phm vi hot ng ca h lan xa n
ni Nguyn nh ln u bt c thuyn T Ngi vi v sai s em cho Xim
tuyn dng uy th ca mnh. K thut thu chin tinh vi nn Ty Sn dng h
chng nh thu qun Nguyn nh. Ngay t trc khi Nguyn Hu cht, hn 40
thuyn T Ngi men theo ven bin Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun vo khuy ri. Trn
nh cui cng d di nht Trn Ninh (1802), thu qun Ty Sn gm ton cc
thuyn T Ngi. ch v chin tranh cng ko di ra, thu qun Ty Sn hoc phi
ng ho cc n v T Ngi, hoc phi t chc nh h. Cho nn, trong trn
Nng, V Tnh bt c hn 20 Tu v tng ca h khng phi Tng binh m l
c Nguyn Vn Ng.
Vai tr b tc ca h quan trng nh th nn khng phi ch vng Nguyn Hu
mi c T Ngi thuyn. Nguyn Nhc cng phi cho ph trch kim sot vng bin
Quy Nhn: thuyn T Ngi Nguyn nh bt c em khoe vi Rama I l ngoi
khi Thi Ni ca Nguyn Nhc.
Gia lc Ty Sn min Bc da vo trung chu Nh H cng vi khu vc cn
ci khc n lc pht trin trong nhng iu kin kh khn th Nguyn nh cng
vi v lo cng c th lc vng t cha c tn dng ht kh nng: ng bng
min Nam.
Trong khong 1789-1792, gp lc Ty Sn khng sc nhn v phng Nam
na, ng c c thi c lo t chc Gia nh. Thm na, ng cn c sn s ng
h bn dai ca cc cu thn, s ng gp k thut ca m phiu lu thng nhn v
gio s Ty phng, cng mt l li thc t chc xa c c th khng thnh cng
vi nhng vng thu nhn nh hng Vit lu i, nhng li rt c hiu lc nhng
vng mi m.
Ch n in tng c p dng t u L khai thc lnh th theo tnh
cch tp th, qun s ho, by gi c Nguyn nh tip tc vi s ng gp ca
m tr thc Gia nh mi v u. L s phu c gi tit tho trong thi lon, noi
gng theo x s V Trng Ton, thm nhun Khng gio trong c nhng ngha
tch cc nht, mt khi ra lm vic, h l nhng tay hng hi nhit thnh nht. thc
h Khng gio gn lin vi mt l li t chc kinh t nng nghip, mt khun mu t
chc binh i ly sc mnh nng dn nn mi ln bn n vic khai t tuyn binh
l Nguyn nh vin n Chu ng c s, n quan nim t dn chi trung duy
nng vi bn9.
Hnh ng u tin l vo thng 6 K Du (1789) - thngHong t Cnh v -
Nguyn nh b nhim in tun quan. Mi hai ngi trong s c Trnh Hoi c,
Ng Tng Chu, L Quang nh, Hong Minh Khnh, chia nhau i 4 doanh Phin
Trn, Trn Bin, Vnh Trn, Trn nh khuyn d dn chng t ph binh ti dn
cng c c theo s b m bt lm rung, dn khng c ngh nng th bt ph binh
th. n ma la chn, p ra, quan khm thu mi ngi, rung ng ly 100 c la
326
(mt c bng 40 bt), rung ni ly 70 c. Ph binh np trn s c min mt
nm tng chinh, dn trn c min mt nm lao dch lm xu. Nu khng s
khng c chun min.
Ai m c dn ngoi s b lp thnh cc i in tt, in tun quan s cp
rung hoang cho. Nu tru cy in kh khng , quan cho mn, n ma np la
th10. Tip tc thc y chnh sch, thng 8 nm sau (1790), li c li d khuyn
nng, cng by nhiu ni dung t chc y. Vic nng trang c chm sc k v mt
l na l nm ny la cao, dn i. nh bt cc nha vn v phi i m cc i n
in, mi nm mi ngi phi np 6 u la. Dn gian, ai m c 10 ngi tr ln
th c lm Cai tri, rt khi s thn.
________________________________________
1. Hoa Bng, Quang Trung... sd, 308, dn li Ng Th Nhm ghi trong Bang giao ho thoi ca
ng.
2. V. Imbert. Le sjour de lambassade... sd, i. 15, 16, 17.
3. Th gi cho Letondal 6-10-1797 (A. Launay. III, t. 244).
4. V. Imbert. Le sjour de lmbassade... sd, t. 22, 23, 27.
5. Hong L. sd, t. 269. Thc lc q4, 14b.
6. ng Hong Xun Hn (S a, s 9-10, t. 3-8, t. 245-263) dch Cn Long chinh v An Nam k
ca Ngu Nguyn v ph thm Gia Khnh ng Nam Tnh Hi k, xc nhn cho nhng kin
chng ti va ni trn nm 1968:
Cha con Nguyn Quang Bnh dng binh cp nc. Ca trong nc h hao. Thuyn bun
khng n. Bn sai hn 100 chic Tu , 12 vin Tng binh ly ting l tm mua qun lng, i
chiu tp nhiu ti vong mng dc b bin Trung Quc. Ly quan tc lm mi nh, cp cho
thuyn v kh gii, sai a ng cp Mn, Vit, Giang, Chit (Cn Long...)
n u i Gia Khnh (1796) mi c cp thuyn quy ri. Cp thuyn ny bt u t khi
cha con Nguyn Quang Bnh An Nam, qun mi, lng ht bn vi bn vong mng dc b cp
cho binh thuyn, nh bng quan tc, sai cp cc thuyn bun b gn bin lng thc (Gia
Khnh...).
Chnh chng ti nhn mnh.
7. Thc lc q6, 7b, 9a; q10, 3a, 6ab, 38b... Tu hi ph l tn gi t Lit truyn q30, 41b. Ngoi
ra q7, 13b, q11, 4b... vn gi l T Ngi hai ph.
8. Ngu Nguyn gi l Mc Ph Quan. Sch Tnh hi k k trn cng gi Mc Ph Quan, cn cho
bit thm tn Trn Thin Bo c sc n Tng binh An Nam v thm Bu Ngc hu, Lun Qu
Li vi 4 Tng binh khc.
9. Li d khuyn nng khai khn t: Gia nh ph nhiu m lng cha cha (Thc lc q6,
4ab).
10. Thc lc q4, 16ab, 17b, 23a; q5, 18a: Cho dn cc doanh trng t rung hoang.
Lnh cc ni trn ng cng khng c khng. Ni lu Vm C Gia
nh, cc quan vn bt lnh ra lm rung ly tn n in tri. La ging, tru cy,
dng c lm rung u c quan cp. La thu thnh em b vo kho (tn l kho
Tch Tr sau ci l kho n in). Bin php ny n thng t Tn Hi (1891) th
c p dng lan n vng B Ra, ng Mn. Lnh phi tm t lm n in
t thc k lc1.
Chnh sch lan c n dn thiu s. Dn Hoa ng c - ng nhn - Long
Xuyn nu t nguyn lm n in m thiu dng c s c cho mn. Mi ngi
mi nm np 8 hc la th c min giao dch. Ai khng lm rung s phi sung
qun. Dn Min Ba Thc, Tr Vinh cng khng thot: h b buc khn t, np
mi ngi 15 u la (sau gim cn 5)2.
327
 Ni tm li, chnh sch n in nhm vo vic khai ph t ai lm rung bng
cch bt mi ngi khng ng c, phi tham gia vi s n c, kim sot, tr
gip ca chnh ph. l mt chnh sch nng nghip cng p, tn dng nhn
cng, c t xa nhng by gi li c p dng trn mt quy m rng ln, khin
vng Gia nh tr nn phn thnh, sn xut di do quyn r c m dn ngho
i Bnh Thun, Ph Yn... b x chy vo lm tng dn s, uy tn ni b cho
Nguyn nh3, d go gip Xim i, gip Thanh nh Ty Sn4 v cui cng,
binh lng cho qun lnh dng nhng khi trn ra pha bc nh m ngi kit
thit lm ng khn n khi xa.
Cng cuc khai thc rung la, i vi thng nhn Ty Phng khng quan
trng my cho vic bun bn ca h. De Guignes, vin lnh s Php Qung Chu
c tic rng Vua khng lm ch c nhng tnh giu c hn min Bc m
ch chim mt vng khng tt v sn xut c la m thi5. Nhng nu ta lu
n cng vic bun bn vi ngi Xim, Ch-v, Trung Hoa... v cc thng nhn
Ty phng thc hin cc chuyn ti hng trong a phng - le commerce dInde en
Inde ca h - th r rng la go cng cn l mt sn phm trao i c t
lm giu cho quc kh6. V li, tuy s quan ni ton chuyn cy rung, thu la,
nhng ta vn thong thy c nhng canh tc khc. Cc vn cau mc ln nhiu
cung cp mt sn phm cn thit cho phong tc a phng(7. Sn phm quan h nht
l ng ct. Nguyn nh nhc i nhc li cho dinh Trn Bin bit rng ng
ct cn thit dng i binh kh Ty phng nn phi c chnh sch ring. Mt mt
nh nc p dn sn xut, hn nh mi nm phi np 100.000 cn (6.000KG), mt
mt pht tin cho dn c vn lm n, n ma tnh theo gi ch m nh nc mua li.
Chnh sch c v c hiu qu v s lng sn xut tng ln, gi th trng h xung
trong my nm thi hnh: cui nm 1789, nh nc pht trc 10 quan cho mi 100
cn cn hn n ma theo gi ch pht thm m n gn cui nm 1796, nh nc
ch pht 9 quan cho 100 cn thi8.
Nguyn nh cng ch n vic tm cc lm sn. Ngi trong cc i Hong
Lp mi nm nu np 10 cn sp vng th c min giao dch, thu m, tng qun.
Trm hng, k nam ly dn Chm Bnh Thun, u khu, sa nhn cng vi cc
sn phm Cao Min th theo ng nc ca sng Tin, sng Hu chuyn xung9.
Nhng khi ch sn xut c n c k lng th ch thng mi cng phi
theo mt s kim sot gt gao. Nhng thng thuyn ngoi quc n bun bn
khng c ln ch la go, k nam, trm hng, ng voi, sng t. Ai thng ng
bun bn ring t th phi ti 100 roi, lm phu 3 nm, ti sn b tch thu. Ngi kim
sot cng khng c l l nhim v: tht thot, ti cng nh vy, ai t co c
thng 300 quan tin!10. S d c s kim sot gt gao nh vy v chnh quyn mun
gi cc qu vt y lm mn hng trao i binh kh, n dc cn thit cho binh dng.
Vic mua bn vi bn ngoi thc hin do cc t nhn hoc chnh tay chn Nguyn
nh.11. T trc khi Cnh v c mt chnh sch mi gi cc thuyn Thanh n
bun bn. Nu h ch ti st, gang, ch en (?), lu hong th phi bn cho quan
quan tu theo t nhiu cho min thu bn i go mang v nc. C thuyn c cc
th y trn 10 vn cn th min thu cho ch 30 vn cn go i, thuyn c 6 vn cn,
ch 22 vn cn go, 4 vn cn ch 15 vn cn go, u min thu. Nhng thuyn t
328
hn th c mi 100 cn i 300 cn go v, np thu y l nh12. Sau vo khong
nm 1791 (thng hai Tn Hi), c ngi B tn l Chu-di-n-di (?) n bun bn,
nh mi a th cho quc trng (chc ton quyn Goa hay Macao) mua mt s
ln binh kh: sng iu thng 1 vn cy, sng gang ln 2.000 c (mi c 100 cn),
ho tm n 2.000 vin13.
V vic ngi i bun th tay chn nh phi i tuy chc mang tnh cch by ti
n lng cha nhng hn cng c th kim n ring c. Cc quan ln cng c
phng tin chuyn ch ring: nm 1800 mt ng Chng dinh Hu qun (Nguyn
Hunh c?) bn cho Despiau mt chic thuyn ln ng ny i bun. Despiau
cng nm trong s i ng chung ca Nguyn nh i vi ngi Ty phng di
quyn: h va lm cho nh va kim li ring. Nhng khu vc h thng lui ti
nht l pha Ty: mua binh kh, Ni vin Trn V Khch i Giang-lu-ba
(Batavia), Cai i -li-vi, i trng Ba-la-di i Goa, M-la-kha (Malacca). Ti liu
Ty phng cho bit L. Barizy cn trng hiu k ca cha Nguyn bun bn vi
thng nhn an Mch, Hanop v Stevenson, trung lp trong chin tranh Anh -
Php, lm i l cho nh Tranquebar (n )14. C l chnh v vic bun bn
hng v pha n , M Lai, ni ngi Anh ang pht trin th lc, danh ting
vang di trn mt bin lc by gi, nn c vic s quan ghi rng -li-vi i Hng-mao
mua binh kh, c thuyn Hng-mao n bun bn v L. Barizy l dn Hng-mao15.
Tt c nhng hot ng nng nghip, thng mi c ch ch to lp mt lc
lng kh d chng i c Ty Sn, trn ra Bc chim li c . Ta kim xt
m ngi Ty phng tr gip Gia nh. Nhng iu quan trng vn l vic kt
hp c mt lc lng qun s gm nhng ngi trong nc, iu ho c vic
binh vi s cn thit sn xut16.
_________________________________________
1. Thc lc q5, 6b, 7a, 21b. V vic cp la ging, Thc lc q5, 22a ghi pht n 1 vn u cho
nng dn.
2. Thc lc q5, 15a.
3. Thc lcq4, 12a: Sai 4 doanh cng ng quan nhm lu dn gc t Bnh Thun tr ra, bin
danh tnh, nin qun min thu. Cng quyn, 17ab Ba Thc: Bn phin dn mi v, vn
go 500 vung cho vay canh tc. Quyn 6, 2a: Dn Ph Yn, Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun
kh v gic tn bo, dt du v con vo B Ra. Si Gn, vua khin cp t lm n (Xun
1792).
4. Thc lc q4, 10b: Xim hn hn, (Vua) cho 8.800 vung go. Xem thm q6, 37b; q5, 2a: T
ma h 1789, nghe qun Thanh nh Ty Sn, (Vua) sai Phm Vn Trng em th i Qung
ng v ly 50 vn cn go gip. Ghe b chm.
5. Th ngy 29-12-1791. G. Taboulet, La geste franaise, sd, t. 242, 243.
6. Thc lc q4, 24b: Nc T-n (Ch-v) sai s hin phng vt. Cng quyn, 28b: Nc
Tam-hot sai s thn Gip-tt-n, in-ho ti cho binh kh (Vua) tng li quc trng h
mt chic lng vng v mt vn cn go. Lu rng tu cng, triu cng theo kiu tng t l
mt hnh thc bun bn chnh thc ng phng (Jacques Lacour Gayet. Histoire du
commerce, t. II, phn v thng mi Trung Hoa: pht trin thng mi v chnh sch triu
cng, t. 358, 359. Sch Thc lc cng y ry cc chuyn ta cho Xim go, k nam, sp, ng,
Xim cho li dim tiu, sng ng, voi. ngha bun bn thc qu r rng.
7. Barrow (BSEI, 1926, t. 208) c ghi chuyn Gia Long pht trin cc vn tru ly phm vt
xut cng. y chc l Thp bt Ph Vin, 18 thn Vn Tru Hc Mn m Trnh Hoi c
cng c nhc ti.

329
8. Thc lc q4, 25b; q8, 29a. Xin xem li tnh hnh th trng ng ct Qung Nam ni v
vng Ty Sn so snh.
9. Thc lc q4, 18a, 19a; q5, 6a, 17b.
10. Thc lc q4, 11a.
11. Ni vin Thuyn ch Hun c hu l ti tm trng. V li gia t y lai kh tin thng...
(Ph lc, th ch Nm s 11).
12. Thc lc q4, 12b. T l i chc 3/1 l hai u ti a v ti thiu, cn cc mc gia th t l
cao hn: 3, 6/1 (22/6. 3, 7/1 (15/4). Chc ngi ta cng s ht go!
13. Thc lc q5, 18a. iu thng chc l loi arquebuse, sng ln 60kg chc l loi i bc di
ng m L. Barizy c ni ti trong trn ng Cy Cy 1801 sau ny. Ho tm n chc l n
n mnh.
14. Suzanne Kapels. Un cas de droit maritime international en 1797. BSEI, XXIII, t 126-131.
15. Thc lc q7, 26a, q9, 3a, 8a.
16. Thc lc q4, 36a.
Nhng k kim tra lin tip vo s b m dn Vit gm dn s ti, dn i rch
lu vong t ngoi vo, tng ni, o ng, lnh Ty Sn tan r trn np vo m ngi
thiu s ngi Tu, Min, Chm, Thng, khin chnh quyn bit r c dn s
tn dng h1.
Dn s Gia nh bao nhiu, s quan khng m c, John Barrow ngi i
theo s b Macartney, ly ti liu ca L. Barizy ghi qun s Gia nh vo u th
k XIX nh sau:
B binh:
24 i k binh 6.000 ngi
16 i i tng qun (200 voi) 8.000 ngi
30 i i pho binh 15.000 ngi
25 lin i (mi n v 1.200 ngi)
v trang sng tay 30.000 ngi
Khinh binh v trang gm gio v sng mi 42.000 ngi
Cn v tp luyn chin thut Ty phng 12.000 ngi
______________________________________________________
Cng: 113.000 ngi
Thu binh:
Lnh lm thuc n ca xng ng tu 8.000 ngi
Thu binh trn cc tu trong ca bin 8.000 ngi
Thu binh trn cc tu ng kiu u 1.200 ngi
Thu binh trn cc ghe bu 1.600 ngi
Thu binh trn cc thuyn chin c cho 8.000 ngi
_______________________________________________________
Cng: 26.800 ngi
Tng s qun lc l 139.800 ngi2.
Danh xng ch cc ngnh qun i v cc thut ng v chin c ca John
Barrow dng tuy c khc vi s quan nhng so snh sot xt li ta vn thy du
vt ca s thc, tuy phc tp hn nhiu. Nn nh thm rng bng tng kt ny lm
bng nhng ti liu c l thu lm 1, 2 nm cui th k XVIII, ngha l trong lc
binh Gia nh pht trin mnh, thu thm vo hng ng ca mnh m hng binh
Ty Sn cng chin c, chin tng ca h.
330
 Xt sch Thc lc, ta thy c cc danh t: lc tng qun, chin tm qun, hng
binh, ph binh, tinh binh, thn sch qun, cm v binh3. Khng c xc nhn r rt, ta
ch cn c vo ngha danh xng cng hot ng ca cc i m gii thch t
chc thi. Lc Tng qun r l m dn tnh nguyn, nhng v vic lp ra o qun
ny sau thi k vy nh Quy Nhn (1793), nn phi hiu d dt ch tnh nguyn
v chnh l binh tng Ty Sn u hng vy. Chin Tm qun l cc binh cm t.
Nguyn nh sai cc dinh tuyn chn, lc la trong cc binh i ly ngi lp
thnh i ng nhp vo c thc ca dinh Trung qun. Xung trn, h phi liu mnh
tin trc, nu li li phi chu qun php, trn i cha m, anh em h phi chu ti
thay. Hng binh, Ph binh l lnh lng, lnh a phng, trong khi Tinh binh l lnh
tc trc, lnh chnh quy: ta thy khi dp xong Phm Vn Sm, Nguyn nh cho ph
binh v lm rung, ch gi li tinh binh. Chuyn xy ra Phin Trn nn c th l
tinh binh ch Gia nh, cn cc dinh khc (Vnh Trn, Trn nh) th phi tuyn
ph binh dng4. Cm v binh, ni ri, c hng quyn li rt ln, nhng
qun s chc t i. Thn Sch qun - qun Kinh - c nhc ti nhiu chnh l m
cn v 12 ngn ngi tp luyn theo chin thut Ty phng m Barrow ghi nhn
v c Olivier l mt k iu khin vi chc V u. Sau ny, trng hp vi lc Olivier
i, danh t Thn Sch qun t c s quan ni ti v thay bng i Ng Lm qun
tuyn ton dn Quy Nhn, giao cho cc hng tng Ty Sn trng coi v s hng hi,
gan d ca h, tng cng nh qun.
ng lu l s i thay k thut chin u do ngi u em li hay gin tip
qua cc sch dch ca Pigneau: J. Barrow c ni n pho binh, n cc i k binh
di chuyn bng tru. Nu ta nh rng Pigneau khi bn bc vic vin tr cho Nguyn
nh vi cc tng lnh Php c ngh cch dng tru ko sng ln v ta ghp li
xng tng cng c B-a-lc: ch ho xa, by tri ph...5 th ta thy qun i
Nguyn nh c sng nng lu ng d dng trn b nh chng t trong trn p
thng 7 m lch (1793) vi ho xa i bc6.
Kh gii ngoi cc th mua cng c ch to ti ch. Qua li xng tng qu
ng ca J. Barrow, ta cng lc qua c s thc. ng ni Nguyn nh lm mt
nh my ch dim tiu Phin Trn, khai mt m st, xy cc l c ch hng ngn
sng mi la, cc sng i bc c7. S quan xc nhn iu ny khi cho bit vic
phn phin lm vic ca cc Cc tng: th c, th rn, th sng, th bc8. Trnh
Hoi c9 cng ni v ch to cc trong thnh Gia nh, ghi r c 3 gian nh ngi
i mt nhau, dy tri t sng bn t pha trc. Ch to cc c 15 gian lp ngi,
lt vn, t ph tng sng, bn trong sp cc khu i bc ng, st, ho xa, tr
sng, u c xe ch. Bn hu l mt dy tri l va l ni tr ng cho cc th to tc,
va l ni thu cha th sn ho vt. Ngoi ra, cn c 12 gian mi ngi, tng gch
cha thuc sng dn trong nhng thng g t trn sn. Bn ngoi ca Khn Minh 2
dm l ni ch to thuc sng, 4 pha ro gai, c kh c ci chy nghin thuc.
Vic t chc phng th cng c thc hin ng thi vi vic hun luyn binh
s. Nguyn nh lo cng c cng s phng th nhiu n ni cc gio s phi ln
ting cng kch thi m h gi l ln trnh chin tranh. Phn ln cc lu p
bng t. Mt s lu l ngn chn phng nhng nhm Min ni dy nh lu
Trn Di (ci tn t r c cng dng) sng Ba Thc, lu Thanh Sn Ba Lai.
331
Cng c nhng lu nh cc tin n hng v pha Ty Sn: lu ng Chm Trn
Bin, lu B Ra10.
_______________________________________
1. Thc lc q4, 11a, 29b; q5, 4a, 18b; q8, 7b.
2. G. Taboulet, La geste franaise, s, t. 256.
3. Thc lc q4. 8b, 9b, 17b; q6, 32b, 33b.
4. Ph binh l ch binh v c t i Bc Chu sang Tu, ng, bt dn trong s b lm lnh,
min cho cc th thu t, dung, iu, phi chu hun luyn trong nhng khi rnh vic nng, phi
t lc sn xut. Gia nh t chc theo ch Hn, ng chc cng s dng ph binh theo
ngha ny.
5. BAVH, 1936. t. 111, 112. Xem thm Trnh Hoi c t tri sng k sau.
6. Thc lc q6. 25a.
7. G. Taboulet trch li trong La geste franaise, sd t. 270. Quelques notes sur Gia Long par un
contemporain, BSEI 1926. t. 208. Ch dng ca Barrow: Fentan.
8. Thc lc q4, 5a.
9. Trnh Hoi c, Thnh tr ch dn, i hc, 12-1961. t. 30-40.
10. Thc lc q4, 17a chuyn thng 6 K Du (1789); 22a, chuyn thng 9, 26a chuyn thng 12
cng nm; q5, 10b, chuyn thng 12 Canh Tut (1790).
Nhng cng s lm cho nh hnh din nht v cng trnh xy ct cng tri qua
nhiu khn n nht l thnh Gia nh. Thc lc chp rng ngy K Su thng 3
Canh Tut (1790) bt u xy thnh bng Bin Ho v lu lng Tn Khai khng
dng cho binh v1. Trnh Hoi c ghi ngy 4 thng 2 v t thnh theo khun
mu ng: thnh c hnh bt qui, cc ca chnh theo phng v cn tn, cn
oi... Thnh ging hnh hoa sen n, 8 ca, ngang dc c 8 ng, t ng qua Ty
rng 131 trng 2 thc, t Nam qua Bc cng vy cao 13 thc, chn thnh dy 7
trng 5 thc day mt ra hng tn (ng Nam).
Vic xy thnh ny, cc ti liu Ty phng cho bit l do Le Brun v Olivier
de Puynamel theo li yu cu ca Nguyn nh. Ho ph x hnh nh ca Le Brun
gm c 40 con ng rng t 15 n 20 thc ct nhau theo hnh thc th v d n
ny khng c thc hin. Nhng Le Brun cn n u nm 1792 v r rng vic
thit k th chu nh hng ho ng rt nhiu. Ta hy nghe Trnh Hoi c so
snh ni trc kia nh ln xn, ng li cong quo, dn tu tin, cha
rnh sp t (!) vi quang cnh sau khi xy thnh ph x ch ba, hng li dc
ngang u c th t... quan l... gp nhng khc quanh co u chng dy sa li
cho thng, rng 6 tm... bng phng nh mi th cng nhn xc quyt trn.
Th ca gio s Boisserand (2-1792) cho bit c pho i, ho, iu kiu, ng m
ra t trng trc thnh v lu vng cung... Nguyn nh mun lm tc khc tuy cn
phi i thi c thun tin hn. Ngi ta phi ph nh ca, bt n 30 ngn dn lm
vic. Lon ni ln, dn chng v quan binh rit cho Olivier v Le Brun gy nn
ti mun bt git lm hai ng ny phi chy trn, nh B-a-lc che ch. Bnh yn
tr li, Nguyn nh cho lnh v v dn rnh rang cy cy2. Chi tit sau ph hp vi
vic s quan ghi ti hai ln xy ct thnh m khng ni l do ngng ngh: mt ln
vo thng 3 Canh Tut nh ni v ln sa sang li vo thng chp nm .
Qua nhng chng dn trn ta bit thnh xy theo kiu phng th Ty phng
nhng c un nn theo quan nim phong thu ng phng (bt qui). Tuy nhin
hiu qu phng th ca n vn khng thay i. T y Ty Sn khng vo Gia nh
332
ln no n c th thch nhng a em sinh sau n, thnh Din Khnh,
chng t hiu lc trc m qun Trn Quang Diu thiu v kh cng ph tng
xng.
Nhng ngi ta cn phi ngh ti vic tn cng na. Ta ni ti ni lo u ca
Gia nh v sc mnh ca m tng qun Ty Sn, sc mnh chng t trong cuc
tn cng Vn Tng lm rung ng Min in, Xim La v khin cho ng Nai
sa son chy trn. T nhin, vi phn ng bt chc, Nguyn nh cng phi lo
cng c tng qun. T sau v ph thu qun Ty Sn ca Thi Ni, Nguyn nh
sai ngi n cc vng ng Nai, B Ra bt voi v np3. S voi tng cng nh trao
i vi cc nc Chn Lp, Xim, nh cng phm ca dn thiu s Chm, nh bt
c ca Ty Sn. Theo vi tin trin ca tnh th chin tranh v vi s rt lui ca
ngi Ty phng, lc lng tng qun s tng mnh hp st vi thc t a
phng v c gng qun bnh vi thu qun.
Bi v Nguyn nh c mt i thu qun hng mnh. By ti ca nh v
chnh nh cng thy r iu . Thu chin l s trng ca ta4, ng c Siu
thc tri b, tri k vy. Nh u th m Nguyn nh thng trn thu chin Thi
Ni 1792 lm u ut Quang Trung. Trong cuc tin qun ra, thu qun bao gi cng
i mau v i xa vo t ch hn b binh. J.M. Dayot phc v Nguyn nh trong
nhng nm 1790-1795 nhn dp iu khin cc tu Ty trong chuyn xut qun
vo khong thng 5 n thng 10 dng lch m lp c mt chng trnh v cc
hi cng, i d y nng su. Chnh i ny dt theo sau c hng ngn thuyn mang
lng thc cho binh lnh - c lnh b - c khi phi gh li mt bn n vi ngy
ch b binh ti lnh lng5. Nhn bit thu binh l quan trng mt x y sng
rch nh Gia nh ny, nn t thng 5 K Du (1789) ta thy gi bt lnh o ng c
cch bit r rt: qun bt c lnh b thng 30 quan, cn c thu binh th c
hng ti 40 quan!6
Cu to lc lng nh th no th ti liu li ca s quan cng cn l m.
H cng vi Trnh Hoi c c ni n Chu S xng lp thng 12 Canh Tut (u
1791), dc t b sng Tn Bnh n sng Bnh Tr, cha nhng dng c thu chin
v cc loi ghe tu. Lelabousse va t cc xng ny va tng bc: Cc xng thu
qun v qun cng ca ng lm ngi ngoi quc ngc nhin v chc s khin c u
chu thn phc nu u chu c th chng gim. Mt bn ngi ta thy cc th sng
tay, sng ln mi c, dng c, gi sng, n... phn ln p ch nhng kiu
mi nht thi. Mt bn, v s cc thuyn chin (galre), cc chin hm mi c,
mi hnh thc, rt chc chn. Tt c nhng ci l cng trnh ca ng hong a
hot ng cng nh chm ch ny, c cc s quan ngi Php lun lun gip v
ngh thut v cng ngh x ny cn xa mi ui kp u chu. mc ni v
Chu S xng, s quan cng nh Trnh Hoi c c t r cc th thuyn. Theo h,
thuyn Hi o l tu thu chin hay nht, chin hm l thuyn bun khng bum m
nh (ch ny s quan ghi cho thuyn Hi o), ghe , ghe Chu l cc ghe nh gic
thn ln, di, ghe L c chm v mi thuyn v li. Ngoi ra, nhng ch khc, s
quan ghi thm cc thuyn hiu (5 thuyn hiu to thng ging nm Nhm T 1792:
Hong Long, Xch Nhn, Thanh Tc, Bch Yn, Hu Hc), cc sai thuyn (chc
l ghe ), i hiu thuyn v Ty dng dng thuyn7.
333
 Ti liu ca ngi Php gip vic Nguyn nh li hay ni n cc chin ghe
r l cc th ghe , Chu, L. C l t ng ny cng ch cc th ghe m L. Barizy gi
bng cc tn galre, chaloupe canonire, demi canonire... khc nhau t ln ti nh.
Cn Ty dng dng thuyn hn l cc vaisseaux construits leuropenne m
Barrow ni ti, J. Liot t r, mt lot frgate c pha sau v bum dng ca Trung
Hoa trong khi phn cn li mang dng Ty, c 6 i bc mi bn, mi ci mi u8.
l cc Thao (tu) Thoi Phng ca Barizy iu khin, Loan Phi ca Chaigneau,
Bng Phi ca De Foran, Phng Phi ca Vannier...
Tuy nhin, trc khi cha lp Chu S xng, Nguyn nh cng thu c
cc tu B i bun (10 chic) v trang thnh chin hm. Chic tu ng do Dayot
ch huy tin vo ca Thi Ni (1792) l mt kinh ngc ln cho Ty Sn.9. Ri sau
Nguyn nh mi bt chc theo cc tu Ty m ng tu v ng nh s kim loi
di do trong cc cuc trao i thng mi. Cn cc ghe th ng ton bng g vn
ly trn cc vng ngun Bng Bt, Quang Ho trn t ta, Sn Ph, Sn Bc, Sn
Trung trn t Min.10
Tm li, c sc ca thu qun Gia nh l s di do v kh, hiu sut cao ca
chng, l cc tu bc v ng chc chn cng chin thut mi ca cc s quan Ty
Phng a vo. Lc lng ny l kt qu ca cng cuc khai thc t Gia nh m
rng trao i vi bn ngoi. N tr thnh nng ct ca lc lng thng nht mt khi
Ty Sn trn b cha tm c cch pht trin hn th li phi i ph vi s tan r
ni b trung tm Ph Xun na. Bin c thnh thang pha ng vi i hi
thuyn ln mnh ca Gia nh bit un nn theo quy lut gi ma s mang y
ngha ca mt yu t kt lin hn l mt yu t ngn cch vy.
_____________________________________
1. L. Malleret. Elments dune monographie des anciennes fortifications et citadelles de Saigon.
BSEI, 1935, t. 5-108. Thc lc q4. 31a; q5, 10b. Bn ho thu hp thnh ph Si Gn xy
nm 1790 do Cai i V. Olivier, trong Iconographie historique de lIndochine franaise, fig. 40,
pl. XXI.
2. G. Taboulet dn trong La geste franaise... sd, t. 242.
3. Thc lc q6, 9b.
4. Lit truyn q10, 6b.
5. G. Taboulet, La geste franaise, sd, t. 250. Th Dayot dn.
6. Thc lc q4, 12a.
7. Theo th t, Thc lc q4, 21a, thng 8 l. 1789; q6, 1a, 6a, 12a, thng 1 l. 1793; q10, 2b, thng
2 l. 1798.
8. Th ca J.Liot Tn Triu, 18-7-1792, BEFEO. 1912, t. 28.
9. Th ca L.M.J. de Jsus Maria cho L.M Trng tnh. Ch Qun, 4-3-1790, BSEI, 1940, t. 101,
102.
10. Thc lc q4, 30b, thng 3 l. 1790; q5, 21b, thng 3 l. 1791.

DN I VIT CUI TH K XVIII

Cc sc dn trong tin trnh tip xc * i sng vt cht thng nht * i sng vi
nh hng ca chin tranh * i sng tinh thn.
Trn con ng pht trin ca i bn Ty Sn v Nguyn dn dn a ti ch
bin i th qun bnh c li cho Gia nh, chng ta phn tch nh hng bn
ngoi cng thi , cng vic ca lp ngi cm quyn. Nhng ta cng khng qun
334
rng thp thong sau nhng s kin chng dn vn c bng quyn uy, m hi nc
mt ca m dn chng a Quang Trung n trn ng a, mi gi Nguyn
nh v Gia nh, ngha l thc y lch s i theo bc tin ca n m chnh h, h
cng khng hay bit g. Trc khi bc gp ti nhn i bn thanh ton nhau,
chng ta hy dng li sng cuc sng khng tn khng tui ca ngi xa vo thi
qua nhng ti liu qu him hoi, qu vn tt li.
Bn nhn chng i Vit vo hu bn th k XVIII c khc vi by gi, nht
l min Nam H. Trn con ng trn v Nam, m nng dn ng bng tip xc
vi nhng nhm thiu s hoc t i no vn c cuc sng b lc di i nh cc sc
dn pha Ty, hoc tng l phn t ca nhng quc gia ho hng trong qu kh
nh Chim Thnh, Chn Lp, hoc l nhng k t phng xa ti, nhng con chim i
tm t lnh nh Tim, Trung Hoa... Chng ta thy sc mnh ca Nam H da
trn s kt hp ny nh th no ri. Tuy nhin cc phn t khng phi c nht
ho - cng nh Bc H - cc nhm s hng v trung ng m dn dn bin i.
Trc nht l dn Chim Thnh. Khong 1773-1774, chng ta gp h t on xa
nht v hng Bc l Thch Thnh Ph Yn. N cha Th Ho ca h hng
ng vi Ty Sn v b Tng Phc Hp git. Nhm th hai quan trng hn, Bnh
Thun, c Nguyn t ring l Thun Thnh trn, t K-b-t n Chng c T
vn th tp k truyn.
T nm 1782, Ty Sn vo, T em vng bc ra hng. Nm 1788, Nguyn nh
v, T em qun ln ni git qun nh bin thnh mt tin n quan trng ca Ty
Sn. Khi qun Nguyn ra n Phan R, Nguyn Vn Ho dn bt git T. T mi
chm dt vng hiu. nh phong cho Nguyn Vn Chiu lm Chng c, Nguyn
Vn Ho, Nguyn Vn Chn lm Cai c coi trn Thun Thnh. Cc tn vn l
Nguyn-ho ri ch tht ra Chiu tn Mn-lai-ph-t, Ho tn Thn-ba-h, Chn tn
B-kha-o. Sau Chiu c phong Tn l theo qun Nguyn nh nh gic tr
thnh mt vin quan triu, cn Ho ln th coi sc Ch Chn, Tiu Tr Dng, i
Tr Dng1 c Chn ph t.
u nm 1793, li thm 3 sc v hng l Ph Chm v Ba Ph2, Nguyn nh lo
t chc cai tr trn Thun Thnh, t Lnh-s-ti 10 ngi coi xt cng vic trong trn.
Su dch h phi lm ngoi binh v l bt voi np, vo t chc An tng c dy
voi cho thun, dng trong chin tranh. Thu Gia nh nh vo h l trm hng, k
nam, thu la np thay tin. Rung thng b kh chy, khng cy cy c
min thu. Rung Tr Nng x Long Hng3, Phan R, Ph Hi l lc n ca vua
Chm cng theo quy ch trn, ngha l ch chu thu nhng khong no c ngi cy
thi.
Cc trn chin qua li trn trn Thun Thnh khin cho hn 36 sc ngi
Thng phi b xung pha nam ni cc vng ng Mn, Phc Hng, La Bn4 xin
tr ng v ph thuc vo dinh Trn Bin. Chin tranh gy sch nhiu cho lp ngi
thiu s ny nn c sc nh sc Ba Ph ni lon sut my nm 1796, 1797, 1798,
1799 n ni Nguyn Vn Thnh phi ku ln: Ba Ph l mi lo tm phc ca ta.
Chnh lon Ba Ph lc dng, lc pht, lc n nu trong rng su, lc t ngoi ng
ni lm ngn tr t nhiu nhng cuc tin qun ra Bc5.

335
 Mt iu ng ch l s quy phc cng ngy cng ng ca nhng ngi
Thng v pha Gia nh. Ri rc y , Thc lc ghi vic thng 4 m lch 1791
dn Thng Bnh Khang nh Ty Sn, vic nh ku gi cc t trng Ph Chm,
Ba Ph ku gi ng bo h v hng ngn gic, vic dn Thng ng Hng
Bnh Khang (1793), Thu X Ph Yn (1794) ra hng c cp vi vc, tin bc,
ching cng. Cc vic ny cng nh vic H Cng Thi t trng Mng Thanh
Ho a th vo Gia nh xin nh gic chng t thi bt phc tng ca m dn
pha Ty i vi Ty Sn. Hnh ng ny c th do uy danh ca Nguyn nh lan
rng ra, nhng ng khc cng bt ngun t vic Ty Sn khng c trao i
vi h go la, vi vc, st ng... ngha l nhng th h cn dng trong khi Gia
nh rng ri hn6.
Ngi trung gian quan trng gia Gia nh v cc sc tc min Cao Nguyn l
Nguyn Long, b tng ca Chu Vn Tip t lc chim c ni Ch Rang vi dn
Thng Ph Yn. Chc Thng o Tng qun m ng gi sut c thi gian t lc
v Gia nh n khi thng nht, chng t Nguyn nh bit dng uy tn ca ng
chiu d h. Tn tui ng c v lp sau cc chin tng nh Ty Sn, nhng ni
mt vai tr gi yn min Thng cng l c mt i cng ri.
Xa na v pha Nam cng c nhng vn phc tp v chng tc phi t ra.
y, s quan gi ngi Vit l Hn nhn, ngi Hoa n l Thanh nhn, ng
nhn, ngi Min l Lp dn hay Phin dn. Chnh sch t tr, phn bit c thc
hin trong mt chng mc c li cho quc gia. Mt ngi Thanh lm Chng c tn
Trn Cng Dn c phi trng coi lm s b cho nhng ngi ng c v mi
cc tnh, k c binh lnh. C l L Vit Quan lm Tng ph Tr Vinh coi ng
nhn, trng quan thu, l mt ngi Hoa; cng c l ngi Hoa l Tng Vnh Quan
lm ng khu coi rung mui, Lm Ng Quan Tng ph Ba Thc.
V pha ngi Min, thng 1 m lch 1791, c-nha La lm An ph Ba Thc
trng coi cc phin liu, b lc7. Chnh sch t tr ny l kt qu ca nhng bc d
dm. Ban u dp xong Phm Vn Sm, git c c-nha c, nh thy khng cai
tr trc tip c h nn phi cho mt vin phin liu v hng l Gia-tri-gip coi
ph Ba Thc. Triu nh trng chng bng cch lp lu Trn Di kim ch.
Th nhng chnh sch t tr qu rng ri ny li khng c hiu qu. Th dn
vn hng v Chn Lp nn khi Gia-tri-gip c rt v Nam Vang th vin t
trng mi li nh ph lu Trn Di khin Tn Tht Hi, Nguyn Vn Trng phi
n thay th Trng Phc Khoa mi dp an c. S lng qun chinh pht ln n
8.000 ngi v kt qu l ng rung b t chy, bn ni lon chc b git ht nu
khng c B-a-lc can kp8. Nguyn nh rt bt quyn cc t trng, c-nha K
di quyn o Trn Di i thu mi li ln l thu hoa chi ca ng nhn, cn cc
chc vic Min (phin liu) th di quyn mt An ph nh ta thy.
______________________________________
1. Vng Tr Dng hay T Dng thuc qun An Phc (Ninh Thun), gip gii Bnh Thun,
vng ni a ca C N.
2. Ph Chm chc l vng gn Tnh Linh m Aymonier (Notes sur lAnnam Le Binh thun,
Excursions et Reconnaissances, 1885, t. 210) gi l Patjam chim 2, 3 xm Chm v 2, 3 xm
Thng Chrou (hay Ka-h). Ba Ph chc l dn (Thng) Ba-v ca NNTC, tnh Bnh
Thun, mc ni Ph Chm (B QGGD, t. 28) v y c nhc n cuc lon nm 1797 ca b
336
 lc ny. Ba Ph hay Ba V cng gn nh nhau v chuyn m cng nh v ch vit (nu dng
ch ph = th + v).
3. Vng qun l Tuy Phong, Bnh Thun. hin gi l Lin Hng.
4. L Bung? Vng rng L by gi?
5. Thc lc q5, 4b, 6a, chuyn thng 10 l. 1790; q6, 10b, 19b, thng 12 l. u 1792; q7, 2ab,
12a, thng 2 l. 1794; q8, 11a, thng 11 l. 1795; q9, 5ab, 8a, 12ab, 34ab, 35ab, 37ab chuyn
thng 11 l. 1796, thng 12 l, cng nm, thng 2 l. 1797, thng 8, thng 9, thng 10, thng 12
l. cng nm.
6. Thc lc q5, 21b; q6, 10b, 31b; nht l q7, 2a, 12b, 13a; chuyn H Cng Thi: Thc lc q7, 4a,
Lit truyn q28, 4b.
7. Thc lc q4, 35a, q5, 17a
8. Th Lelabousse cho mt ngi trng coi Chng vin cc Phi on Truyn gio 13-12-1790 (A.
Launay, III, t. 290).
Vic Ba Thc li thi cng v Chiu-thu Bin, vin ph chnh Nam Vang.
ng ny lun lun tm cch gy him khch gia Gia nh v Vng Cc bng cch
bo rng Nguyn nh c sng n xm chim Xim khin nh phi sai s sang
phn trn. Vic Bin mun chim li Ba Thc c lc c Rama I nghe theo nn
khin s qua Gia nh iu nh v vic nhn tin mun lan rng nh hng n
vng H Tin bng cch xin cho Mc Cng Bnh gi Long Xuyn, Kin Giang. nh
t chi kho: V c Chiu-thu Bin ch ring ngi Xim th u c tic. Cho
n thng 9 m lch 1794, Bin chy v Battambang, Gia nh nhn i Nc-n
t lu Xim, Nguyn nh mi thot c mt k lm ry r, nht l khi thc lc
ng ln mnh hn1. Ngi Vit ti, ngi Min cng khng trnh khi nn b
ginh t. Nguyn nh phi ra sc bt dn chng phm x no rung t canh tc
thnh rung ri th c trng coi, ai lm ch ny, d ra chia u m khng c tranh
tng g c. V phn ngi Hoa ng c, nh c t hoang c quan chng cho khai
ph th c cp lm.
Phn nh r rng quyn li, ngi Min tr thnh mt phn t trong mt quc
gia. Cho nn, Nguyn nh cng khng qun ngun nhn lc ny. Ta ni ti i
binh Min ca Nguyn Vn Tn, ngi dch nh n (m lng) sau ny vo nm
1795 cng vi 1.500 binh v chnh, ph chi binh Min l c-nha Dip, c-nha Oa i
trn B Ra2. Chng ta cng nghe n on qun Min 5.000 ngi cng 10 voi do
Cao-la-hm-sm cm u c mt Quy Nhn trong trn ph vy cho V Tnh. Tt
c va chng minh s tham gia ca h vo chin tranh. iu ng lu l theo
vi thi gian li sinh sng ca h cng nh ca nhng m dn thiu s khc dn
dn Vit ho i. Lch s i Vit c h thm di do, phc tp, thm yu t thc y
nng lc tin th cn thit cho bt c mt tp th no mun sinh tn v ln mnh.
Nhng s kin trn nhn xt trong giao tip ca tng khi ngi trn bnh din
quc gia, khng lm cho chng ta qun ngi dn trong sinh hot hng ngy. Chng
ta cn thy h khi chng ta v thm li nhng lng, sc min qu, khi nhn li chung
quanh ta. iu y xc quyt c v s tin b bao hm i thay cng c ngha ci
g c gi li. Tuy nhin khng v l m chng ta ln ln hin ti vi qu kh,
nht l khi qu kh c chng t quan st vo lc ng thi ca n.
Sinh hot thng ngy3 khc nhau tu theo cch khai thc sn vt. Trn min
ni hay ba rng ngi ta sng vi l li lm hi, sn bn c khi c t chc kh cao.
Ngh An dn tng Hu o, huyn Thng Du phi i ly v qu v sp ong vng
337
 dng ln Vua4. Vic ly sp vng thy c khp ni trn t Vit (hong lp nu
Gia nh), nhng qu l c bit vng Thanh, Ngh, Qung cng nh trm hng,
k nam thy nhiu pha nam, ngh nghip ca dn Thng Bnh Khang, dn
Chm... Dn Thng len li hi tru, mng le, cy tri chuyn qua cc ngun. Ngoi
ra ng voi, sng t cng l nhng sn phm c danh ngoi x.
Ngi dn min ni d dn, en iu th ngi dn ng v mt trng nh nhm
hn, nc da t sm hn, l php, ng yu, lnh v gin d. Nng phu, theo nhn xt
ca ngi ngoi quc, c dng lanh l v thng minh. n b nhiu hn n ng v
cng lm vic ng ng nhiu hn. Rung th c rung ni nh nc tri ma v
rung ng. vng qu Qung Nam rung ct thnh tng mnh nh hai bn nhng
b t nh. Cc rch dn nc t sng vo. Rung no nc khng ti th ngi ta
ti bng v. Tuy nhin c h thng dn thu nhp in c trng nom chu o
bng nhng cng c kh tinh xo nh cc xe nc bc Bnh nh v Qung Ngi.
Cy c hai tru ko. Ci cy ton bng g. Thc lc c dn vic cp ngu canh in
kh cho nhng ngi n in tri, dn vic tru b ca Kin Ho phi cht dch
nhiu.
Ngi dn chi c khi sng c nm trn cc ghe mui cong. Mun cho nhng a
b ri c lt xung sng khi cht tri, ngi ta ct nhng chic phao to vo c
chng. Chic ghe gin d nht th bng tre an ri qut vi ln. Nhng cng c nhng
thuyn g thng dng, lm bng 5 tm vn ghp chung vi nhau khng c sn
nng . Chng c un cong bng la ri ni bng cc then nh v lt tre ct li.
Chnh dn chi t ng thuyn ly v h s dng nhiu n cc ngn chn ph gip
cc bn tay khin chng cng khu nh bn chn vy.
Vic bun bn nhng th sn i vi cc ngh nng, chi tht em li nhiu
mi li ln hn. Chng ta thy Nguyn Nhc bun tru (hiu theo ngha bun qua
cc ngun: lm sn i xung, c, mui, kim kh i ln) nn nh kh gi. Chng ta
cng bit n m cc li Bc H ng bn vi thn sinh Nguyn Hu Chnh, vn
chuyn bng ghe thuyn. X ng Nai di quyn Nguyn nh vic mua bn pht
t ti ni s b Cao Min c-nha Tha-la-ma, c-nha Sa-thi nhn i cng em theo
14 thuyn, 140 ngi c d i bun khin cho dinh Vnh Trn phi no ng5. S
giao tip vi ngi ngoi quc sinh ra mt hng n b lm p phe, lm v b, dng
vic ny c vic kia n c khi c chng ng cho phng tng. Tang
thng ngu lc6 c chp chuyn sinh mt a con lai, chc l kt qu ca cuc sng
chung ng theo kiu .
K thut da trn kinh nghim cng n mc c ngi Anh khen. H ngc
nhin v vic ngi dn Qung Nam bit dng b chui p ln mt lp mng ng
en rt mt cn li mt th ng mng tinh khit. gm lm ra rt sch s.
Cn v ngh nu qung, h ly c st tt c sng mi la (ho h), lao phng
v cc th kh gii khc. iu ghi nhn ny lm ta nh n cc cc tng ca
Nguyn nh Gia nh. Thnh Ch Bn ngy nay c mt lng dn chuyn ngh l
rn. Chc l hu du ca m dn ch v kh cho Nguyn Nhc, Quang Ton vy.
Quan st vin khng thy Qung Nam du vt ca ho phm, iu khc phm.
Lelabousse c nhc ti mt ngi Gia nh khng hc g ht m c th lm c
cc vt bng ng7.
338
 Cm n thng ngy ln vi mt t gia v, m sc vt. Ba cm ca vin trn
th Tourane i phi on Macartney kh thnh son. C nhng a ng tht heo,
tht b xt ming chm nc rt ngon (nc mm?). C nhng a ng c, tht g
hp (luc?) v rt nhiu tri, mt. S a dn ra ba hng n hn 100 ci. Trc mt
cc thc khch by ra cc bt cm v hai lng nhm xin tht. Ci tha bng s
nh by gi cn thy cc nh sang. Sau ba n ngi ta mi ung gip vng cc ly
ru nh. Khng thy Tng trn mi ngi Anh thng thc nhng chn tr tu
m Phm nh H thm tic8.
Khch ngoi quc ngc nhin sao ta khng bit dng ru vang tuy dy nho
mc y ni. Thuc vo hng cht say, h ch ti tru cau. Ngi ta ng trong
mt ti la c nhiu ngn treo ni lng qun. Ngi giu c y t mang ng iu
hu. Nhng chnh h t mang tru cau trong mt ti nh b vo rut tng qung t
trn vai xung dy lng. Gi tru l mt trong nhng vt k vo mc chnh.
Qung Nam c rt nhiu bng vi. Tr con lt ly mi bng ri n b ko si, dt
vi, thng em nhum chm i. Dn chng c n ng ln n b u mc nhng
ci o di tht rng, c cht, trc ngc nhiu ln xp, cnh di ph c bn tay.
Ngi qu phi mc o trng, cp i, cp ba. o th nht di chm t, chic ngoi
ct hn mt cht. C nh vy nu c cp nhiu mu th ta thy c hnh dng cu
vng sc s. lt gm c mt o cnh la hay vi v khng qun ct. Qun di
cng th vi vi o.
Phm nh H cho bit9 ngi qu mc o vi trng th, hc tr hay ngi
thng lc vic cng mc o xanh lam (thanh ct) hoc sm, hoc lt, hoc sng lc
c quc tang, lc thng mc o thm. n b min Bc vn mc vy10.
n b i nn, khng i m. n ng hoc ly khn cht u, hoc i cc
th nn tu l ca nh s (c din), nn s nh (xun li tiu), nn v ba (toan b)11,
nn mo cau ca lnh Ty Sn bt chc ngi dn lc i i ng12. Tt c u i
chn t. Nhng ta thy ngi sang di chuyn bng nga, bng cng nh lc Ty
Sn khi lon, bng vng mnh mnh cnh so13.
_____________________________________
1. Thc lc q5, 9a, 32b; q6, 2b, 3ab; q7, 12ab.
2. Thc lc q7, 24ab.
3. Nhng bng chng v sinh hot k y, nu khng ch r xut x, th u ly t nhng iu
m nhn vin phi b Macartney quan st Tourane.
4. T sc v vic thu thu lm sn ngy 9-4-1790 dn. T Do, s 1757, 19-1-1963.
5. Thc lc q5, 17b, thng 5 l. 1791.
6. B Quc gia Gio dc VNCH xut bn, 1962, t. 89.
7. Th ngy 3-12-1790 (A. Launay III, sd, t. 280).
8. Tuyt Trang Trn Vn Ngon dch trong Tn c lc, Nam Phong, V, t. 137.
9. V trung tu bt, Nam Phong, XXI, t. 462, 463 hay Tn c lc, IV, t. 206.
10. Hong L. t. 36.
11. Cc s Nam Phong trn IV, t. 205, XXI, t. 461, 462, Phm nh H k cc th nn ring cho
tng hng ngi: kinh k (nn c chu), tr (tiu lin dip), lnh (tro lp), ngi hu h, v
con (vin u s), c tang (xun li i) nhng trc son gi c ni ti vic thay i n
mc, giao tip di i Trnh Sm.
12. Thc lc, q10 37b.
13. Chuyn trm cp ca V trung tu bt, Nam Phong, XXI, t. 561.

339
 Trn mt bc ho ca J. Barrow li1 chng ta thy mt nhm ngi ngi chi
ngoi tri. mt tin bn phi mt ngi c v lnh v c gio di, c tm khin
nh gic, u vn khn, qun ct, trn l ra nhng bp tht rn chc. Trc mt
anh ta l mt bn c tng. Pha sau anh v ngi nhn nghing mt l mt ngi n
b tc vn trn h ngc, nt mt thanh t, nh nhm nh Barrow cng nhn.
Nhng ngi bn tri hoc pha sau na c v sang hn: mt ng gi o qun rng
thng thnh, i khn ph vai, c ngi i nn l chp ti, che thm ci d v c
ngi i nn thng. Tt c u c v th th thung dung trong mt khung cnh
nhn tn nh tp lu vi hng cau, dy ni lm nn cho bc v.
m qun lnh th c iu c bit hn. Qun Ty Sn mang gio rt di trang
tr bng mt cc tua nhum v mu ny khng ai c mang o qun cng
nh vt dng v ch dnh ring cho qun i thi (h vn gi gn c mi quyn r
ca l c nhng ngy mi ni dy!). J. Barrow t lnh Gia nh khng ng phc
v mu sc cng nh v kiu mu. Thng ra, mt chic khn qun u i khi trm
khp, mt chic o cnh hay o chn xu xo vi mt qun ct l trang phc ca lnh.
Nhng khi triu nh c vic th h mc c bit hn, i m giy ba cng treo ui
b mu lot. Cc o chin chong ngoi v cc vt o lm chm th hon ton theo
kiu cch Trung Hoa2.
i sng thng nht khng phi lc no cng m m tri qua. Trong giai
on chin tranh ny, dn chng tri qua nhng tai ho khng khip. Ta ni ti
nhng thm cnh i Thun Ho nm 1775, tng tng trn dch t lm hao
mn mt na qun Trnh ni ri. Hy ngh thm nhng khi lnh trng c th
nh lc lon Kiu binh. H ph nh Huy qun cng Hong nh Bo khng cn
mnh ngi, ph c nh nhng quan th mi ngy c tnh khc kh m h vn ght.
H cn lng nhng ngi m git na l khc. Trnh Tng chm mt ngi
th oai th vic ph nh tm dng, nhng vic bt ngi vn cha thi hn3. Dn
chng Qung Nam, Thun Ho cng phi chu p lc ca nhng ngi c cht
chc v v bn lnh trng tn ngc. Gia nh, lnh v c quan cng i trm cp,
c ngi c chc kh ln nh Cai c Nguyn Vn Triu, Ng Cng Thnh, Nguyn
Vn i dinh Vnh Trn. Cm v binh ca Nguyn nh c u i, quyn ln
nn c k gi mo i n cp khi b ti khin nh phi lp th lnh kim sot.
Lnh ngang tng n ni dn Bc H phi gi l cha!
Cho nn, khi tnh th o ngc c dp tr th l dn chng khng t nan. Qun
Trnh ng Hu khi b Nguyn Hu ph v chy ra ngoi thnh u b dn chng
git cht. Kiu binh t trn khi Nguyn Khn ng h Trnh Khi chng h, h trn
i qua cc lng xm but ming ni l ra ting Thanh Ngh u b dn qu bt git,
nh phi gi ngi cm i n xin cng ng. Mt hot cnh m Hong L k li
ni ln y thi dn i vi quan v lnh trong thi lon:
Khi Ty Sn vo Thng Long, Kiu binh chy ra cc lng b dn qu k ti
kiu lng ngy trc khng cha chp v lm nhc nh ng. C ngi ci trn
trng trc ht hong pha trong thnh chy ra khi qua ca b dn trng thy
v ch mt ni:
Thng bng ph kia c l l lnh Nhng kin, li c n li m nh cht i.
Ngi y vi p:
340
 - Khng phi, ta l quan Huyn u huyn Th Xng y.
Mi ngi cng ci:
- Ngi ta vn bo ng huyn to bng tht khng sai.
Ngi y cng ci ri i4.
nhng ni khng c nh nhau h vn phi chu nh hng nng n khi cc
i phng thy rng mun thng c ch qun phi tn dng sc lc ti nng dn
chng. Ta thy iu vng Ty Sn. Nguyn nh cng khng th no lm
khc hn. Thiu lng m, thu m, dn gp. Thiu g vn lm thuyn vn lng,
dn ng mi ngi mnh hn 3 quan, gi yu bnh tt mt na. Thiu o cho lnh
mc, dn phi np vi. n i lnh cng khng trnh c ng gp. d b nh
Ty Sn vo gia nm 1789, nh bt thu lng ring ca quan qun. nh gic na
chng (thng 4 m lch 1795), nh ku Cnh Gia nh bt bn ph binh, thuc
binh, lc tng qun khng i nh gic mi ngi np hai vung go. Qun n vng
no th cung cp qun nhu. Thu nm nay khng chi dng th bt dn gp
trc thu nm sau! Cho nn dn phi trn trnh. n dn n in cng khng sung
sng g hn. H trn nhiu n ni B H phi ra lnh bt Cai tri m ngi b
sung, hn 15 ngi l s trong thng khng xong th phi i lnh5.
Tuy nhin qua i km, chin trn, ngi dn li cy cy, ct li nh th khin
cc gio s phi ngc nhin v nng lc xy dng ca h. Ri nhng lc rnh ri, h
cng bit tm cch gii tr.
Phi on Macartney ngc nhin v mt m 7-8 ngi chuyn nhau kin
khng cho rt xung t. Tri kin lm bng mt ming da thuc kh, c dy cun
li. Ba chic lng di cm vo trong ming da, to ra pha trn nhng ng di tm
li, chui qua ci l cch nhau na phn ca mt ng tin. C hai, ba ng tin nh
vy lm m ci kin.
Khi rnh rang ngi ta i coi ht. Ngi Anh khng bit h din hi kch g (c
l l ba ht cho, bi chi), nhng thy mt ngi gi lm ra v tc gin v mt
thng h chc ci ng gi l c ti. Ngi i xem vy quanh rp, c ngi leo ln
cy nhn vo m ht, vo khn gi. Macartney c mi i xem mt v tung ht
bi vo ba 4-6, c kn trng hp tu, din t cng nhp nhng nh sn khu .
m n ca ht rt ng nhp v c tay chn thn mnh un o cng rt uyn chuyn,
u n nh bc hnh cn ghi li cho ta thy thm6. Ca nhi cng nhiu Gia nh,
nhng Nguyn nh li tm cch ngn cm khng cho ln ln trong quan qun. Ngoi
ra, vng ny, cc tr g, c, nh bc cng l nhng mn gii tr thng
thng7.
Sng vui bun ln ln nh vy, dn chng cn n nhng hin tng siu
hnh. Cc l tit, tin tng m chng ta cn thy quen thuc va l dp cho h cu
mong thn thnh gip h qua cn nguy khn nh trng hp ngi dn chi
Tourane ln b cu xin gia nh yn n, chuyn ra khi y li. Trn cc cnh cy
to hay trn cc ni cao khc, h dng trang th, t vo cm, ng v cc thc
n ri t trm ln khn kha.
Mt nhn chng vit nhng iu mt thy tai nghe v mt tu vin vng thiu
s Mng: Ti c n thm mt tng vin m h gi l C . C hai Chu
ha hay thy tng vi 6 hay 8 ngi s tu(). H mc o , khng lm g c,
341
khng ci v, nhng nghe u h cng rt phng tng. Lng ca C nui tt
c nhng ngi trong tng vin khng ai phi mt cng lm bp. Khi c mt
ngi n thm h theo tc l, trc nht phi bi tng t ti mt gc phng sau
qu di chn Chu ha cho ng ta v thng cng cho khch, ng ta
a tay cho hn. Trong khi th Chu ha ngi nghim. H ch n c hai ln mt
ngy. Nhng ai ham n thng vin c cng gi li hai phn cm sng hay tra
n ti n.
Tng vin hay C trn ni cao nht v theo sch dy, h tin rng h ni
cao bao nhiu, khi cht h cng d ln tri by nhiu v h cho rng tri ch cch ni
cao nht c 20 dm...8.
Trong dn gian y ph thu, ng ng, b bng m Nguyn nh bt ngn cm,
khng th nh roi, pht xay la, gi go. Tc l b khinh khi, nhng thc ra n bt
ngun t tin tng ca rt ng dn chng nn nh hng rt to tt. Chng ta lu
rng tin tng ng bng c th ch ho vng Trnh bng o Ni. Chuyn
v Nam, mu ca phi o - mu tng trng cho phng Nam - tr nn
mt khch ng linh hn qun tng Ty Sn ni l c, ni sc o lnh trng. Tt
nhin khng kh thn b gp mnh t tt ca sinh hot b lc, ca t tng
Chim Thnh, ca cc hi kn Minh dn lu vong li cng nng nn thm khin kt
thnh mt phong tro quy o d di, khin Nguyn nh th ght cc ng ng, b
bng c tng mnh v ti v.
Tuy nhin, tc th cng ng b - ly xc - trn khp nc vn c chnh quyn
bnh vc coi nh l nn tng o c ca dn tc. Cc gio s phn ln cng cng
nhn ngha lun l, khng m tn ca tc ny nhng vn theo lnh Roma gy ra
xung t khin thc Ty phng i vo vi mt s ng ngi hin din i
Vit ri m phi li bc li i mt cuc can thip mnh m hn vo na th k
sau.
_______________________________________
1. P. Boudet v A. Masson. Iconographie historique de lIndochine franaise, ang VIII, hnh 11.
2. Dn ca G. Taboulet. La geste franaise... sd, t. 257.
3. Hong L, t. 30.
4. Hong L, t. 76.
5. Thc lc q4, 1b, 14a; q6, 12b; q7, 30b; q8, 7a, 13b; q10, 14a.
6. Iconographie historique.... sd, bng VII, hnh 10.
7. Thc lc q8, 28b mc thng 8 l 1796: Vn v thn... n thua c hng trn ngn.
8. Th ng Gurand gi ng Blandin, 20-7-1796 (S a s 9-10. t.159, 160).

CHIN TRANH VI NGUYN NHC

Phn ng ca Quy Nhn * Cuc tin qun d dm ca L Vn Qun * Nhng chun
b trong kh khn v trn thu chin Thi Ni 1792 * Chin tranh thnh Quy
Nhn.
Ta thy s si sc pht trin ca Gia nh v Ph Xun. Trong khi Quy
Nhn vn im lm. Vn bit c khi bin c vn xy ra m ti liu khng ni ti cho
s gia phi cam b tay nhng cng c khi bin c tht khng xy ra nhiu v a
phng, thi i, tp on gp phi nhng iu kin ghm bc tin. Quy Nhn
ca Nguyn Nhc vo trng hp ny.
342
 Ni vng Ty Sn, trong khi em ng cai tr trn hai cu Nam, Bc c
nhn vt ti lc lm th trng thnh th Nguyn Nhc phi bng lng vi mt
phn ln x Chim Thnh c t Qung Ngi vo n Bnh Thun. Cng nh chng
ta chong mt trc bc tin t ca Ty Sn, lm tng h c mt hu thun kinh
t di do, phi b Macartney nhn thy bng mt trn x Tsiompa c dng ca
mt cnh ng xinh tt, chp chng thnh tng bc cp t b bin ti bn trong v
chen ln mt cch k diu nhng ni c v ng ng. Nhng bng vin knh th ci
cnh giu c y tan bin i, nhng cho cnh mt vng mnh mng nhng ct vng
nht, chen vo ri rc nhng dy ni, nh nhn vt ln cao1. V vy ta khng ly
lm l rng vng Bnh Thun, Bnh Khang khng l ci ch tranh ginh ca Ty Sn
v Nguyn. t Bnh Thun chim d gi kh2. Nguyn Vn Thnh ni nh
vy bi v qun Ty Sn khng gi c mnh t kh cn ny th i v tay Gia
nh mi trung hng, kh khn no c gim bt u.
Tht bi trong chin tranh ni da xo tht gy mt xc ng tm l cho vin
tng a mu m tui v chiu khin cho Nguyn Hu phi ch trch. Nhng
thc ra Thi c Hong cng khng th lm hn c. Trn cn bn nng
nghip, ng cng bit c gng khuyn khch dn chng canh tc bng cch cng
nhn ch li ca nhng c s sn c nh cho cc tay th gn gi cc xe nc Qung
Ngi c min su dch, cp bng cho ngi trng coi3. m T Ngi cng c lng
vng che ch b bin cho ng v trc s pht trin ca Gia nh lm dn, binh Ty
Sn phi kinh hn, chnh ng cng c gng cho ng nhiu thuyn b mong chn
trc cuc tn cng 1792. Nhng kt qu thc l t i. S hin din ca ng khin
Ph Xun cch bit Gia nh ch c hiu qu l lm cho Gia nh qua nhng bc
kh khn ban u thi.
Thng 4 Canh Tut (1790), thu thp c nng lc mi m, Nguyn nh bn
chuyn nh Bnh Thun. Nguyn Vn Thnh bc i nhng nh va nhn thy c
ch li do giao thng a li nn mun m rng t xut nhp thng thng
nh cy ci li c mui (ca Bnh Thun) cn yu cho binh lnh, dn chng.
Di quyn ca Tit ch L Vn Qun c 6.000 qun. Tin phong l V Tnh;
Nguyn Vn Thnh c lm ph vi dng lm ho gii mi bt ng gia vin
tng cp mi v lm Ph m v vin ph t ca Chu Vn Tip cc mch, th l
nhng vn r ra l can m, c ti. Bnh Thun l t Chm, nh dp Ty Sn ni
lng, vin cm quyn tn T hng c mt quyn t tr kh rng ri nn ng
v phe Quy Nhn. Nguyn nh cng khn ngoan cho i theo qun mt ngi Chm
l Hn lm Nguyn Vn Chiu lm Khm sai Tn l.
Nguyn Vn Thnh tin qun n Hc Trm chn ng v khin c Ty
Sn l o Vn H phi nh Chng c T dn theo thng o rt lui. T b bi
phn cht v qun Gia nh chim c Phan R. L Vn Qun mun nhn dp ny
tha thng tin ly Din Khnh. Nhng qun tng Gia nh vi xut x ln ln
cha tn nhim nhau. Nguyn Vn Thnh khng ng vic tin qun. V Tnh
khng ng vi Qun nh m Tng nhung Cai c Nguyn Vn Li, Nguyn
Vn Dc cn m thng vi Ty Sn na. L Vn Qun mc thuc tng, Nguyn
Vn Thnh gi ch Mai (Mai Th), V Tnh gi Phan R ri t dn binh chia gi

343
Nha Phn v Mai Nng4 trn ba lu mi p. Nhng Ty Sn tin qun nh
trc.
Thng 6 nm , c H Vn T, Nguyn Cng Thi, Tham t T Vn T
t Din Khnh em 9.000 qun vo tn cng. Thu binh h cng ng thi b ln
ca Phan Rang. Binh Nguyn cht nhiu, Qun lui v gi Na5 a th cu cu.
Lc by gi Nguyn Vn Thnh v V Tnh c chiu triu v nhng Tnh c
i lun mc Thnh mt mnh quay li.
Nguyn nh mt mt sai Phm Vn Nhn tip, mt mt t dn binh thu ra ca
Tc Khi. Lc by gi Qun, Thnh lui c v Phan R. Qun Ty Sn li ti
vy. Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn Trng, V Vn Lng em binh tip vin
khin Ty Sn lui v Phan Rang. nh cng nhn ma gi bc sp ti, bt li cho
cuc hnh qun nn Nguyn Vn Tnh gi Phan R, triu L Vn Qun v ng
Phc Hng6.
Trn chin ko di khong 4 thng l ln th sc u tin ca Gia nh v Quy
Nhn.
__________________________________________
1. V. Imbert. Le sjour de lambassade... sd, t. 11, 12.
2. Thc lc q4, 32a, mc thng 4 l 1790. Li can lc Nguyn nh mun nh Bnh Thun (xem
sau).
3. A. Laborde. La province de Quang ngai, BAVH, Juil-Sept 1924. Trong bi c chp pha ngoi
t sc ca Nguyn Nhc, gia c 3 ch tho Thnh chp bng (gip cho gi lm c), ch ,
hng bn phi mt ct ch: Th Thc lang V Vn Li, H Ngha ph, M Hoa huyn, T
chnh t vn. Bn tri: Thi c thp nh nin, tam nguyt, nh thp ng nht (20-4-1789).
Ta bit tnh Qung Ngi ly nc vo rung bng xe nc. Theo P. Guillemet (Une industrie
annamite: les noria du Qung Ngi, BAVH, Avr- Juin 1926, ph lc), nh Lo Dim lng B
, huyn M c cn gi ngoi nhng t ghi nin hiu Cnh Thnh, Minh Mng, T c c
mt t n (s 6 trong ph lc) ca dn 2 x thn Thin , An M, huyn M Hoa, ph Ho
Ngha xin cho c min su dch. n ngy 2-12 Thi c th 12 (16-1-1790).
4. Mt ch Phan Rang tn Chm l Dac nin.
5. C N?
6. Lit truyn q27, 4a, 5b. Thc lc q4, 32a, 34a, 35b, 38ab; q5, 1ab. Phc Hng, ch ca Thc
lc l Hng Phc vng ca Xch Ram.
D c tn Phm Vn Nhn, ngi theo hu Hong t Cnh v d thng 3-1790
Gia nh c 10 thuyn bun B v mt tu Php nh L.M J. de Jsus Maria
cho bit, chng ta khng ngh rng ngi Ty tham gia chin trn, v h phi theo
Nguyn nh m nh th cha n Phan R. D sao, r l lc lng Gia nh tuy
nh bi Phm Vn Sm nhng cha sc tin ra. V nh phi ch i.
Trong khong thi gian nh lo chnh n ni b, pht trin th lc. Cng
chnh lc ny ngi Ty phng dn dp ti. nh mua tu ng ca ng Gombra,
sai Dayot i bun Macao, Manille. Nhng ng thi Gia nh cng gp nhiu kh
khn do pht trin gy ra. nh nui binh, dn i. nh lo xy cng s phng th bt
su dch nhiu, dn on, ngng v Ty Sn. nh thn trng lo vic m mang, chn
ch khng ra qun lm bn phiu lu Ty phng, kiu ngo c sn, t quen,
mong mun c chin tranh kim li, m ra st rut, chn nn. Ngy u thng 5-
1791, nh thy Dayot i bun tiu nhiu qu, pht ght i ui c bn t lnh ti s
quan. Phn B-a-lc li ngh rng do thi thiu c quyt ca nh m Ty Sn

344
bt lo s v cho rng trong tnh th ny nu h c gan n nh th thc l kh ngn
cn h1.
Thc ra B-a-lc cn c dng khc khi hi thc nh ra qun. Qu tin cy vo
lc lng mt nhm ngi phiu lu, Pigneau nh chc ng s thng c Ty Sn.
ng mun ra Bc H lm php cho cc L.M y m t lu ng khng c gp.
ng hi thc nh ct binh. nh khng chu, ng i b i ti 2 ln2. Ngn n do
gi ny sau Nguyn nh s bt chc buc ng li.
Tuy nhin vic nh Ty Sn cng vn c tin hnh. Thng ging Nhm T,
Nguyn nh by ra k hoch m sau ny ngi ta s gi l nhng trn gic ma. ng
bo i tit gi nam thi th ra qun, gi ngc th tr v. Khi nh th t tp binh
lnh li, khi v th cho i cy rung, binh khng mt, khng ngi n khng trong lc
Ty Sn chy ng cu u ny u n khng rnh t no3.
Nhng n khong thng 5-1792 th Gia nh nhn nho v tin Ty Sn sp
trn vo. Khng phi ca Nhc m l ca Hu mi ng s. Tin nghe ngng y th
ni Ty Sn c 300.000 ngi trn vo nh tc thng xung Cao Man4. S quan
th cho bit Xim a th xin nh gip binh ng thng v Ty Sn nh mnh
Vn Tng. Th tr li ca Nguyn nh cho bit r Gia nh c thm bo k
cng. Theo , Nguyn Hu tuyn binh Bc H c n 2-30 vn mun em vo tn
cng. B binh nh cc o min thng ph n Nam Vang, chuyn nh sau lng
Si Gn. Thu binh s vo Cn Ln, ph H Tin, theo Long Xuyn, Kin Giang p
ln chim Si Gn mt trc. Thng xong h s tnh ti Xim. iu ny chc l nh
do Xim ngh mt cuc hp tc: Xim pha sau trn b, Nguyn nh pha
trc mt ng thu cng hai mt nh Ngh An, Ph Xun, ph trc k ca Ty
Sn5.
K hoch nh Gia nh c v thc v toan tnh to ln, hung bo hp vi thi
quen ca Nguyn Hu. V sau qu c 40 thuyn T Ngi ca Quang Trung ln
m vo nh ph Bnh Thun. Khng bit v sao k hoch khng thnh. S quan
khng cn nhc li nu s vic khng xy ra cho h ghi. Lelabousse a hai gi
thuyt: hoc Ty Sn s nhng chic tu u lc ny n bun bn rt nhiu Gia
nh, hoc qun h gp hai o qun Xim a ln ngn h vo Min. Rt cc h
rt lui. S thc, nh ni, Nguyn Hu tht kh m hi vng thng khi a qun
i vng trnh t Vua Anh n nh. Cn ng b th ni rng chp chng, qun
Lo, Xim, Min sn sng tiu hao, nh tp hu; ng nc th gi bc dt v
gi nam ang thi mnh. Cuc vin chinh ch chm li nu khng c bt ng xy ra
cho Nguyn Hu.
Trong lc Nguyn nh bn lon th Pigneau i i ln th hai. Ngi ta nhn
nho ln v ng ny b i tc l li theo c bn phiu lu ang gip binh. Nguyn
nh cng cn non tay khng bit rng khong nm trc B-a-lc mun i
nhng khng dm v s hi cho cng cuc truyn gio. nh vi v ti xin Pigneau
li. Mt ngi ln nghe trm cuc hi kin thut li rng Pigneau trch nh khng
chu nghe li, khng i nh Ty Sn6.
Rt li B-a-lc thng. ng khng i nhng Nguyn nh phong Olivier lm
V u Thn Sch qun v em sng ln, lng thc ra ngoi bin t chc mt cuc

345
tp trn ln gm khong 128 chic va i hiu thuyn va thuyn. Chin dch bt
u.
Thu qun trn n vng Din bt c thuyn tun Ty Sn bit h khng
chun b phng th, Nguyn nh sai Tn Tht Huy ct t tng s, Nguyn Vn
Thnh lm Tin phong, Phm Vn Nhn tip theo sau. Nguyn Vn Trng theo
Trung qun h v v Nguyn K Nhun i sau rt.
n Thi Ni, Nguyn nh cho binh gii ln b t hu tri Ty Sn, Nguyn
Vn Trng, Nguyn Vn Thnh ly thuyn Long, Phng xng thng vo7. Nhng
theo ngi Ty, k m ng li l Dayot trn chin tu ng. Qun Ty Sn gi
thnh tng l tu bun nh khm tu nhng khi thy theo sau l c thu qun
ca Nguyn nh nn chn li. H bn 5-6 ting i bc. Dayot theo thi quen Ty
phng cho ko c ln, bn tr ht lot. Ri chic tu nghing li bn nt pha bn
kia. Ty Sn tip tc bn nhng ti ln th hai th c h thng phng th b
chim8.
c Ty Sn tn Thnh b chy. Qun Gia nh ly c 5 i hiu thuyn,
30 ghe i bin v 40 ghe sai ri li tm bt c 3 ghe T Ngi na. Hai ngy ch
Thi Ni, Nguyn nh v v, ph d dn chng. Qun li ko v Gia nh, kh hi
ch hn 10 ngy.
l chin thng u tin chng t sc mnh ca i thu qun mi. Nguyn
nh li cn vui mng hn khi bit chc rng n lc ny Nhc, Hu cng vn cha
ho nhau. Nc lng, ng cho sa son ngay cuc tn cng ma sau: cho qun ngh,
cho s i Xim bo tip, bt voi lm tng binh, to thm i hiu thuyn, tng thu
binh.
__________________________________________
1. Cc th ca Pigneau 26-5-1791, 1-8-1791, 14-9-1791, ca J. Liot 17-12-1791, ca Lavou Li
Thiu 16-6-1792 (A. Launay, III, t. 297).
2. Th ca Pigneau gi cho ng Boiret 20-6-1792 (A. Launay, III, t. 297).
3. Thc lc q6, 1b, ch, s quan ghi nhng li m ta tin chc l ca Nguyn nh, v i vi h li
vua l trng nn khng c s st b qua.
4. Th ngy 16-6-1792 (A. Launay, III, t. 223).
5. Thc lc, q6, 2b, 3ab. Chnh nhn dp ny Xim i cho Mc Cng Bnh gi lun Long Xuyn,
Kin Giang v cho Chiu-thu Bin t Ba Thc nhng nh t chi.
6. Th Lelabousse cho ng Letondal, 17-6-1792 (A. Launay, III, t. 297).
7. Thc lc q6, 6ab, 7ab.
8. Th ca L.M Jean de Jesus Maria k chuyn Thi Ni thng 8-1792. La rvolte et la guerre des
Tay son..., bd, t. 102.
Chin thng Thi Ni lm hong ht Ty Sn. Nguyn Hu phi tc tc nhy vo
chin trn, Theo t hch gi cho qun dn hai ph Qung Ngi v Quy Nhn nin
hiu Quang Trung th 5 ngy 10 thng 7 (27-8-1792)1 ng t ra c . Bn dch
ca gio s De La Bissachre vn cn gi c ging hung hng, t ca li ku gi
bnh Thanh 5 nm trc x Ngh. Theo t hch, sau trn Thi Ni, Nguyn Nhc c
vit th cho ng trnh by rng qun dn Quy Nhn khip s trc i phng nn
mi b thua mau chng nh vy. Quang Trung phi nhc nh n tnh cch ph tr
ca dn hai ph i vi anh em Ty Sn v ngc li, n hu h ban cho dn
chng trn 20 nm ri. ng gi li nhng trn bnh Xim, nh Bc oai hng, lng
ly v lu rng chen vo , nhng chin thng chng cu tro tht qu d dng.
346
Gia nh l m chn h Nguyn. Th th dn hai ph s g bn ngi nht nht
y? ng ra dn chng s ngi Ty di quyn Nguyn nh th phi hn. Nhng
ci kiu hnh ca vin tng bch thng khng cho php dn bi qun ca mnh s
bt c ai, v cho d loi ngi y c kho lo n u i na, tt c u c cp mt
xanh ca con rn, phi coi h nh nhng xc cht tri t bin bc dt xung.
D nh ca Nguyn Hu bo co cho dn chng l qun Ph Xun s em ton
lc lng thu b tung vo Gia nh, nh n tn Cao Min, p tan qun Nguyn
nh nh g mc vy. ng ch l t hch ni theo lnh Vua Anh. C th thc
hai bn ng vi nhau v im Hu tr gip cho Nhc ny v r rng l h ang
ng trc s tn vong ca gia nh h. V cng chnh trong t hch, Nguyn Hu
khuyn khch dn hai ph trung thnh vi Nhc v ni r rng vic nh Gia nh l
t cho mi ngi bit Nhc - Hu thc l anh em v h khng bao gi qun h
cng mt dng mu. Li l c tnh cch trn an v cng l c s tng nhng. C l
chnh c s nhng b v pha Nhc nn Nguyn Hu hiu d cc lng trong hai ph
phi lo lm cu, ng qun d try i...
D nh khng thnh nh ta bit. Hai mi ngy sau, Nguyn Hu cht bt ng
v lo cho cuc vin chinh. Chin tranh do tip tc c li v pha Gia nh.
Thng 2 m lch 1793, c vin ty Ty Sn em hai thuyn v 100 ngi vo
Gia nh. Nguyn nh bit c vic Nguyn Nhc em em gi i iu Nguyn Hu
n Qung Ngi th b chn li khng cho ra2. Thy bc chu h cn nghi k nhau,
nh bn quyt nh nh Quy Nhn3. Vin ty ny t Ph Xun n nn c th
chnh ng cho Gia nh bit c vic Quang Ton v Quang Thu hc hc nhau na
bi v ng Lelabousse k r vic ny trong th khong thng 6 dng lch khi
cuc tin qun mi cn Phan Rang, Bnh Khang.
Ln ra qun ny (thng 4 m lch 1793) do Tn Tht Hi coi. Qun b nh
Phan R vi Nguyn Vn Thnh, Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn nh theo qun thu
c Nguyn Vn Trng, V Di Ngu i trc, V Tnh h v. Qun i c ngi
Min, Hoa, u hung hng, d tn.
Qun thu n trc ca Phan Rang. Nguyn K Nhun nh lu Mai Nng
th Ty Sn chy ri. Nguyn nh li V u Nguyn Hin i b binh ri ra
ca Nha Trang. Nguyn Vn c, V Vn Lng b nh lu Hoa Vng4 ly ph
Din Khnh. nh sai V Tnh mang 3 v i i ly Bnh Khang ri chnh mnh cng
theo thu qun tin ra na. vng Hn Khi, Ch huy Tr li b Bnh Khang mt
s binh tng ra hng u qun di c Gia nh5.
Qun b chm chn hn, nhng Tn Tht Hi cng ui c c H Vn
T chy theo ng thng v Quy Nhn. Trong lc binh thu n Xun i.
V Tnh tin ln nh lu La Hai6, Tham c Ty Sn l Phm Vn im chy b
c lng hng. Sc chng c ca Ty Sn r l rt yu t.
Nh vy l t Bnh Thun n Ph Yn qun Nguyn chim trn. nh lo t
ngi cai tr, thu thu, ly la np thay tin c lng cp binh lnh. Quan cai tr
c ngi l quan v rnh ranh nh Nguyn Thoan coi Hu thu doanh, gi Bnh
Khang, c ngi l hng tng v hi nh Nguyn Y Mn c lm Cai b Ph Yn.
Nhng khi qun Nguyn vo t Quy Nhn th thy c sc khng ca Ty
Sn. V Tnh b ln ca Thi Ni ri tin ph cu Tn Hi vo thng 6 nm .
347
Ty Sn lui v gi ni Trng c7. ng Bnh Thnh, qun Nguyn gp i tng
binh ca Nguyn Bo, con Thi c. Bo thua bn lui v p lu ging t Th Sn8
n ni Trng c ngn gi.
Lc by gi, b binh tin vo theo hai ng hm c sn: C Mng gn bin
v H Nhao9 pha ty. nh mt sai Tn Tht Hi o Ph Qu10 bt dn gn ph
gai, cht cy dn ng nh trn ni. Di ng, qun ng na m vt qua K
Sn cng Nguyn Vn Thnh tp kch ni, c V Tnh nh mt sau. Trng
c, V Vn Lng n t tri L Vn Duyt tin ln ni thu sng ng, n dc
rt nhiu. Nguyn Bo v o Vn H phi chy v thnh Quy Nhn b li cc lu
Ph Trung, Tn An, Cu Chm, p 11.
Vng vy c dn dn thu hp li. Nhng nh cng cn thm qun khi chin
tranh cng quyt lit. Mt phn nh ly m dn s ti hng ng theo, phn ln
l m dn mi ni thuc: Ph Yn, Bnh Khang. cc ni ny, nh li nhm vo
m cu qun Ty Sn khi mt cng hun luyn: lnh truyn chiu tp Bnh
Khang cc tay sng gii, binh c nhm vo ai l nhng sng i, cu ngch binh
nu khng l h?
_______________________________________
1. Ch. Maybon. La relation sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine de Mgr De La Bissachre, Ed.
Champion, Paris, 1920, t. 173-176.
2. Nguyn Nhc b lm mt ln khi v chnh ca Quang Trung mt m ngi ta n lm l chnh
Hu thng cm qu ri cng cht theo lun. Ln Nhc tnh em qun chim c Ph Xun,
Bc H (th ng Srard gi ng Letondal, S a, s 13, t. 171). Khng trch by gi Quang
Ton ngn khng cho i iu cha mnh.
3. Thc lc q6, 13b.
4. a im Hoa Vng cn thy trn bn by gi ni b pha bc sng Ci, i din vi thnh
Din Khnh. Chc trc khi xy thnh, Hoa Vng nm c 2 b sng nn lc V Tnh gi
Din Khnh, c tn cu Hoa Vng.
5. Thc lc q6, 17ab, 18ab.
6. Thc lc vit La Thai. Ch cn thm ch sau ch l ta c La Hai, tn Nm ng.
7. c Sn tn ca Thc lc.
8. NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, (q9, 14a) c ghi: Th Sn c thp tc gi l thp Th Thin. Vy a
im Th Sn ch ngn i trc bn cnh quc l s 1 c, gn cu B Di, m ngi Php gi l
Tours dArgent. Tn thng thng gi l thp Bnh t.
9. Ha Nha ca Thc lc.
10. Ph Qu Cng ca Thc lc, ngn o thp a ti ng Cy Cy.
11. Lam Kiu, Thch Yn ca Thc lc.
Qun Nguyn ti nh lu ni Kho1. c u gi y vi 4.000 binh
mnh, da ni cao bn xung d di. Trn Cng Hin ngi Qung Ngi, tu vi
Nguyn nh xin vo lu lm ni ng. Kt qu t nhin thy r. Nguyn c Xuyn
bn ngoi ku hng, Ty Sn bn ra, nhng bn trong Hin ni dy. c u
b bi chy thot, Ch huy Tr thot Bnh Khang v n y phi b git thm. Qun
Nguyn thu c 35 khu i bc, hn 80 thuyn bin, 3 con voi, 1 kho go, 1 kho c
mui cng v s sng iu thng.
Thnh Quy Nhn cng b vy sit hn vi cc tng Tn Tht Hi, V Tnh,
Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn Thnh. Ty Sn cng cn c 3 c im bn
ngoi: G D, m Su, v Tam Thp.

348
 Thnh b vy n hn 3 thng tri. Khng phi l v kh tn cng ca nh
khng hiu qu. m binh lnh Ty phng di quyn ngh ph thnh trong 10
ngy. Phng din (diu) lu ho php ca ngi u m s quan ni dng t
thnh c l ch cuc tn cng t bng la n m ng. Nhng nh khng
chu vin l s dn chng trong thnh cht khng n. Thy qun v hng cng ngy
cng ng, nh tin rng b vy lu, qun trong thnh s lon, t nhin hng u. S
quan ghi rng nh bo cc qun ch nn nh v sau ny cc gio s cho rng
cuc vy hm ko di v li ca vua, tt c u ng2.
Trong lc ch i, Nguyn nh lo nh chim cc t cn li ca Nguyn
Nhc. Thng 7 nm , ng n ca An D sai Nguyn Vn Trng, Nguyn Vn
Nhn, Nguyn c Thin nh Dng ph mt c s lm thuyn bin ca Ty
Sn bt c 30 thuyn mi to, cn ghe nh, g vn u t ht. Qun Ty Sn ko
nhau hng hn 300 ngi trong c c Nguyn Vn Thi, Cai b kim Cng
b Trn Vn Thi, V u Nguyn Vn Chinh, Ch huy o Vn Lng, Nguyn Vn
Pht. Tng gi Qung Ngi l Nguyn Tn Lc, Trn Cng Tr cng v hng.
Yn mt bc, Nguyn nh tr v, ln p . Ln ny ng c v quyt lit nn
sai ly ho xa i pho nh vo nhng khng h ni ngi thnh cn hn vn qun
chng gi. Tuy nhin ng cng thu hp c vng vy li. Qun Nguyn nh lu
G D bt c o Vn H, qun Ty Sn gi m Su b chy vo thnh ch cn
tr c lu Tam Thp3.
Nhng lc by gi cu vin ca Ph Xun do Nhc ku cu tin n. Trn b
l 17 ngn binh, 80 voi di quyn Thi u Phm Vn Hng, H gi Nguyn Vn
Hun, T l L Trung, T m Ng Vn S. Di nc l i thng lnh ng Vn
Chn, c H (H H hu c?) Chng c Thim vi 30 thuyn. Thu qun thc
yu km nhng b binh thc dng mnh vi danh tng c.
Cho nn Tr Khc hng tng Trn Cng Tr cht trn, Nguyn c Thin
lui v gi ni Cung Qung. Nguyn nh vi v sai Nguyn Vn Thnh em 8.000
qun ra Bn gi cc ng Sa Lung, hang Ti Tri (Hn Cc) vi Nguyn K
Nhun v Nguyn Vn Thi.
Chin tranh li i chiu. Tuy Trng Phc Lut va em 20 thuyn chim
lng Ty Sn Thi Cn, t thu tri ca i p tn Qung Nam, nhng b
binh Ty Sn vn bm ly sng V Qung Ngi. Nguyn Quang Ton li em tip
vin n Sa Lung. nh va t chi s tr gip ca 2 vn qun Xim cng 50 thuyn
ca h phi cho Nguyn Vn Thnh, Nguyn c Thin thi lui ri rt ht ton qun
v Ph Yn, trnh m tng qun, b binh tinh nhu ca Ph Xun. Xun i,
nh sai Tn Tht Hi coi ht Ph Yn, phn b Nguyn Hunh c ng La Hai,
Nguyn Long ng Thch Thnh, Nguyn Vn Nhn gi 36 thuyn vng Lm.
V n ca Nha Phu (Ninh Ho), nh xy lu G Xoi (Mng Ph) (Bnh Khang)
Nguyn Vn Thnh gi. V Tnh em bnh binh, hng binh v trc Gia nh.
Cn Nguyn Vn Trng th n binh thu ca Cu Hin4 nh lo xy mt thnh
Gia nh th hai n ng ng vo Nam ca binh tng Ph Xun.
l thnh Din Khnh xy trn lu Hoa Vng c. Theo s quan, thnh cao 1
trng, chu vi hn 510 trng, 6 ca, c lu, 4 gc c ni t. Dch v cn ti 3.000
ngi Bnh Thun, 1.000 ngi Thun Thnh. Bn cn ghi li r vi 1 ch Din
349
Khnh i n5. Theo con mt chuyn mn, nh qun s hin nay c th nhn vo
hnh m phn tch c nhng v tr xp t y nh ca mt ngi thnh theo kiu
Vauban. Nhng vi ch mt thng, em so hnh vi nhng hnh cc cng s
cc bn qun s Php, ta cng thy c nhng ng nt tng t. Bi v thnh
Din Khnh l ca Olivier v ra. N l em sinh sau thnh Gia nh. Nhng su vo
trong mt x va chim c, n ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. N s chng minh
c kh nng lm mt tin n chng gi cho Gia nh. Nguyn nh c n thy
vng an ninh, t ai ca mnh m rng ra, s vui mng bit c tng tin trn ng
v c 6.
____________________________________
1. ni Cn Dng, c l l kho la go Ty Sn ly hi thng 9-1773.
2. Ngoi Thc lc cn c th ca . Lavou gi cc . Boiret v Descourvire t Tn Triu 13-5-
1795 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 33), th ca Jean de Jesus Maria (BSEI, XV, t. 102, 103).
3. Thuc lng Vn Tng, qun Bnh Kh.
4. ng Khnh, quyn h, 233, c ghi C Hun i tn khu ngay ca Nha Trang. Trn vng
thnh ph by gi l C Hun tn s. Vy kho C Hun m Nguyn nh lp ra cha lng l
a im thnh ph Nha Trang. Cng trong sch trn, mt ca bin nh v pha nam c gi l
C Hun tiu tn khu. y ng l a im ca B cch thnh ph 2km. Pha ty nam
ca B l ni Cu Hin v a im Cu Hin (cn gi l Con Hin, B Hin, khc bit v s chuyn
m l m ra ch vit c nh). Vy C Hun ca Thc lc l Cu Hin.
5. Hnh s CXV BAVH, Juil-Sept 1926, Les Franais au service de Gia Long, L. Cadire ly
ti liu ca th vin ng Le Fvre de Bhaine.
6. Chin tranh vy Qui Nhn, ngoi nhng ti liu khc c ghi, u ly t Thc lc q6, 21a-30a.

Chng 6
GIA NH V PH XUN I U
CI CHT CA NGUYN HU
Con ngi Nguyn Hu * Vai tr Nguyn Hu trong ch qun chnh ca Ty Sn
* Kh khn ca Cnh Thnh: sc trn b ca Ty Sn Din Khnh v v Bi c
Tuyn.
Gia nhng b mt lch s xut hin vo hu bn th k XVIII Nguyn Hu t
ra c bit nht. Nguyn nh bn dai, kin tr c l lm cho mt s ngi trm
tnh thn phc, nhng li tng l bi tng ca ng Long Nhng, nn c thng
trn cui cng cng bt mt phn oai v i vi ngi sau. Nguyn Nhc tht bi
ngay lc cn sng, hnh nh tha n 6 nm trong thnh Ch Bn, kn may mn
hn Chu Vn Tip cht trn chin trng, Nguyn Hu Chnh b bu u sau mt
hi lm ma lm gi. Nguyn Hu tri li sng gia ho quang rc r ca chin
thng, cht i nm tr cho con chu trch nhim gi cho dng h khi b tru dit.
Nguyn Hu thu nht c tt c nhng li khen lao, t bn by ti quen tn tng bt
c ai l ch t cho ti m th nghch tng chu in o v ng.
V khun mt, dng ngi, lch s cn li bc v truyn thn ca nh Thanh
ho lc c s b 1790. Nhng chng ta u bit ch l Gi Vng. Ngi ta
khng cn chn ngi ging lm v c Phc Khang An lm tay trong gt Cn
Long ri. Ni v kh v hin ngang ca mt v tng bch chin bch thng th hn
Gi Vng c - nu ta tin ho s v theo thc, khng t im thm.

350
 Mi y, ngi ta tm c chng c rng mt pho tng trong cha Bc H
Ni chnh l tng Quang Trung1. Vic bc tng c cho mc triu phc, i hia
m li chn trong chn ngoi chng t thi ngang tng ca con nh tng. Nhng
nu ch quang trung trn i cu i ng l ch ng vua Ty Sn ny th bc
tng chc cng khng tc ng hnh Nguyn Hu v phi chu nhng quy lut v
hnh nh khun kh ca mt ng Pht, ng tng Trung Hoa: tai to, mt xch (ng
ch l trong hnh Gi Vng, i mt ngi mu cn nm ngang hn y).
Trong mt quyn d s cn li, c mt vi nt v Nguyn Hu c v thc lm:
Tc Hu qun, mt mn y, c mt con mt nh, nhng m ci trng rt l, ban
m ngi khng c n th nh sng t mt soi sng c chiu...2. Tc qun, mt
mn, mt khng u l du vt ca thn xc. Nhng cu chuyn trng mt c nh
sng pht ra, ban m soi sng c ch ngi l cm tng ca ngi nhn khip s
trc oai v ca Thng cng.
V cuc i ring ca con ngi ny, lch s cng bit c mt t, nhiu hn
nhng ng vua thi bnh cm u quc gia bng th tp. S phu Bc H quen vi
khng kh tn nghim, b v ca L hong, Trnh cha ngc nhin khi thy cnh
anh em Ty Sn tr chuyn, k hi ngi p cc k n tn (?) y nh anh em cc
nh thng dn3. V cng nhn dp ra Bc ny, tng s di quyn c vui ci
cm thy gn gi ng tng oai nghim ngy thng vi cu ni ct nh: V dp
lon m ra ri ly v m v, tr con n ci th sao? Tuy vy ta ch quen gi Nam H
cha bit con gi Bc H, nay cng th mt chuyn xem c tt khng?4.
Ngi con gi Bc H 16 tui cng bit nhc im ca bc anh hng nn
dng th lc ring ca mnh m nh hng ti quyt nh ca Nguyn Hu khi i
ph t hong L Duy K, lp Sng Nhng cng Duy Cn, khi th i ngc li,
mu khc vut ve t i ng trng phu. Tnh cm mm yu cng t r my nm
sau, khi Quang Trung in cung ln v mt ngi v mt Ph Xun5.
Tm lng say m em vo cuc i ng, ni triu chnh, ni chin trng
bin thnh mt sc quyn r li cun mi ngi. D Nguyn Nhc c ght em n
dng ch gio quyt, hm hnh, kiu ngo, ngi ta vn nhn hnh ng ca
Hu m thy cc hnh dung t trn khng c ngha xu khi gn cho mt con
hm (mun) ra khi ci. Tri li, khi bn v Nguyn Hu, Nguyn Hu Chnh
ang th i ch, Nguyn nh Gin cng ci u nhn Bc Bnh vng l mt
tay anh hng. Khi triu thn Bc H hp li bn vic c ngi vo i Ngh An,
Phan L Phin loi Nguyn nh Gin, Phm nh D, vin l Bc Bnh vng l
ngi rt quyt, hay dng tr thut lao lung ngi khc, trong lc bn lun, khi xung
li nng ln ngi ta khng bit u m d. Trn Cng Xn, vin s gi c c
sau lc lun trong my hm vn khng c c ngi no, cng phi e d nhn
rng k mnh phi thuyt l ngi huyn b kh lng6. Thn trng d dt khng
vo thm L Hin Tng bnh, dng l bt li L Duy K sao khng i ng
vo hy pht tang, Nguyn Hu thc hnh ng c chng mc, c tnh ton khin
bn L thn phi n s vy.
Nhng chin thng ca ng cng a ng ln cao trn i danh vng. Mt cung
nhn Thanh Ho trong dp Ng Vn S chn ni Tam ip hn thy c hng kh

351
ca Ty Sn nn by mu cho L Thi hu m k thc tm tt c c d lun Bc
H lc by gi i vi vin tng hang ni:
Nguyn Hu l bc lo th hung tn v gii cm qun. Coi y ra Bc vo Nam
tht l xut thn qu nhp. Khng ai c th d bit. Y bt Nguyn Hu Chnh nh bt
tr con, git V Vn Nhm nh git con ln, khng mt ngi no dm trng thng
vo mt. Nghe lnh y, ai cng mt c hn va, s hn c sm st...7.
_________________________________________
1. Bc hnh c in li ni trang ba 2 ca quyn Vit Nam thi bnh trng: Ty Sn. i cu i
trang ba 3.
2. Ty sn thut lc: T Quang Pht dch, S a s 9-10, t. 165.
3. Hong L, t. 92.
4. Hong L, t. 82.
5. Th Labartette gi cho Letondal, 6-10-1797 (A. Launay, III, 1. 244).
6. Hong L, t. 89, 90, t. 162, 163, t. 167.
7. Hong L, t. 252.
K th ca Ty Sn phng Nam, tuy phi chui nhi chy trn, tc gin v
vua cha h sut dit tc trong tay Nguyn Hu cng khng th no ni khc hn
nhng li khen lao c, tuy h tng ch trch thm t Nguyn Nhc. S quan
vit: Nguyn Vn Hu l em Nhc, ting ni nh chung, mt sng nh in, gio,
kit, thin chin? ai cng phi s... Bn ln nh Gia nh, lc ra trn u i trc, s
tt hiu lnh nghim minh, thuc h ai ny dc lng vng mnh1.
C th ni Nguyn Hu dng ho quang ca mnh m che ch cho ch khi
phong tro Ty Sn a ng ln i danh vng. Bi ch Ty Sn qu phi
ng bp bnh v xy dng trn mt mu thun. Chng ta ni rng phong tro Ty
Sn xut hin v s giao thoa ca hai ngun nng lc ly t hai bin chuyn: mt,
bn trong l kt qu ca tin trnh Nam tin phi hp vi vn ho phng Nam my
trm nm, v mt, bn ngoi l s khch ng ca vn minh k thut u ty trn t
i Vit.
Trong lch s ca h, Ty Sn x c Nam H ri khng tm c ng
minh bn ngoi, bn trong li hnh din v sc mnh qun lc, h khng tm ra c
cch t chc, khai thc nhng kh nng a phng tm phc lu di dn chng.
Quay ra Bc H, h li chui u vo trong ci ri rm m ngi trc g khng ra
v s cn ci ca t ai, v khng kh bo th lu i, kh ty ph ca sinh hot
vua quan, dn chng.
Chng ta thy c gng dung ho gia Ty Sn v cu thn L - Nguyn.
Nhng s v vu y qu l tm b. Bn trong ch vn cha c s ho hp. Nguyn
Thip chng hn, tuy thy c li o to nhn ti theo kiu trch c tm chng
khng c ch li nn h ho phc c. Nhng ci ging tun t nhi tin qu cng l
ging kinh vn. Khng th i hi Nguyn Thip iu g khc hn mt khi cn tn
ti ci khng kh truyn thng Nho gio hnh din c mt Ng Nho chng hn,
khng khi ni: i thn v nc gnh vic, k s v ngi tri k m cht, u l
ngha nn lm nh th, ngoi ra ti khng cn bit c s g khc. Chnh cc nho s
bo th ch ci nho s ci cch v giu ct li hc ch Nm do Quang Trung ch
trng.

352
 Qun tng Quy Nhn cng khng chu li ko i xa. Theo Chu t, nhng
phi dch kinh, truyn ra ch Nm, thi c li Nm, d tng s bng ch Nm, iu
tang vit li Nm2. Chng ta cng thy cc bc th ch Nm ca Nguyn nh,
nghe li d ban cho tng s Gia nh (1800)3, nhng ch l phng sch tm
b nht thi i vi h Nguyn. Trong khi Ty Sn phi dng ch Nm nh mt
phng tin din t t tng chnh thc, hp vi s hnh din ca h. C nhng t
chiu, sc thn4 bng ch Hn trong triu i l mt ma mai cho qu kh ca h,
nhng ci th c lp vi nh hng phng Nam m t h pht xut khin h i
dn vo trong khng kh cc tro c.
S lng l lm nn yu km ca Ty Sn. Tt nhin vic Chiu Thng cn
Trung Hoa, vic Nguyn nh hng c phng Nam nh hng phn no vo s
quyt nh hp tc vi Ty Sn ca cc cu thn Nguyn - L. Nhng bn cht bp
bnh ca ch Ty Sn cng khin ngi ta ngn ngi hp tc, nu khng l chng
i li.
Qun tng Ty Sn trong vai tr ch ng nm vn mnh ca vng t h
chim c cng tung ht kh nng trong mt c gng cng cc bin i x hi ang
cun ht h theo mt khuynh hng thoi tro. Nhng bin php mnh m tung ra
bo m thi hnh ci cch hu nh u c km vi s ph trng qun lc. Triu
i Ty Sn, do , c bn cht qun phit v ch c th tn ti bng ch qun
chnh ca h thi. Thc ra m v tng cng chng t c h l nhng ngi kiu
mu ca thi i mi. Kiu cng, quen dng uy quyn n p, h khin cho nhng
ngi Anh n thm nm 1793 phi phn nn cho i sng ca ngi dn. Nhng
phi b Macartney cng phi cng bnh m nhn rng bn v tng t h hng hn
bn vn quan5. Thm mt chng c rng bn di s thanh lim tng i ca qun
i, c mt tnh trng suy i x hi m nhng sc phn khng tim tng c th li
dng c.
Nhng bn v tng tng vo sanh ra t vn ch chu phc tng ngi ch huy
ca h thi. Nguyn Hu cng trng thnh vi h, vi thin t, vi ti nng cai
tr h cng nh thn dn di quyn bng sc mnh ca khip phc. Do uy quyn
m Nguyn Hu thi hnh nhng ci cch c khi ng chm n c i sng tinh
thn ca dn chng nh khi tip tc thi hnh phng truyn ca Nguyn Nhc sai
ph cc cha ch cha mi tng mt ngi m thi6. Gio s Labartette B Chnh
hn ai ht, c nhng iu mt thy tai nghe phn on v ch Ty Sn. ng
ni: Mt ng vua d c n th no vi tn gio c l cng thi hnh mt cch nh
nhng v nhng l do chnh tr. ng chc phi s bt mn gy ra lon lc. Khng bao
gi ng c th c sc mnh lm iu m bn ny (Ty Sn) lm. Ch trong
mt khong thi gian ngn, h qut sch x s khi nhng lm dng nh nhuc:
khng ai dm rc rch ht7.
C l bit n vai tr - khng chc quyt nh - nhng quan trng ca ng trong
s sinh tn ca triu i, nn Quang Trung, trc khi mt ngy 29 thng 7 Nhm T,
gi D T (11-12 gi khuya 16-9-1792)8 i Trn Quang Diu v tri trn, dn
chn ct cho mau ni trong mt thng ri di kinh v Phng Hong Trung . Nu
khng, qun Gia nh ko ti, cc ngi s khng c t m chn u9.
__________________________________________
353
1. Lit truyn, q30, 17b.)
2. C trch trong cc sch dn: La Sn phu t, Quc vn i Ty Sn.
3. Do An Kh sao lc trong Nam Phong, XIV: Fv, 1924, c trch li Vit Nam vn hc s yu,
sd, t. 73-75.
4. La Sn phu t, sd, t. 42, o sc phong thn cng i vng trng by Hi ch H Ni
1941.
5. Le sjour de lambassade... sd, t. 28.
6. Th Le Roy K Vnh (Ninh Bnh), 6-12-1796 (BEFEO 1912, t. 8 ). T phng truyn c dch
trong Le peuple annamite. E. Langlet, 1912. t. 50, 51.
7. Th ngy 12-5-1787 (RI, XIV, Juil-Dc. 1910, t. 44).
8. La Sn phu t, t. 160.
9. Lit truyn q30, 47b. Thc lc q6, 7b, 8a.
a b mi ln 9, s du h, lm g bit n s cn thit ca nhng bin
php kht khe. Cho nn bi lnh mang tn bi, b lnh bt dn lu1, vic lm tuy ting
l nhn i m k thc chng t triu thn Ty Sn thiu ch tng tr nn gii
i, dt nhau vo con ng cu an, em thm nguy vong cho ch vy.
Ch phn phong cho anh em thy c nhc im Trung Quc l khi
trung ng khng mnh th quc gia d tan r. Cho nn, vo nm 1793 ai cng bit l
Quang Thu mun c lp vi Quang Ton. Ri lon lc ni ln, nht l Bc H.
X x tnh khi, tht s quan v c trong li, sc phn ng by t khi Nguyn
Hu cht. Gia nh, thng 7-1792, ngi ta cn hong ht v tn gic Hu
mnh hn bao gi ht v chc chn hn s bp cht Vua2, nhng cng thng nm
sau, ngi ta vui mng k th vn cn, nhng lc lng h yu km thy r3.
Cho nn Ngc Hn than khc chng m nh thay c triu i Ty Sn khc
cha t:
Nghe trc c ng vng Thang, V,
Cng nghip nhiu, tui th thm cao,
M nay o vi, c o,
Gip dn dng nc xit bao cng trnh!...
Cng dng y m nhn dng y,
Ci th sao hp by ho cng
Rng cho chuc c tui rng,
i thn t hn b lng ti ngi.
Tuy nhin s tan r khng phi n tc khc. Mi by ngn qun v 80 voi t
vo cu vin Quy Nhn cn hung hng ngi ta tng qun s gn gp i:
30.000 ngi, hay nh Lelabousse ni 5-60.000 ngi.
Nhng thnh Ch Bn khng mt vo tay Nguyn nh th cng mt vo tay
Phm Vn Hng. Qun cu vin n trc thnh th thy ca ng. H ln ting e
do th Nguyn Nhc nhm khng sc gi ni na nn mi h vo. Tip sau
l nhng c ch nhng nhn gi di. Nhc tuyn b nhng ngi li v ch mun
sng nh ngi thng thi. Ban u h khng nhn, mi ng ln li trn ngai ngi
h ly, nhng ng t chi. Vi thng sau (13-12-1793), ng mt i, ngi ta ni,
v bun ru v xu h. Nguyn Bo, con Nhc c phong lm Hiu cng, n lc
huyn Ph Ly4.
Nh vy l t nay Nguyn nh phi i u trc tip vi Ph Xun. Vic
Nguyn Nhc chn gi Quy Nhn ngn gip c cho Gia nh sc mnh ca Ty
354
Sn min Bc trong khong vi nm cho Nguyn nh chnh b qun tng.
Tuy by gi thc l mun, nhng qun i cn gi c hng hi v sc mnh
khng chu Nguyn nh e do mnh.
Cho nn, thng 3 Gip Dn (1794) Quang Ton li phi Thi u Phm Vn
Hng v Tng qun Trn Quang Diu vo Quy Nhn5. Bn vn qun ca Hng mi
ti Ph Yn th Nguyn Vn Nhn b chy mc du c li dn ca Hong t Cnh
lc by gi Din Khnh bo phi gi.
Mt o qun Ty Sn theo ng ni vng xung Ba Ngi nh chn lng
Din Khnh t Gia nh chuyn ra bng ng b v 4 vn vung la do Nguyn
Vn Thnh ti bng ng thu mc ngc gi khng ra khi Vng Tu. Ngy 28-4,
300 thuyn Diu vo Nha Trang. Ngy 2-5 c b binh Hng v 50 voi vo Bnh
Khang vy kn 3 mt thnh Din Khnh - Bn trong chng gi l B-a-lc v
Hong t Cnh vi li dn d ca Nguyn nh lc ra i nhc nh s quan trng ca
ngi thnh: Ta m ngy hao mn, tng phi cay ng mi c cht t ny 6.
By ngn qun bn trong chng vi 40.000 qun bn ngoi. Trn thnh B-a-
lc cho t thm nhiu i bc gi lm nghi binh. Qun Diu ngoi bn i bc vo
khng hiu qu mi p lu t vy quanh. Trong gn mt thng khng b thnh
theo li Nguyn nh, Din Khnh tiu hao qun ch bng cch t kch khin h
b cht v phi s hi. Trn ln nht v cui cng l vo ngy 21-5, qun Gia nh c
7-8 ngi cht cng hn 60 ngi b thng. Bn ngoi c cc tng Mc Vn T,
Nguyn c Thnh Ba Ngi, Nguyn Long trn vng ni. Nguyn Vn Thnh li
Nguyn Vn Nhn b Long Cng (g Rng?) ti ng Phong Lc, cu Di st vng
vy Ty Sn.
Ngy 23-5, Ty Sn rt lui. Nguyn nh ng thu v Hong t Cnh,
Nguyn Vn Thnh ng b, ln ng truy kch ch ngay sng hm sau.
___________________________________
1. Hong L t. 272. Lit truyn q30, 45b. Quang Ton tn l Trt. Th cc gio s vn ghi l
Hoang trot. Tn Trt chc l chuyn bin theo ging Qung Nam ca mt du vt thn xc
ca Ton (Ton mi trt, theo Ty Sn thut lc, bd, t. 165. P. K cng xc nhn tn Hong
Trt trong Souvenirs historiques sur Sai gon et ses environs, Excursions et
Reconnaissances, 1885 t 26). Phi b Macartney c tham d l sinh nht Vua ngy 4-6. Tnh
ra 4-6-1793 l ngy 26-5 Qu Su; ngy 26-5 Qu Mo tng ng vi ngy 25-6-1783.
l ngy thng, nm sinh ca Quang Ton.
2. Th J. Liot Tn Triu, 18-7-1792.
3. Th Lavou, Saigon ngy 31-7-1793.
4. Th Lavou cho cc ng Boiret v Descourvires, Tn Triu, 13-5-1795, th G.M Gortyne,
Tonkin Occidental, 22-4-1794 (BEFEO, 1912, t. 32, 33). Hong L. t. 277, 78. Thc lc q6,
31ab. Lit truyn q30, 16a.
5. Thc lcni Quang Ton sai nhng ta bit (q6, 8a) mi vic u do Bi c Tuyn, cu Ton
quyt nh. V li Hong L cng ni khi i Qui Nhn c c Tuyn theo lm Tn ngh gi
thnh. Vy chnh Tuyn vo Qui Nhn trng coi vic nh pha nam, chia quyn qun quc
vi Phm Vn Hng (Lit truyn q30, 44b).
6. Thc lc q6, 35b. Trc , thng 11 l (3/12/1793-27/1/1794), Nguyn Vn Thnh t Bnh
Khang v. Hong t Cnh ra trn Din Khnh vi Mc Vn T, Nguyn c Thnh, Tng
Phc m, Phm Vn Nhn. Sau , nh ku Nguyn Hunh c v, lu qun Chn Lp,
Ch-v li Din Khnh. Tn Tht Hi cng v V Vn Lng. Nguyn Long, Nguyn Vn
Nhn trn Ph Yn c Mc Vn T, Nguyn c Thnh ca Cnh sai ph gip. Th Pigneau
355
 gi cho Letondal t Ph Yn, 16-6-1794 (A. Launay, III, t. 287) ni b vy vo cui thng
Avril. Th Lavou cho Letondal (A. Launay III, t 233-34) ni r hn v Lavou lc by gi
Nha Trang c chng kin trn nh.
Thc ra Cnh v B-a-lc xa trn a n hn mt gi ng1, nhng khi
Ty Sn rt lui v ng Cy Cy, hai ngi cng tri qua nhiu vt v. i trc c
V Tnh, Nguyn Vn Thnh, Nguyn Long, V Vn Lng, Mc Vn T, Nguyn
Vn Tnh, Nguyn Vn Li tp kch sau lng Ty Sn. Con ng H Nhao, An
Tng men theo cc hm ni khng th no i nga hoc i cng c m nht nh
phi i b v ngi mt khng t c nh B- a-lc than.
Nguyn nh ti Thi Ni bn sai Tn Tht Hi nh ly Tiu C (Gnh Rng?),
lng Mai ly c 40 i bc cng kh gii khc. i li, Ph tng Tin qun l
Nguyn Vn Th trng n cht.
Thu qun Gia nh mnh m thy r. Trn ni Tam To, Ty Sn b cai c
Nguyn nh c bt n 800 ngi. Trn Quang Diu, ng l Nguyn Vn Thn
em 8.000 binh n bi Nhn, vng Tham lin b nh tan. Ch c qun Phm Vn
Hng, Thng lnh ng Vn Chn ng trong ca Thi Ni l rng cm c. Hong t
Cnh xin hp binh tin nh qun H gi Nguyn Vn Hun ng Vn Sn2, qun
Kim im Trn Vit Kt ng H Nhao. Nguyn nh ch bo gi chc La Hai,
H Nhao, tng thm binh gi C Mng bi v ng tin rng khi thu binh thng th b
binh Ty Sn s t tan r ngay.
Thng 6 m lch nm , Thu qun ca Nguyn Vn Trng, Nguyn Vn
Nhn ra nh Ty Sn ca An D ly thuyn lng ri ra n ca i C Lu
(Qung Ngi) nh kho Ph ng, ui Tit Nguyn Vn Gip chy, ly lng
ri tr v. Trn b va c mt tin quan trng: qun Cnh tm c ng rng i
vng n ni Cha ni ng qun ca Ty Sn. Nguyn nh vi sai Phm Vn
Triu, Olivier, Trn Vn Tn, L Vn Duyt, Cao Vn L, Nguyn Vn Tn vi i
Xim binh (lnh Min) cng Trng Vn Phng ti tng cng. Qun Cnh ln n
tp kch ph qun Ty Sn H Nhao, ng Cy Cy, ni Cha bt hn 3.000 ngi,
ui Trn Vit Kt chy. Nguyn Vn Thnh vi v truy kch b phc binh phi rt
v H Nhao. S quan khng ni r hn v s thit hi, nhng chc l c chnh yu
nh rt qun v thu qun ng cng khng th ph v ca Thi Ni ln ni tip
cu b binh c.
Thng 6 m lch Hong t Cnh dn binh v trc, thng 7 Nguyn nh cho
ngi gi Ph Yn v thng 9 th v n Gia nh sai phi V Tnh ra trn Din
Khnh.
Qun Nguyn rt th Ty Sn cng theo chn m trn vo. Thng 10, Trn
Quang Diu v T l L Trung ui Nguyn Long v V Vn Lng chy v Bnh
Khang. Hai thng sau th h tin mnh vo. Chuyn ny Ty Sn t r quyt tm v
khn ngoan m rng ngoi giao: h em vng bc qua cu thng vi Xim c lp
Gia nh.
Nguyn nh nghe V Tnh cho tin qun Ty Sn n a u Bnh Khang
nhng khng th lm g hn v gi bc thi mnh. ng ch khuyn nh V Tnh c
th v cho Lu th Bnh Thun Nguyn Vn Tnh lo tng vin, ng thi cho

356
Nguyn Hunh c lm chnh, Nguyn Vn Thnh lm ph, ko qun ng Phan
Rang.
Trn Quang Diu lnh phn nh Din Khnh. L Trung tin su hn chim Du
Lai, ui V Vn Ln c lnh gi t thng 10. Nguyn Vn Tnh tng vin
Din Khnh khng c phi quay v.
Trong thng cui nm Gip Dn (u 1795). Trn Quang Diu c tm cch tuyt
ng ly nc ca Din Khnh nhng khng c. Thnh ny mt ln na li
chng t kh nng phng th ca n. Ty Sn ko ln t b sng trn thnh bn
xung ln ra cht rt nhiu. Diu li phi p thnh t vy quanh v s h b tp
kch cht mt c chin nh. Tuy nhin trong thnh bt u thiu mui n, i
trng Nguyn Vn Tr phi ang m ln trn khi vng vy chy v Gia nh co
cp.
Trong khi , Ty Sn L Trung tin nh Phan R khin Nguyn Hunh c
phi lui v Ph Hi. Nguyn nh vi sai c v gi Ma Ly trao quyn cho Nguyn
Vn Thnh, Nguyn Vn Tnh, Mc Vn T li chng gi.
u nm t Mo (1795), Tn Tht Hi em binh ra Ph Hi, Phan R ngn Ty
Sn. Nhng Ty Sn ko qun n ui Nguyn chy v B Ra. y l ln cui
cng Ty Sn xm nhp su vo ni a qun Nguyn nht. Nguyn nh tc gin
cch chc Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn Thnh, bt trao qun cho T Vn oi
ng ny theo Tn Tht Hi gi Ma Ly. Mt khc, qun Min di quyn Nguyn
Vn Tn cng c em t Mang Tht ln ng B Ra n ng.
Tuy gi cn ngc, Nguyn nh cng Hong t Cnh gi Gia nh, t em
qun cu Din Khnh. V cng nh nhng ln khc, thu qun cng lm th nng
ta cho qun b. Tn Tht Hi em b binh i Phan Thit thy L Trung cn Phan
R nn ng li Xuy Mit. Trong khi , Trng Phc Lut em thuyn n Na
nh kho Phan Rang ly go, cn Tng Vit Phc th ph thu binh Ty Sn t vng
Din ko ti.
Thng 3, Nguyn nh n ca Cu Hin bn i bc cho V Tnh bit tin cu
binh ri i ra S Chu (Ph Yn) phn binh chim Ph Yn chn ng v ca
Ty Sn. ng cho V Vn Lng gi ni Gian Nan, Mai Tn Vn, Nguyn Vn
Nguyn chim Thch Thnh ri phn ba n di t ni C Nga n i Lnh (o
C)3. T Ph Yn, ng tin qun ngc v Nam, qua Hn Khi, sai Nguyn Vn c
nh lu Lp Trng4, git c Gia, Binh b Tn chim lnh Bnh Khang.
Binh th hai bn by gi thc n lc ci nhau m tranh chin. L Vn
Duyt, Nguyn c Xuyn tin ph thm lu L c (D L) trong khi L Trung
Bnh Thun nh Xuy Mit khng thnh.
_______________________________________
1. Th Lavou cho Letondal 27-4-1795 (A. Launay, III, t. 287).
2. Theo NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, t sng Vn Sn th l trung lu sng H Thanh. Vng ny c
mt ci ch ni danh l ch Vn Hi (ch Cy Gia), khng bit c phi a im Vn Sn ny
khng.
3. Gian Nan l ni Cc Kch. Cn khi ni i Lnh, chc s quan mun ch mt hn ni, v l
c th gi l o C ch khng phi a im i Lnh hin ti di chn o C, pha
tnh Khnh Ho.
4. Vng Vn Ninh by gi?

357
 Thng t, Ph Yn, V Vn Lng, Mai Tn Vn m c dn Thng hai
u nh p c Ty Sn l Nguyn, Phng, Qu sng Rng1. Phng b
chm, cn bao nhiu chy v Hi An. nh lu lng thiu, nh sai Hong t Cnh
bt in h np thm mt k thu, lnh khng i nh gic np mi ngi hai vung
go. L Trung cng thiu lng a th cu cu Trn Quang Diu th ngi a tin
b bt. Phan Rang b qun Nguyn chim nhng ch ng binh xa ng thu, mt
th ta nn Ty Sn li n ui chy v Ba Ngi.
Hai bn vn cn dng co nhau. Tn Tht Hi chim sng Lu th L Trung
sng Cn2. Thng o Tng qun Nguyn Long em qun xung khe Sng lm
th gic cho Din Khnh V Tnh ln ra t tri L Vn Li t ni S Lm n
cu Hoa Vng. Nhng Ty Sn vn cn vy cht, mt Tng qun Trn Quang
Diu, Ni hu L Vn Li, Tit Nguyn Vn Gip, ng l Nguyn Vn Thn,
Kim im Trn Vit Kt, nu khng c mt vic va xy ra Hu ging hi chung
bo t cho qun tng Ty Sn.
Nh chng ta phn tch trn, Nguyn Hu mt i, bn qun tng quen
di quyn sai phi ca mt ngi ch thy l thuc nhau nh nhng k ngang hng
m thi. Cho nn ta thy Nguyn Hu Chnh hc hc vi V Vn Nhm, Nhm
khinh ln Ng Vn S em n kt qu thm thng. n by gi, Thi s Bi c
Tuyn m tn cha tng nghe n trong chin trn v tui n 80 th lm sao cai tr
ni bn v tng dy dn, sung sc?
c Tuyn t khi lm Thi s th ly Thin Lm t lm ph ring, mi vic
triu chnh u xt x y (R l li lm vic co rt ca mt ng gi). ng li t
quyn sanh st. K bt mn tng ln, li c dp kt t m mu.
Trn Vn K trn ng pht phi ra Bc Thnh gp V Vn Dng trm M
Xuyn, bn ni t li xi gic. Dng v Ph Xun mu vi Thi u Phm Vn Hng,
H gi Nguyn Vn Hun gi ting em qun t c ri tha m ti p t dinh bt
c Tuyn. Tuyn trn trong ph Quang Ton, V Vn Dng em qun n i, dm
nc cho cht. Ng Vn S Bc thnh, Bi c Thn, con Tuyn, v Ng s
Chng, hn 10 ngi u b lu. Cha ht. V Vn Dng cn Nguyn Vn Hun
em 500 qun trn gi Quy Nhn3 n ng phn ng ca L Trung c coi l b
ng Bi c Tuyn v cng trng chng lun Trn Quang Diu, ngi m mi lin
lc thn tc vi Bi c Tuyn qua Bi Th Xun tht khng th chi ci.
Vic r ra l mt mi nt rn tht ln lao, e do c tng lai Ty Sn.
ang vy Din Khnh, Trn Quang Diu nghe tin, s v cho mnh bn hp cc
tng bn quay v dp lon bn trong ri sau s tr li. Nhng qun Nguyn chn
mt sau chn ni Lo Lnh, i Lnh, Gian Nan Lnh. Cuc rt lui cng tht l
gian nan.
Thng 6, Trn Quang Diu khng qua sng Th Nghi c tuy c ton qun ca
Nguyn Vn Hun c ting l vo Rng tr thanh th. L Trung Do Lm4
phi bi binh leo ln thuyn chy mt mnh v Din Khnh. H hp nhau tin nh
Gian Nan Lnh nhng khng qua c n binh ca V Vn Lng chn .
Trong khi , qun Din Khnh trong thnh bt u mi mt. V Tnh,
tng s u mc bnh. Qun Nguyn phi lo tn cng gp rt. V tr ca Ty Sn
trn ni Kho khng chim c. Nhn bt c tn du binh Nguyn Vn Nho ca
358
Ty Sn xin i lm hng o, qun Nguyn t chc nh ph. m n, 300 ngi
li qua sng Ng Trng5 ci o b ln t tri, theo sau c o binh h ht tip sc.
Thnh Din Khnh c gii vy trong dp ny.
Nhng Ty Sn vn cha lui c. Gian Nan Lnh c thm qun Nguyn nh
gi cht. Trn Quang Diu dn qun vy Tu Bng6 b sng ln bn cn ng tin
ca voi. Va Nguyn Vn Thnh em qun tip cu, Ty Sn b chy.
Rt li, Trn Quang Diu theo ng ni Nh Trp m v Quy Nhn.
em qun v thng An Cu, Diu ng qun b nam sng Hng. V Vn
Dng mang qun bn b cng Ni hu T ly lnh Vua chng li. C hai u sai
dng biu ln Quang Ton t co ti li ln nhau. S Vua ra bo 2 ngi vo chu th
h u xin y nh li biu ca h ri nhin hu mi b qun. Tnh th ng gng
th Phan Huy ch tho mt t chiu ging ho7. L lun thuyt phc nhm vo
vic lm cho hai tng nhn r mi nguy hi t bn ngoi a ti, nhn r vai tr
trng yu ca h trong vic gi gn, chng ch , trch h em vic cng lm
vic ring, khng chu triu nh thu xp m li dng binh p Vua phi lm theo
li h. Mm mng, cht ch, nhng t chiu cng l ra mi lo s tan r ca k ch
huy yu t khi nhc n vic b qua ti bt tun triu mnh, phn trn khng c lng
hi tng thn v d dt chn trc vic c th xy ra l hai bn mang qun bn b
b i. Thc l qu xa ci thi Quang Trung i git ht nhng k nh tm, khng tha
mt ngi no.
Ngi cht khng sng dy c th ngi sng phi t lo. Cuc triu kin a
n kt qu ging ho. Bn ngi chia nhau quyn binh lm T tr i thn.
Theo nhn xt ca ngi ng thi, h u l nhng tay c ti tr nc, can
m v c dn chng tn nhim8. Nhng v xy ra ri th kh hn gn
c. Ngi chu nn trc tin l Trn Quang Diu, vin tng bin thu m
Kinh th nh con chim b ct cnh. ng b dm pha, tc ht binh quyn ch cn
ci chc h khng ngy m bn in. Tng s tan r, chn nn ti ni c k l
manh tm hng u nh L Cht (1797) m L Trung ch tm cch cnh co ch
khng trng tr hay t ra tm cch loi i bt hi.
Th ri lon Nguyn Bo lm cht L Trung. Thng th H Cng Diu dm
pha cht Thiu bo Nguyn Vn Hun. Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dng kt phe vi
L Vn Thanh nh hi sng thn L Vn ng ca Quang Ton. Tt c nhng ri
lon x y nh Ty Sn mau sp hn, nhng u hin ra t m 29-7
Nhm T lc mt ngi sao va tt vy.
_____________________________________
1. Thc lc: Din; nhng NNTC, q10, Ph Yn, 11b: Din cng gi l Rng.
2. Mt nhnh t ngn ca sng Lu, thng lu c gi bng mt tn quen thuc v chy qua mt
nh ga cng tn: sng Mao.
3. Thc lc q7, 33ab; Lit truyn q30, 46ab; Hong L, t. 278. gi trm Hong Giang, Thi bo
Ho thay v M Xuyn, Nguyn Vn Hun. Mt chng nhn ng thi, Lapave, th li cho
rng Bi c Tuyn mun git 3 con Quang Trung (Quang Thu, Quang Ton, Quang Bn?)
cp ngi cho con ng (Bi c Thn?) nn mi m mu vi Ng Vn S hnh dng. S gi
gi i b V Vn Dng chn li. m mu v l (S a s 13, t. 160-161).
4. C th l Karom, ting Vit by gi l Du Long (Ninh Thun). Ta bit a im Ma Lm (Bnh
Thun) cng c bnh dn gi l Mng Long.

359
5. Ni Kho l hn Tri Thu Nha Trang, hin c t Kim thn Pht t. Sng Ng Trng l phn
lu ca sng Ci chy xung cu H Ra (Nha Trang). Xt theo din tin trn nh v v tr cc
ni lin h th qun Nguyn t mt bc nh vo.
6. Ch ca Thc lc l Tu H . Chng ta ngh Tu H ging ch Tu Hoa sinh ra ch Tu
Bng by gi. Vy Tu Bng khng phi t ch T Phong m ra.
7. Sn Tng Hong Thc Trm. Quc vn i Ty Sn. sd, t. 26-31, l D Nh Su Quc m
chiu vn.
8. Th Le Gire gi cc ng Boiret, Chaumont, Blandin, t K Tng (nam Qung Bnh), 12-1-1796
(BEFEO, 1912, t. 36).

DAO NG THC H GIA NH

C s tn ngng v i gi ca tip vin Ty phng Gia nh * Dao ng thc
h v cuc tranh chp quanh c nhn Hong t Cnh * nh hng cuc tranh chp
tng ng vi vic t chc quan li * nh hng cuc tranh chp tng ng vi tin
trin qun s.
Trong phn bn v sinh hot tinh thn ca dn chng ng thi, ta im xt
qua nhng tn ngng. Chng ta ni n Thn gio, Pht gio b Nguyn nh
ngn chn hot ng. Nhng iu mt phn c ngha l chnh quyn tr kh bt
nhng hnh vi tiu cc cn tr vic t chc xy dng Gia nh: Bt b ng b ngh
i xay la, gi go, cng nh bt ngi Min lm bing ham chi phi i lnh.
Cho nn c s tn ngng thng thng ca dn chng vn cn vng chc. Thi
hu, Hong hu sinh ra Hong t Cnh u c th Pht. Cuc sng tu hnh khut lp,
dng dng, c v v ti n ni mt ngi im ch cho Ng Vn S i bt Chiu
Thng, t ci d dng ca cng vic bng mt cu v tc ci: Nh vo cha tri
mt lo s i m thi1.
Chnh yu ca tn ngng l s tin vo con ngi c linh hn, khng phi l
mt th linh hn v ti, nh mt xut hin ca bn ng m l mt th linh hn c
quyn php, c xc cm. Tn ngng , ta cn thy chung quanh ta, nhng nghe
mt L.M t cnh xi ph ca m chuyn linh cu Trnh Sm v Thanh, ta bit r hn
nhng iu gy nhc nhin cho ngi ngoi quc:
Vo thng ging 1783, ngi ta mang xc Cha n m, xa kinh thnh vi
ngy (...). Ngi ta kh m tng tng c tiu ph nh th no cho on rc
y. Ngoi mt s nhiu bn dn h mi th n cng cho ngi cht mi ngy
nhiu ln v phi sut 3 nm theo tc l ngi ta thy khp ch vi vc, t la qu
bu trang tr phn m v nhng c s m tn xy ln cho ngi cht.
Vng lng lnh trn gh, trn kiu, v trn mi dng tang l; nhiu chic
thuyn ln u lt vng. Tt c nhng g trng l cng nh tt c nhng dng
thng ngy ca Cha u thiu t i Cha dng bn kia th gii2.
Th gii , ni tr ng ca linh hn ngi thng dn, l a ngc, l m ph.
Th gii chng ta sng l h gii. Khong v hnh quanh ta c nhng con ma kinh
i Ma tru gho qun lnh Ty Sn, con tinh, ng thn ph h cho ngi chi li
Nng c ma c. Cn linh hn Trnh Sm chc l ln thng gii, ni c
Thng , ng tri vi c mt triu nh y nh di ny vy.
Trn mnh t i Vit nhng b phi c chng i, chm git nhau nhng
cng u chia x tin tng y, r rng hay m h, trn tr tnh cm tn knh s hi
360
hay cng ci trong l lun l cn tu tng ngi. Nguyn nh v Trnh Hoi c
u thc r rng nc ta khng ly Pht gio lm quc gio nh Xim m gi vua
l Thin t, Thin vng. Nguyn Nhc ca Ty Sn, gin d, xu xo hn, cho
dn chng gi mnh l vua Tri.
Nhng ngy cn cp bc, phi ph nh th, ly chung cha, Ty Sn vn gi
tc l thng thng nh L.M Ginestar cho bit: Bn v thn cm tt c mi tn gio
hnh l tr o i L, ngha l o Tri dy nhng g l thin v nhng php tn
trng t tin3.
Chim c quyn ri, h chn chnh o Pht nhng cng khoan dung vi
Thin Cha gio, tuy rng nhng kh khn t ngoi a ti v thi hng v cu
Nguyn ca cc gio s s lm cho h d dt hn. Triu i h, nh phn tch, vn
phi kim ly sc mnh ngoi nh hng Ty phng, nh hng m h c gng
thu nhn cho hp mt phn vi bn cht thng mi ni a ca tp th h dt dn
lc ban u. H tht bi trong toan tnh v k thut Ty phng li dn v cho
mt ng Hong cn st li ca cha Nguyn Nam H. Chng ta thy s hin din
ca ngi Ty phng, thng nhn cng nh gio s Gia nh. y l ln u
tin trong lch s, nc i Vit thu nhn mt gim mc c vn cho Vua, trng coi
Ch to cc, c cc gio s ging o cng khai, theo qun i chin thng thu tn
nhng vng mi chim (trng hp cc gio s Lavou, Boisserand, Lelabousse
Din Khnh nm 1794)4, c cc binh s u xy p thnh tr, hun luyn s tt, xy
dng mt c cu thu qun lm ma lm gi trn mt bin ng, loi tr cc thu
qun ch ln bn gic cp M Lai, Tu lm tr ngi giao thng trn mt bin5.
Nhng h y mang mt n np sinh hot, suy tng khc hn vi chung
quanh. H kiu hnh vi k thut qun s, t chc tin b hn nn thng t thi
k c - thi tuy vy cng c bin chnh mt phn no. i li, Nguyn nh
cng binh tng cng tng chim c Gia nh trc khi h ti, nn thc
c a v ch nhn ng ca mnh, khng khng bm ly tin tng c sn. Cho nn
trong khi Ty Sn ang th tan r th Gia nh cng tri qua mt cuc khng
hong v s ln ln ca h. Cn khng hong bt u kn o t 1789 nhng bng n
quyt lit vo 1794, 1796 v lan n 1798, 1799.
u tin phi k n phn ng trong dn chng. ni ny cng nh ni khc
trn mnh t c chin tranh ny, cc gio s u ghi nhng trng hp tr-li-o t
mt ng thy ph thu, c gi qu n mt ngi c (d?) ca Nguyn Nhc, v
Gia nh, mt b th phi ca Nguyn nh. Nhn s tin trin vi cp mt khoan
dung l mt chc vic lng c uy tn, mt ngi cu ca Quang Ton (Trn Quang
Diu?) tay chin tng gii nht trong phe t Bc H ti Nam H, v cht ht,
Nguyn nh6. Nhng c nhng chng i.
____________________________________
1. Hong L, t.211.
2. Th Gio s Serard, 6-1783, RI, XIII, t. 521.
3. Th trch trong La guerre et la rvolle, bd, t. 91.
4. Th J. Liot cho cc Gim c Chng vin Phi on Truyn gio, ngy 20-6-1795 (A.Launay,
III, t.237).
5. Thc lc chng hn, q6, 10a, u 1793; ng ch q8, 27a, thng 8 l 1796: Gic Ch-v
nh Kin Giang. Nguyn nh sai Nguyn c Xuyn nh Hn Tre git gic, ot thuyn; t
361
 y Ch-v s mt va khng dm xm phm, ng thng mi c thng sui vy. (chnh
chng ti nhn mnh).
6. Rt nhiu trong A. Launay, tp III, sd.
Ty phng tng tm cch khoe khoang khoa hc ca h, nh trng hp ca
ng Boisserand lm ny tia la in trc mt cc quan nh tay ph thu, bn t
pht sng lc trong in vua, th mt qu kh cu, v nh cc gio s khc, c cha
mt t bnh cho dn chng. Do , ngi ta n rm ln l cc gio s mc mt ngi
bnh ra, nht bng vo v dng mt lm ngc cng cc vt dng p khc. Mt
ng quan dm oan chc vi Nguyn nh l c vic y nh th.
S chng i v khc thc sinh hot c khi c lng trong cuc tranh u
Nguyn - Ty Sn. ng Ty Sn c ngi tn l Ph Tn t Bnh Thun vo
Vnh Trn gi b cm v ung thuc ty v qu quyt rng ngi u mu bt dn
Gia nh mc mt. B tra tn mi li ra rng ngi u khng can g vo y ht.
C mt ngi mn anh ta vi 80 ngi na loan tin y ra. Ph Tn cng 7-8
ngi ng ng b git1.
Vic quy ri Gia nh do ch trng ca mt triu Ty Sn yu t nh ca
Nguyn Nhc, s d xy ra c v chnh gp lc dn chng hoang mang, nghi
ng. Hin tng ny tt nhin cng c b my trung ng.
Mi cuc tranh chp y xoay quanh vic ginh git linh hn Hong t Cnh.
Cc quan triu c gi ly ng tr nh ca h trong khun kh t tng thnh hnh
ca quc gia. Trong khi , cc gio s, nht l B-a-lc, hi vng ng hong ny
tng lai s thnh mt Constantin le Grand ng phng.
H cng nhiu tin tng hn khi Hong t Cnh qua 4 nm tui th sng bn
B-a-lc, cng nh nhng a tr khc theo khuynh hng t nhin m hng
v Thin Cha gio. Mi t chn v Gia nh, Cnh t l nhng t tng, hnh
ng gy ri lon trong triu lm cho Pigneau, Lelabousse mng nhy ln, vit th
khoe khoang m 2 rng lng thnh knh ca Cu i vi o cng ngy cng pht
trin v y cng nh Php, Cu tip tc cho ta thy hi vng nhiu.
Trong bui l trnh din trc bn th t tin sau nhng nm vng mt, Cnh
nht nh khng ly nhng con qu s v ng b cht ri khng th tr v
hng c. Cnh c th nghe theo li Ph hong ly bt c ai cn sng ch khng
th theo cc tc l m tn c. Nhng d dnh, hai ba ci tt tai ca Hong hu
khng lay chuyn c nh v rt li Nguyn nh phi ly thay con m cm
thy ngng trc triu thn vo con ng phn khng, Cnh v hai du thp t
trn tng Pht ca Hong hu m kiu hnh rng mnh cng nh Pht u t n
ti. V ghp chung cc tn gio khc vo o Thn tng, Cnh ch cho m cu
trt phn b trn tng Thch Ca nh cu thy lm mt gio phi no .
Nhng tin tng ca cu b 8 tui ny c v c cn bn lm. Trong khi Hong
hu cho rng chnh cha cu c quyn sng to nn vn vt, th cu nng nc quyt
ngi phi l c Cha trn tri, bi v r rng l cha cu khng ngay
c mt by 2000 con voi chng vi 300 voi Ty Sn. Cu ha s ly mt v
thi, v Cha sinh c bao nhiu n ng th c by nhiu n b. Lc i ng,
Cnh ln c kinh lm rm. Pigneau khng trc tip xi gic m lu lu li dn d
rng ng qun Cha nht l bui chiu v bui sng. Chin thut khn kho

362
c tung ra v Pigneau thy phn ng ca cc quan, hong tc v v n t ra c hiu
qu li inh ninh ca Cnh: Ti khng mun lm vua v ti mun mai ny tr v
Php ngay nu khng c nh lm cho c dn ti tr li o gi ti li.
Triu nh hong ht, Nguyn nh tc bc, nhng gi dn, trm tnh nh b
Thi hu th thy khc. Yu qu chu ni, ngn khng cho Hong hu nh con, b
ni: C g l u con, thng b va mi v cha nhn c cht gio dc phong tc
ca ta, ch thy ton nhng iu tri li th lm sao n lm theo li ta bo c.
yn ri lu tng n s ging nh ca chng ta. Lelabousse bo b ta lm. Nhng
thc vy.
Hai nm sau, ng cng nh Pigneau hong ht vit th bo ng3. Qua li tu
xin ca cc quan, Nguyn nh em Cnh v dy d. gia mt triu nh ngoi
o, sng theo quy tc ca cc thy ngoi o, xung quanh c cc vin Thng th
Satan lm cch ph hoi s v ti ca Cnh, cu Hong t ny tr v i sng
khun kh ca tng lp v dn tc cu.
Ngy Gip Dn, thng ba, Qu Su (30-4-1793), Nguyn nh lm l phong
Cnh lm ng cung, xy Thi hc ng, t ng cung Ph o dy Cnh hc
hnh. Mt Th ging Gio s, hai Hn lm Th hc ph t, tm Quc t gim Th hc
lm bn, sng chiu nhm ging kinh s. Hai ngi c k lm Th ging l Trnh
Hoi c v L Quang nh. V chnh nh bt cc quan ghi li Cnh ni, hng
thng dng ln ng kim sot bit con hc hnh tn ti ra lm sao4.
Tuy vy, nh mt mt theo thin tnh, gio dc vn qu trng B-a-lc, mt
mt cng nhn thy cn cn c ngi ny m rng kin thc con mnh, gi
vng tinh thn qun s, uy th quc gia, nn nhn dp ny bt Cnh ly B-a-lc 4
ly bo i i nh bc s ph5. Tt nhin s hin din ca Pigneau bn cnh Cnh
c cnh ngy cng lm cho cc quan kh chu. Cho n khi n bng ra v m chng
ta gi l v Tng Phc m6.
Cho Cnh ra gi Din Khnh, Nguyn nh c dng bt cc tng v s hin
din m khng b thnh chy khi Ty Sn tin nh. Nguyn nh cng ni n
Pigneau i theo tng uy th. Trong m tng cng ra Din Khnh c Gim qun
Tng Phc m. Theo Lit truyn, chnh m by mu dng k phn gin chia r
Phm Vn Sm v Nguyn L trc kia.
_____________________________________
1. Th Lelabousse cho Letondal, 24-5-1791 (A.Launay, III, t. 291, 292); Thc lc q5, 18b, chuyn
thng 2 l 1791; li ch (a) ca De la Bissachre v bi hch ca Quang Trung dn.
2. Th Pigneau cho Letondal, 11-8-1789, th Lelabousse cho M.... 13-12-1790 (A, Launa, III, t.
277-281).
3. Th Lelabousse cho Grine, 6-1792, cho Letodal, 17-6-1792; th Pigneau cho Boiret, 18-6-1792;
th Guillet cho Boiret, 20-6-1793, Lelabousse cho Boiret 6-1793 (A.Launay. III, t. 283-285).
4. Thc lc q6, 14b, 15ab.
5. Th Lelabousse cho Letondal, 12-6-1793 (A-launay, III, t.289) c cu Nguyn nh bo Cnh:
Le Maitre est plus ton pre que Moi, l th bc S, Ph ca Nho gio: Thc lc, q11,
16a.
6. Vic xc nh danh tnh Tng Phc m trong v cng nh s vic xy ra ly Thc lc q6,
35a, Lit truyn q8, phn cui: truyn Tng Phc m, th Lavou cho Letondal, 21-4-1795
th Pigneau cho Boiret, 30-5-1795 (A.Launay. III t. 301-305)

363
 Pigneau nhn xt, bo m l ngi nghim trang, trnh trng, cn mn v gin
d. Trong 8-9 thng cng Pigneau tho lun, trao i t tng v Khng gio, ng
b Pigneau quyn r, n ni tu xin Vua b mt s nghi l Triu nh m ng
cho l m tn, theo nh quyt ngh ca Gio hi La M v nghi l Trung Hoa, n
ni sau khi gii vy mc bnh khng v Gia nh c m ng c nng nc quyt
gp Gim mc phi b cht dc ng.
Mun hiu r thi ny ca Tng Phc m gy xc ng cho cc quan
nh th no, ta phi phn bit trng hp Hong t Cnh v trng hp Tng Phc
m. m l bc hun cu i thn, tui ln (59 tui lc xy ra chuyn), t tng
khun so thnh np th m b thuyt phc trong vng khng y mt nm, th
cu b Hong t s ra sao nu c lun lun bn Pigneau? Nm 1789 cn bo Cnh
nh b, cha tng qu nh nn d nhim tng ca Pigneau ch ri y Cnh
cng ngy cng ln, cng c lp trong t tng c un nn mt ln ri m nay
li theo Pigneau th nguy hi bit my.
Cc quan, v c Nguyn nh na thy e do mt tin tng truyn thng,
quyn li ring t, mt khi Cnh b li ko nh Tng Phc m. Gi l cc quan b
e do mt quyn li ring t, thc ng nh Pigneau ni. Nhng ta cng kh
tch bit r rng phn tranh u cho quyn li v phn phn ng no b thc y bi
va chm tn ngng.
Ngy Cnh khng ly ng b, Nguyn nh tm gp Pigneau1 phn nn sao
Thin Cha gio dy tn qun ng b. Pigneau ci rng: x ny, th cng ng
b v tin rng ng b nhn ly, n c bn, ph h con chu sng lu, giu c. V li
th cng nghch vi s thc khng c o ng cng nhn l l tt nhin. Nhng
Nguyn nh bin bc rng Pigneau ch bng vo tin tng ca dn chng, lc no v
u cng y tnh cch d oan ht. S thc ng tin rng l bi ch l chng c
cho con chu nh n cha m, ng b: Khi ti i n cc ch l , ti ngh rng nu
t tin ti cn sng, ti mun n p cng n trong mun mt. chng t ngh
ti chn thnh v c hiu qu, ti mun ngay by gi lm nhng iu nh l ng b
ti cn sng. Ti bit rng h khng cn na v nhng iu ti sp lm khng c ch
li g cho h cng nh cho ti. Nhng ti mun t cho mi ngi bit rng ti khng
qun h. L l n y th khng cn thun l tin tng m li ch cng cng xen
vo Tc th cng ng b c lin quan n trt t x hi, uy quyn ca Nguyn nh.
Pigneau gi l d oan l rc ng b cui nm, tc t vng m, l th thn ch
coi nh l ni tr ng ca linh hn ngi khut. Nguyn nh cho rng khng th b
c v s gy lon. ng ni: Ti cm ph thu, thin vn, ti coi o Thn
tng l xu v sai, nhng ti phi gi o th ng b nh ti trnh by, v theo
ti l mt trong nhng cn bn gio dc ca x ti. Nguyn nh xin Pigneau cho
bn tu tng Thin Cha gio ca ng c theo cc cuc l nh mi ngi, khi
c hi cho uy tn ca ng. Ch c mt cht thi c tho mn l khng ai ngn
h tin ln nhng a v cao c.
Th m li yu cu khng c chp thun. Tm nm sau, Nguyn nh trong
mt lc mun dng p lc bt Pigneau ra Din Khnh ln na, cng p mt ng
quan ly bi v cc tin cha vi l lun: Ta nui ng lu ri, ban n phc danh
vng cho ng nhiu ri, sao ng khng chu ly cc ng khut ca Ta (...), ng
364
khng tng ly cc thnh sao? H cng cht ri v khng tr li na. Ta cng
khng tin rng ng b Ta hin c trong n, rng h c th tr v n ung, nhng
ch ly t lng bit n ca Ta trc mi ngi thi (...). ng mun Ta gi i Xim
pht vng bt ly Pht khng?2. iu kh khn ny cc gio s cng thy l t
nh. Nhng bc th gi i3 u lu n tnh cch th tc, khng c ngha tn gio
ca vic ly xc, th cng, v h vch ra rng Php vua cht i c lim t t,
m cm vi ngy m khng ai cho l m tn c.
ng Boisserand k li cuc hi m 1789 trn ca Nguyn nh, B-a-lc v
tin on rng nu ngi ta bi bc th s th hn tng thm v m tn cng vng
chc. Cc gio s li chng i tt c nhng tc l c sn m h cho rng theo nghi
l Trung Hoa. Ngy u nm, mi vng u c gp tin theo d oan lm l K
Yn, cu cho quc thi dn an. Pigneau sai Liot ngh hai ngi c uy tn, c n c
vi Nguyn nh n xin min cho nhng ngi Cng gio khi b ry r, th c
tr li theo kiu php vua thua l lng: Nu cc ni khng i ngi Cng gio
phi np tin th tu h, nhng nu h bt buc th h c quyn v l tc l lu i
ri. Cha ht, trong khi Pigneau i Din Khnh vi Lavou, Boisserand,
Lelabousse, Nguyn nh c sai trng tu Vn Miu, cc gio s hp li c H Vn
Ngh v J.Liot vo tu Hong hu xin gp tin cho quc gia ch khng gp tin xy
ct Khng miu. Nguyn nh bc i v cho rng l dp mi ngi tr n cho
ngi sng lp, dy d o l ch ngha. Ra v, cc gio s gi th i cc ni bo
cng quyt khng np. Liot li thc y tinh thn cc quan. Nguyn nh phi
chu b qua trng hp mt vin tng cng u. V trong dn gian, cc tn
cng noi theo gng m cng li4. Uy quyn v cha t b xm phm nng n.
Nh vy, lun lun c nhng ganh ght, th hn ngm ngm si sc. N ch
bng n khi bn s phu Gia nh thy b e do tht s. l khi Tng Phc m
xoay chiu. V khi h tn cng th gp c dp tt.
_______________________________________
1. Th Gpigneau cho Letondal, 17-8-1789 (A.Launay, III, t.320, 321).
2. Th Pigneau cho Boiret, Saigon, 12-4-1797 (A.Launay, III, t. 311).
3. Th Boisserand, 11-8-1789, th Pineau cho Boiret, 15-6-1798, Pineau - Labartette, 5-6-1796,
Labartette ( B Chnh) cho cc Gim c trng Dng ca Phi on Truyn gio, 12-11-
1800 (A.Launay, III, t. 322, 328, 332, 335)
4. Th J.Liot gi cho Gim c trng Dng ca Phi on Truyn gio, 20-6-1795) (A.Launay,
III, t.336 - 338). Thc lc, q7, 3b, mc thng 2 Gip Dn (1794) c ni n vic trng tu Vn
Miu Trn Bin ng vo chuyn ny
T 1792, nhng tin tc v cuc cch mng phn do bn li bun B a n
lt vo tai Nguyn nh. Gio s Lavou nhn xt rng: Hnh nh cc tin y c
nh hng mnh n u c ng Hong ny v lm ng xa ri ngi u. Hin nay
(1795), ng t ra t d di i vi o hn my nm trc1. Sa son i cu Din
Khnh b vy ln th hai, Nguyn nh tng giam Dayot v mt tu tng v ti
lm chm chic tu c giao trng coi h hi n ni khng th sa cha dng
c g c. Nguyn nh tc gin chi lung tung. ng dp y, 19 ngi i thn,
trong s c ngi ch vua (Tn Tht Thng?) v mt ngi hong phi, dng s
by t mi nguy hi nu c Hong t Cnh cho B-a-lc dy d theo mt tin

365
tng khc hn mi tin tng c truyn. H cu xin Nguyn nh ct t mi lin lc
y v Cnh cho cc quan triu dy.
Nghe chuyn, B-a-lc khn ngoan n trnh vi ngy. Thy Nguyn nh c v
nghe theo li s, ng ln ting phn nn th nh n tn nh a t biu cho ng coi.
B-a-lc nhc li cng trnh ng gip nh v lu nh rng ng n y khng
phi vi tnh cch ring t m l vi tnh cch i s ca vua nc Php. Thc ra,
tho c Versailles u c p dng m ng nu iu ny ra. Tuy nhin, nh cn cn
B-a-lc trong khi qun L Trung tin vo cui Bnh Thun, nn nghe B-a-lc i
v, nhn dp hai ngi c tn trong s l Nguyn Hunh c v Nguyn Vn Thnh
khng i cu Ph Hi, ng ku v tng giam va tr ti, va lm va lng
Gim mc2.
V Tng Phc m c th coi nh chm dt vi vic B-a-lc xin phc chc
cho c v Thnh cho theo qun nh gic thng 3 t Mo (1795). Nhng tranh chp
vn cn, B-a-lc tr nn d dt hn v nhn rng xc ng ca cc quan c l:
Cc i thn Php s ni sao khi ng Hong ca h c t vo tay mt ngi
ngoi quc c tn gio khc bit? Hi vng ca ng nh ghi nhn l th 3 nm
trc l nu dng h ny nm quyn th tn gio s yn n hn cc triu khc.
Trong lc th triu nh Gia nh cng ngy cng c cng c theo mu
mc Nho gio.
Thng chp t Mo, khi cu Din Khnh v, nh nh thng 3 sang nm m thi
Hi. Theo l triu trc k thi tri qua 3 trng, by gi cc quan hp li nh trng
nht hi v hiu bit kinh truyn, lm th, trng nh lm vn sch, trng ba lm
th, ph. Nhng ngi trng cch c phn 3 hng Gip, t, Bnh cho b quan
chc hay min dao dch. Ngi trng trng nht c min binh dao t 2 n 6
nm. Qua trng nh, ngi trng cch c b cao nht l L sanh, hng cui c
lm Nhiu hc, min binh dao 4 nm. trng ba, 3 hng u l Cng s, Hun o,
L sanh; ba hng sau l Hun o, L sanh, Nhiu hc (sut i). Khoa thi thng ba
Bnh Thn (1796) ly 273 ngi3.
Nh vy l tip vi nhm Bnh Xng cng cc vn quan Bc H, Ph Xun v
u, mt nhm c t thnh t cng lm nho s c sc mnh bnh vc, khung
ph Khng gio. Bn vn quan ny noi gng Hn D, Trng Hn Siu s cng
kch Pht gio rt d, hp mt phn vi tng Nguyn nh. Nhng thc ra, nm
chng mc tn ngng trung bnh, l tit Pht gio ho ln vi nhng tp tc bnh
dn m ngay chnh nho s cng khng vt b c trong sinh hot hng ngy. J.
Barrow v cho ta thy hnh mt tng Pht mt ng pha Nam Nng (Ng
Hnh Sn?) c t trn cy a cao trng nh ng thn cy vy4. c th l mt
suy i tn l ca Pht gio nhng cng l sc mnh ca h.
Trc s e do ca thc h do cc gio s a li, Nguyn nh vi a v ch
t cng ngy cng thy phi tr nn khn ngoan hn nghing dn v pha nhng
tp tc c truyn. Cho nn, ta khng ngc nhin nh Lelabousse:
Cho ti by gi, c vua khng nhn tn gio no khc hn o th ng b,
th m t 2 nm nay, ng xy ct nhiu Khng miu. iu lm mi ngi ngc
nhin l ng hong ny vn khng bao gi chu ng o Pht n ni nh roi
nhng ngi em tng vo phng Hong hu v nh 100 roi nhng ng ho
366
thng hnh l, ng hong by gi li i cha v d nhng cuc l ca cc v s
m ng lun lun gh tm5. Lelabousse gii thch l Nguyn nh mun lm va
lng m, v v cc phi tn, nhng iu li nh du mt bc li na trong
chng trnh ca Pigneau.
thng li qun s tip theo y Gia nh tin mnh trn con ng t chc
x hi theo khun kh ca Nho gio bn s phu. cng tr nn t ph hn trc cc
gio s.
Thng 2 Bnh Thn (1796), Nguyn nh t chc kim tra qun dn cht ch
bng cch bt dn phi mang tn tch, mt th tn bi ca Gia nh. Thng 7 nm
c tng tin t chc thu qun trn c s c sn: trc kia ch c 3 doanh, nay
thm 2 l 5, Tin, Hu, Trung, T, Hu6.
Nhng nh kinh nghim cho bit, trn b, i tng binh ca Trn Quang Diu
cn lm e ngi qun Nguyn. T ma ng 1792, Gia nh bt u t chc tng
binh, nhng lc lng vn cn rt yu t. S voi tng dn nh bt dn Chm,
Thng cung cp, nh Vua hay trao i bng cng phm vi Cao Min, Xim La v
bt c ca Ty Sn. Ngi hun luyn iu khin ban u l Chm, Thng.
Trong trn 1797, Nguyn nh ra chin thut nh tng binh: ng bo lnh c sc
git cho c tn ni v ch qun ngi trn cp voi7. Chin thut c v tht
l gin d nh Kiu binh tng p dng git Qun Huy.
____________________________________________
1. Th Pigneau cho Boiret, 20-6-1792; th Lavou cho Gim c trng Dng (A.Launay, III,
t.306, ch (I)).
2. Xem li tit trc. Chuyn xy ra vo u nm 1795. Tn Nguyn Hunh c v Nguyn Vn
Thnh c xc nhn v mt ng so vi Thc lc (q7,23b, 24a, 27b), mt ng th Lavou k
trc c ni: (nh) n nh B-da-lc trc khi i nh Ty Sn v 2 trong nhng ngi t
co ang lm quan ln b tng giam v b ri 2 quan khc khi Ty Sn tin nh.
3. Thc lc, q8, 12b, 13a, 15a.
4. Hnh chp li trong Iconographie historique..., sd, IX, 13.
5. Th Lelabousse cho Boiret, 12-7-1796 (A.Launay, III, t.225).
6. Thc lc, q8, 14b, 23ab.
7. Thc lc, q9, 21ab.
Nguy hi thm cho Ty Sn l t chc ni ng ca Nguyn nh lan mnh
trong khu vc ca h. Chng ta bit, theo vi suy yu t trung ng, dn chng
cng l v chng i Ty Sn. Mt bi ngm nh Hoi nam khc trong tc gi ni
ton nhng chuyn c k t 1774, 1775 m cng lm dao ng Thun Ho v lan
rng n min Nam. Cho nn, t thng ba Tn Hi (1791), s quan hnh din v
s tay chn thng h ra ngoi Bnh Thun, Thun Ho d la tin tc1.
Nhng chuyn nh ra ri li rt v cng tng thm lng nao nc ca nhng
ngi on Ty Sn, hng vng v Gia nh khng k n s thc min trong.
Tip tc li dng tinh thn , trong thng 7 Bnh Thn (1796), Nguyn nh sai
ngi v Quy Nhn, Qung Nam, Thun Ho chiu d ngha binh lm ni ng. Mt
t th hai nhng gin ip nh vy cng c tung ra vo thng 11 cng nm2.
Ma Xun inh T (1797), Gia nh pht binh nh ra ngoi. H va c Cai
i Nguyn Vn Vn bt thuyn b bt Ph Xun nm 1793 nay trn v bo co
tnh hnh. Con ng t Xch Ram n Ma Ly c sp t nga trm thng bo

367
tin tc. Lon Ba Ph va tm dp yn. Gi ma ni ln. Nguyn nh sa son tng
cng 200 ghe chin nh v l ghe bu ch 12 sng ln.
i qun xut pht vo thng 4-1797 gm mt lc lng hng hu ti 447
thuyn v 42.000 chin binh trong chic frgate v chic corvette u do ngi
u ch huy3. Do m nhng trn u tin trn bin v ngoi vi Quy Nhn, chin
thng c v d dng. Nguyn Vn Trng dn thu qun nh c Trim Tin
Chu ri ph c Tnh m Nc Ngt. Trn b, Nguyn Vn Thnh dn Hu
qun nh ch Hi An (Ph Yn) ui c Hiu chy v La Hai.
Nhng qun L Trung dn ra gi vng mt nam Quy Nhn v ca Thi Ni.
Nguyn nh nh phi b em hn 100 thuyn ra ca Nng. Hiu r thc lc
mnh, trnh giao chin bt li, Thng lnh ng Vn Chn rt ht binh thuyn vo
trong cng vi b binh ca Thiu bo Nguyn Vn Hun dn hai bn b sng da
nhau c chin. Mt trn b thng nh khng ph v c qun ch, Nguyn nh
sai Nguyn Vn Thnh, Trn Vn T, Trn Vn B dn qun chim Cu n Hi
Vn, st ca Kinh thnh4. Nguyn Quang Ton s hi vi v sai Trn Quang Diu
gi ca Eo (Non khu) c c L Vn An tin qun tr gip.
Mc cho hai qun i u gip gii Qung Nam, Thun Ho, Nguyn nh lo
thanh ton vng bn trong, nn sai Cnh tin vo ca i Chim nh Chin Doanh
(th ph Qung Nam), c V Tnh t Ph Yn n tr gip. Cnh chim ch ng
An, Hi An. V Tnh nh c Nguyn Vn Ng bt t binh cng 30 tu i
Chim.
Trn b, Ty Sn phn cng d. L Trung tung qun nh Hi An Ph Yn
khin Nguyn Vn Thnh phi b v gi Bnh Khang. Thng 6 nm , qun
Nguyn thng mnh Qung Nam. Nguyn Vn Trng nh vin binh ca L Vn
An g Ph Gia chy v Cu Thai. V Tnh nh Tit Nguyn Vn Gip sng
M Kh. Hong t Cnh thng ni La Qua, Phm Vn Nhn li i Chim,
ko V B Din n Ph Trim. ang m, Nguyn Vn Khim v Olivier mang
bn Chin tm qun ln t thuyn Ty Sn.
Qun Qung Nam c th v cu vin Quy Nhn. L Trung sai i c L
Cht, on Vn Ct, c Nguyn Vn Xun v mt ngi tn Hn em 2.000
qun, 40 tht voi ti cu, b nh tan. Voi b git, Hn b trng n cht. Tuy vy L
Trung cn l mi lo cho qun Nguyn. Trong thng 7, Nguyn nh sai Nguyn Vn
Bin, Nguyn c Thin b ln ca Hp Ho ng Bn Vn chn cu binh
Quy Nhn. c L Vn An ca Ty Sn cng c tin chim Trm D nhng
khng c. Nguyn nh hi vng Ph Yn yu, Nguyn Vn Thnh, ng Trn
Thng c th chim c, nn khng nghe li Nguyn Vn Bin, Nguyn c
Thnh xin nh Tr Khc sau khi ph c c Gia Thch u.
Nh vy l hai nhm qun Ty Sn mnh vn cn chim mt Nng, mt
Tr Khc vi L Trung ni y ang trng tp n b sung qun s.
Thy kh nh, Nguyn nh tnh n k phn gin, sai ngi bo Tham tn Ty
Sn l T Vn T thuyt Tiu triu Nguyn Bo git L Trung. Mt khc ng tnh
tuyt lng ch bng cch sai Nguyn Vn Bin gi Tam K cn L Tn Tham th
theo sng Thanh H t lu cn tr tip t gia Nam, Ngi.

368
 Nhng nu Ty Sn bi ri v ht lng th Nguyn cng khng hn g. T lc
m chin dch, h mang lng m hn 12.700 vung go, 500 vung mui, hp
vi 12.800 vung go v 3 vn quan tin ch n Cu Hin thng 6 nm ngoi (1796).
Khng may, Trng Phc Lut em thuyn tip t b gi cn, cp bin ot (T
Ngi hi ph?), khin qun Qung Nam ch cn c 5 ngy lng. Cui thng 7 u,
Nguyn nh phi cho lui qun m khng hay rng thuyn lng k tip ti vng
Qut (Qung Ngi). Nguyn Vn Thnh chim c Ph Yn cng nh b.
Chin tranh ko di trong 4 thng, quy o Qung Nam, e do Ph Xun
trong 3 thng mang li vui mng, hi vng cho cc gio s cng dn chng vng
ny, tng nh sp c thot ch Ty Sn. H tht vng v qun Nguyn rt lui5,
nhng binh tng Gia nh th li phn chn tinh thn hn ln.
Cui nm inh T, Nguyn nh dp c lon Ba Ph mi ni. u nm sau
(Mu Ng 1798), Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn Trng nh em 7.000 qun
gip Xim nh Min in6. R rng l Gia nh cng ngy cng t thy lm ch
mnh v mun lm ch ngi na.
_________________________________________
1. Thc lc q5, 9ab. 33a.
2. Thc lc q8. 26b, q9, 5b.
3. Chi tit v s lng thu qun do bc th ca Olivier gi cho St. Lefbre de Tranquebar, 16-4-
1798, trch ca A.Slles. Les Franais au service de Gia Long. J.B.Chaigneau, BAVH, Janv-
Mars 1923.
4. Th Labarlette cho Letondal, 6-10-1797 (A. Launay, III, t.242)
5. Th Labartette cho Letondal. 6-10-1797 k trc. Chuyn tin qun ly Thc lc, q9, 19b -
27a.
6. Thc lc q9, 37a, q19, 2a.
m nho s khi lo v pha Hong t Cnh. ng cung sng ng cung cch ca
mt ng hong ng phng: ng va c 3 v ma xun nm ngoi1. V thng 3
nm nay (1798), chnh ng xin lm truyn cc bc trung thn ngi ta theo
m c dy d rng ri cho trung thnh vi qun quyn hn2. Cn ni chi n
Nguyn nh. Tuy vn cn knh trng Pigneau, ng bt u bit li dng ng ny.
Ngy Tt nm inh T (1797), Pigneau n chc u nm th nh ngh ng
i cng vi Cnh theo qun. Nh li chuyn rc ri ko di Din Khnh trong 2
nm trc, ng t chi. Mi lm ngy sau, nh mi i chi ni li chuyn
nhng ng vn khng khng khng nhn. nh bn gi th on chnh tr ra. Lc tr
v, ng t thi khng bng lng i vi Thin Cha gio. ng bo rng ng
phi chu ng rt nhiu cho o hot ng trong nc ch v ngng m Pigneau,
ch v ng ny lm n cho ng. By gi th nht nh phi xt li vn . ng
li mt vin quan c o ra bt ly cc bc tin hin cho k c khng b tinh
thn Pigneau. Qu nhin Pigneau chu nhn, nh phi nhn li i Din Khnh3.
Bn nho s trong triu li c th m tuyn dng o hc ca h ln. S quan
k mt chuyn xy ra trong thng 5 Mu Ng (1798) nh sau, c th tm thu c
ht c tnh hnh c chim t tng lc by gi:
t Gia nh chung o Pht. C v cao tng phm ti vua mun git. Gp k
cn ngn, ly l l bc chn tu, Nguyn nh tr li rng: Chn tu th c ch g
cho nc? ng bt kim tra ho thng, o ng ch min dao dch cho nhng

369
tng chng trn 50 tui m thi, cn di 50 vn phi lm xu nh dn thng. Qun
thn can lm nh lng l, Ng Tng Chu bn ly tnh cch ph o ng cung
tu ln Cnh: Qun thng ngi ngi o Pht hng thnh m qun thn khng tn
thnh li ngn cn i. Thn s vic lm na chng ri thi th k kia li by b
ngng cung hn ngy trc. Tng nhn i vi thn khng c ght b ring t,
nhng m ci hi ca Pht, Lo cn hn Dng, mc na, chng l khng ni.
Hong t Cnh ng . Tng Chu bn dng s bi bc thm t, Vua mi khng
phn vn na m quyt thi hnh vic kim sot tng chng.
S quan cng nhn dp ny m chm vo mt cu: B-a-lc nghe Chu bi bc
T o trong lng cng ght4. Qu vy, nho s thng th r rt. Thng 10 nm
, Pigneau i Din Khnh vi Cnh. Tuy rng Tng Vit Phc vo thng ging
nm sau (1799) ni hn vi ng cn b cch chc li v Gia nh5, nhng hp vi
lc J. Dayot i, V. Olivier sp b chc, uy th Ty phng h xung r rt x
ny.
Nho s da vo s tr ph ca Gia nh, gp dp Ty phng ri lon trong
nhng chuyn mnh v kinh t, x hi, mc lo ni b khng rnh pht trin v
phng ng6, lp nho s ca t Vit thu thp c mt t k thut tin b
ca Ty phng ln ln, nhng chu ng c nhng dao ng do s tip vin
em li vn lm ch c tnh hnh. H bit em trm ln trn phn t min
Nam cn y phc tp vi nhng nh hng t x v bn th, mt lp sn Nho gio
em t phng Bc xung m tnh cch cng ci cn c ghi nhn n mi sau ny
v cn lu du trong ton th chnh sch quc gia mt khi nn thng nht c lp
li.
_______________________________________
1. Th Lelabousse cho Boiret, 5-1797 (A.Launay, III, t.288).
2. Thc lc q10, 3a.
3. Th Pigneau cho Boiret, 12-4-1797 (A.Launay, III, t.310, 311).
4. Thc lc q10, 12b, 13a.
5. Thc lc q10, 14b-20a.
6. Php khng thi hnh c hip c Versailles ch bn phiu lu gip nn cnh tranh nhau, t
co nhau lm mt mt Ty phng trc dn bn x. Chng ta thy v Mn-no chng t
s xung t B - Php v o cng nh v i trn t Gia nh. Xung t cn mi n 1801
khi ngi B t co L.Barizy u c ch tu tn R.Henderson, v lm cho Barizy phi b t
(Chuyn t th ca Barizy cho Letondal, BAVH, Oct-Dc, t.380-384).

NH V GI QUY NHN
Ni kh khn v nhng phn ng ca Ph Xun * Chin thut ngoi giao ca
Nguyn nh * Chin trn chim thnh Quy Nhn * Lng quyt chin ca Ty Sn
Thang Mc p ca h * Trn thu chin Thi Ni (1801).
Chin tranh d di trong 3 thng Qung Nam tr th nhng tht bi ca qun
Nguyn 24 nm v trc lm nc th nhng ngi t nhn l ca phe Gia nh
min ny v gy khng hong thm cho triu nh Ph Xun.
Ta ni n vai tr ca cc cu thn, cc phin thn nh L, nh Nguyn,
nhng di quyn Ty Sn cn c mt nhm ngi mang tnh cch chng i ngay
t cn bn t tng: nhm o Thin Cha gio. Thc ra, hoc v mang tnh cch

370
xu xo ca ngi Vit v vn tn gio hoc v l l chnh tr khng mun gy bt
mn trong dn chng nh cy Ty phng qua cc gio s, Ty Sn tng
yn cho cc gio hnh o. Cuc ni lon ln chim ca Ty Sn c mt phn no
bi bc nhng tin tng c c gio s Labarlette Thun Ho vui mng ngng
i tng lai xn ln cho tn gio ca ng. V cng v nhng l nn c gio s
mi cho rng di triu Ty Sn tn gio pht trin tin b.
Nhng ta li ni thm rng d Nguyn nh, d anh em Ty Sn cng u
chia s thc h Vit Nam hn tp nhng tin tng Nho, Pht, Lo, Thn cho nn
sm mun g cng c xung t vi tin tng t phng xa ti cn nhiu sc thi kh
khc bit. Cho nn, Nguyn Nhc a ra mt phng truyn bt ph cc cha nh
lng lp cha ln mi tng th ng thi cng bt ph cc nh th ly vt liu
cn thit cho vic xy ct kia. Lnh bi o nm 1785 c tung ra v mt xung t
nghi l, tc l. Ni dung sc lnh bi o ngy 17-8-1798 a l l: Xt rng kin
thc iu khin quc gia u gm trong tam cng, ng thng (...) trong khi o
Hoa lang li y m tn, di gt dn chng v o ln trt t x hi1.
Th m nhng bin ng chnh tr cn lm cho vn phc tp hn. Vic
Pigneau x thn vt bin gip Nguyn nh c nhng thng nhn i Macao
v ni li2. Ty Sn bit r rng, tt nhin h nghi ng nhm gio s di quyn h.
V phn gio dn v nhng ngi lnh o, theo khuynh hng cc b, h cng
hng v Gia nh3 khng cn bit rng ngay m nho s ang chn ln cc linh
mc v thng th.
Nhng mu thun cng gay gt hn theo vi tnh th. Quang Trung cn vng
chi nn ch dng lm phng tin bc lt cc tn , b p thiu ht ngn sch
thi: thng 7-1791, ng bt gio dn t Ph Xun tr ra phi np 10.000 cn ng4.
n Cnh Thnh th nguy c ln hn. Cc o theo thi th chng i r rt.
Vi cc nh truyn gio th vic bc o Qung Ngi thng 8-1798 thc l d man.
Nhng h cng cng nhn rng L Trung bt mt thy ging l ct phng ln n
tung tch cha Dominique do Pigneau gi ti ang ln trn Ph Yn5. Ty Sn nghi
ng nhng ngi ny c nhim v do thm binh tnh cho cha Nguyn. Cng nh
linh mc Emanuel Triu t v o trong chuyn ny vn l ngi qu Tng Sn, bi
qun ca nh Nguyn, sinh Ph Xun, c cha cht trong khi chng Ty Sn nm
1775, c gia nh vo ng Nai v chnh ng cng trong i cn v ca cha
Nguyn6. Nghi ng ca vua quan Ty Sn nu khng ch xc th cng c l l bin
h.
Chin thut ngoi giao ca Nguyn nh cng mang li nhng tc dng quy ri
ng k. T lc Xim v, ng vn c gi ly tnh giao ho vi Pht vng ly
th ta bn ngoi nht l khi hip c Versailles khng c thi hnh. Mi ln
nh thng trn, mi ln c rc ri bin cng - nh vi Chiu-thy Bin Cao
Min - ng u sai s sang Xim vi li l mm mng. S b 16-12-1797 gm c
Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn K Nhun, Ng Nhn Tnh7. Ri thng 8 nm sau
(1798) li c s sang Xim. Quan trng hn c l s b thng 2 K Mi (1799) xin
Xim vng em qun Chn Lp, Vn Tng nh vo mt sau ca Ngh An. Ngi
trng coi vic vn ng vi Vn Tng l Nguyn Vn Thoi (Thu), Lu Phc
Tng... T Din Khnh, Nguyn Vn Thnh cng dng mu em cc thuyn cp
371
bin bt c dng vi Thanh chia r vi Ty Sn. S b Ng Nhn Tnh i
lm vic , thm vic d L Hong vo thng 6 Mu Ng (1798).
Nhng hnh ng lm c lp thm Ty Sn. Nhng pha Nguyn nh
cng gp nhng kh khn ni b. Lon Ba Ph ang cn l mt th tm phc chi
u dng dai th tip Cai c Thun Thnh l Nguyn Vn Phong li lm phn
chim sc Kha8.
______________________________________
1. Th gio s Longer cho Gim c nh Dng cc Phi on Truyn gio, Tonkin, 3-6-1799
(A.Launay, III, t.250.)
2. Th Longer gi cho Dufresne, 1-5-1786, cho Letondal, 9-8-1786, Labartette cho Descourvires,
16-5-1788, cho Letondal, 18-6-1788 (A.Launay, III, t 162).
3. Th Le Gire gi cho cha m, 11-1-1796, cho Boiret t K Lng, Thng Cochinchine, 12-1-
1796, c cu: Chng ti nng i Vua ti... ngi ta qu hi vng Vua t ng Nai ti khin
chng ti sai lm... (A.Launay, III t 239, 240).
4. Th Longer cho Gim c Nh dng cc Phi on Truyn gio 14-4-1792 (A.Launay, III,
t.239).
5. v Nguyn Bo k sau.
6. Gio s Labartette k li (A.Launay, III t.251-256), th Longer 3-6 k trn.
7. Hai t chiu sai ca Nguyn nh, mt c ghi chi tit l vt, tt c t ng h Nguyn
Hunh, x Khnh Hu, tnh Long An.
8. Thc lc q10, 13b.
Ty Sn lo tm cch thanh ton bn trong. u tin l v Nguyn Bo. Nguyn
Bo sau trn Quy Nhn 1793 ch cn n lc c huyn Ph Ly. B m gi ni khch,
Bo m c ch c hi. Lc nh ra Qung Nam, Nguyn nh sa ngi d Bo
tp kch L Trung. Th ri thng 11 nm Mu Ng (1798), vin Hiu cng Ph Ly
ny tung qun chim Quy Nhn, L Vn Thanh phi b c qun lnh, co trc u, n
mc rch ri, trn chy ln rng.
Nguyn do tc thi ca bin lon c l l v s khuyn khch ca Nguyn Vn
Thnh, ng Trn Thng lc by gi va n ng sng Rng. Mt khc
cng v ri lon Ph Xun. Trn Quang Diu va b tc ht quyn bnh, Bo tin
rng tin qun ra s phi hp c vi qun L Trung, ngi tng chin u bn
cnh Diu. Nhng Quang Ton kp thi sai Diu d L Trung. Bo phi rt v c
th thnh Quy Nhn, sai i c on Vn Ct, c Nguyn Vn Thiu
ang ng Hi An (Ph Yn) a th xin hng Nguyn nh. Chnh Quang Ton
ch thn vy thnh. Cuc cng hm kt thc nhanh chng v qun trong thnh mi
l ca Quang Ton hm trc nn m ln ra ch ch phng th s h cho bn ngoi.
Cu binh Nguyn Vn Thnh cha ti kp th Nguyn Bo b x theo tam ban
triu in ri. Vic ny dn theo ci cht ca L Trung, vic trn trnh ca L Cht1
v chc c nh hng xa gn ti ci cht ca Nguyn Vn Hun na.
Tuy nhin qun Nguyn c mun tha th tin nh na cng phi gp sc phn
khng kch lit ca Ty Sn v t t nay h phi chim l ni pht tch ca k th.
Ty Sn t chc c ph Quy Nhn thnh mt n binh rng ln: dn bin thnh
lnh, mi p chia thnh i ng, ai ny u c min thu thn nc lng nh
gic. Truyn thng chin u bng tri dy gy knh n cho qun Nguyn. Ma xun
1799, trn chin Quy Nhn li bt u chun b Gia nh. Kho tm Cu Hin cha
169.000 vung go t Gia nh ti hp vi 22.100 vung go, 53.500 vung la,
372
3.000 cn thuc n nm ngoi Din Khnh dnh pht cho chin dch. Nguyn Vn
Thnh em b binh ng Din Khnh trc.. Hong t Cnh c lnh bo
Nguyn Long gi cht Tam Lnh khng l tin tc ra ngoi. Thu binh th theo
Nguyn Vn Trng.
Thng 4 m lch, Nguyn nh n Cu Hin phn phi k gi ngi tin ri theo
thuyn ra ca Thi Ni. Nguyn Hunh c, V Tnh b ng Ph Trung; qun
Thn Sch qua sng Cn Dng nh Ty Sn g C ri chim ng sui Tre2, e
do Thi ph L Vn ng. Qun Nguyn b mau nh vy nh tnh c li dng
mt ri lon ni b ca Ty Sn.
Nguyn Trn Quang Diu vn c mi th vi L Vn ng v vic ng xi
Quang Ton git L Trung nn bn vi V Vn Dng: L Vn Thanh l phe ta, ta
em binh thuyn vo Thi Ni, mt c vi Thanh nghe sng hiu ca bin, la
ng rng qun Gia nh nh, sai ng mt mnh n cho ta tp kch bt. Diu tu
vi Quang Ton rng Quy Nhn l t cn bn cn phi cho by ti thn tn gi nn
sai ng i. Gp lc qun Gia nh ra bn 3 pht sng, L Vn Thanh tng binh
Diu, Dng mi khng phng b m sai ng i nh bn trc. Khng ng qun
Nguyn tin chim c vng duyn hi, Thanh mi vi v phn binh vi ng n
Thc Lc3, g D.
_______________________________________
1. Chuyn Nguyn Bo tng hp ca Thc lc q10, 16ab, 17b, Lit truyn q30, 17ab, 46b, 47ab,
Hong L, t.279, 280, th ca Lelabousse cho Gim c Nh Dng cc phi on Truyn gio,
thng 6-1799, th khc ngy 24-4-1800 (A.Launay, III, tr.259, 260).
V nguyn nhn, Hong L ghi Diu a mt th bo L Trung ph Bo. Trung ko qun v
n Qung Nam trong ngoi khip s. Cn Lit truyn cho bit nhn dp L Trung vng mt
Qui nhn, Nguyn Bo mi chim thnh. C l Ph Xun ngi ta hong ln v cuc iu ng
qun ca Nguyn Bo v L Trung ch chc Trung cha c hnh ng no r rt l theo Bo mi
dm theo Diu v ra mt Quang Ton ri i vy Qui Nhn. Tuy nhin, th Lelabousse c cu
(Bo) profitant de la division qui tait entre les grands mandarins, ta mi c cu kt tm nh
trn. V tn ngi v din bin, Thc lc cho L Trung cht Thun Ho v Trn Vn K xi gic
Quang Ton git. Hong L cho l v Thi ph Mn, v Trung cht Qui Nhn. Lit truyn cho
Trung cht v L Vn ng (Thi ph Mn) dm pha. Lelabousse khng ni n tn, nhng ni n
mt ngi b cch chc ri b cht thm khc: cht 4 chn tay, chm s u, bu ln, mnh t ra
tro vt khp ni, l mt chin tng c ti, ln chc cao bng sc mnh - chc ng ch L
Trung.
Ngi gi thnh khi Nguyn Bo lm lon, Thc lc ghi Nguyn Vn Hng (Phm Vn Hng),
Hong L cho l L Trung thay Thi bo Ha (Nguyn Vn Hun) t khi Trn Quang Diu, V
Vn Dng ging ho, Lit truyn ni Diu xin L Trung gi Qui Nhn thay Hun. Khi Trung dn
qun v Ph Xun th li thnh cho Uyn Thanh hu li gip Bo, Bo nghe li m xi v tin
li ha ca Nguyn nh ti cha khng bt n con nn mi ni ln bt giam Thanh Uyn hu,
chim Qui Nhn. Lelabousse k chuyn vin trn th phi co u chy trn trn rng, ri
sau ra lnh git L Trung thay mt Thng trng pht ng ny v ti bt gio s(!). Ring
chng c ny cn t rng Trung cht Qui Nhn.
Lit truyn dng ln ln Uyn Thanh hu v Thanh Uyn hu nhng chc cng ch mt ngi,
c th l L Vn Thanh, ngi c Quang Ton cho gi Qui Nhn khi dp Bo xong (Ty Sn
cng tng c 2 tn H H hu v c H chc cng ch mt ngi). Chc Thanh nghe lnh git
Trung, nhng vn gi cm tnh ng liu, nn che ch cho L Cht khi Cht gi cht b l v u.
Mi on th trt cho L Vn ng nn Thanh, Diu, Dng lp mu git ng (xem sau) v sau ny
L Cht hng Nguyn nh mi tm ng nh ui lch s ghi li c Hong L ln Thc lc.)

373
2. Trc Kh ca Thc lc, mt nhnh ca sng La Tinh chy vo m Nc Ngt.
3. NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, gi l Phc Lc. Ch ca Thc lc l Ngc Lc, Thc Lc. Hnh
nh chnh ch l Trc Lc.
Cng nh nhng trn nh trc, Nguyn nh tha th thu qun tin xa v
pha Qung Ngi, sai Nguyn Vn Trng tun thm ngoi bin, L Vn Duyt,
Nguyn c Thin n Tn Quan gi ni Cung Qung, Bn , on Vn Ct gi
ni Thi An, Vnh Thun chn qun tip vin ca Diu, Dng.
Gh m Nc Ngt t lng, chm i on luyn tn Ging, L Vn Duyt
n Bn cng dn ng ngha Qung Ngi gi hang Ti Tri, ni Sa Lung c dn
Thng ph gip bn trong. V Tnh, Nguyn Hunh c tin n ng Cy Cy
ui Thiu u Trng Tn Thu, bt 13 voi, ui theo n cu Tn An git c
Nguyn Thc i tnh mng V u Hu v ca qun Thn Sch l Tn Tht Nng.
Ph Yn, Tham c Nguyn Vn im hng Nguyn Vn Thnh.
Chin thng lm dao ng tinh thn binh tng Ty Sn. By gi L Cht mi
c dp mang 200 qun ra hng V Tnh cng vi i c V nh Giai, Nguyn
Vn im, c L Vn Nim, H Vn Vin, Trng Vn Ln, u Mai Gia
Cng, Nguyn Vn Tr. Qun hng c theo Nguyn Hunh c sui Tre nh
gic.
Lng thc thu ti ch, ly thu rung ca dn cha np cho Ty Sn em cha
vo kho Nc Mn. Chnh sch cng tip tc trong thng 5 khi Ty Sn nh p
Ct, lui ton binh Min (Xim binh). H phi mt 20 voi trc th hp tc ca lnh
Min v i chin tng ca Nguyn c Xuyn. Dn Tuy Vin phi theo Nguyn
Vn Thi hng tng t (1793) nh gic, n lng trong s thu in ca 3 huyn
Tuy Vin, Ph Ly, Bng Sn.
Thng 6, Nguyn Vn Thnh vt qua sng L Gch (o L), chim u m
ph tng Trng Tn Bo chim An Gi, m Su. Nhng lc by gi Nguyn
phi lo chng vi tip vin ca Ty Sn, Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dng n Qung
Ngi nghe Tn Quan b chim bn b thuyn ln b. Diu ng Bn Dng
ln em qun qua sui nh tp kch qun Nguyn. S quan k rng qun i trong
m c ngi la con nai ri truyn i thnh qun ng Nai. Binh ri lon
Tng Vit Phc nh hi lp c cng. Thu qun Gia nh li thng tip ca M
, truy kch n Sa K.
Trn Quang Diu giu tin tht bi ca Dng, ri b Bn v ng Thanh
Ho ch vin binh thu ca Trn Vit Kt. Nhng Tng Phc Lng ph c
Thng binh Phin Vn Ti coi m T Ngi Kim Bng, truy kch mi tn Ph Yn
ri tr li vi Tng Vit Phc gi cht ngoi khi m Mn Kh.
Trn t lin, L Vn ng nghe tin vin binh n bn em 6.000 qun cng 50
voi ln Ty Sn thng ly lng, b V Tnh bit c iu ng Nguyn Vn
Thnh mang tng hp vi Nguyn c Xuyn, L Cht... nh tan Kha o.
Vin binh ngoi khng c, lng trong thnh thiu, Tng qun L Vn Thanh, Binh
b Thng th Nguyn i Phc, thiu u Trng Tn Thu mang 10.300 ngi ra
hng (thng 6 m lch 1799)1.
Th l cn bn Ty Sn mt. Nguyn Quang Ton Ph Xun cng nn
nng phi thn cm binh vo Tr Khc sai Ni hu L Vn Li em 1.000 qun cng

374
20 voi n m Mn Kh. Trn Vit Kt em 100 thuyn nh trn vo Sa Hunh
nh sau lng Nguyn Vn Li lc by gi ang c chng vi L Vn Li. B bo
m thuyn, Kt b qun chy v C Lu. Kinh nghim ny lm Kt ht sc gn tr
d nh tin qun nh na ca Quang Ton. Kt cc Ton v Ph Xun, Diu, Dng
v Qung Nam, lu Tit Nguyn Vn Gip gi Tr Khc.
Nguyn nh mt mi nn cng khng ui na, chm dt chin tranh trong
thng 8 lo t chc cai tr Quy Nhn, thu dng nng lc nhn, vt vng ny.
Trc ht, nh ni, t Quy Nhn c Ty Sn bin thnh mt n qun
khng l. Nguyn nh lm ch mi phi lo thi hnh mt chnh sch nht nhim khn
kho. V ch trng n vic thu phc nhn tm m thng trc qun thn can
ng ng thu thu thn l thu Ty Sn tha cho dn chng. Tng Nguyn Cng
Hu ln vng Ty Sn hip gi, ly ca b em tr ti ngay. Tip theo l vic kim
sot dn, lnh. nh sai qun Nguyn hp vi bn hng tng coi 6 thuc ca 3 huyn
Quy Nhn, phn hng im duyt 18.900 binh s c. Ch nhng ngi b thng mi
khng vo s i ng m thi. Li c mt s ring cho nhng ngi ch huy. Khi lm
s ri, ai u yn y, di i mt p, mt thn u b ti. Nh vy tm thi
Nguyn nh kim sot m dn binh Ty Sn khi lm lon. ng li cn dng li
nh h phn bi ng ng c: dn Quy Nhn ai bt c lnh Ty Sn ngi Bc,
Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Thun Ho n trn trong thn p, ngn tr h khi mu
chy v Ph Xun th c min dao dch. Ai cha chp, bit m khng t co th b
ti.
Nhng tinh thn chin u ca dn binh nung c trong l Ty Sn lm cho
Nguyn nh thn phc. ng ly dn y t chc thnh Ng lm qun nh lp mt
i qun u t na sau cc i Thn Sch. Chnh sch hi vi v khin c nhiu s
h. Sau ny khi ra gii cu V Tnh, bn Ng lm qun b chy rt nhiu chin
u chng i li tn lc. Nhng iu khng trnh khi cng t r s bao dung,
sng sut ca Nguyn nh mun m ng cho qun ch v hp tc, tri hn vi
thi hp hi ca bn tu tng nh Tng Vit Phc chng hn.
Sau khi ci thnh Quy Nhn ra thnh Bnh nh tuyn dng cng trn,
khuyn khch tng s thy trc thng li cui cng, Nguyn nh lo t chc cai tr
y, sai V Tnh gi thnh vi mt vn binh Min (Xim binh) cng Ng Tng
Chu, Trnh Hoi c v bn hng tng L Cht. Lc Nguyn nh ang chun b
v Gia nh th B-a-lc cht M Cang2. nh rt thnh thc khi phong tc Qun
cng cho Gim mc, sai ngi n c iu vn. S quan nhn dp ny cng nhc
vic B-a-lc tn tm gip ng cung Cnh hi i Ty. Nhng ci cht ca
ng xy ra vo lc Nguyn nh thng mnh ci gc Ty Sn chm dt mt qu
kh nh cy, ku xin. Vn chnh tr quan trng cn li ch l thi i vi tng
c Ty Sn m thi.
_______________________________________
1. Cc gio s cho bit thnh c 40.000 qun tinh nhu ra hng vi v kh v 120 chin tng
(A.Launay, III, t.292).
2. Nh th ny lng M Cang qun Tuy Phc (Bnh nh).
Thng 10 K Mi (1799), Nguyn nh ban s v Gia nh. Vic mt thnh Quy
Nhn cng gy ra ri lon v pha Ty Sn, theo l thng ca mt triu chnh

375
nghing nga c nhng k gi trch v nhng khng mun m ng trch nhim.
Thun Ho, Kim im Trn Vit Kt, Phng chnh Trn Vn K, Thng th H
Cng Diu gi th Quang Ton ni Quy Nhn mt l ti Trn Quang Diu, a cho
V Vn Dng bo Dng git i. Khng ng Dng c Diu m nhm vic thua
qun Qung Ngi, hm n nn mi a th cho Diu xem.
Trn Quang Diu tc tc ko binh v b nam sng Hng vy thnh. K cho
Kt, trn mt H Cng Diu chu ti thay. n tho ni b ri, vic chnh ca Ty
Sn l lo ly li t Quy Nhn. Hai vin tng ni bt, c nhc nh t y l Trn
Quang Diu v V Vn Dng, n ni i ch, Nguyn nh truyn rao ai bt c
2 ngi y, Chnh qun c phong tc Cng, Ph qun thm mt hm, thng
tin vn quan. Danh ting Trn Quang Diu c phn ln t c V Vn Dng. Gio s
De la Bissachre1 khen vin tng m ngay u chu ngi ta cng phi coi l
dng mnh, anh hng. Lc lng di quyn ng t ra vng mnh n ni khi gn
tn cc vn cn lm cho Gio s tng rng o qun c nhng danh tng ch
cn l mt ra l qun Nguyn phi rt v v nh tan o qun gp 3 ln qun
chin thng lu Thy!
Thng Ging Canh thn (1800), V Vn Dng b ln Thi Ni, Trn Quang
Diu mang b binh ui Nguyn Vn Bin ang gi Bn chy v Bnh nh. V
Tnh trong thnh gi binh Ph Vn ti. Lu th H c Vn sai ngi vn lng
tin trc, nay sai thm hng tng Phm Vn im cng Si Vn Long ly du binh
i trc ri t dn qun theo sau. m qua C Mng, im cng u Vn
Nguyt, Ng Vn Huyn, t Nguyn Vn Soi, Hong Vn Trng cng cc cu
tng Ty Sn, quay li chim Ph Yn ui Cai b, K lc chy v Bnh Khang.
im lm hng tng Ty Sn phn Nguyn s m ng cho mt lot nhng hng
tng tr gio tip theo, gy khn n cho Nguyn nh nhiu nht v ci th khng
li li c ca h.
S trung thnh ny gy ra lo lng v ngc nhin khng t cho phe Nguyn.
Nguyn nh gii thch l lng nh qu xi gic h. Nhng iu ch hp vi binh
tng b li v Gia nh ch khng hp vi hng binh li Bnh nh v Phm Vn
im. Nguyn do l Ty Sn cng to ra mt l li sinh sng m tng binh h
cn quyn luyn. H hng ch l th bt c d nh trng hp L Vn Thanh sau
ny ln mang mt thuyn trn v Ty Sn. Ti nhc ca k hng u cng khin
h phi tr gio: Tng Vit Phc c thng chi T Vn Chiu l hng tng n
ni khi phn li, Chiu lun chn nh Phc v git c khi chin thng qun
Nguyn gn k2.
Ring y, Phm Vn im gip ch Ty Sn rt nhiu. ng t chc Ph
Yn trong th t chin bt ht c dn lm lnh, p 9-10 lu ch trong my thng
khin Nguyn c Xuyn nghe th mnh khng dm tin na m phi dng li
Din Khnh.
Din Khnh, Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dng quyt h V Tnh. Diu bao
vy 4 mt t mng hai tt Canh Thn (26-1-1800)3. ng sai p thnh t mt vng
ngoi di 4.340 trng lm im ta cng kch. Trong ch quyt ly li t c,
Ty Sn dng n hnh thc khch ng tinh thn qun dn. Phan Huy ch lm bi

376
hiu d dn ni qun th Quy Nhn, a ra nhng cu ku gi n thc a
phng, khiu gi nim hnh din lm dn t khi ngha mt dng vua:
Qu ph ta: ci gc nn vng, du phn nh nc,
Min thang mc vn c non xy b, m mang b ci bi t y. Hi phong
vn tng du phng vn rng, ghi tc th quyn dnh di .
Du c ngha sng cng dc vn, bui xe nhung thm dong sc cn vng.
My phen gi bi nhc con ng, gip oai v cng u nh t c. Ba huyn
vng n tc d, cm cu th chi i tri chung
Chng ta khng c ti liu bit v s si ng ca dn chng Quy Nhn khi
Ty Sn tr li. Nhng ngay chnh t Gia nh m nh coi l cn bn, khong
hn nm sau, L. Barizy cho ta thy ni lo s php phng ca tng Nguyn gia
khung cnh him th e da v hnh:
Lc no chng ti cng trng tin Nh Vua v mi ngi y u xao ng
n cc , nng cng binh u lo lng. Bn gic y c nhng b ng b mt
khng ai hay bit v lu lu li c mt tin loan ra gy hong ht v lm cho dn
chng xo ng.
Ngy 13 thng ny, lc 2 gi 30, la bt u trong thnh 5 ch khc nhau,
ni kho la go, kho vi vc, kho t la, nh ca Vua v cc Hong t. Duy ch chy
c n T qun m thi4.
Nhng Bnh nh, nhng s kin thun tu qun s cng t r c ci khng
kh . Thng 4, hng tng coi Ng lm qun l V Vn S, Nguyn B Phong,
git tng m ca Bc ra ngoi u, V Tnh thy mnh lo ng khi sai L Cht em
qun bn b v Din Khnh trc lc b vy, by gi bn bo b tng Ng Vn S
cp li thnh, ch lt c 400 ngi. phng hu ho, Tnh sai git bn hng
binh cn li.
_____________________________________
1. Ch. B. Maybon, La relation sur le Tonkin..., sd, t.112, 113.
2. Lit truyn q13, 10a. L Cht (Lit truyn, q24) cng phi chu cnh nhc nh tuy khng th
phn bi c: khi Bc pht, Cht c coi Hu qun, phong Bnh Ty tng qun, c ngi
ni Cht bnh Ty th ai bnh Cht?
3. Chi tit theo li dn bng ch Nho t trn u bi d trch trong Quc vn i Ty Sn, sd,
t.44 - 49.
4. Th ca L. Barizy gi cho Letondal, Marquini, 16-4-1801, dn bi G.Taboulet, La geste
franaise, sd, t. 253, 254, bi L. Cadire trong BAVH, Oct-Dc, 1926, t. 397-400. Taboulet
trong li ch (1) ca ng cho rng ni ni n l thnh Qui Nhn, da trn l Barizy trong
th 16-7-1801 c dn th ngy 8-5 ni chuyn ly Tourane hm 8-3 m cho ng ny c tham
chin y. Thc ra, thi gian vit th 16-4, Barizy cn Gia nh, mi t ra. Ngy 17-5
dl, ng mi theo qun tip vin Gia nh ra ti Qui Nhn. C l ngy 8-3 l ngy l v tuy
Barizy c vit r 8 Mars, nhng vn k chuyn trong cc th bng ngy thng m lch khi
c lin quan n trn nh (nh chuyn ng Cy Cy), v l gin d l quan, dn ta dng m
lch, 8 Mars tng ng vi 21-1 Tn Du khng hp vi trn nh no ht Qung Nam.
Ch c 8-3 l (20-4-1801) mi hp vi trn Tourane m s quan ghi vo u thng 3 l thi.
V thnh Qui Nhn cha gii vy th Barizy c Thi Ni cng lm sao vo trong c?
Thc lc q12, 16a ghi: Cho Ba-la-di v nc, cp 1 thuyn l ch vic cho chic thuyn
chm lm ng m c ch ng vn cn c mt Thi Ni ngy 27-5 nh ni, v
Nng sau .

377
 Nhng by gi vin binh Gia nh ra. y l ln u tin s quan xc nhn
vai tr quan trng ca nhng ngi Php trong thu qun Gia nh. Thng 2 nm ,
cho rng ngi Hng Mao (!?) gii thu chin, nh sai Cai i Ba-la-di hp
thuyn b, d b qun nhu, chin c i lnh. ng thi, li cho Nguyn Vn Chn
coi Phng Phi i hiu thuyn ch 26 i bc, c Renon ph t. Tu Long Phi ca
Nguyn Vn Thng c 32 i bc, tu Bng Phi ca L Vn Lng c 26 i bc, mi
tu ch trn 300 ngi, tt c u sa son i nh gic1.
Chun b u ri qun s ln ng vo thng 3. Nhng k hng hi chc cn
nghe vang vang li khuyn d thnh Quy Nhn ch bc, p ph trng vi; Thun
Ho rung c, dp yn ng ngu.
Thng t nhun, trn b, Nguyn c Xuyn, ng Trn Thng dn voi tin
nh Ph Yn. Nguyn Vn Trng vn coi thu qun. Trn Quang Diu vi v sai
thm c o Cng Gin, c Tun vo La Hai, Hi An ph vi Phm Vn
im. Ch i Nguyn nh n vng Trch sai Nguyn Vn Thnh b Xun i
cm qun trn t l trn tn cng bt u.
Ph Yn, chin thng tng i d dng. Nguyn Vn Thnh sai thng
ch L Cht, Nguyn nh c, Trng Tn Bu phn binh 3 o nh t ,
Thch K ri tin v Hi An. c Tun v Phm Vn im phi lui v g i
Thch da ni chng li. Gip trn vi qun voi ca Nguyn c Xuyn, h lui thm
v gi La Hai. Thnh sai binh i vng nh tp hu ui bt c Gin, Tun. im
trn thot ln ni ch c hi xung quy ri.
Qun Nguyn cng gp kh khn v hng ng mi kt hp dn dn tan r. Thc
ra binh trn nhiu t thng t u nhng cng i su vo ni a Ty Sn, dn lnh
Ty Sn trong qun Ng lm cng thy c c hi o ng hn. Lnh trn nhiu
n ni Nguyn nh phi lo v v an i L Cht v khi cho Ng lm qun tin n
C Mng, ng phi sai Nguyn Hunh c ra cm qun cho chc d.
Tuy nhin trong thng nm m lch ng n Bnh nh m. Khi V Tnh
nghe tin vin binh ti, bn m ca Nam ra nh mt trn nh lin lc vi bn ngoi
nhng khng c, th mt trn ng Cy Cy (cn gi l G Cy) bt u v ko
di n na nm.
Phi dng li im xt a th ca vng pha nam thnh Ch Bn, ni xy ra
trn chin quyt lit, nhin hu chng ta mi theo st cuc so ti ny. ng i t
Ph Yn ra c hai li. Mt men theo gn bin qua o C Mng dc thung lng sng
Ph Hu, t c th n ng Bnh Thnh, Ph Trung mt sau Thi Ni ln
Thnh. V pha ty, ni thung lng ca hai sng La Hai xung pha nam (Ph
Yn) v sng H Thanh ngc hng ng bc (ri vo m Thi Ni), c ng
thng thng ngy nay lm ng lin tnh v thit l. Vn pha ty, cc khe ngun
hp nn sng K L c nhng ng ngch gia ni Cha, ng Cy Cy, ni qun
Nguyn - Ty Sn ang ging co nhau, ni m ln no tin qun ra, qun Nguyn
cng phi t chin mi x ui c Ty Sn uy hip thnh Ch Bn.
Lc mi tn cng trn t Bnh nh, Nguyn Vn Thnh sai Nguyn nh c,
L Cht i hai bn, Trng Tn Bu i gia ng cng Nguyn c Xuyn em
voi ng tip nh ni Lo Hng. Ty Sn lui v ni Cha, nhng vin binh ca h
ti tng tinh thn binh s. Nguyn Vn Thnh ra nh t m sng ti tra. Rt li
378
ch lm cho Nguyn Vn S cht, tng nn. Lng Vn Cng, Nguyn Vn Vn2
ang trng coi Ng lm qun mang c 200 thuc binh chy v pha Ty Sn tip
tc chin u.
Lc ny, Ty Sn cng bi ri Ngh An. Ta bit vic Nguyn Vn Thy
(Thoi), Lu Phc Tng, Nguyn Hoi Chu, L Vn Xun em 150 ngi d
Vn Tng nh sau lng Ngh An. Phi b i t thng 4 nm ngoi, n Vin-chn
vo lc Nguyn nh sp rt v nn vua Lo khng quyt tm gip. Thng 3 nm
nay, Thy li v Gia nh xin thm ngi, n thng 6 th em binh trn xung Ngh
An nh Nguyn nh Lc n B, ui Ph m Nguyn Vn Tr n Lam
chy v Thanh. Chin dch c l khng ly g lm d di, nhng c ting vang ln v
nh ngay trong ni a Ty Sn. Cc th ho, phin liu nh H Cng Thi Thanh
Ho, Phan B Phng Hng Ho cng khp ni Bc H nhn dp ny ni dy nh
ph.
Bnh nh, Ty Sn vn cha b lay chuyn. Nguyn nh thy ng Cy Cy
vng chc mun chuyn mi di tin qun v di ng bng. ng sai L Vn Duyt
vi Mc Vn T, Nguyn c Thnh mon men ra Ph Trung. Thc lc khng ,
ng mi a th bo Nguyn Vn Thnh chia mt na voi i gp Duyt. Thnh
khng chu v mt mt ng phi lo i ph vi Ty Sn ang bit r ng v hng
ngy vn c ngi b qua bn kia, mt khc ng phi lo km gi chnh qun ng v
bn li cng khng tin.
Chin trn cng ko di th tinh thn binh tng cng lung lay, nht l nhng
phn t cha ng ho. Thng 7, hng tng coi Ng lm qun l T Vn Chiu lm
phn vi Nguyn Vn im cng 500 thuc binh. Ty Sn li c thm mt vin
tng c ti, liu lnh, ngn chn khng bit bao nhiu trn tn cng ca Nguyn.
nh phi vi vng an i Nguyn Vn Thnh, Nguyn Hunh c, Nguyn Vn
Trng. Nhng cng khng ngn c 150 qun Ng lm na trn m Hi An,
nh gng gii thch: nh qu, nh nh, ai li khng vy.
Cha ht bi ri cho Gia nh. Ni ng Cy Cy. Thnh sai ngi n ni
Cha chn thuc n t, nhng khng lui c gic m cn lm cht thm Nguyn
Cng Trng. Khi Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dng nghe chuyn Ngh An, mun ko
binh nh rc mt ln ni Hoa An ni m L Vn Duyt va ui T khu nh
thng trc, th vin tng Min Cao-la-hm-sm ca Thnh li t thng vi Ty
Sn khin nh vi v tr li cho Thnh tng Nguyn c Xuyn (va em voi v
L Cht xung) i qun Min v gi C Mng.
_____________________________________
1. Thc lc, q12, 4b, 5a.
2. Khng phi Nguyn Vn Vn, con Nguyn Vn Trng, b bt gi nm 1793, v nm 1797.
Nguyn nh t chc 5 n qun Ng lm qun, ly hng tng ch huy lnh c Ty Sn, di
quyn tng nh. Trong danh sch c tn Lng Vn Chng, nhng khng c Nguyn Vn
Vn, v y (Thc lc q11, 10a 0 12b) ch lit k thng ch, Thng ch n, Trng, Ph
chi m khng ni n Trng hiu, cp bc ca Vn. Trng hu chi ca Vn l Nguyn Vn
Ln.
Chin tranh dng dai th vn lng phn, tip t n dc phi gp nhiu rc
ri, bt ng. Ty Sn b Nguyn Vn Trng cp mt Di 3 vn vung la

379
cng thuc n, kh gii ch t Thun Ho, Bc H vo trn 150 thuyn. Thng lnh
tn Thy b thuyn ln b chy bo tin chng lnh cho Diu.
Nguyn nh cng gp tr ngi. ng c lng kho Din Khnh, ph thm
ph Thun Thnh, kho La Hai, Hi An (nh thu in, inh ni lnh, dn Ph
Yn), kho cc ni khc bng cch ly trc thu nm sau. Lng ch ng thu
thng gp cc thuyn T Ngi cp ph. T khi Trn Quang Diu vo Quy Nhn
th i thu qun c bit ca Ty Sn ny lng vng vo n tn Hn Khi. H
ln lt trn mt bin cp thuyn, thuc n vt dng ca Nguyn Vn Yn ch t
Cu Hin i. H chn nh thuyn ch c mui ca Bnh Thun. Mt mi cn tr
khc ch i Nguyn nh l cc lung gi bc: trong thng 10, thuyn lng ch
qua vng Ma Vn (vng Ni, Ninh Thun) b gi ln lt p, cht hn 100 ngi, hao
hn vn quan tin, 4 vn vung go.
Thiu lng, nh sai Lu Tn Ho i Bnh Thun, Bnh Khang thu thu vi li
d c bit: c tu tin lm vic khng n ni l thng. Cn go, nh tnh ly go
c ni ngi Thng ng Hng na. Thng 11, in t tng. Kh khn nh vy
khng trch trong thng 9 khi L Vn Thanh trn i, V u H Vn Hu b Ty Sn
bn cht ni Cha, Nguyn c Xuyn dng s xin dng binh ch sang lm gi
hi thun s nh.
Nhng mt may mn n vi qun Nguyn. Nh hi d dn Thng bit
c c ng i vng nh tp hu, Nguyn Vn Thnh xin thm Tng Vit Phc
v L Vn Duyt. Nguyn nh y L Cht v La Hai v cho tin qun C Mng
chun b. Ngy 5-1 (1801), trn nh xy ra: L Vn Duyt mt trc, Nguyn Vn
Thnh mt sau, qun Nguyn tn cng vi mt i sng thun thc v 20 i bc
c nh bn gn c. Ty Sn phi b chy i ngun C, c Hoan b git. Tip
tc truy kch, qun Nguyn gp Ty Sn gp qun li nh Tun D (ng Vng?)
ngy 11-1.1 L. Barizy m s ch qun n 223.000 ngi. Tht qu nhiu. Vin
tng chng i l T Vn Chiu by t gan d Ty Sn. H nh rt d nh
chim c a th tt, ch phi chu thua v sng ln, sng nh ca qun Nguyn
thi. Chiu thua b chy L Vn Duyt, Nguyn Vn Thnh m tic n mng, qu
hng say chin thng, khch bc nhau, him th ko di mi v sau.
Nhng trn tip theo ch l nhng cuc thanh ton nh, Nguyn Vn Thnh n
ng Di sai Tng Vit Phc nh ni An Tng. Tip theo l cc trn m Sanh,
Sn Ch. Ty Sn b t ni Mi n Hoa An, Hoa Lc. Nh vy 2 o binh Cy
Cy thng c vi nhau. H ng binh dc sng H Thanh, t Qun Rp n
Vn Sn. Thnh Bnh nh b vy tnh gn trn nm. Lc lng Gia nh tuy tin
nhiu nhng khng uy hip mt sau ca Thi Ni nn mt s qun quan trng ca
h cn kt ngoi khi vi 91 thuyn v 50.000 ngi2. B, thu Ty Sn cn ng
Thi Ni cn ng qun Nguyn nh b ln, v e do pha sau lng qun
Nguyn Vn Thnh na. Nhn vo bn vng v ca L. Barizy v ri so snh cc
ti liu khc cng a th thc t, ta thy v tr chng nh ca hai i phng trc
ca Thi Ni. ng nc bn trong m hp m V Vn Dng em hai chic
nh quc i hiu thuyn ch t 5 n 60 khu i bc chn ngay ca vi dy c
bn trong l 40 tu ln, 20 tu nh hn, 100 ghe chin u san st n ca sng a
vo Nc Mn. ng cn t i bc trn ni Tam To, trn t lin, bi Nhn (pha
380
thnh ph Quy Nhn by gi) da vo ni cao cha xung bo v on thuyn trn
gi. Trn b cn hn 60 voi vi qun lnh.
Nguyn nh lc by gi ang hn Nn3. T thng chp Canh Thn (15-01 -
12-02-1801), ng d tnh sm sn thuyn nh, cht dn ho ri mc ly thuyn
Ty Sn t. Tng Vit Phc xin m nhn vic . nh bo cho Thnh bit mu
tnh hp lc ngn chn b binh khng cho tip cu. Theo Thnh, L Vn Duyt
c c thay Phc. Tng s lm trn c khuyn khch bng mt li d: y l
lc cc ngi bo n n nc, sng th ph qu ng hng, cht th n in chng
qun; anh em trong qun, nu anh cht em ln thay chc. S quan cng ghi thm
rng: mi ngi u nc lng nh gic.
_______________________________________
1. Thi im 21-11 m lch, 27-11 m lch l ca Barizy trong bc th k sau.
2. Theo c lng ca L. Barizy trong bc th gi cho Letondal ngy 11-4-1801. ng lu l
Barizy khng c d vo trn Thi Ni. Cng trong th ny ng phn nn v vic b cc quan bt
ng gng, nhng hai thng sau ng c mt Qung Nam trong on thuyn vi Chaigneau,
Vannier, de Foran...
Trn Thi Ni sp k y da vo cc ti liu: Thc lc q13,3b-6b, th ca Chaigneau (c d
trn) cho Barizy, 2-3-1801, ngay ngy sau lc nh nhau, th ca Lelabousse cho Nh Chung t
Nha Trang, 20-4-1801 (G. Taboulet, La geste franaise..., sd, t. 259, 260. Th Barizy k trn
L.Cadire Les Francais au service de Gia Long - II - Leur correspondance BAVH, Oct - Dc
1926, t,373- 391) c km bn v ca Thi Ni.
V thc lc i bn, Barizy c lng Ty Sn nh sau: 1.800 thuyn vi 6.000 khu i
bc? Ta phi c gim bt v nh rng Barizy khng d trn v vn c tnh d xc ng.
Chaigneau vit th cho ng ch t v ngc nhin v kh nng chng c ca thu qun Ty Sn thi.
Lelabousse k chuyn c nhng im st vi Thc lc. V d ng ch ch trn t 10 gi m
n 10 gi sng, vic thuyn Nguyn nh m ti v gi tin n gn thuyn ch t chy theo k
ho cng.
3. S quan vit l Nan D. NNTC, tnh Ph Yn gi l Bn Than D, v cn ch thm mt hn
o khc tn l Than D trn c khc ch nan khng bit t thi no. Hn Bn Than v
hn Nn l mt v u c xc nhn l mt hn o bn trong vng C Mng, c miu Cng
thn. Nguyn nh iu khin qun tng trnh c sng gi m cng cch bit vi qun
th hn. Duy lc nh trn Thi Ni th chc ng phi di ra ng hn t ngoi ca bin Qui
Nhn. L. Barizy ch Ile ng Datte, L.Cadire gi theo m c hn t l sai. l mt
trong 3 hn: hn Kh, hn t, hn Ngang (Kh d, Th d, Honh d) ca NNTC. q9, 15b.
Chin trn xy ra vo m 16 thng ging Tn Du (28-2-1801). Tin chi Hong
Vn Khnh em b binh ln n Vng Da i Tiu C la chy th tin ln cng
hm tri gic v i vng ni mai phc cn tip vin (theo vng o Son by gi?).
Qun Nguyn qua Tiu C bt c thuyn tun Ty Sn, truy ra khu hiu. Nguyn
Vn Trng, Tng Phc Lng bn em thuyn nh nhm H C xng vo, t
thiu thu n lm hiu.
V trn tn cng bt u. Theo Lelabousse, qun Nguyn ch dng c 4.000
ngi trn 26 ghe chin v 100 thuyn nh. Lc qun Nguyn Vn Trng, Tng
Phc Lng b ri. Cc ghe chin cn li ch ng Tng thu to hng1 V Di
Nguy i trc.
Qun lnh tha m ti v gi xui, tin vo tu th nht, nhy ln t ph. H
xng vo ca bin, nm vung cc b uc v dn ho ra. Th ri trn nh tr
nn d di. Qun Ty Sn t trn ni v t cc tu bn vi n. H tin li nh s

381
quan m cng t ra l ting sng vang tri, n bay nh ma. V Di Nguy trng
n ng ln ra cht. L Vn Duyt khng quay u li, nh mnh hn n Nguyn
nh bo li cng khng chu. m s quan Ty phng: Chaigneau, Vannier, de
Foran a cc ghe chin vo ri quay li bo v Nguyn nh khi trn chin xy ra.
Nhng nng lng, st rut, mu chin s ni ln, de Foran ln i trong m ti, t
mnh t c 7 ghe chin ch. Chin trn ko di 3 gi sng n ng tra 1-3-
1801 (Dn ti Ng ca Thc lc). Thuyn Ty Sn chy tan, nhng h cn c
chng gi trong cc gin sng ti khi cui cng m chy lan n cc thng thuc
sng lm n tung ht ln. Nh li Chaigneau bo cho Barizy bit chin thng, ta t
ht c thu qun gic, khng st mt chic thuyn nh no2.
ng thy rng ngi Nam cha bao gi phi nh trn d di nh vy v s
quan cng khng qun kt lun: Ngi ta gi trn ny l nht v cng.
Ngy , Nguyn nh b ln ch Gi3, ra d chiu an ri sai ngi i bo
cho Ph Yn, Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun bit. ng li bo Gia nh truyn s cho tin
n tn Cao Min, Xim La. Tuy vy, nh cng mt n hn 600 ngi. Tng th
ngoi V Di Nguy cn c Cai c Hong Vn nh, Ph Tin thu dinh v Ph V u
Nguyn Vnh Hu ca o Thn Sch.
Pha Ty Sn, h chng gi n cht nh Chaigneau ni, cho nn ton b
thu qun u b tiu dit. T nay h khng cn cht uy th no trn mt b na,
trc c khong thng 4 m lch khi ng hi vng Mc Qun Ph cng cc tng
b bt lc b gi dt ngoi khi Thi Ni. H hon ton khng kim sot c mt b
tha h cho thu qun Gia nh tung honh ra ly Ph Xun m khng s mt lc
lng lu ng no theo kp ngn tr na. Trn Quang Diu cn bc c V Tnh
cht, nhng s thc m qun tng Ty Sn y my thng sau phi tan r trn
rng chnh v khng th no di ng theo cc ng bng dc bin m khng c ym
tr ca thy qun, chnh v s tan v trn Thi Ni ny vy4.
______________________________________
1. Bit hiu ca ngi Ty gi V Di Nguy, theo Barizy. Cng Barizy cho bit ngi tin tuyn l
ng Yun koun (Gim qun) m Cadire ch l Phm Vn Nhn, ngi gi chc Gim qun
ca 5 i qun Thn Sch (Thc lc, q10, 8a). Thc ra, Nguyn nh ct Nhn nm C
Mng. Ngi tin o, nh ta bit, l Nguyn Vn Trng v Tng Phc Lng. Nguyn
Vn Trng c hi cng lm Gim qun dinh Trung thu, ri coi dinh Trung thu, kim c Tin,
Hu thu (Thc lc, q7,26b), coi c thu qun sut cc chin dch v sau. Cho nn, ng Gim
qun Barizy ni y l Nguyn Vn Trng vy.
2. L.Barizy cn vit th ngy 11-4-1801 nhn Nguyn nh mt 4.000 ngi, Ty Sn mt 50.000
ngi, ton b thu qun v thuyn b chuyn ch trn 1.800 chic, 6.000 khu i bc. Tng
ch nn lu n tnh cch tiu dit hon ton thu qun Ty Sn m thi.
3. Barizy ghi tn trn bn m Thi Ni l port de Qui nhon autrement Choya (Ch Gi). Th
x Qui Nhn hin vn thng c dn qu gi nm na l Gi, tn mt th thuyn, li bt
c dn chi thng dng.
4. Tit ny, ngoi nhng chng dn khc c ghi r, u ly t Thc lc q10, q12, q13, 1a-6b.

CHIN TRANH PH XUN V BC H

Cuc t th ca Ty Sn Quy Nhn v kin gii vy cho ni ny * Trn chim
Ph Xun * C gng tuyt vng ca Ty sn Quy Nhn v lu Thy * Kt thc
chin tranh Bc H.
382
 Chin thng Thi Ni lm nh bt ni ut ut khng vui ca Nguyn nh.
Nhng lc lng b binh ca Ty Sn vn cn nhiu hng kh. Khi nh sai L Vn
Bn em qun i hai vng Nm, Bc ng gi tun phng th V Vn Dng hp
vi Trn Quang Diu chia ngi trn gi: T khu nh ng Bn , c
Nguyn Vn Ng gi m Nc Ngt, c V Vn S trn Tn Quan gia.
Hng phng v y dng cn sao cho h rnh tay cng thnh sau khi h t tp
qun lnh th chim ly cho k c.
Qun Nguyn nhn thng cng mun tin ln ph v vng vy cho V Tnh.
Nguyn Vn Thnh sai Tng Vit Phc ng Cn Dng. Binh Ty Sn nh git
V u Trn Vn Xung ch Chnh Lc. Qun Phc ko n th Ty Sn lui. Rt
ui n Thch Cc1, Phc ri gp k th. c T Vn Chiu vn hm hc v
ting gi hng tng ca Phc, c dp tr th bng mt trn phc binh chin
thng ln lao. Ph thng ch Phm Vn C, V u Nguyn Vn Tri b bt, hai V
u Hong Phc Bo, Hong Vn T b git khin Phc phi b qun chy v Thi
Ni. Nh vy r rng chin thng thu trn mi cha lm in o Ty Sn
trn b.
Mi ngi hoang mang. Lc by gi chnh ai ngh ra nh Ph Xun
khng nhng cu g cho tnh th m cn lm cho chin thng tr nn quyt nh nh
li De la Bissachre? Theo ng ny, Nguyn nh b thc y bi cc tng Bc H
ang chn nn v phi nh lu qu bt u mun b ri ng v cng c vi ngi
Php khuyn khch, ni rng nh ra Ph Xun vn l kin ca Gim mc dAdran.
Vi s quan th ngi by mu vi ngi ngh t Thi Ni cng l mt: ng
c Siu, ngi Bng Sn, ph Quy Nhn, ng hng vi cha Ty Sn2. H cng
c ghi thm kin ca V Tnh, nhng ta c th coi li V Tnh nh mt s chp
nhn hy sinh hn l mt sng kin. Vinh d c l dnh cho mu thn Vit th
phi hn v ci th vy Ngu, cu Triu y dy trong binh php ng phng.
Cho nn, sau khi ln Vn Sn coi n tri ch mt ngy ri v3, bt u thng 2
m lch, Nguyn nh sai Cai c Tng Phc Chu v Gia nh hp vi Lu trn
l Nguyn Vn Nhn tuyn thm mt vn binh, nu cn bt c lnh n in. Ri
cng c vic xt dn bt lnh Ph Yn, Bnh Khang, Bnh Thun. nh c ni r
mu m d tnh cho Nguyn Vn Trng em binh thuyn nh Qung Nam,
Qung Ngi trc.
Nhng cuc vt dn gy phn ng v pha dn chng. Phm Vn im chy
ln rng t hi qun trong mi ko ra, nay t tp c 500 b ng nh t Hi An,
ui Lu th Phan Tn Tun chy ra Xun i nh cy thu binh ca Tng Vit
Phc, Nguyn c Xuyn c phi tip vin.
Mi lon Phm Vn im l kh khn mi cho Nguyn nh, dng dai, lm
nhc mt qun Nguyn khng t. Trong thng ba, nh ri chy, chy ri ln nh
im quy ri Ph Yn trc mt danh tng L Cht. Lu Tn Ho gi Hi An
b im ln t phong ho i tuyt ng thng tin, nh p git cht. Nguyn
Long ng La Hai nh chim li Hi An li b nh ln phi b c lng phn, kh
gii chy v sng Rng. Ti nghip cho vin Thng o tng qun 20 nm trn
rng, mi lm ch huy ln u phi bi vong. L Cht ra tay, hp binh vi Hong
Vn Khinh ngi thay Long, tin nh bt t Nguyn Nhiu bn Go (M
383
Tn). im b chy ln na nhng vn cn s gy kh khn trong tnh, sau lng
qun Nguyn Vn Thnh.
Trong lc th tin trin thu qun Nguyn vn kh quan. Nguyn Vn Trng
b C Lu, t kho Tr Khc ui c Tun chy, ri ra ca i Chim nh
Hi An, Ph Trim bt 24 voi. La Qua, ng ui c Nguyn Vn Xun, Lu
th Thiu u Lu Tn Th ly hn 80 i bc, binh thuyn, kh gii4. Nghe tin,
Nguyn nh phi thm Tng Vit Phc em 1.000 binh v 30 ghe chin n gip.
ng cn cho c Phm Vn Nhn lnh 3 chic Long, Phng, Bng trong i cn v
ca ng ra Nng.
vic rt qun khi tit l, Nguyn nh sai Nguyn Cng Nga em 15 thuyn
ngy m tun tiu t cu Tn Hi ti Nc Mn, t sng Tam K (?) ti sng Dinh,
G B (Ph Sa), cm dn chng lai vng, xm x tin tc.
_______________________________________
1. C Thch cc t, gi nm l cha Hang ni danh, thuc x M Ho, qun Ph M, Bnh
nh.
2. Lit truyn, q10, t t 6b, truyn ng c Siu.
3. L.Barizy trong th 11-4-1801 dn vic Nguyn nh c mt trn Dung thi (ng Thi, ng
Cy Cy) thng 11, 12 l nm ngoi, tay mang ng vin knh. Barizy lc by gi cn Gia
nh, mi va ra t nh lnh hong t Cnh trc khi cht (20-3-1801), khng bit c c tin
ch xc khng. V sau trn ng Cy Cy, Vn Sn thuc v qun Nguyn, nhng Thi Ni cha
b ph, Nguyn nh c b hn Nn ln b thm st khng? Cho nn chuyn ln ny c v ng
tin hn chuyn ln trc.
Cn a im Vn Sn theo li t ca NNTC, tnh Bnh nh, mc Vn Sn giang th chc l
vng Vn Hi, qun Tuy Phc ( ni) ch khng phi g Vn Sn (c nh ga cng tn), gn
Ch Bn, ni ni ting nh Ch Lan Vin ngi khc dn Chm.
4. Th Barizy cho cc ng Marquini, Letondal, 16-7-1801 (BAVH, Oct - Dc 1926, t. 401) k trn
nh ly Hu, c nhc trn Nng hm 8-3 ly 30 voi, 84 i bc, kho go, o qun. So vi s
sng v voi thu c vi Thc lc y, ta chc 2 trn ca 2 ti liu ch l mt.
Ngy 27-5-1801, binh thuyn Gia nh ti Quy Nhn vi 10.900 b binh, trn
27 ghe chin v nhiu ghe tr sng1. Qun vi ngy, nh a mt th bo V Tnh
ln b thnh chy ra v ng thi tuyn lnh ban thng cho nhng ngi no bt
c vua ti Quang Ton. Ngy 3-6, qun nh rt i sau khi t la ni Mt bo
tin cho Nguyn Vn Thnh Vn Sn bit v gi t vin Ph m Hu qun, ngi
anh hng cui cng ca Gia nh Tam kit. Ngy 7-6 qun n Nng, nh sai
Nguyn Vn Trng, Phm Vn Nhn em thuyn i trc n ca Eo (Non khu,
ca Thun An). Trn nh Ph Xun bt u2.
Tm gi sng ngy 11-6, thu qun Nguyn n dn trc mt ca sng Hng
chia lm 2 o: cc tu v thuyn tr sng di quyn Phm Vn Nhn hng vo
ca Thun An, 42 ghe chin v 300 ghe nh ch 15.000 b binh theo Nguyn nh,
L Vn Duyt, L Cht nhm vo ca T Hin (T Dung, hay nm na, ca ng theo
bn ca Barizy). Ngi gi ca l Ph m Nguyn Vn Tr ng trn ni Quy
Sn (ni Linh Thi) vi 10.000 ngi da th hng cc g ng chn bn b sng
ngn ghe thuyn ch.
Nm gi sng ngy 12, cuc tn cng bt u. Binh Ty Sn trn ni cao bn
xung rt d, cc ghe thuyn li mc phi cc chm kh nhiu. Trn chin ko di
n sut ngy (t Thn ti Du): 7 gi sng ti 5 gi chiu. L Vn Duyt bn vi L
384
Cht rng khng nh tp hu khng c. m n, ng em 20 thuyn ln vt b
ct, trc sau p li, bt c Nguyn Vn Tr cch n 500 thc. c Phan
Vn Sch cng 500 ngi phi hng.
Trong lc trn chin tip din ca sng th trn Kinh thnh mt m mu ni
tuyn ca gio b tit l3. Mt ngi th mc Ph Xun ln thuyt phc
Nguyn nh rng cc gio s v gio c th gip ng c. ng bn gi th cho
Gim mc (c l Labartette) v cc gio s bo tin qun ng n v xin cc ng ny
cu nguyn cho. Lc tr v ngi th mc b bt v khai tt c. Di s thc y ca
Ni hu L Vn Li (Barizy vit Hoe Hanh Loi: L Vn Li, hay No haw Loe:
Ni hu Li), mt lnh truyn tru dit nhng ngi Thin Cha gio trong vng
c tung ra ngy mng 5 - 5 (tt oan Ng), nu qun Nguyn nh khng va ti
kp4.
Trong sng, qun Nguyn gp mt s tu trong 64 chic t Bc vo tip vin
di quyn mt vin T m m Barizy gi l Noe. Hai mi by thuyn c tr
sng ca Ty Sn c mang c la tin n ngn chn i thuyn Phn Dc, ch
trong pht chc b nh thua chy. Ba gi chiu mng ba thng 5, ghe thuyn
qun Nguyn vo bn Ph Xun5. Quang Ton vi v mang vng bc, b c sc n
nh Thanh li chy ct thot ly thn vi em l Thi t Quang Thiu, Thi s
Quang Khnh cng i t m T, c Tr. li hng c Ni hu L Vn Li,
Trung th lnh Trn Vn K cng cc Phng nghi, Th lang bn vn, c, t
bn v. Barizy i thm ngi b bt thy c mt m Trn Quang Diu, em v ng, v
V Vn Dng vi cc con Ngc Hn m ng khng tic li khen ngi v mt a nhn
cng thi cng ci ca h (y l Quang Cng, Quang T, Quang Diu ca Thc
lc).
Nghe tin qun Nguyn nh Ph Xun, Trn Quang Diu sai T khu nh em
5.000 qun vng ng ni v cu. Qun i 12 ngy ng b ngi Thng ngn
tr, nh ti th Ph Xun mt lin ng qun cch y na ngy ng, ngi
nga mt nhc ln ra ng. L chn tru v bo, Nguyn nh sai L Vn Duyt, L
Cht em qun bn b tin nh th b vy vng ni gn . May sao 4.000 qun
hu tp n va kp ph tan vng vy. nh b chy cht trong rng. Ba c b
bt, trong c i c L Vn An m tui tr v kh v hin ngang khin
Nguyn nh phi mn phc6.
Quy Nhn, Trn Quang Diu cng lo cng kch thnh gt gao. V Tnh nh
ra mt ln cui ri t t cht sau khi bo Lu th Nguyn Vn Thanh a sng cho
Trn Quang Diu gi gm tng s. Nh vy Ty Sn thanh ton xong o qun
trong vng vy ri phi lo ph vng vy.
Trong na nm sau 1801, pha bc khng c g ng lo lng cho Nguyn nh.
ng sai Nguyn Vn Trng ui theo vua ti Quang Ton n sng Gianh chn
bt 2.000 qun chy trn. Th m Ty Sn cn rng thng mt trn chn ng
cho vua h chy thot. Nguyn khi Ty Sn n Honh Sn, Trng sai Nguyn K
Nhun em 7.000 binh thu b chn nh. n ni Thn u b phc binh, Nhun
phi chy b qun cht qu na7. Vin hng tng Ty Sn t t Gia nh nay b
Nguyn nh k ti em ra git cht.
__________________________________________
385
1. Th Barizy k, danh xng v cc thuyn ln xn qu: galre, chaloupe canonnire, demi-
canonnire ri ghequienne! Chuyn tip vin ny khng th ln vi chuyn u nm do Trn
Cng Thi dn Hu qun Gia nh ra (Thc lc, q10, 3b). S lng 10.900 qun ghi y,
10.000 ghi th khc, ngy n Qui Nhn cho ta quyt chc l chuyn chuyn qun vo thng 4
m lch ca Thc lc (q13,22a)
2. Trn Hu, ngoi Thc lc, th Barizy k trn, cn c ti liu Lit truyn q7, 17b, v Phm Vn
Nhn, q8, 8a v Nguyn Vn Trng, q21, 20b, Nguyn Vn Thnh, q22, 6b L Vn Duyt, q24,
L cht, q30, 51ab Nguyn Quang Ton.
3. Th Girard gi cho Letondal, 25-6-1801, th Barizy cho Marquini, 15-7-1801 (A. Launay, III, t.
422, 423).
4. Thi im ly ca Barizy v chi tit v r hn, Thc lc c ni n lc ri Qui Nhn ngy Canh
Ng (5-6-1801), n Nng ngy Qu Du thng 4 l (8-6-1801).
5. Theo Barizy t bin chuyn th 3 gi chiu 13-6 trng vi 3-5 ca Thc lc (q14, 1b). Nhng
Nguyn nh di thuyn ng n 8 gi sng 15-6 mi vo Kinh thnh c l v mun ch tt
oan Ng (tt ngy? long trng?). V l nn Girard mi ni n chuyn gii phng Hu ngy
15-6.
6. Thc lc q14, 10ab, Lit truyn q22, 7ab. Th Barizy do Cadire k c nhc tn 3 c
hng l Do Doue Cane (gii thch l Lng Vn Canh nh Cadire l sai), Boune v Banaa. L
Quc Cu v L Vn T b bt trong trn khng c m tn ging nh vy, Duy Boune c l l
Tng Phc Phng (Lit truyn, q25) hn l Nguyn B Phong nh Cadire theo li ch dn
ca Ch. Maitre. Phng cm cnh qun ring 1.000 ngi v t i u hng trc.
7. Lit truyn q8, 9a.
Tuy nhin mt nam mi l ng ch ti1. Nguyn nh bo Nguyn Vn
Trng sai Hong Vn im gi Thanh H ri v ng Hi sa lu phng th. Thu
thm 52.000 binh Ty Sn nhp binh mnh, nh sai L Vn Duyt, L Cht, Tng
Vit Phc nh vo. n Tr Khc, Phc lp c cng ln: nh bt c
Nguyn Vn Khn, Tham c H Vn T cng 3.000 qun. Nhng ng ri ro li gp
k th: vin tng do Trn Quang Diu phi ra vi i c L Danh Phong (sau
ra hng) li l T Vn Chiu, nn phc binh git cht Phc, ngn hn con ng
tin qun ca Duyt, Cht ang ng t ca M ging ln ni2.
Pha nam chin lu , 30.000 qun (c lng ca Barizy v tnh ton ca
Nguyn nh) ca Nguyn Vn Thnh cng ang mt nhc vi qun Dng, Diu v
bn hng tng trong thnh Bnh nh3. ph Yn, thnh thong Phm Vn im
cng lm ri 6-7.000 qun ca Tin phong Hong Vit Tuyn.
Thng 8 Tn Du (1801), Ty Sn mun nh Hoa An, Hoa Lc thng vi
Ph Yn bn n p tht mnh Sn Ch4, tin n sng Dinh, st ni Mt, nhng
khng kt qu. Trn Quang Diu li chuyn 18.000 qun ra pha Bc, mu sai T
Vn Chiu em 2.000 qun nh p sau lng L Vn Duyt ph th bao vy m
tm ng ra Bc H nhng cng khng toi nguyn. Mt nam Bnh nh, Nguyn
Vn Thnh li tung qun nh mnh t lu L Giy (L Ch) n Tn An khin Diu
phi tr vo tip tay vi V Vn Dng tn vt dn binh chng c5. Trn chin c
dng co nh vy trong thng 10.
Trong khi Bc H, Ty Sn c gng dy. Quang Ton ci hiu Cnh
Thnh lm Bo Hng, h chiu t ci li uy ph cc trn, sai p g trn ni ca
Ch Da v m vung ni h Ty h ch, ng ch ra t tri t. Cng vic
tht c v ca thi thi bnh thnh tr khin cho Nguyn Huy Lng phi lm bi ph
Tng Ty H, ca ngi cng c Ty Sn mt cch qu mun mng. Nhng Nguyn
386
Vn Trng sng Gianh cng nghe ip bo ni Bc H x x l ng nn hi
vng ca Ty Sn tranh ot li t ai tht l mng manh.
Tuy vy, thng 8 m lch, Quang Thy cng dn qun bn b i Ngh An trc.
Bc trong 3 thng, Quang Ton c 3 vn binh t trn cng Thanh Ngh, lu
Quang Thiu, Quang Khnh li Thng Long ri ko qun vo Nam. T thng 11 Tn
Du ra i m ti 1-1 Nhm Tut (1802) mi xy ra trn nh lu Trn Ninh, tht qu
xa thi Quang Trung tung qun.
Nhng danh tng Ty Sn mc kt Quy Nhn y ni bt ln hnh bng
mt anh th m gio s De la Bissachre ht li ca tng n ni em tng qun s
bn b t khong 5.000 ln n 300.000! Thu qun Ty Sn do Thiu u ng Vn
ng v c Lc dn trn 100 thuyn by trn ngoi ca Nht L. Trn b,
Quang Thu, Tng qun Siu thng ln lu Trn Ninh. V mt pha Ty lu, ni
ni u Mu c T l inh Cng Tuyt v c Nguyn Vn Kin cng ng.
Chin tranh xy ra nh 150 nm v trc cng ni t ny, tuy cc vai tr i
thay.
Nguyn nh sai Nguyn Vn Trng nh ngoi bin, Phm Vn Nhn, ng
Trn Thng phn binh c. Qun Ty Sn b cht c ngn vn leo ln ni u Mu
nh kin. Nguyn nh sai th xung vn khng ngn c. Bi Th Xun c
thc voi, binh t chin t sng ti tra, ph mt vi mng thnh. Ngi v
Nguyn nh tng b e do ln na. Nhng ngoi bin, Nguyn Vn Trng ph
tan c thu qun Ty Sn. Trn t, Nguyn Vn Kin tin qu su vi 8-900 b
binh bng nhin chu hng. Th m Bi Th Xun cn nh mi ti x. Thu qun
Nguyn theo thng b nh tp hu. Quang Ton vi vng rt lui, b qun Bi
Th Xun ri lon theo. Th trn nh tan r nh du ln qut cng cui cng ca
Ty Sn6.
Trn Trn Ninh cng lm tiu tan hi vng ca qun Ty Sn Quy Nhn.
Trong hai thng u nm Nhm Tut (1802), h phc binh git c Ph tng
Nguyn Vn Hu v c gng cm c vi qun Nguyn Vn Thnh hp vi L Vn
Duyt vo nh lun trong 7 ngy. Vng di bin gn Thi Ni, t sng Dinh ln ni
K Sn u b qut sch n mi Vn Cau. V Vn Dng em nhiu binh n
nh, khng chim c m cn hao cc c na. Cnh qun L Vn Duyt, L
Cht nh p vo Bn , thu binh b Tam Quan, Di.
Nhng ci nguy na cho Ty Sn chnh l thiu lng. Hi thng 2 h nh
vt ni Nha Tham ln cp Ph Yn nhng b Nguyn Vn Thnh chn li
c. By gi cho d Trn. Quang Diu v V Vn Dng c mun i cp Gia nh
nh gio s De la Bissachre nghe n cng khng c na7. Thng ba nm , hai
ngi u ht lc b thnh em qun i vng trn ni ra Bc vi 80 tng, 3.000
binh mnh v 86 voi.
Thng 5, Nguyn nh ln ngi tn, nin hiu Gia Long. i vi chng ta,
ngha chnh l ch cuc chin ko di 30 nm sp chm dt.
______________________________________
1. La relation sur le Tonkin...., sd: t.108, 109. Th Langlois cho Boiret. 3-9-1802 (BEFEO, 1912,
t.55)
2. Con s 52.000 l ca Barizy. Thc lc q14, 16b - 18b, Lit truyn q13, 9b, 10ab.

387
3. Trng hp Nguyn Vn Tn (Lit truyn q28, 3ab) khi thnh Bnh nh mt theo Ty Sn nh
rt hng, qun Nguyn ku khng ng li, n khi tr v, ngi ta hi, ng tr li: nh hng
cho gic khi nghi. y vy m khng bit s quan nghe u li ni c ngi khen l c tr.
4. Theo s kin k y th chc l hn Ch vng nam sng Vn Sn (Vn Hi) ch khng phi
ni Tr (Tr Sn), Ch Rang (Tr Lang Sn) Ph Ct, ty bc Ch Bn ca NNTC.
5. Thc lc q15, 1b, 17a, 20ab.
6. Trn Trn Ninh: Thc lc, q15, 28ab, q16; Lit truyn q8, 11b-13a, q30, 53ab, 54a; La relation
sur le Tonkin... sd t.108-111. Tuy De la Bissachre qu tn tng Bi Th Xun nn mi lo s
gim cho Nguyn nh, nhng c nhng chi tit ng nh: voi ph vi ni ca lu Thy (Lit
truyn: Bi Th Xun sut tng khu chng), nh ti 2 gi chiu (qu tra ca Lit
truyn). Duy ng khng bit n tn vin tng phn bi m ta gn cho Nguyn Vn Kin v ng
ny c mt trong trn v c tn trong danh sch hng tng.
7. La relation sur le Tonkin, sd, t. 113. C th v toan tnh nh Ph Yn trong dp ny m ngi
ta n ti tai De la Bissachre rng Trn Quang Diu mun vo ly ng Nai chng?
T lu trong qun i Nguyn nh c nhng ngi Bc H u qun mu khi
phc nh L. Nguyn nh vn mp m dng nin hiu Cnh Hng trong cc vn
th. Cc cu thn nh L li thng t chc nhng cuc xm nhp Bc H quy
ri hu c Ty Sn. Nhng khuynh hng ph L theo vi thi gian tr thnh li
thi, qun thn nh Nguyn xut thn Nam H tranh quyn bng xng mu ca
mnh hn khng phi t ln ngai vng mt ng vua lu vong cha tng chia x
gian kh vi h. ngha vic c tin nm 1796 vi danh hiu Gia Hng ring bit
cng l mt du vt ph nhn t Nguyn nh1. Vic Ty Sn cm quyn x Bc trn
13 nm xua tan thnh kin ranh gii sng Gianh. Ty Sn chu ting cp nc,
nhng s m ng cho k sau vt tip m khng thy tr ngi nhiu. Bi vy, khi
Nguyn nh nh Bc m phn vn Bc H vn l t ca nh L th ng c
Siu, Trn Vn Trc mi c th l lun: t Bc l ca Ty Sn ri... Ly t Bc l
ly ca Ty Sn ch ly g ca L!2.
Ln ngi xong l Nguyn nh dt khot sau khi chun b y cuc vn
ng tm l qun thn. Nhng ngi Bc H c d b t lu theo qun ra:
vn thn c c hc Nguyn Gia Ct, Hn lm vin Mai Huy ng ch sn t
thng 6 m lch (1801), ng Trn Thng cng c rt t qun th Bnh nh n
vi Tham qun Hu dinh l Nguyn Tr Ho3. Qun Bc pht gm c mt lc lng
hng hu. Tin qun mang 60.000 binh, T qun L Vn Duyt dn 86.000 ngi,
Hu qun L Cht 50.000 ngi; Nguyn Vn Trng mang 50 tu, hn 100 ghe
chin. 800 thuyn c tr sng, 500 thuyn nh hn ch 50.000 ngi, tt c rm r
tn pht4.
Qun i dng mnh nhng c bi Hch d cc ngi trung ngha ngoi Bc
thnh5 chng t l Vng s n. Li ku gi nhm vo vic ng vin ngi
Bc hng ng qun Nam, phc th cho nh L:
Trc sanh hi miu x - sau l chng cu sinh linh.
Khuyn ngi trung ngha ngoi ny - r khng ph trong y.
Nhng chng ta hy nghe tip:
Nghe v hch mt lng ng Hn, gip cn ng lc thu trng hng;
Dng can k bn mt cng thnh, t thu sn man tht th.
Nhc chuyn bo Tn tc l nhc chuyn di i triu i, tuyn xng cho mt
pha l nh Hn, tc l bt mi ngi phi cng nhn quyn uy ca triu i mi,
388
ngi vit hch trong c m ca mt di thn L Trnh cng nh phi v tnh nhn
rng phn tranh sp ch vo l d vng v nh L ch cn l bng m m thi.
Cho nn cuc Bc pht thnh cng thc d dng. Nguyn Vn Trng i trc
ui c Nguyn Vn Ng, ri cng vi b binh ca L Vn Duyt, L Cht hp
nhau qut sch x Ngh. Trn th Nguyn Vn Thn, Hip trn Nguyn Trim, Thu
qun Thng lnh tn i, Thiu u ng u b chy. Trn Quang Diu, V Vn
Dng, T Vn Chiu, Nguyn Vn Mn, Nguyn Vn Gip, Nguyn Vn im, L
Cng Hng (phn ln u l hng tng c li tr v), theo ng thng va n.
Diu qua o Quy Hp vo Ngh An th ni ny mt, bn qua Thanh Chng,
vt sng Thanh Long. Lnh theo hao mn v thiu n, bnh tt, nn b ri tng h
sa vo tay bn nng dn ham tin. Cuc i dng mnh, thanh cao ri s cng chm
dt vi ngi v him c. Phn V Vn Dng cng khng thot tay dn Nng
Cng6.
Qun Nguyn qua Thanh Ba bt Quang Bn v Vn Thn. ng v H em
nhau ra hng. n Sn Nam h, Nguyn Vn Trng la c bn Thng binh T
Ngi ln b, bt Dng Tht Nguyn, Ng Tam ng. Ngy 15-7-1802, Thiu u
Nguyn Vn Th m ca thnh Thng Long ra hng. Quang Ton, Quang Duy,
Quang Thiu, cc c Nguyn Vn Dng, Nguyn Vn T, T (T Vn T?)
vt qua sng Nh H chy trn. H khng may mn hn nhng ngi trc. m
Xng Giang, dn chng n bt, Quang Thu, c T v v cng t vn. Cn
Quang Ton b dn Phng Nhn bt, chm dt i Ty Sn.
Ngy 20-7, Nguyn nh ra ti Thng Long, t chn ln ni m hn 200 nm
trc, t tin ng phi gi ting mi v Nam c. Thng Long, Thanh Ho, Ph
Xun, Gia nh ri ni vng Gia nh, Ph Xun, Thng Long, con ng tht di,
tht y gian nan, cc nhc m cng y vinh quang. t nc mt mi v chin
tranh nay tm c ng thot trong thng nht, yn ngh. Mt giai on mi bt
u vi Nguyn nh - Gia Long.
_____________________________________
1. Thc lc, q9, 6a.
2. Thc lc q16, 17b.
3. Thc lc q14, 20b, 22b.
4. S lng qun trong th Barizy gi cho Marquini v Foulon, 15-6-1802 (BAVH, Oct-Dc 1926).
Chuyn Bc pht: Lit truyn q8, 13ab, q30, 54ab, Thc lc q17, 11b-18a.
5. Tc gi V Huy Dao, trch trong Morceaux choisis... t.254, 255.
6. La relation sur le Tonkin, sd, t.114, 117; Lit truyn q.30, 54b, 55a. Trong tp Bnh nh
(1964), Ty Thng tin Bnh nh, trang 13, 24 c on xc nhn rng V Vn Dng l ngi a
phng (thn Ph M, x Bnh Ph, qun Bnh Kh), sau khi b bt bn trn thot, ci danh l
V Vn , mt An Kh nm 1853. Nu ng c tht th chc l mt ngi b con lu lc
ch chuyn V Vn Dng trn thot l iu kh tin (Dng khng qu tr n mi nm 1853
mi cht!). Trn Quang Diu nh tha cht cho binh tng V Tnh mi c c n ung
thuc c, khi b voi x nh v con. Cn V Vn Dng m u cng treo gi ng thi vi ca
quan Thi ph th lm cch no thot khi nanh vut ca Nguyn ang thng c? Dng l
ngi Hi Dng c bng c hn hoi ni tc Chiu Vin hu nh ta ni trc.

389
Chng kt
TNG QUAN V LCH S CHM DT PHN TRANH
Vai tr tng c nhn trong din bin lch s chm dt phn tranh * ngha ca thi
gian 32 nm ri lon * Nhng d kin hng dn ti lp ho bnh m u cho thi
k cn i Vit Nam.
Lch s va ng ht mt giai on ri rm, tn bo. Chin tranh lin min trn
mt vng t y nhng c tnh phc tp, ring r khin ta thy nhng b mt c
bit hin ra, bin i tu theo tnh th thay i. V pha Ty Sn, nhng Nhng Huy,
T Linh, Huyn Kh, Nguyn Thung, Gio Hin c danh vng khng vt qua c
giai on u ca mt m cp ni lon. Phm Vn Sm, Phm Vn Hng v c
Trn Quang Diu na cng c nui dng trong s trng thnh ca triu i
dng h nhng ngi y. C gi nh rng khng c cuc lon pht xut t lng Kin
Thnh th chc rng h cng ch l nhng ngi dn nai lng ra ng thu. i hi
ca tnh th chin tranh hp vi s may mn c lin lc thn tc vi dng h ni dy
khin nhng ngi ny c nng cao ln, thot cnh sng mt i tm thng, hay
c khi t hn, lam l. Hnh bng yu t ca nhng nhn vt Bc H: Hong Phng
C, inh Tch Nhng... l mt minh chng thm bn ln mc i ch. Nm trong
s tan r ca Trnh L, lc quyn uy Ty Sn cha mnh lan nh hng n
vng ngoi, h c v l con ngi ca thi i. Nhng lm s, ti nng hn km
ca h l ra: Nhng trnh mt Ty Sn, C bt nht lc L, lc Trnh ri b tri
bi Tin phong ca Nguyn Hu Chnh.
L Ti tng trnh c s phn dnh cho Tp nh, Nguyn Thung nhng
ngi gin tip hay trc tip cht di tay Nhc, nhng khi ng ph tr mt triu
nh ang tan r th chc Bo gi i tng qun oai v khng a qun ng t chc
vt c ln trn tnh trng ao ba ca mt m cp ngy ri phi chm dt
cuc i trong lc lun lc. Chu Vn Tip cng mt xut x nh Nguyn Nhc m
on Tri khng cho ta bnh Ty ch v em mnh ngn chn mt tro lu ang
ln, tuy lng can m, ch quyt thng ca ng c tha nh bt c mt tng lnh
Ty Sn no khc. Nguyn Vn Trng may mn hn. T a chn tru leo ln chc
Trn th Long Xuyn l cng ca triu i dn chng Ty Sn, nhng lm Bnh bc
i tng thay mt Nguyn nh trng coi thu qun chnh l nh ng ghp mnh
vi Gia nh, tin b theo vi lc lng ch cht ny ca min Nam.
Vt trn ht nhng k ny l nhng khun mt lm nn lch s: Nguyn
Nhc, Nguyn Hu Chnh, Nguyn Hu v cht ht, vinh d thay trong lch s tn
nhn, Nguyn Phc nh. Nhng ta cng thy bin chuyn t t trong con ngi
to thnh Gia Long khi chung cuc. Thanh Nhn Si Gn chng Ty Sn th
ng lnh ra Bn Lc, L Vn Qun thng gi Ba Vc, Ba Lai th ng lnh nh
ngoi vnh Xim. Thc l khc hn khi ng xng k hoch nh gic ma, iu
khin di tay mt bn b ti hn tp gm nhng tn tht kiu hnh vi dng di,
tng t dng cm nhng th l, hng tng y mc cm v nh tic qu kh oanh
lit, bn Phiu lu Ty phng ba bi ngo ngh... Ngi sao Nguyn Hu c chi
sng rc r v chin cng cng khng che lp c tnh cch mu thun bp bnh
ca ch Ty Sn. Cho nn, Nguyn Hu Chnh c c gia x Bc H c k

390
trong thnh kin n phi mc ti bi phn m cht, Nguyn Nhc m ly thnh
Ch Bn ch Nguyn nh mnh ln.
Nhng nhng ngi ang hnh ng, tiu cc hay tch cc cng u l biu
hin cho nhng khuynh hng, tro lu hin hnh. Cho nn h phi chu s hu dit
- c th l s hu dit thn xc - cho tro lu kia tan bin hnh thc khng
mnh m nht. Bi vy Ty Sn c tnh truy n n tn cng ng Hong cn st
li ca dng h Nguyn. Nguyn nh dng voi x xc Quang Ton, Bi Th Xun...
Lch s 32 nm chm dt phn tranh, lch s thng nht trong chin tranh khngphi
ch gm nhng chm git, hn th c nhn. Ti trung nh Nguyn c th hm hc v
ngu tc, cng nh ngi c tinh thn chng i phi than khc gim cho c
nghip Nguyn Hu1. Nhng vt b tnh cch ph du giai on ca cuc sng tng
th h, ngi ta phi thy c mt s ni tip xy ra trong lch s gia nhng ngi
trc, sau, cho d l th ch cng vy.
Chin tranh hi thc lch s. Th m lch s phn tranh trong x hi i Vit
c du hiu bo trc t u th k XVI. Triu i L Thnh Tng (1460-1497) qua
i l xui hn thi thnh vng. C ngi mun tm nguyn nhn trong s kit lc
ca t ai ng bng Nh H2. Nhng lch s Vit Nam khng ch xoay quanh ng
bng min Bc cho nn vn c l phc tp hn nhiu. gii quyt sinh sng,
ngi nng dn Vit khai trin t ai vi tnh cch chim ot. Nhng n in t
ra di triu Thnh Tng l li kh m ng v Nam. Song k thut khng i mi
tin b th a phng cng d c lp vi trung ng, nht l khi trung ng li c
nhng yu t phn ly sn. Cho nn, Trnh dp c Mc ri, chm dt cuc phn
tranh L - Mc m khng ngn c Nguyn Hong hng c phng Nam.
Nhng t mi cng em li yu t vn ho, k thut lm nn sc mnh cho
triu i ly khai. Sau ny chng ta thy Ty Sn, Nguyn nh c qun Chm,
Thng, Min gip sc, nhng J. Koffler ch r t trc rng i qun Chm ca
dn bn th l mt ct tr ca Nam H gi qun Bc khng vt qua c sng
Gianh. Nu ch c by nhiu thay i th phn tranh vn ch hon phn tranh. Quan
trng hn l vic m ngi bn th Vit ho v m ngi Vit thu nhn nh hng
bn th to thnh mt lp ngi mi uyn chuyn hn. t ai mu m v va quen
vi k thut khai thc t m min Bc a vo, to nn s tr ph, thnh vng. y
vy m cng i v xa xung Nam mi lin lc a phng vi chnh quyn trung
ng cng lng lo, ngay c i vi chnh quyn Nam H. Nhng con sng n su
vo trong ni, nhng khong ni chy di ra bin p , che giu nhng m mu
khuynh o.
____________________________________
1. i din cho thi u l Hong Quang (Hoi nam khc), cc b ti nh Nguyn, i din cho
thi sau l mt s ngi chu nh hng tro lu dn ch, cch mng ngy nay. Khng u
v r s xung t ca nhng kin ch quan ca s gia bng quyn Hong L nht thng ch:
Ng Th Ch hiu ch nht thng theo vi ngha gm mt v vua L nn cng vi Ng Du ht
sc ca tng Nguyn Hu, Du cng tng ca tng khi Ty Sn thnh. Th m tc gi vit cc hi
sau cht li c li ch nht thng v pha Nguyn nn gi ngu Ty i chi vi quan qun
2. o Duy Anh - Vit Nam lch s gio trnh, Thi k t ch, quyn h, Lin khu IV xut bn,
1950. trang 25, 26, ch s 1.

391
 Th ri nh hng Ty phng n. Chng ta bit thng nghip mang li gi
tr mi cho nhng sn phm a phng. Nam H c t cho nng dn cy cy th
cng c rng r cho ngi ta ly ng voi, sng t, trm hng, k nam chuyn ra
ngoi. T Nam H c truyn thng n nhn nh hng t ngoi vo. Joan da
Cruz c tn gn lin vi a danh Phng c Hu trong khi nhng con b nhn
gi lnh B ng trn lu Trn Ninh e do qun Trnh.
Tt c to nn mt hon cnh si sc trong pht trin Nam H. a phng v
trung ng trng chng nhau c hai bn sng Gianh, nhng sc mnh a phng
min Bc yu th nhiu v qu kh 10 th k kt tp chung sng. Cho nn, bin c
c tn l Ty Sn li n bng ra Nam H v sc mnh o ln tt c: chin
tranh 32 nm ch l ci gt tm thu kt qu ca my trm nm gm g phn
tranh, my trm nm bin i dn d trong x hi i Vit.
Cui ng ca mi lon tin km gp g ri lon trong triu Nguyn cha di
quyn ph chnh Trng Phc Loan l iu kin tc khc cho anh em Ty Sn l
din. H t tp di c qun Thng, qun phn Thanh phc Minh, m nng dn
ngho i, bt mn su thu, quan li triu nh, s phu, tng lnh khng t dng
v. Ni rng Nam H di quyn cha Nguyn va yu va mnh thc l mu thun.
Nhng ng vy bi v c nhng tim lc cha dng n, cn ang kt thnh. Ty
Sn nung chn nhng sc mnh lm li cho mnh. Cho nn, c lc tin lc
thoi, h nh tan c nh Nguyn ri o t ra Bc.
y phi nhc li tnh cch ng nht trn nhng ng nt pht trin chnh
tr ca x hi i Vit trong phn tranh. Trn tt nh c cu quyn bnh, Ty Sn v
by ti L Trnh xng h vi nhau nh ngi ca hai nc ring bit, mt iu qu
quc hai iu qu quc, nhng Trnh - Nguyn vn nh mnh l ngi Thanh
Ho, Nguyn Nhc cn bit xng h ngoi cha Nam H, v Nguyn Hu vn i
lp Phng Hong Trung qu cha t t Ngh An. nh hng giao thng vi
nc ngoi khng to nn mt giai cp bourgeois c tin ca, xy dng thc h,
o Cu ch nh Ty phng nhng cng pht sinh 2 min Nam, Bc mt lp
ngi lm giu mau chng bng cch bun bn, khc hn bn nng dn cm ci lam
l. Ph Hin, K Ch, m cc li Thanh Ho cn chng minh. Ch duy,
trong tng quan nh hng i vi x hi Bc H, h phi chu np di bng quan
li ng hng hay khng, tm quyn hnh. Vng ny, dn chng b chi phi bi
mi quan tm ph L dit Trnh trong khi L ch l bng m bn cnh uy quyn thc
ca Ph Liu. Ci hi s phu min man trong kinh sch ri truyn cho m nng dn
tuy lm yu Bc H, nhng cng ru ng c dn chng trong mt gic m bnh an
v thc h. Cho nn nhng k bt mn m t hay nhiu c khun nn trong
mt khng kh c khc vi kinh vn, d m rng tr suy xt n ly cn ging t
t phng Nam. Nguyn Hu Chnh vo trng hp . Cng rn cn g nh,
ngh tht c ti, song cng l mt vic hn ngi1 nhng u c d hp hi cng
vn phi chp nhn s tht l c nhng bin i ang lm o ln x hi ang sng.
Nhng khi Nguyn Hu Chnh mun tch ri Ty Sn th ng tht bi ngay.
ng nh em nhng bin php kht khe m Ty Sn dng p dng cho Bc
H th gp ngay nhng phn i, hi s v pha dn chng, s phu. Hp tc vi bn
khanh tng bn chuyn i t Ngh An th c, nhng nh vy l ng i vo vt
392
xe c ca Trnh nn khng sc chng i V Vn Nhm. Phi i Ty Sn em
c mt khi ngi o ra dt L, Bc H mi thy thay i thc s.
ng trong quan im quc gia, chin thng ng a l mt vinh d ca ngi
dn Vit chng xm lng phng Bc. Nhng hai mi vn qun Tn S Ngh qu c
ci th khc vi qun Tng ca Quch Qu, vi i lnh thin chin ca Thot Hoan.
N l mt i Vng s nh ca Trng Ph lc ban u. Th m trc kia H Qu
Ly b ng ci phi v Yn Kinh khng y mt nm v Tn S Ngh by gi mt
binh i khng y 5 ngy. Chin thng do khch ng lng yu nc nh m
chnh yu cn do s cch bit v khc bit k thut chin u, iu hnh chin tranh
na. Qun Thanh c ng thc nhng ch l phng i ca qun Trnh L thi, vi
tng y v kh, tng y thc hng dn hnh ng. Trong khi , Ty Sn ly sc
mnh cn bn ni s ho hp chng tc vn ho Quy Nhn ri em th sc, thu
thp kinh nghim khp cc chin trng, vi c ngi ngoi quc pha Nam na.
Cho nn trong s tip rc Gi Vng, trong li trao i ngoi giao, chng ta
thong thy vua ti nh Thanh mt knh n, mun thu phc. V vy bn T Ngi
hi ph mi chu v u, khin ng bin ng m rng m Ty Sn cn thm sc
mnh na. Xa nay cha nghe ton gic no nh ton gic ny. ming vin s
Trn Cng Xn bit ra i l cht, li ni y l mt xc nhn ch khng phi l mt
biu l khip nhc.
Tuy nhin khng phi l Ty Sn khng chu nhng iu kin thc t rng buc,
gii hn kh nng. Nhng iu kin ny c khi l do nhng yu t trng cu iu
khin, c khi l do nhng bin c nht thi lm tng thm hiu qu ca loi trn.
Trong nhng phe chng i Ty Sn tt c k s tha hng nhng thun li m Ty
Sn khng thu nhn c k tc s nghip ca h. Ty Sn ni ln c hai ng
cha phi lu vong i cu vin, mt ngi phi ngm ngi b thn ni t khch. Ch
c mt Nguyn nh tr v. Khng phi l s tnh c.
Ta ni n vic Nguyn Hu dit tc Nguyn, thanh ton gim h ny mi
lc c, hc hc ni b. Nhng mt ngi cn thot a chuyn dng h n mt
giai on mi m vn gi c tnh cch truyn thng lin tc lu gi lng trung
thnh ca mi ngi. Trong lc th Ty Sn khng vt khi nhng kh khn c
m cn gy ra nhng cn tr mi na. T Quy Nhn, h tung qun vo Gia nh qua
nhng vng t dng dc si . Vi vi ba trm chic ghe bu i vng bin ni
lin ni xut pht v chin trng, hnh ng nh k theo quy lut gi ma mi nm
mt ln vo ra th tt khng phi l mt e do chim ng thc s. T ng nhp
khu m s quan dng ch cc cuc hnh binh ny tuy c dng thin lch nhng
vn ng s thc mt phn no.
Chnh s gii i nui dng cho nh Cu Nguyn hi sinh ch thy nhng
sai lm ca Ty Sn xut hin n li v pha mnh. Bui u ni dy, Ty Sn
mt s hp tc ca bn s phu c truyn thng gn gi t chc nng nghip nh,
m cn mt lun c bn Hoa kiu trung gian bun bn na. H li cc tng lnh
cai tr Gia nh vi mt s qun nh b m khng t r mt chnh sch lu di no
ht. H a ra mt chnh sch thng nghip m thiu ngi thi hnh ch v v tn
ph Hi An (1774) v sau , Si Gn (1782) cha thi gian lp li tnh trng
bnh thng. Nhng c gng phi thng ca h cng nh tan c 2 vn qun Xim
393
v ui Nguyn nh sng cuc i lu vong. Th ri h quay ra pha Bc chim mt
phn t Nam H cn st li di quyn ca h Trnh. Khng bng lng Ph Xun,
Ty Sn ng trn lu Thy mi p m nhn ra Thng Long. Ta ni n s khc
bit tui tc gia Nguyn Nhc v Nguyn Hu gy ra xung t u tin gia hai
anh em nh th no khi ngi anh c tui ln bng lng vi s nghip c c v
ch em th 8 ba mi bn tui trn y hng say cn mun cp ot hn. Nhng
chng ta cng thy trong mi lo khng kim sot c em ca Nguyn Nhc mt
ngha lo lng v ng t cch tr m cc phng tin khng hiu qu bc
th ngn Hu ng i Bc kp n Hu khi qun khi hnh. Th ra khi x ci th
phn tranh c, anh em Ty Sn cng phi chu lu vo nhng iu kin chia x tng
c trc. Cho nn Bc Bnh vng phng Bc, Trung ng Hong gia, ng
nh vng pha Nam c chia nhau m cai tr t nc cng khng phi ch v tham
vng ring ai m chnh l theo ng quy nh ca thc t x hi, quc gia.
_________________________________________
1. Hong L, t. 64. Chnh chng ti nhn mnh.
Tuy nhin, vic phn phi khu vc cng khng phi l tnh c. Ty Sn lp
nghip bng chim ot m khng gi ton vn phn thng th chia ra, k no c
kh nng nht, chim c phn ln nht. Th m nh ta bit, ton b i Vit
gia hu bn th k XVIII c trnh nhn vn ho theo l li ngi Vit phai lt
dn t Bc n Nam. L k c mng tng ln, ti ba, Nguyn Hu tt c un y
ti ch chim ly Ph Xun vn ra Bc. Nguyn Nhc bng lng vi khong t
anh em ng chim gi lc ban u. Cn Gia nh vi ao m kinh rch, mi bc i
l c c su, c cy chn ng, y v huyn b nht th chia cho ch By yu t
cho trn tnh anh em. Nh ni, Nguyn nh tha hng c mi tht li do s
nt rn ca Ty Sn. Nhn lc Nguyn Nhc m ly Hong thnh v Nguyn
Hu bn tm thanh ton cho xong triu L sng tha qu lu thnh cng tr nn b
bn th Nguyn nh v nh Gia nh. Nguyn L khng thu phc ni bn x s Gia
nh c mt chnh sch nng nghip cho min ny m li cn lm bt mn thm
bn thng gia Trung Hoa bng cch di h t Si Gn ln Cu Sn lm hn ch s
bun bn ca h na. Cho nn Phm Vn Sm c c bm cho my cng tht bi, m
tht bi c gng th lu thn.
Nguyn nh thnh cng trc khi B-a-lc v ti khin ng c t ai, c
ngi v, ngha l c chnh ngha c c th ho. vo a v k yu phi chng gi,
ng bin triu nh ng thnh mt nhm ngi chin u thot hn tnh trng bc
nhc trc kia, bin x s ng thnh mt l hun luyn khng l. nim c v
cch t chc khai thc t ai theo li n in gp dp c p dng trit vi s
gip sc ca nhm Bnh Dng thi x.
Cho nn khi phong tro giao thng u - vn tip tc m Ty Sn b nm bn
l mt phn no th Gia nh thay mt i Vit nhn lnh tt c nhng u th c
a n. Tt nhin Ty phng n vi tnh cch ton b ca vn ho h. B-a-lc
mang Hong t Cnh i cu vin em v Gia nh khng phi ch mt hip c tuy
khng thi hnh nhng cng ku gi ngi ti m cn mt ng Hong tr nh bit c
kinh v qu quyt ha rng s mnh ca ng l lm cho dn chng x.ti tr-li-
o. ng Boisserand th mt qu kh cu khng phi ch lm Ty Sn khip s m
394
cn lm tng uy tn ca gio s gia m dn ngoi o na, iu kin cn thit
thu phc tn . V th mi xy ra v ginh git linh hn Hong t Cnh n bng
ra vi trng hp thay i ca Tng Phc m.
D dng xm nhp hn l cc dng c k thut vi nhng cch s dng, iu
khin. Ta thy i Thn Sch ko lu ng cc sng i bc c nh, Nguyn nh
dng vin knh i thm st Ty Sn v Ch to cc lin min c sng ng tu. Ta
lu n vic Ty phng n vi ta bng tu thuyn. Gia nh li c sng di,
nc su v c i Vit c mt b bin di dng dc. Tt c nhng s kin hnh
nh ho hp to nn ngh dng tu b Ty phng hay ng theo kiu Ty
phng l phng tin thun li nht tin su vo t ch. Yu t quyt nh
thng nht thc ra nm phn ln trong s tng tin thu qun Gia nh vy.
Trong khi th vic khai thc nng nghip Gia nh vn tin hnh theo mt
nhp mau chng tn nhn. S pht trin ca ni ny khng nhng nui dng qun
Nguyn ln mnh m cn khin bt cch bit trnh Vit ho trn cc phn t
khc nhau na.
Chin tranh nung chy c kt cc nhm chng tc khc bit tr thnh ho hp
hn. Vo nm 1773 cn thy du vt t chc th tc mu h ca Chim Thnh c n
cha Th Ho Ph Yn, du vt vng triu ca T Bnh Thun, th m vi
Nguyn nh, Mn-lai-ph-t thnh Nguyn Vn Chiu, Thn-ba-h thnh Nguyn
Vn Ho, B-kha-o thnh Nguyn Vn Chn, k Cai c, ngi Tn l sinh hot
vi quan qun Gia nh. Lui v pha Nam hn, Tr Vinh, Ba Tht cn c phin
liu cai tr cho Chiu-thu Bin nay i mai i, th m qua trung gian ca m
lu vong Minh dn, hai ph ln ln thuc quyn triu nh, a a v mt Nguyn
Vn Tn t dch nh n n Cai i coi Tim binh ca Nguyn. m con chu
Minh dn cng tm c v tr ca mnh trn t h , in hnh vi vai tr ca Trnh
Hoi c, th ging cho ng cung. Nhng a v ca h, nhn nhn hn m quan
trng hn l c mt h thng t chc thng nghip mi gi vi mc tng tin
hn trc chin tranh cc cuc giao thng a phng, do sng ng n dc
ch t Ty phng v Gia nh chng t hiu qu chnh xc, hiu sut cao vt
cc th cng loi ca Ty Sn ch Bc H, Ph Xun nh li Gio s De la
Bissachre k.
Ty phng, Cch mng 1789 ln n tt nh si sc gy nn phn ng ri lon
khp u chu. m phiu lu Ty phng b dao ng, k b i, ngi im ting
phc v trong s ganh ght, m mu hoc ca lp nho s vn dy, hoc ca nhng
k ng chng khc quc gia. Trong khi Ty Sn c du hiu tan r thm m
khng c hy vng gng li t ci cht ca Nguyn Hu, tay ch huy ti ba nht
trong anh em h c to c mt lc lng ng k bng mt h thng qun
chnh tn nhn trn m dn Bc H, Ph Xun. Qun tng Ty Sn chuyn thc
lc ca h dn v pha Nam khi hoc v bt buc, hoc v tnh nguyn phi u qun
di c Gia nh. Gia nh do vt cp bc a phng tr nn trung ng
hn. Xim khng dm i H Tin, Long Xuyn v em qun gip ngi m cn b
ngi e do: mua mt con g m khng tr tin th b git ht ch tr mt ngi
chy v Ayuthia bo tin thi. Nc-n theo Chiu-thu Bin ri Nc-chn ch lo phn
s cng thn, chu nhn thuyn, m c ca nc ln Gia nh ban cho.
395
 Trnh xm nhp k thut Ty phng vn cn tng tin, nhng nh hng c
nhn ca nhm phiu lu st xung r rt. Nm 1792 trong cuc thu chinThi Ni,
J.M. Dayot l ngi tn cng. Nm 1801 cng ni , thay cho ng l Nguyn Vn
Trng, V Di Nguy, L Vn Duyt o t t thuyn ch trong khi Chaigneau,
Vannier, de Foran ng Hu i. Nm 1793, s quan nhc ti Ty dng binh
theo qun Bnh Thun, vy quanh Quy Nhn, th m n 1801 Chaigneau, Vannier
ch lm nhim v ly lng tip t cho Quy Nhn, Ph Xun thi.
Chin tranh cng d di th i Vit do s sc tch lc lng cn thit, cng c
nhiu nh hng lan xa. Trn ng a lm n v Bc Kinh. Cc thng thuyn u -
em tin thnh vng ca Gia nh qua Manille, Malacca, Goa trn cc tu mang
hiu k vua x Nam H. Cc nc T-n, Tam-hot, Nhu-pht em dng cng
phm, tt c c l t M Lai. Ta khng ni ti Xim m Nguyn nh vn c gi
bang giao mt thit nh cy khuy ri Ngh An. S b Nguyn Vn Thu 150
ngi i Cao Min ri Bangkok, Vn Tng qua nhng vng hoang vu m chnh cc
quc gia lin h cng cha kim sot c. Cho nn ta thy s quan ghi rng s thn
dng ngi Chn Lp dn ng, i t a u nc ny n Tm-phm-mi-tn
(Kongpong -?), qua Khu-khang, U-bn c dn hng ng v Khu-khang li sai
s ti cng na1.
__________________________________________
1. Thc lc q10, 34b, 35a. U-bon trn sng Se Mun, ph lu sng Mkong trn phn t Thi,
Khon khaen trn sng Se San, ph lu ca Se Mun, ch khng phi lng Khu-khang pha bc
dy Dangrek. S b chc r tri qua cc ph lu ny ti Vn Tng ch khng i nt phn
sng Mkong trn t Lo.
Vic ci thin giao thng trn b cng tng tin ln theo vi nhu cu thng tin,
lin lc gia qun tin ra v cn bn Gia nh. Nm 1797 lm nga trm trn
ng Xch Ram, Ma Ly. Thng 10 nm sau th cc phong ho i c t trn
ng Bnh Thun, Bnh Khang. c bit trong chuyn h thnh Quy Nhn 1799 ri
ko qun v, vic t chc giao thng tht chu o: ven ng c t nhng trm
nga, ch ngh tra, ng m. ng s, cu cng c sa sang li. Mi trm phi
d b 200 dn phu, 500 vung go1. Tuy t chc ch ct dng tip vua khi hon,
nhng chng ta cng thy hnh nh con ng ci quan sau ny ni lin Gia
nh ph nhiu v cc vng khai thc xa c. Cc con ng hnh qun ca Ty Sn
thng o cng m rng hiu bit vo cc phn t su trong ni a. Cng vi
tng tin tu b trn mt bin, s c gng ci thin giao thng trn b tha hng ca
chin tranh l mt yu t na xo b ngn cch a phng.
Dn dn vi cuc tin chim t ai, Nguyn nh s thu phc di tay mnh
ton b thc lc i Vit pht trin tt trong chin tranh. C vy ng mi
sc ngn cm 40.000 qun Xim vi v gip khng c t chn vo bin gii Lo
- Vit.
Cuc phn tranh chm dt nhng khng chm dt c mi vn trong qu
kh. Nc i Vit khi bin thnh Vit Nam vn phi chu nhng bin chuyn v
trc. Hai trn Gia nh v Bc Thnh c Tng trn nh hai Ph vng cai tr l mt
du vt. S phn bit cn mnh ti ni khi Minh Mng mun thi hnh chnh sch tp
trung th v lon L Vn Khi n bng ra phn i Nam v cc cuc lon tng t
xy ra Bc. Tt nhin l t Ty Sn qua Nguyn triu cng c nhng bin chuyn
396
tm l cc vng: min Nam kiu hnh vi tnh cch t dng nghip , x Hu
tng bng vi ngi thnh s ct, lng m s xy, vi nhng l li n chi ca dn
trng gi Kinh , v cui cng min Bc ngm ngi vi cc b ti c trung, nh
vng nh L, vi m dn khc than mt nh mt nc.
ng ni na l tnh cch Trung Hoa ho ca Vit Nam sau chin tranh. Vic
ng Trn Thng gn nh chp chuyn b lut nh Thanh sang b lut Gia Long l
mt chng c ti h nht ca s thu nhn vn ho. ng Masson2 lu n nhiu
iu tng t nh vy coi l mt nh lut trong lch s Vit Nam, khi mi ln
ngi Vit cng c c lp l mt ln tin n gn Trung Hoa hn. iu c th
hiu c khi nhn vo u th thc dng, c hiu qu v t chc kt hp x hi theo
thc h Khng gio ven b bin ng. Ln ny li thm vo tc dng ca nhiu
yu t, bin chuyn trong phn tranh: vn thn nh Nguyn mt phn l Trung Hoa
cn rt gn Tu, di dn Vit gia dn bn th khc sinh hot, c tnh gi sch thnh
hin coi nh mt du hiu bo m gi tr, v c o hn, l s phu Gia nh chng
i vi nguy c nh hng ca B-a-lc, phi tr nn bo th, gay gt hn.
Nhng khng phi nhng nh hng Ty phng b loi tr. Ta khng ni
na n sc mnh ca qun lc Gia nh lm e d qun i ngoi quc. Ta lu n
nhng cng trnh kho st t ai, hay ln ln lch s ca Trnh Hoi c, L Quang
nh, ca vn thn di quyn L Cht. Vn bit Trung Hoa v nc Vit trc kia
cng c nhng b a ch, s k nhng khng ai c th chi ci c nh hng ca
chin tranh khch ng mun sng tc th loi ny. Th m ta cng bit thm
l J.M. Dayot nhn lc coi thu qun d cc ca b, o ng nc nng su,
nh v tr cc ni, ng thi vi cng vic Olivier lm trn b. L no nhng ti liu
khng gp vo s chnh xc ca cc tc phm ni trn? R rng hn l mt Trn
Vn Hc theo s b Hong t Cnh i Pondichry ri ln v phc v Nguyn nh,
bit em kin thc m rng trn ng xa hp vi s thc y ca thc t chin
tranh m v nn mt bn Gia nh c cc khc un ca sng Si Gn ngay ni
ny ging ht mt bn mi ngy nay. Cc thnh kiu Vauban xy sau chin
tranh ca b ti Nguyn nh l chng minh ca k thut xy cng s phng th
truyn t B-a-lc, Olivier tr xung.
Ri ngm ngm m quan trng l s pht trin ca tn Thin Cha gio t
nh hng ca B-a-lc s c tip tc hng s yn n tng i di triu Gia
Long. H to ra mt lc lng ri s ln dn vi thi gian, gy nguy him cho m
s phu, nht l khi th lc cc nc Ty phng mnh m lan v ng khin h cng
cng rn i hi hn ln. Nho s cm quyn v nhm tn s chng nhau quyt
lit m phn bi v nhng ngi trc khi ci k sau v tay mng n ting sng
Nng 1858 gii thot h v x mi trt t c, a vn minh Ty phng thc s
i vo t Vit gy nhng nh hng v cng to tt.
Cho nn phi ni rng nhng tha hng ca qu kh, ca trn chin kt thc
phn tranh, m hay lt, nhiu hay t ri s hp vi nhng iu kin mi ny sinh
bt u lch s Vit Nam. t nc s cng ngy cng phc tp hn theo nhng
bin ng th gii m bc vo thi cn i vi Gia Long.
___________________________________________
1. Thc lc q9, 11b, q10, 14b, q11, 15ab.

397
2. Histoire de lIndochine, PUF, 1950, t. 62.

PH LC
NHNG BC TH NM CA NGUYN NH.
Do Gio s Cadire su tp
Lch s nh chng dn, cho ta bit na phn sau ca hu bn th k XVIII
ko di lan ti 1802 l mt trong nhng thi k ri ren nht. Lon lc lm xut hin
mt triu i pht sinh t dn chng, li sng ngn ngi nn cn y tnh cht qu
ma: ngi ta thy triu Ty Sn nh khoa thi bng ch Nm, dch kinh s ra li
Nm, dng chiu, ch, lnh bng quc m. Hai ng Hong Xun Hn (trong La Sn
phu t) v Hong Thc Trm (trong Quc vn thi Ty Sn) gom gp c phn
ln nhng ti liu .
Nhng chin tranh cng xua ui nh hng Hn hc ngay c khu vc ca cc
dng h c truyn thng cai tr. ng An Kh (Nam Phong tp ch, tp XIV, s 80,
Fv. 1924) sao lc mt o d vit bng quc vn trong cuc duyt binh ngy 26
thng 3 nm Canh Thn (1800) chun b ra cu V Tnh thnh Bnh nh. Mi
lin lc mt thit gia Nguyn nh v Gim mc Pigneau de Bhaine cng gy hng
th cho ngi Php, hc gi ti t hay chuyn nghip, o hoc i, ra cng tm kim
ti liu. Trong khi lc li, L.M Cadire thy c cc bn sao 14 bc th m
Nguyn nh gi cho gio s, tng Php... L.M em dch ra ting Php, km theo
bn chp nh 14 t ng trong thnh Hiu c Tp san (Bulletin des Amis du
Vieux Hue, Janv-Mars 1926, Les Franais au service de Gia Long - XV. - Nguyn
Anh et La Mission - Documents indits). ng Cadire ch trng n gi tr s liu
ca chng nn trnh by km thm vo cc bn dch mt on dn khi v ngun
gc, gi tr xc tn ca cc bc th . Chng ti cng ln lt ghi li nhng li ca
v c hc gi gio s ny.
Nguyn di i T c, Phi on Truyn gio Hu c dng mt ngi
Cng gio Kim Long lm trung gian lin lc vi triu nh v quan li a
phng. Ngi ny chc cng l mt tay c kin thc, c t cn thn, thu nht
tt c nhng giy t trao i dn vo mt ch, gi gn k lng. Con ca ng ta
cn gi tp giy trn di 100 trang . Mi bn t u l 14 bc th m Cadire
em gii thiu vi mi ngi. l nhng t giy b xp i, nh thng l giy
xa, ln bn, mi b 0,350/0,220m. Tt c do 6 li ch chp khc nhau: ti liu I, II,
XI - ti liu IV - ti liu V, VI r l tay mt ng gi chp - ti liu VII - ti liu XIII -
ti liu III, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIV. Ti liu XIV c thm ch ghi ch ca cc vin
quan tha hnh. Tr ba bc V, VI, VII ch c mt nin i 14-9 Cnh Hng 47 (4-
11-1786) ghi ngy vit, 11 t cn li c thm nin i ch ngy sao 25-5 Minh Mng
th 8 (19-6-1827) v c du n bng trin son T qun ca L Vn Duyt, mi b
0,029/0,025m.
Ti liu c ti hai th loi v gi tr chnh xc nh vy nn Cadire mi phi d
dt phn tch. ng ch trng n tp hp 11 bc th c n T qun. ng lc li trong
m th t lin lc ca cc gio s th thy Taberd c ni v vic .
Gim mc Taberd lm thng dch cho Minh Mng t thng 11-1826, vit th
ngy 28-4-1828 ni i nh sau:
398
 Minh Mng lo bi o, Taberd bn k kh vi L Vn Duyt l ngi trong qu
kh c lin lc vi Pigneau v trong hin ti l k i u vi v vua chuyn ch ny.
ng T qun mi thu thp cc bc th em sao chp li, nh dng ln Minh Mng
lm bng c v cng n khi phc t nc m Nguyn nh xa kia phi chu cc
gio s.
Mi mt bc th, theo Cadire, c l ly t Si Gn Collge Li Thiu lc
by gi do L.M Rgreau coi sc, nn c n son ca T qun. Ba ti liu V, VI, VII
gm cc bc th Nguyn nh gi cho Pigneau, cho ngi cm quyn Pondichry,
s quan trn tu Marquys de Castries, v l khng c lin quan ti Collge nn c th
do Pigneau gi. Sau khi Pigneau cht, cc th chuyn v tay Gio s Labartette
C Vu (Qung Tr). Labartette trao cho Taberd, Taberd c L Vn Duyt triu
vo bn tnh khi Duyt t Gia nh ti Hu thng 12-1827, nn mi vi v a cho
Thng cng 3 bc th . V th mi khng c n T qun.
l mt dy nhng gi thuyt m Cadire a ra, da trn cc ti liu v ngy
gi lui ti ni sinh sng ca cc nhn vt lin quan ti cc bc th. Nhng cng
chnh ng Cadire thy n hp l ti ni cho rng, i vi ng, khng phi l
nhng gi thuyt na m l biu hin ca chnh thc t.
Theo ng Nguyn Khc Kham ch cho chng ti th 3 bc th V, VI, VII c
th c lu tr nguyn bn, phn Php, phn Ta Thnh La M v ti khong
1833 sau khi T qun mt i mi chuyn sao cho Taberd tin dng. Chng c l
bc th V ca Nguyn nh gi cho B-a-lc c P. Ngh dch ra ting La tinh
c ghi r cui bn dch y c du nh vua (Archives de la Propagande de la
Foi, Acta Congregationis Particularis Super Rebus Sinarum et Indarum Orientalium
1788-17990, vol. 16, p. 1531. Tr li cho cu hi Cadire t ra l L Vn Duyt c
a c 14 bc th ln cho Minh Mng khng, ng Nguyn Khc Kham ngh rng
chc T qun khng dm a ln ln 11 bc th c n ca mnh v 3 bc th khng
c n th thc, v s mc ti khi qun. C 14 bc th chc l c Taberd xut
trnh cho mt ng quan di triu Minh Mng ng ny thn nhin ni by gi th
thi th i khc ri.
Nh vy d sao, 3 bc th khng c n T qun cng li thm mt ln xc nh
gi tr nh 11 bc th kia.
Ch trng n gi tr s liu, ng Cadire c khai thc v phng din ny. Li
ch ca ng da trn nhng ti liu i chiu khc c mt tnh cht xc thc ng
lu . Chng ta cng c th ni l phn ln gi tr nm trong tnh cht s liu ca n.
N s sa li cho chng ta khi sai lm v mt s nin i m cc nh chp s ca
triu Nguyn hoc l chp khng ng, hoc dn trong thi hn m h 30 ngy
trong thng: Nm X, xun chnh nguyt,... nh nguyt, tam nguyt....
___________________________________________
1. Chng ti rt tit l khng bit ch La tinh c bn dch m ng Nguyn Khc Kham bo
nh my cho chng ti. Nhng theo li ng th trong th c nhng on hi khc vi bc th
s 5 a ra y, v ngy thng ghi cng khc: ngy 4-9 Cnh Hng th 46 (1785) ch khng
phi 14-9 Cnh Hng 47 (1786). Chng ti i trong m m ngh rng th vit nm 1785 sao
c th ni chuyn tu Goa m Thc lc q3, 1a, ghi vo u 1787? V trong bn ch Nm hin
c ghi ngy tng ng vi 23-10-1786? Paul Ngh khi dch b mt 10 ngy (14 thnh 4) v
lui li mt nm chng? Sai lm trn c th v qung mt khi dch nhng cn sai lm th hai?
399
 ng ch hn chnh l th Nguyn nh vit ra trong lc cn lu vong hoc
mi ti to c , cha vng vng b th, khin chng ta thy r con ngi ng hn,
con ngi m cc s quan t bng nhng so ng vi nhng hnh nh, nim dnh
cho cc bc vua cha ng phng thng du tc thnh, phc mng vng
n qua sng c c su a i, gic ui c cy ng chn ng pha sau. c th,
chng ta thng cm vi mt thng nhn lnh nh lao kh tht li chua cht vi s
mnh ng cay, mt ngi bn thnh thc ch tnh, mt ngi cha thng nh con xa
cch trong khi day dt v cha lm trn bn phn vi dng h, t tin. Chnh tnh
cht c lin lc mt thit vi c nhn mt nhn vt lch s quan trng ny m s liu
a ra c th lit vo hng quan trng. Chng ta bit lch s ta thiu nhng ti liu
tng t: ti liu ca nh Nho cung cp th thuc loi tng hp ri, ti liu ca
ngi ngoi quc th qu xa cch v tm l thc, thi quen nn gy cho ngi xt
li nhng sai lm.
Ti liu cn l cho ta suy din v trng hp nhng chuyn bin x hi li cun
nhng quyt nh c nhn. S gia nh Nguyn coi Nguyn nh nh con ngi, ngay
t lc u, c sn nhng c tnh lnh o cao , mu lc quyn bin. S thc
tri li. Hon cnh nguy khn cng vi nhng a y lch s nui dng ng
Hong ny ln ln. Vic phc quc bt u t ngy nh ri Long Khu (lng Gia
Long) Vng Cc v b Rch Gi; c ai ng rng lng quyt thng ch c cc
b ti Nguyn Thim, Nguyn , Nguyn Vn Thnh, L Vn Qun... ch khng
c Nguyn nh khng?
Chng ta hy c mt on th th 9: ... (Chng?) ng ngy y ra n C
Mu, Rch Gi, thy qun tng Ty Sn cng thn th quy thun nghe nhiu, bn
thng vo.... i vi nh, vic v nc ch c ngha trn chy khi s rnh m
kim sot ca Rama I thi: T Xim quc vng ch c l s phi c d, xc tng
lu lai thn ch ng thu nguyn do, li e tit lu c mu.... Th ri ly c Gia
nh, ng vn khng tin thc lc ca mnh mc du Nguyn Vn Thnh can
Xim l ng mong ch vin tr t nc ngoi; ng vn rn r vi J. Liot, nh ng
ny ngng xem tu phng Ty ca B-a-lc n cha.
Pht gic ny c th lm cho Nguyn tc v s thn nh Nguyn bun lng cn
tri li nhng s gia chng phong kin th h h, nhng vt ra ngoi nhng xc
ng ch quan ca ngi sau, n khin cho b mt t nc xa c r rt hn, v
mi l iu chng ta thnh thc mun thy.
Nhng 14 th ny dch ra ting Php lm mt mt phn chng minh ni ti.
Thc ra khng th i hi ng Cadire lm khc c mt khi ng l ngi Php
(tuy ta cng khng qun ng rt gii ting Vit). Bn dch ch Php ch cn gi c
nhng s kin lch s chnh tr, qun s m thi. Tnh tit tm l vn c y, nhng
c ln chng ta vn thy c mt cht g xa cch. Chng ta phi phin m ra ln na
thnh th ch quc ng quen thuc ca thi ny. Tt nhin gi tr ti liu ca
chng st xung so vi nguyn bn chp nh. Nhng ngi thng tho ch Nm
cng nhn rng khng c mt quy lut chnh thc no nh cho li phin m th ch
xa ny, cho nn chng ta tht phi d dt. y, chng ti c gi cho li th c
ging ng Trong chc l gn vi s thc hn. Chng ti ginh mi trch nhim sai
lm, s st v mnh trong khi khng qun xc nhn rng chnh kh nng ring khng
400
 lm cng vic phin m ny. Chng ti c bit cm t gio s Bu Cm
ch dn, c thm nhng ch kh khn v li vit, v phai m.
V v y l nhng ti liu c s dng trong tp sch nn c nhiu iu chng
ta s hiu r hn khi ghp vi cc tit 10, 11 chng IV.
Chng ta ln lt i vo ti liu:
Th th nht:1
T vu Thy Cai trng2 ng hay: nay va tip thy ngi trong bn o Thy
cho em mt tn cng cc l mi3 tng s. Li nh trn ny quan qun theo thm
nhiu nhng m lng hng cn mi hai ngy na, vy nn sai Thuc ni Cai i
Sung c hu lnh t nh phong cng thp lim by lng theo ngi bn o em
xung. Kp sai ngi tm phc em Sung c hu cng t xung trnh qua Thng
s ng tng c s, cn thp lim th s cy Thy cng bn o ly vt y m bin
mi lng m tr khi nguy cp, bng mua c bao nhiu, a a ch thin cng tt.
Nh mua ri phin cy bn o trang ti lng y iu hi giao np, tin cp pht.
Nay t.
Cnh Hng nm th 44, thng 11, ngy 22 (15-12-1783).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25 (19-6-1827), sao theo bn xa. (Khun du
T qun).
Th th hai:
Ch sai Thy Cai trng mn ng danh: nghi tha ghe nht chch phn hi
Long Xuyn s hon dng, i nht triu lai kh tua t tu n s ng hu. Khm
tai. c sai4.
Cnh Hng nm th 45, thng 8, ngy 26 (10-10-1784).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
_______________________________________________________________
1. L.M Cadire nh s bn chp nh theo hai loi. y chng ti ch lu li con s th t cc
bc th m thi (theo ngy vit).
2. Cc tn Gia-c-b (th th IV, IX), Gia-b-sa (VIII), Nha-c-b (X), Nh-ca-b (XI), Gia-c-vi
(XIII), Li-t (XIV) u l tn ca Jacques Liot (1751-1811). Gio s ny ri Paris thng 11-
1776, n Tourane, n Si Gn 1779, coi trng Dng 1780, qua Chanthaburi (Chantaboun)
1784, i Bangkok 1786, ri v Chanthaburi, v Tn Triu (gn Bin Ha).
3. Ch c mi y, c mi bin mi lng m cho hp ging vn Hn, li v l
cho hp ging vn Vit, c mua bng mua c bao nhiu, nh mua ri, nhng li
c my th IX (tri ng my lu). Ch Nm y tht gin d ht mc.
4. Nguyn nh ang theo 20.000 qun Xim di quyn Chiu Tng, Chiu Sng. V vy mi c
th gi J. Liot v Long Xuyn.
Ton bc th ni: (t) ch sai Thy Cai trng cng cc ngi mn nn theo ghe tr v
Long Xuyn (ni ny) nui dng. i ngy triu n, kh nn t tu n n s ch (lnh).
Knh vy thay. T sai ring.
Th th ba:
T vu Thy Cai trng tm chc:
T Thy theo Ta m tr v th Ta cng Xim binh tu ti Mn Thit1 hnh cng
Ty tc, th thng tu 1 chic, hi o 5 chic. Nhn ngy sau trc tn x Lch2, nay
th Xim binh i t l lc, dm nhn ph n, lc nhn ti vt, tng st bt dung
lo thiu3. Vy nn Ty tc binh th nht thnh, Xim binh th nht suy, c y qua
thng chp ngy mng 84 va tht li, cc giai hi tn. Li ngy b i phong th cc
401
ghe ngoi cn an nh c. n thng mi mt ba rm5 th ng C gi hi nhi
hnh. Nh nay Ta phn b hnh ti Cn Khi, vy sai quan Tham tng t trnh
tu Nh vng s c6, li c sai thy c Minh tng s vo , phi t phin t ng
tng m tn. Nh c thng, bin dng no th thy Minh tu s c hip liu
cng theo. Bng c ghe, phin tu a thy Minh tr v khi tu ng tng h thit c
yu Xim tnh. Tr . Nay t.
Cnh Hng nm th 45, thng 12, ngy 15 (25-1-1785).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th t:
t t vu Linh mc Gia-c-b, Cai trng chiu lng:
Th tin nht vn hu an ph? T nhn binh s c sai Khm sai Thng binh
Cai c Thnh Tn hu7 trc x th thm binh tnh c qut. C th t t tin tri s.
Phm ch l lch nhc h, d hu ch gio Thnh Tn hu nht nht b thut, tin
gic. Bt tt a m. Th lng8.
Cnh Hng nm th 46, thng 6, ngy 1 (6-7-1785).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th nm:
Ch d B-a-lc Gim-mc Thng s khm tri:
T Tn s tha th y k quc gia trng nhim, nh lc vin hnh, cc phn
Nam Bc ch t, Qu nhn thng vng phong hoi tng hu nhc c kht. Tin
nin lc nguyt o k, tuyt v m tn, s b hoi u mun nan kham9 Chng ng
n nm nay ngy 30 thng 8 mi thy Bo-lc s cng Khim Quang hu, Long
Chnh hu giao biu cho Qu Ngc hu10 tng hi trnh tu t s; nga vn nhc
tht, thy tri quc t do tn. Nguyn gia hng phc li tn s cu nh vn hi, ch
tnh y khc, cu lc iu t ngc thnh k m. Th cao hu chi n ng ni minh
khc, mt x nan vong11, nn lm quyt nh li bm co, d b gi hnh. Thy tri
nhn nguyt nh th, thin v nhin12. V thng 9 ngy mng 2 tu An-tn-ni
bng u va ti c phng t Hong hu Bt-tu-k mt phong, li t quan Cai thnh
C- dng Qu nhn rng sn binh ng ti C-, chin tu 56 chic, nn cho sang
rc Qu nhn. Cng c t cho Xim vng hai phong cng l vt trung tiu bnh13
nh thp khu vi Ty dng t b nht bch tht14 khc chi l t Xim vng, xin
rc Qu nhn v thnh C- ng phn l tiu tr Ty tc. Nhng m vic y ni
Thng s, u khng t tnh vin cu tha quc, phi uyn ngn t t on y m
thi. Nhn v c y, Xim vng ha s sanh nghi e Ta theo tu y, hng ngy cho
ngi do thm nn ni kh lng liu l. Nh trong thp nguyt khi trnh c li ch
tu Li-xi-ri15 khc c l cn cha tin. Phi ch tu An-tn-ni lui khi cho Xim
vng gin bt lng nghi, khi y liu toan mi tin. Nn phi sai Qu Ngc hu tu
ti Th Chu phn cng cc ch tu m cm Bo-lc-s li cng xin mt tn hoa tiu
v sng cc vt li. Sau vi thng Qu nhn s theo m tu c v trc t
cho Thng s cng quan Cai thnh c hay. Cn Thiu qun u t th ph mc
lng Thng s nh liu ni ni v, lm sao cho p Thy th Qu nhn cng
p. Bng vua i Ty c tnh oi hoi n tiu bang cho binh gip Qu nhn th
Thng s gng m v th phn u mi c. S tu cn thn, vt kh t lao. T d.
Cnh Hng nm th 47, thng 9, ngy 14 (4-11-1786).
402
_____________________________________________________
1. Phin m Nm ca tn mt p, mt con rch quen gi l Mang Tht trong qun Minh c, tnh
Vnh Long hin ti.
2. a im cn li tn qun Ch Lch, tnh Vnh Long.
3. Xim binh tha h cp bc, hip ph n, ly ca ngi, git ba khng cha gi tr.
4. 18-1-1785
5. 26-12-1784. L.M Cadire c thiu ch mt thnh thng mi ba rm chuyn qua dng
lch l 27-11-1784 (khng hiu sao L.M li ghi ngy 25-11-1784?). T thi im ny, ng so vi
ngy Pigneau n Malacca 19-12-1784 (th Pondichry ngy 20-3-1785), A. Launay, III, t.
91, 92) tnh chuyn hnh trnh l 24 ngy. Thc ra c phi ngy rm thng 11 Gip Thn l
ngy Cnh t gi nh i cu vin khng? Tt l khng v khi hnh 26-12 m sao 19-12 ti
Malacca? Th B-a-lc k trn c nhc chuyn gp nh vo thng 12 c lao Th Chu khi
nh b qun Xim, trao Cnh cho B-a-lc, mnh li theo qun Xim n n Coal
(Ram, Trng K). Nh vy, ngy Cnh i, nh c mt. Ngy ng C gi hi nhi hnh ny
chc l ngy ri Malacca v B-a-lc cho bit ton i cu vin n Pondichry khong cui
thng 2-1785 v mt khc, ta tht s quan vn gi vng n thuc Php l Tiu Ty Dng quc.
An nh c: bnh an nh c.
6. S i Xim gm Mc T Sanh (con Mc Thin T) v Cai i Trung (Thc lc q2. 15b).
7. Tin qun Nguyn Vn Thnh sau ny. Chng ta lu rng tc phong ca mt ngi c hp
bng tn chnh ca h ng trc ri tip theo mt tnh t, trng t, ton b thnh mt ngha
tt p nh c Nhun hu Nguyn Hunh c, Thng Ton hu Nguyn Vn Thng (J.
B. Chaigneau).
8. a th ni Linh mc Gia-c-b Cai trng chiu xt: thm ng nhng ngy va qua c c
bnh an khng? Nay nhn vic binh, ring sai Khm sai Thng binh Cai c Thnh Tn hu thng
n d xt binh tnh bao qut; cho nn a th (ny) (ng) tin bit tn tng. Phm cc
l lch nh th no th ch gio Thnh Tn hu cho y . Chng phi ni nhiu. Xt cho.
9. T tn s nhn li gi gm vic nc nng n, ra sc i xa, phn cch Nam Bc n nay. Qu
nhn thng hng gi m nh mong nh l i kht vy. K hn thng 6 nm trc n m
khng tin tc g ht khin k qu ny tng nh bun phin khng chu c.
hiu th ny cng ba th sau, ta phi nhc ti vic B-a-lc i cu vin. Ln ng
khong thng 12-1784, Gim mc vi Hong t Cnh v on ty tng n Malacca ri
Pondichry. y, Coutenceau des Algrains, ngi X l Ton quyn thuc a n ca Php
khng nghe li Gim mc. Charpentier de Cossigny, Ton quyn thc n quyt nh gi Pigneau
ca Php trn tu Malabar. i theo Hong t Cnh c 43 ngi ty tng, trong c Phm Vn
Nhn, Ph v y, Nguyn Vn Lim, cai c. Mt s ngi khc li Pondichry trong c Paul
Ngh (Bo-lc Ngh, H Vn Ngh) v Trn Vn Hc.
De Cossigny ng vi Chevalier dEntrecasteaux coi thy qun ng n, gi chic tu
Marquis de Castries di quyn De Richery i d tnh hnh. Lnh trao ra c iu khon rc
Nguyn nh nu ng ta mun. Bn H Vn Ngh theo tu tr v gh li Th Chu dng s xin n
Nguyn nh. De Richery tip tc nhim v d xt. C l thy Ty Sn ang khuynh o Bc H th
ln nh cn, nn lc tr v, ng khng ch n Nguyn nh cng i m ch H Vn Ngh i lun
Pondichry (xem th th VIII).
10. Nh li ch trc, Khim Quang hu, Long Chnh hu, Qu Ngc hu l tc ca cc tng c
tn Khim, tn Long, tn Qu, L.M Cadire thy Thc lc (q2, 5a) c tn Nguyn Vn Lim i
theo Hong t Cnh vi cho l ch Lim vit ln qua. Thc ra Khim Quang hu thuc lp
ngi li vi H Vn Ngh (Bo-lc s: Thy Paul). Th De Richery gi cho B trng Hi
qun Php ngy 5-6-1786 (A Launay. III, t. 167) bo Cnh c 43 ngi theo. Vy theo Cnh l
1 v Hong thn (Cai c Nguyn Vn Lim), 42 ngi hu v b tt. S quan nh Nguyn tuy
chp vic theo li bin nin nhng v sau ny mi lp sch nn k r Phm Vn Nhn, Nguyn
Vn Lim l nhng ngi qua Php tht s. Khim Quang hu... l nhng k li di

403
 quyn ca H Vn Ngh, nn s dng v, s quan ch ghi tn Ngh l (Thc lc q2, 21b). K
i ngi thc tch bit r rng.
C mt tn Nguyn Vn Khim cng L Vn Duyt theo thuyn vua long ong Hn Chng,
hn Th Chu ri cng Nguyn Vn Khim v L Vn Duyt b lu li sau trn ng Tuyn (thng
4 l 1783), n bi yt hnh ti lc nh theo Xim binh v (Thc lc q2, 14a, mc thng 11 l
1784). S vic ln ln nhng cng ch mt ngi. Vy Khim Quang hu chc l Nguyn Vn
Khim ny vy.
Cng v cho Nguyn Vn Khim l Nguyn Vn Lim, nn Cadire mi on Phm Vn Nhn
l Qu Ngc hu hoc Long Chnh hu, tri vi nhn xt ly tn ngi t tn tc nh ng
thy. Qu Ngc hu l Ng Cng Qu, ngi c nh sai rc Quc mu (Thc lc q2, 10a). C
mt tn Nguyn Vn Qu, Cai c, nh ng Sn vi Phan Vn Tuyn thng 5 l nhun 1781
(Thc lc q1, 4a), cng vi Dng Vn Trng nh Bn Lc ca Ty Sn thng 5 l 1782 (Thc
lc, q1, 19a), nhng li b Ty Sn git trong trn ng Tuyn thng 4 l 1783 trong khi ang cm
qun cnh hu (Thc lc, q2, 2a). Cn Long Chnh hu c l l Thng o tng qun Nguyn
Long sau ny. Nguyn Long l b tng ca Chu Vn Tip theo ng ny t Ph Yn vo trong
chuyn nh Gia nh chng H-b B, Nhn Trp (Thc lc, q1, 19ab). Tip cht Mang
Tht, L Vn Qun ln thay lm Tng nhung, n thng 5 l 1785 th mang 600 ngi vo Vng
Cc lp n in ly lng chi dng (Thc lc, q2, 17ab). Vy Nguyn Long c th vo m
ngi ny chu quyn sai phi ca Nguyn nh.
11. Xy nghe tng mt, mi hay quc t vn cn; Nguyn Gia phc ln nh tn s em v chn
nh, tn tnh khc ni, rng sc cu vt cho nn (ngc thnh) v p; ci n cao dy y khc
in trong lng, n gi (mt rng) khng qun.... on ny Cadire dch hi khc: (Nous
sommes rendus compte) que le respectable Maitre nous ramnera les 9 urnes, en traitant avec
tout son coeur cette affaire difficile en nous aidant de toutes ses forees. Vous tes parfait
comme un jade quon a faonn...
12. Ai hay ngi mun vy m Tri khng chu.
13. Theo Cadire, T hi ghi bnh l cng, chc, Gnibrel vit ch Bnh khng c b Kim bn
cnh, coi l mt ch Nm v gii l sng binh An-tn-li (hay ni) l Antonio Vincente de
Rosa. C- l Goa. Bt-tu-k l Portugal.
14. Vi ty nh mn 100 tm.
15. De Richery.
Th th su:
Ch d Tng sut qun thy binh ni n-di-a1, quan Cai thnh Phong-ti-s-ri nh
v khm tri:
Nm trc Qu nhn c s cy B-a-lc Gim mc Thng s em Hong t
sang qu quc cu binh lu tuyt v m tn, Qu nhn y ny hng lo. Chng ng
n nm nay thng 8 mi thy biu hi trnh mi tng t s, th Qu nhn rt bi
lng mng rng nm trc Gim mc Thng s c tnh vic y cng quan Tm
qun, nhng phi ngi khng tnh nhn i, chng hay tr nhc ph nguy, nn
khng tnh ng vic chi. Nay mi gp tn quan nh v l ng kinh vn v v, nhn
tr kim ton, khng khi lc thi, i hu cu him ph in chi ch2, nn sai thy b
nh quan tha chin tu sang y h nghinh bo quc. iu y Qu nhn xit chi
khong khen3 cm t. V cp thng chi tr, nht trch cam l, hung lm v i bi
sinh ng hn miu h. H nh v cao ngh bt s, i c Hoa, Tung, tha n Giang,
Hn4, tuy cha thy mt thit bit lng. Cng hng ng gi theo tu ng kp
c hoan m hip mt. Chng ng nhn nguyn nh th, thin v nhin. V tu
C- va ti c phng t Hong hu Bt-tu-k cng t quan Cai thnh C- sang
rc qu nhn, li c t cng l vt cho Xim vng lm cho p lng vua y m

404
rc Ta cho d. Nhng vy Qu nhn cng chng khng theo v ch quyt xa nay
giao ln cng Ba-lang-th m thi, chng khng cng nc khc. Nhn v tu y nn
Xim vng ha s h nghi, liu tnh theo tu ta cha tin, nn phi cho ch tu
t v trc cn Qu nhn th li. Vi thng sau Ta s ng sang. T d.
Cnh Hng nm th 47, thng 9, ngy 14 (4-11-1786).
Th th by:
Ch d Li-xi-ri thy binh quan, tnh Ba--ng5 b binh quan cp chin tng
ng khm tri:
Ph nguy tr in nhn nhn chi m thi, bi nn gii phn kinh t chi diu
dng. Nhn nay Ta gp thi tao lon mng trn tha quc, nh v hu tm bt nhn, v
t bt thip chi lao, phng sai hng hi thin l nhi hn duyt phi thng, bt qun ba
o phong c, bt ni mc v trt phong, chng nhng hnh l tiu nhin li thm
thng ngn cng ghe phi mt (cng?) ln li (-?) sang nghinh gi. c khn kh
cng lao y Qu nhn ly chi bo cho cng. Tuy nh v khng khi lc thi cha
thng vng bo, nhin ht lc chi l, Qu nhn thng qu tm, nhng trung bt
c th t, tt mng nh v lng chi. T th lp c hng ch giai xut vu nh v chi
cng, khi vong tho tu tai?6 Nh Bo-lc s, Khim Quang hu biu hi bm tu
rng nh v c k thp nguyt khi trnh, Qu nhn d b gi hnh. Thy tri thin
l v nhin bt nh k nguyn. V mng 2 thng 9 (23-10-1786), tu Hoa Lang bng
u va ti c phng t Hong hu Bt-tu-k mt phong, li t quan Cai thnh C-
mt phong dng Qu nhn rng sn binh ng ti C-, tu chin 56 chic nn cho
sang rc Qu nhn. Li em t cho Xim vng hai phong cng l vt trung tiu
bnh nh thp khu, vi Ty dng t b nht bch tht, l t Xim vng m xin
rc Qu nhn v thnh C- ng phn l tiu tr Ty tc. Tuy vy, Qu nhn cng
chng khng theo v bit nh v qua y c lng cng Ta dng y, n lng no
theo b y, nn phi uyn ngn t t nhi d. Nn v c y Xim vng ha s
sinh nghi e Ta nng th theo tu y, hng ngy cho ngi do thm kh ni liu toan.
Nh c k thp nguyt khi trnh, t7 nay cn cha tin nn phi sai Qu Ngc hu
tu phn cng nh v, cy gip Ta mt tn hoa tiu, sng cng cc vt. c Qu
Ngc hu trnh bo li cho Ta cn tu th t v trc cho Thng quan c
r, sau Ta s gi hnh sang . Vn s khi u nan, mc t lao kh. T d.
Cnh Hng nm th 47, thng 9, ngy 14 (4-11-1786).
________________________________________________________
1. India.
2. ... nh v l ng vn tr v ti, gm nhn tr, khng khi vui lm, c ch ln cu him ph
nguy...
3. Cao rao khen ngi
4. V lc gp gp, mt git nc l mt git cam l qu bu, hung l ma ln lm sinh si ny
n la m kh khan ca Ta. T n quyt nh cao c; mang c nh ni Hoa, Tung, gnh n
nh sng Giang, Hn ca nh v...
5. C th l Berneron, tn ngi ph t ca De Richry.
6. Ph nguy gi ng l s tt p ca ngi c lng nhn, l ci diu dng ca s bi nn g ri,
cu tr. Nhn nay Ta gp thi tao lon ti tm nc ngoi (m) nh v c lng bt nhn, chng
n ci nhc nhn, ln li phng mnh sai vt bin ngn dm m lng vui p chng thng,
chng ngi sng to, gi c, i ma, chi gi, chng nhng hnh l mt i, li thm thng
ngn cng ghe phi mt (cng?) ln li sang nghinh gi. c khn kh cng lao y, Qu
405
 nhn ly chi bo cho cng. Tuy nh v khng khi vui lm cha tng mong bo, nhng l tip s
si, Qu nhn tng thn lng lc ri ren khng th th tip, cm t, tt mong nh v lng th
cho. T hng khi dng lp cn bn u l cng nh v, (Ta) h qun s thnh tu u.
7. y ch t c l (t) ( khng tm c ch); th th X, ch t (nh thy binh Ta
thi t cn tr...) vit l (t) Z. Ch (khng tm c ch) (t) dng th XIV phin m tn
J.Liot (Li-t) rt dng, khng hiu sao Cadire vit Li-n.
Th th tm:
Ch d Gia-b-sa Cai trng khm tri:
V vic C- quc sai tu sang, cng vic Ta sai phc s, th sai Khim Ha
hu, Chim Mn hu1 d tng s nguyn do. Ta t ng tin tu Hoa-lang-sa nhn
nay hng cm cng n Thy C chng cng, cy cy lung trng tu tr2 li, ngy k
ba thu. Va Qu Ngc hu din bo (-?) tu tu tn s c trong c s ng hip
c nghi. Li tip thy hai quan tu cng Cai trng khi vn, gm bit nhn s a
quai, thin tm nan tn. Song hai quan tu cng Bo-lc Ngh hi bn thnh trnh
quan Cai thnh cng Thy C lo gip Ta. Th u thin l, nhn s tng vi thy
chung, thy tuy thy sy chung nng phn dc3. Vn Ta tha lng, ma h qui
nim. Khm tai. c d.
Cnh Hng nm th 48, thng 2, mng 1 (19-3-1787).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th chn:
Ch d Gia-c-b thy Cai trng khm tri:
V Ta cng thy Cai trng nhn tuy bit quc ngha t ng hng, tri ng
my lu thm tnh t bit. T Xim quc vng ch c l s phi c d, xc
tng lu lai thn ch4 ng thu nguyn do, li e tit lu c mu. (Chng?) ng
ngy y ra n C Mu, Rch Gi thy qun tng Ty Sn cng thn th quy thun
nghe nhiu, bn thng vo ph Gia nh. thu phc Vnh Trn, Trn nh nh
dinh, li Lu th Khoa thu phc Trn Bin dinh. Cn mt ngy Sm n cy tu
thuyn song cn th trng giang c ch nn thng ph v phn. Va nm trc,
thng chp ngy 28 (4-2-1788), mng thy thin l tin lai nht phong tn tng, k
nguyn phc quc, tng ng hu k, lng Ta bt thng tc dc5, ng phi bc
bch quc gia c ch cng Thng quan. T tng ng vt, sai Khm sai Tng nhung
Cai c Bo h Nhn Vn hu6 tu ng tng s. Nh Thy C vi Thn t Ta
qua ti i Ty Dng quc t y nhn nay, m mang v thu. Bng Thy c (-?) cn
cnh, du c tin tc lai thng kh kp t k tm th vng chiu ko kht vng bt
thng, quan sn vn l, hoi nim nht thnh. Khm tai. c d.
Cnh Hng nm th 49, thng 1, ngy 6 (12-2-1788).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 2, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th mi:
An Nam Quc vng7.
T vu Cai trng Thng s Nha-c-b ngc hin nhim chiu: T Ta binh
ph Ty th b binh thu phc Gia nh ph cc x, cn thy binh n th tr
M Tho cng Bn Ngh thng ph v phn. Nh thy binh Ta th t cn tr Tr Lt.
hng ngy trng tin c B-a-lc Thng s cng Con Ta tiu tc dng no. Qua
thng 11 thy i Dung tu bm rng Thng s c t quc s sai i Dung th
t k bm, chng ng i Dung ti vm8 Rch Gi xy gp Ty Sn l thng L sai
406
ghe thin hnh x y nn i Dung vi b t y xung nc m i Dung ngoi
bm cc l, h thit v tng. V Ta hng lo binh gia khng h li cha ng ngi
qun tn Thng s nn cha sai tn th, lng hng thn thc. Nay c Ni vin
Thuyn ch Hun c hu l ti tm trng v li gia t x y lai kh tin thng
mi sai t trnh chiu. Nh c B-a-lc cng Con Ta vin binh Qu quc tr
x no, kh t cho Ta tng hiu. Li nh t y th sai Cai i Th tu bm
vn cho tng s, vt sai tha nhn liu s bt thnh. Tr . Nay t.
Cnh Hng nm th 49, thng 1, ngy 15 (21-2-1788).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 2, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
__________________________________________________________
1. C l Cai b Nguyn Thim, ngi cng Gim qun Tng Phc m, Th ging Nguyn ...
n hnh ti trnh by tnh hnh n nhc ca Gia nh v xi bo nh v nc (Thc lc
q3, 1b). Hai ch chim v thim rt gn nhau v c th ln ln. Khim Ha hu
chc l Nguyn Vn Khim nay i tc.
2. Chng ti phin ch tr t (l) cng nh lung trng t (lng lung). a im
Thn Lung c hiu l Thang Trng (khng cn n ch Vng Th) l t nhn xt ny.
3. L tri, vic ngi nht lot cng lm cho c u c ui, ban u th r cnh (bi) nhng cui
th s vn ln.
4. Nh t tay li (J. Liot).
5. Chng ghm nhy nht (nng ny).
6. Nguyn Vn Nhn. Tn c xc nh v y c nu tc v Bo h thy hu ht sut nhng
on Thc lc c nhc n vin tng ny.
7. Li t xng thay i v Nguyn nh ang chin thng
8. Vm ( trm), Cadire dch embouchure rt ng v l danh xng a phng ch ni sng
con ra sng ln hay sng ra bin.
Th th mi mt:
Ch d Nh-ca-b Cai trng s khm tri:
V Cai trng tuy ngi d quc, song c d n cn, ht lng u i tm lng
thng cm chng cng. Nh ngoi ny nm nay thng 3 th Ty Sn l thng Hng
ct i binh gip thng Sm m chng nh cng Ta, th chng n ghe phen i
bi, t thng rt nhiu. Sao vy ni thng 6 th Ta cng nh ng Si Gn m ch.
Nh Con Ta t thu tha bang cng Thy C nhn nay, Ta tm lng kht vng,
nht nh nin. n c1. Cai trng bm vn v rng tht tin n nc Ba-lang-sa
m u bnh yn v s, nn Ta gin tm lng lo, vui mng chng xit. Nh binh gip
c ra n th Cai trng gic ra cho kp, bng cha ra th tin tc lm sao, hoc li
im2 v hi lm sao, kh tc c bm vn ng tng o . Li nh thng tu
phng Ty c qua th Cai trng dc ra ngoi ny ng Ta y gi bin mi binh kh
tin dng binh v m Ta u tha thu hng. Nh Cai trng c lng u i cy
cng gip lo mi vic, sau du b ci t yn th hy mt trng c nc, n ph n
n. Quan sn thin l, tm t bn tin3. Khm tai. c d.
Cnh Hng nm th 49, thng 5, ngy 29 (2-7-1788).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th mi hai:
Ch d Thy Cai trng khm tri:
Do thng 6 ngy 25 (28-7-1788), Ta binh cng ph Ty tc thu phc Ba
Ging, Bn Ngh, ng Nai, B Ra ton bc ri vy. Thy b binh chng n kinh
407
tm thi h, xut nhp hi mn, phng toan ph dn cp lng, nn ta cn kim
im thy binh vi thnh nht chin cho tuyt hu u, y l c binh. c vy nn
phi li cng Thy Cai trng: nh i Ty Dng cc chin tu thy b binh hi
tu, tua kh trnh lai ng tng c ch, ng qun binh y li ng Vnh Tu4 cho mau,
trc l vy n chng n sau l tin ng nghinh tip, ng tha thng trng khu.
H binh qu thn tc, ch kh khin din, ko ti tit nghch phong, qun lng nht
ph. Thin l yn ba, thn thnh khn khon5. Khm tai. c d.
Cnh Hng nm th 49, thng 8, ngy 28 (27-9-1788).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th mi ba:
An Nam Quc vng th vu Gia-c-vi Thy Cai trng bnh an hip hay: t Ta
phc hi c quc, ng tuy xa cch, lng tng xa nay n c, ngha c, ghi d
khng qun. Nh tu Ha-lan-sa6 trng cha thy n. V thng 8 Ta nh Ty tc
va yn, v Si Gn, c dy s7 em l vt vo t c Pht vng cng Nh vng,
tuy l bc l, dng tho tm lng. Nh s vo n ni m dng l y, hay l cha
vo n ni, c sao chng thy tiu tc tn hi. Li nh lng c Pht vng cng
Nh vng c lng thng Ta m gip binh kh hay dy lng no th Thy Cai
trng bo tn th cho bit, ko ng nghn dm, trng i mt phng. Khuyn
kh n cn, ma ng tht tn. Nay th.
Cnh Hng nm th 49, thng 12, ngy 24, (19-1-1789).
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5, ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
Th th mi bn:
Hnh Li b Tr Lc hu8 tha lnh sai thy Tn nghi tu Long Xuyn o,
lnh tin nguyt d c chin ghe nht chch, tnh hip sng nh khu, cp tro gi t
danh, tc t Chn-bn x nghinh Li-t Cai trng s cp bn trng ng hi Si
Gn yt kin hnh ti. V tu vn tc, vt kh k tr. Nay sai.
Cnh Hng nm th 52, thng 1, ngy 18 (20-2-1791)9.
Minh Mng nm th 8, thng 5 ngy 25, sao theo bn xa. (Du T qun).
_____________________________________________________
1. Cadire m l c, gii l t ng dng gi cc linh mc: ng c. Ch c l khut, xa,
vit khc trong khi ch c trong bn vn lun lun phi c l c mi c ngha (th
V, IX, XIII). Trong sut cc bc th ch thy Nguyn nh gi cc L.M l Thy C, gi J. Liot l
Cai trng, Thy Cai trng, ch khng gi l ng c nh danh xng ngi bnh dn ta gi
cc L.M ty, phn bit vi cc cha L.M ta.
Cu vn nu nhn ch c, trnh c cc thc mc trn m vn gi c ngha: ... n c
Cai trng (a, tho) bm vn v...
2. Cadire dch: ... ou si le pilote im est en retour.... Khng th bit r rng hn. Bn cnh
ch hi c m thm ch ni.
3. Quan sn ngn dm, tm lng by t (trong) na t th.
4. Ch vit nh vy nhng c l phi c Vng Tu mi ng hn.
5. Ko ti tit gi ngc, tn ph lng binh hng ngy. Ngn dm khi sng, mt tc lng
thnh.
6. Ha-lan-sa y, Hoa-lang-sa th VIII, Ba-lang-th th VI, i-ty-dng quc th IX u
ch nc Php.
7. Thc lc q.3, 19b gi l s bo tin chin thng (bo tip) song y r ra l ch tm i cu
vin.

408
8. Tc ca J.M. Dayot nhn t thng 6-1790. i ton bc th: Tr Lc hu phc v lu
ng cho B Li theo lnh sai thy Tn nn n o Long Xuyn lnh mt chic ghe chun b
( y) t thng trc vi hai khu sng, 4 tay cho, i n x Chu-bn n thy Cai trng
Li-t cng ton trng a v Si Gn, yt kin hnh ti. Vic nn lm mau, ch chm tr.
Nay sai.
9. Bn chp nh vit r ngy thng ... chnh nguyt, thp bt nht, khng hiu sao Cadire
dch 1 lre lune, 18e jour m li chuyn qua Ty lch l 19-6-1791. Chuyn ng th l
ngy 20-2-1791 nh trn. Ngy 19-6 l ngy 18-5 m lch. Cadire nhn ln ch chnh
thnh ch ng chng?
SCH BO THAM KHO
Ch:
Ti liu tham kho lit k c 4 phn: nhng sch, bo c tnh cch ch dn kho
cu th tch, nhng sch, bo c ti liu bng ch Vit (cc tc gi Vit Nam vit
ting Php k vo phn ting Php, nhng tc gi Vit vit ch Hn m tc phm
c dch ra ch Vit cng k vo y), nhng ti liu vit bng ch Hn, v sau ht,
nhng ti liu sch, bo vit bng ch Php. Tn ngi k theo th t abc (ngi
Vit k c h). i vi nhng tc phm tp th th ly sch hay ly c quan son
tho thay vo cho c nhn. V d cc sch Thc lc, Lit truyn... u nm di tn
Quc S Qun.
Ch vit tt:
- Bd: bi dn
- Sd: sch dn
- q: quyn
- t: trang.
- BAVH: Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue.
- BEFEO: Bulletin de lEcole Franaise dExtrme-Orient.
- BSEI: Bulletin de la Socit des Etudes Indochinoises.
- NP: Nam Phong tp ch
- RI: Revue Indochinoise.
I. Th tch ch dn
1. Hunh Khc Dng, S liu Vit Nam, Si Gn, B QGGD, 1959.
2. Cadire, L. v Pelliot, P., Premire tude sur les sources annamites de lhistoire
dannam, BEFEO, IV, 1904, t. 617-671.
3. Gaspardone, E., Bibliographie annamite, BEFEO, XXXIV, 1934, t. 1-173.
4. Tavernier, E., De la ncessit dcrire lhistoire de lancien Annam, Si Gn, A.
Portail, 1933.
II. Ti liu ch Vit
5. Bi Vn Lng, a d mng hc tnh Bnh nh, H Ni, Imprimerie du Trung
Bc Tn Vn, in ln th t, 1938.
6. Bi Huy Bch, L trung tp thuyt, Tuyt Trang Trn Vn Ngon trch dch, NP
IV, t. 53-62.
7. ng H, H Tin Mc th s, NP, XXV, t. 322-343.
8. Hong Quang, Hoi Nam khc, NP, XIII, 128-134, 210-216, 294-299.
9. Hong Thc Trm (Hoa Bng), Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, anh hng dn tc,
Saigon, Bn Phng, 1958.
409
10. Hong Thc Trm (Sn Tng), Quc vn i Ty Sn, Saigon, Vnh Bo,
1950.
11. Hong Xun Hn, La Sn pha t, Paris, Minh Tn, 1952.
12. L Qu n, Kin vn tiu lc, tp I, II, L Mnh Liu, m Duy To dch, B
QGGD, 1963, 1965.
13. Lng c Thip, X hi Vit Nam - Vit Nam tin ha s, Saigon, Lin Hip
ti bn, 1950.
14. Ng Th Ch, Hong L nht thng ch, Ng Tt T dch, T Do ti bn, 1958.
15. Nguyn Vn Siu, Phng nh d a ch, Ng Mnh Nghinh dch, Saigon, T
Do, 1958.
16. Phm nh H v Nguyn n, Tang thng ngu lc, Tuyt Trang Trn Vn
Ngon trch dch, NP, I, t.393-396, IV, t. 202-208, Nguyn Hu Tin tip, NP,
IV, t. 311-319, 493-502, V, t. 48-57.
17. Phm nh H, V Trung ty bt, Nguyn Hu Tin dch, NP, V, t.136-142,
331-339, XXI, t.236-244, t.357-368, t. 455-465, t. 561-569...
18. Phm Vn Diu,
* Vn hc Vit Nam, Saigon, Tn Vit, 1956.
* Thn th v vn ti H Xun Hng, Vn ha nguyt san, XI q7-8, thng 7-
8/1962.
19. Trn Trng Kim, Vit Nam s lc, Saigon, Tn Vit, 1956.
20. Trnh Hoi c, Thnh tr ch, Trn Kinh Ha dch,
i hc nm th IV, s5, thng 10-1961, t. 62-74.
i hc nm th IV, s 6, thng 12-1961, t. 36-62.
i hc nm th V, s 1, thng 2-1962, t. 134-136.
21. Vin Kho C, Hng c bn , Trng Bu Lm ch bin, Saigon, B
QGGD, 1962.
22. Vng Hng Sn, Saigon nm xa, T Do, 1960.
III. Ti liu ch Hn
23. Quc s qun,
* i Nam thc lc tin bin.
* i Nam lit truyn tin bin.
* i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp (vit tt: Lit truyn).
* i Nam thc lc chnh bin nht k (vit tt: Thc lc).
* i Nam nht thng ch (vit tt: NNTC).
* ng Khnh Ng lm a d ch (vit tt: ng Khnh).
* Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc (vit tt: Cng mc).
24. Trnh Hoi c, Gia nh thnh thng ch.
IV. Ti liu ch Php
25. Aubaret. G., Histoire et description de la Basse Cochinchine, Paris, Imprimerie
Impriale, 1863.
26. Aurousseau, L., Compte Rendu: Histoire moderne du Pays dAnnam (1752-
1820), Ch. B. Maybon, BEFEO, XX/4, 1920, t. 73-120: XXII, t. 391-400.
27. Barrow, Jh., Quelques notes sur Gia Long par un contemporain, BSEI, I, 1926,
t. 208-214.
410
28. Berland, H., Les papiers du Dr. Crawfurd envoy au Siam et en Cochinchine
par le Gouvernement des Indes en 1821, BSEI, XVI/4, t. 7-134, XXIII/1, 1948, t.
43-71.
29. Boris, Ch., Monographie de Phu Yen, BAVH 1929, t 199-245.
30. Boudet, P. et Masson, A., Iconographie historique de lIndochine, Paris, Van
Oest, 1931.
31. Cadire, L.,
* Quelques figures sous la Cour de Vo Vuong, BAVH, Oct. - Dc. 1918, t. 253-
306.
* Les Franais au service de Gia Long: Despiau, BAVH, Juil. - Sept. 1925, t. 183-
185.
* Les Franais au service de Gia Long: Nguyen Anh et La Mission-Documents
indits, BAVH, Janv-Mars 1926, t. 1-49.
* Les Franais au service de Gia Long: Leur correspondance, BAVH, Oct. - Dc.
1926, t. 359-447.
* Les lieux historiques de Quang Binh, BEFEO, III/2, 1903, t. 164-205.
* Le mur de Dong Hoi, BEFEO, VI/1-2, 1906, t. 87-254.
* Documents relatifs lpoque de Gia Long, BEFEO, XII/7, 1912, t. 1-79.
32. C.B.M. Documents sur ltat du Cambodge, de la Cochinchine et du Tonkin de
1782-1786, RI XII (1910), t. 503, XIV (1910), t. 43-54.
33. Chapman, et Berland, H., Relation dun voyage en Cochinehine en 1778,
BSEI, XXIII/2, 1948, t. 8-75.
34. Chassigneu, E., Histoire des colonies et de lexpansion de la France dans le
monde, tome V, Paris, Plon, 1932.
35. Gaudart, M, Les archives de Pondichry et les entreprises de la Compagnie
franaise des Indes en Indochine au 18 sicle, BAVH, Oct. - Dc. 1937, t. 353-380.
36. Gaide, L., Notes historiques sur Poulo Condore, BAVH, Avr. - Juin. 1925, t.
87- 103.
37. Guillemet, P., Une industrie annamite: le noria de Quang Ngai, BAVH, Avr. -
Juin 1926, t. 97-215.
38. Hanncart, Ed., Un grand franais: Mgr Pigneau de Bhaine, Edition de la
Revue des Indpendants, Paris, 1933.
39. Histoire de France, tome II, Paris, Larousse, 1954.
40. Histoire gnrale des civilisations, 7 vol. publis sous la direction de M. Crouzet,
tome V, Paris, PUF, 1956.
41. Histoire universelle, 3 vol, publis sous la direction de R. Grousset et E. G.
Lonard, tome III, Encyclopdie de la Pliade, 1961.
42. Hutchinson, Ed. et Berland, H., Aventuriers au Siam au 17 sisle, BSEI,
XXIII, I, I/TCN/1947.
43. Imbert, V., Le sjour en Indochine de lambassade de Lord Macartney, Hanoi,
Taupin, 1942.
44. Jolez, R., Macao la fin du 18 sicle, BSEI, XXV, 1950, t 41-49.
45. Koffler, Jh., Description historique de la Cochinchine, RI, XV (1911), t. 448-
462, t. 566-575.
411
46. Korpels, S, Un cas de droit maritime international en 1797. BSEI, XXIII/ 3-4,
1948, t. 125-131.
47. Laborde, A., La province de Quang Ngai, BAVH, Juil. - Sept 1925 t. 153-182.
48. Lacour Gayet, J., Histoire du commerce, tome II, Paris, Dunod, 1953.
49. Launay, A., Documents historiques sur la Mission de Cochinchine (1771-1823.),
tome III? Paris, 1925.
50. L Thnh Khi, Le Viet Nam: Histoire et civilisation, tome I: Le milieu et
lhistoire, Paris, les Editions du Minuit, 1955.
51. Maitre, Ch. E., Documents sur Pigneau de Bhaine, RI, 1913, XVIII, t. 1-16,
XIX, t. 163-194. XX, t. 323-349.
52. Malleret, L., Elments dune monographie des anciennes fortifications et
citadelles de Saigon, BSEI, X/4, 1935, t. 5-108.
53. Masson, A., Histoire de lIndochine, Paris, PUF, 1950. (n bn 1961 i l:
Histoire du Viet Nam).
54. Maybon, Ch.B.,
* Histoire moderne du pays dAnnam (1592-1820), Paris, Plon, 1919.
* La relation sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine de Mgr de la Bissachre, Paris,
Champion, 1920.
55. Navelle, E., De Thinai Bla; Excursions et Reconnaissances, XIII, 1887.
56. Orband, R., Les tombeaux des Nguyens, BEFEO, XIV/7, 1914, t. 1-74.
57. Salles, A. et Cadire, L., Les Franais au service de Gia Long, BAVH, Avr. -
Juin 1922, t. 139-180, Janv. - Mars 1923, t. 1-197.
58. Socit des Etudes Indochinoises. Foire exposition de Saigon. BSEI, XVII/3,
1942.
59. Taboulet, G.,
* La geste franaise en Indochine, tome I, Paris, Andrien Maisoneuve, 1955.
* La vie tourmente de lEvque dAdran, BSEI, XV/3-4, 1940, t 9-41.
* Sur le matelot Manuel, mort au Champ dHonneur en combattant pour Gia Long,
BSEI, XV/3-4, 1940, t. 55-64.
* La rvolte et la guerre des Tay son daprs les Franciscains Espagnols de
Cochinchine, BSEI, XV/3-4, 1940, t. 65-106.
* Le trai t de Versailles et les causes de sa non excution, BSEI, XIII/2, 1938, t.
67- 116.
60. Trng Vnh K, Cours dhistoire annamite, Saigon, Imp. Du Gouvernement,
1879.
V. Sch bo mi xut bn:
1. Hong Vn He, nh Th, i Vit quc th, Quang Trung, Saigon, B
QGGD, 1967.
2. Nguyn Phng, Vit Nam thi bnh trng: Ty Sn, Saigon, Khai Tr, 1968.
3. Quch Tn,
* Nc non Bnh nh, Saigon, Nam Cng, 1968.
* X Trm hng, Saigon, L Bi, 1970.
4. S a s 9-10, 1968, c kho v Quang Trung:

412
* Hong Xun Hn, Vit Thanh chin s theo Ngy Nguyn, mt s gia Trung Quc
i Thanh, t. 3-8, t. 245-263.
* ng Phng Nghi, Vi ti liu mi l v nhng cuc Bc tin ca Nguyn Hu, t.
194-243.
* T Quang Pht, Ty Sn thut lc (dch), t. 155-169.
5. S a s 13. 1969, K nim chin thng Xun K Du (ng a):
* ng Phng Nghi, Triu i Quang Trung di mt cc nh truyn gio Ty
phng, t. 143-180.
* Hong Xun Hn, Bc hnh tng k, t. 3-32, t. 181-183.
* L Vn Hng, Cuc giao thip gia Quang Trung vi Cn Long. V 16 chu v
xy n Sm Nghi ng, t. 135-142.
* Phan Khoang, Chung quanh cuc chin thng Tn S Ngh ca vua Quang Trung
ngy Tt K Du, t. 184-189 (lc dch mt on ca i Thanh Thc lc).
* T Quang Pht, Bi chiu ca Quang Trung Hong ln ngi (phin m v dch
ra quc vn).

NHT K HNH QUN TRONG CHIN TRN NGUYN - TY SN

Nu chu kh nn t i cht xu th phi cng nhn rng nhng ghi chp v qu
kh ca chng ta cn li tht l qu t. Chng cn tm nhng nguyn nhn xa xi, ch
gin d nhn thy cc s quan xa khng chu vit ring quyn sch cho mnh m c
dn li sch c th bit s mt mt l to ln dng no. Ri cng thm vi s
chm cht ring ca nh nc ng thi v cc sn phm chnh thng , trong lc
h l l nhng d s phi hu hoi khin cho ngi sau khng cn g i chiu,
ph phn. V d sch [i Vit S k] Ton th lc gin nhng bin ng t
L qua Trn, hn l t cng trnh ao bt ca Ng S Lin. Bin ng c tnh cch
tng hp cn nh vy hung h l nhng ghi chp chi li gi pht ngy thng, soi
mi mt sinh hot ca nhng con ngi tham gia vo bin c!
Tt nhin d t nhiu g ngi xa cng c ghi chp cc chi tit m bn thn
ng thi ca h, v ca ngi trn h thy l yu cu cn thit. V d Ton th
tuy dnh rt nhiu trang cho cc trn chin chng Minh nhng cc ti liu lin
h cn nhiu hn ta tng. C chuyn nm 1434, Phm T Minh bi ai bn cho
ngi Trung Quc bng giy c ghi vic im binh nn phi b ging cp. Lng
giy dng cho mt cng cuc mua bn hn khng phi l t. Tuy nhin s kin
hu hoi nh th cng bt dn khi thi gian cch bit i vi chng ta ngn li. V d
v cc chin trn Nguyn - Ty Sn, phn gip ranh th k XVIII, XIX.
Nguyn c Xuyn (1758-1824), ngi coi Tng c ca Nguyn nh trong
chin trn, cn li mt tp hi k c ng tng k trn tp Nghin cu Hu1 by
gi. Chng ti khng thy ton b hi k nhng cng tm cho l bn trong vn
chn la. N xut hin di ta Tp hi k bin nin L lch s v do Trn
i Vinh dch v ch gii. Theo li dn th nm 1822, Minh Mng sai cc quan vit
l lch s v ca mnh em np S quan lm ti liu. Tp ca Nguyn c Xuyn
np ngy 22-6 Nhm Ng (1822). Trong nhng nhn vt ln tng tham gia chin trn
va qua, n nm 1822 th Nguyn Vn Thnh t t (1817) v v con l Nguyn
Vn Huyn mang ci ngng nghnh ca nh nho lm th khu kh. Cn sng l L
413
Vn Duyt, L Cht, hn cng c phn ghi chp ca mnh nhng hin nhin khng
th lu li du tch v v L Vn Khi ni lon l dp cc vn quan bo th hai
ng tng tng hunh hoang Chng ta ko nhau v triu, nt mt ting, bn Trnh
Hoi c xanh mt ngay! Li cng khng thy phn ca Nguyn Vn Trng
chng hn. (Tuy gc chn tru nhng lm quan nht phm triu nh, tng l t
lnh ph ca Nguyn nh, kho lo c x trong ngoi, c vua tng trng th
thiu g k khoe vn ma bt xin lm thay?). S quan khi vit [i Nam] Lit
truyn cng nhn rng c ly ti liu t cc quan tham gia bin c c. Vy m
y ch cn li ca Nguyn c Xuyn. Ta tm bng lng nh th.
Chuyn chin tranh phn nhiu l ca th k trc, hi k bt u nm 1781 nn
ch l nhng iu nh li, v th ta khng ly lm l rng cu thanh nin 23 tui ny
ch bit mt bin c quan trng m ng thi chc ai cng r, l v tr kh
Thanh Nhn. Phi tri qua trong hn mi nm, c ngoi ln trong bin c vi vai
tr tham d ln dn, ta mi thy Nguyn c Xuyn ghi chp nhiu hn, t bn thn
lan qua cc nhn vt, s vic lin h. V cng d thy rng nhng quyt nh hnh
ng ca con ngi trong thi o ln khng th c theo chun mc bnh thng.
Tu theo tnh hnh m ngi ta lt o theo phe ny phe n ri khi ng vng
mt ni th li tm cch che giu, bin minh cho qu kh ca mnh. Ta thy
Nguyn Vn Trng, Nguyn ng Vn... trong s triu nh, y li thy thm
tn Trng Tn Bu, c chin Bu thun hu ca Ty Sn, tng coi 500 binh
Min, sau cng l cng thn ca Nguyn nh. Sau trn Hn Chng, thot khi cuc
vy bt ca Trng Vn a, Nguyn c Xuyn trn v Si Gn lm tng Ty
Sn, ri ni lon chng i, np lnh cho n khi Nguyn nh theo qun Xim v
mi thot ra c. Ln u hng c ghi trong hi k l Phng mnh... quy tp cu
binh theo vi Ty Sn lm ni ng, nhng l chuyn ca 40 nm trc, nay
Nguyn nh mt, tha h vin dn, cha k cng tch qua, chc quyn hin ti
gip cho Xuyn x xo mt lc yu mm! Ngi em th ba l Nguyn c Ng
cng tng l c Ty Sn. Thi lun lc i kh, b rt ui, Xuyn tng lin
tip cp thuyn thng khch Trung Hoa, git ngi Xim (1783, 1784, 1785) th
chuyn u hng k th cng khng l l my!
Ghi chp ca Xuyn c thm nhng iu sng t, ng thi thm thc mc cho
ta - y l chuyn ko di v tn ca vic tm hiu qu kh. Trong lc u hng Ty
Sn, Xuyn c ngy Cai c Tr sai u cn vi Cai c Dng, ngi m
Xuyn qu quyt l tng V Vn Dng ni danh v sau. iu ny hn l xc thc
bi v khi tn cuc, Xuyn cn gp V Vn Dng (xem sau). Vy l Dng c mt
trong hng ng Ty Sn t lu, ngha l s vic gii thch quyn lc ca ng ta
v sau nhng li gy thc mc v ngun gc Hi Dng ca ng theo Hoa Bng pht
gic2, v v tc Chiu Vin hu ca Quang Trung phong cho. Cng ngay t 1782,
Nguyn nh, theo Nguyn c Xuyn, c b phn qun/quan qun Bc H v
qun Cao Min c k chung vi ton qun cm binh hu iu trung thnh. B
phn Bc H trn l ca qun lnh Trnh Ph Xun o ng hay l lu dn Bc
cha ng ho vi a phng, cn cho thy r l thuc thnh phn ring bit? Trong
200 nm phn chia, dn khai khn vng cc nam l ca ng Trong, v li ch
quan qun Bc H ch r xut x ca h. H hn l ca qun Trnh chuyn qua
414
trung gian Ty Sn trong nhng trn nh Cm Sa (1775) v nhng tip gip Trnh
Ty Sn sau . Li cng l chuyn bnh thng ca thi th, nhm quan qun u
hng, t binh kia ca Trnh i qua pha Nguyn nh, vn cn mt b phn li pha
Ty Sn trong hn c V Vn Dng. V phn lnh Min, trong nhng trn chin
v sau trn t Ty Sn u c gi l Xim binh tuy c du hiu c thnh phn
Min, nh b phn di tay Nguyn Vn Tn, ngi Tr Vinh, hay b phn lnh
Xim di quyn c nha Dong - c nha l quan chc Min.
Tuy nhin phn ln cng ch l hi c. S vic c k nh c cn c ghi
chp ng thi l t lc Nguyn c Xuyn ri v tr hu h Nguyn nh ra ch
huy qun ring: b phn tng binh thnh lp i ph vi Ty Sn. Chnh t y
ta mi thy c tnh cht thi s ca bin ng. Tt nhin vic ghi chp ny c i
n t m xc thc cng phi i hi thi gian theo vi vai tr thng tin, y a
yu cu hnh ng ca ng. Nm 1793, khi i nh Quy Nhn, Xuyn ch ghi nhng
con s trn tra qun d thm tin phng 10 ngi thm 100 ngi nh ph
thnh mi ca Nguyn Nhc. n lc theo qun nh Ph Yn, Thi Ni 1794, 95 th
Xuyn ghi chi tit Nha Trang vi tn cc tng mt trn, cc tng Ty Sn, vic
bn nh tn cng, k c vic L Vn I)uyt ly t cch tng mt trn, nh trc
tu sau... Ri trong chuyn cng tc a s Xim v nc, nhn dp nh cp bin,
Xuyn ghi vic tng ngy mt, k c gi khc n hn Tre (gi du), tn cng
B (canh hai).
Vai tr Xuyn cng ln ln vi chin dch nh Bn 1799-1802. iu ny l
do hai nguyn c b tc cho nhau: tnh cch thn thuc ca Xuyn v vai tr quan
trng ca tng binh trong chin cuc. Xuyn vn c gc h Nguyn Phc... ca
cha cho nn trong chin dch, ting l di quyn Nguyn Vn Thnh m lnh tin
qun, iu binh, bo co u l trc tip vi Nguyn nh. Trong trn nh tht li
K Sn (nam Bnh nh), trong bo co thng vi Nguyn nh, Xuyn nhn rng c
nng li vi quan iu bt khng phi ch v cy th thn m cho rng Thnh
qu s sut trong vic phng th v tr ca ng ta. Nhng loi xung t hng ngy
theo kiu ny vn c nh hng dai dng nn chnh Xuyn, cng nh L Vn Duyt,
s c dnh dp n vic kt ti cht cho Thnh v sau. V tt nhin gia cnh tn n
sng cht, k thp hn hn cng khng my quan tm n chuyn hong thn quc
thch, cn vua th cng kh m bnh vc. Cho nn chng ta thy Xuyn phi phn
trn vi Nguyn nh v vic tng s di quyn tranh cng, tranh thng, khi t
cp trn, chi Xuyn l thng ht bi, lm tng sao nn!.
__________________________________________
1. Nghin cu Hu, tp 1-5, Trung tm Nghin cu Hu, Hu 1998-2003.
2. Hoa Bng, Quang Trung Nguyn Hu, Anh hng dn tc 1788-1792, Saigon: Th Lm n Th
Qun, 1958.
Trong cc chin dch trn b, vai tr quan trng ca tng binh Ty Sn l iu
tng ni ti, nht l khi ngi ta mun nu cao danh v mt n tng: Bi Th
Xun. Cho nn i trng t pha Nguyn cng phi l tng binh. Tuy c b phn
voi ca Xim binh, nhng chnh qun ca Xuyn gp phn quan trng trong cc
cuc tn cng, kim gi qun Ty Sn khin cho trong cc trn thua cng khng phi
chu nhiu tn tht. Chng c r rng l phn on t pha ch th. Sau khi b

415
Bn ri b bt pha thng du, Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dng nghe tin Nguyn
c Xuyn cphong trn th Thanh Ho, lin nng nc i gp. T ra hai tng
Ty Sn ch cn thy tn mt ngi cng mnh i u sut ba nm trn chin
trn m thi!
Nguyn c Xuyn nm lng qun s rt cht. u nm 1801, bo co lnh tc
chin l 2.128 ngi, m au sai phi l 393 ngi. Qua cc trn, thy bo co cn
1.319 ngi, b thng 50, bnh 94, cht 13 cn mnh 1.162, tht st sao. Ri mt lc
sau lnh b sung, bo co cho thy s ngi c, mi ca tng c trong 4 v di
quyn, tng cng 2.268 ngi (1.650 c, 618 mi). Ngy v Ph Xun, qun s tng
ln 2.566 ngi. Bo co thit hi cng rt k. Trn K Sn b thng 258 ngi,
tht trn (mt tch [trn, u hng]?) 157 ngi, cht 26 ngi, voi b thng 32
con, mt tch 6 con. Vi tnh hnh nm cht qun s ca mt n v trong thi tranh
chin nh th khin ta kh tin vo s qun ca L. Barizy a ra, tnh c ton b lc
lng ca Nguyn nh. L tt nhin khng th no c ti liu v pha Ty Sn,
nhng d c cng c th tin rng pha Ty Sn khng nm vng qun s nh
Nguyn nh c. C xem cch Quang Trung cui nm Mu Thn 1788, dn qun
qua Ngh An dng ch sn ngi trn, ly dao xa vo ng rm, chc lt c hn
mt vn th thy ngay l s ni phng chng.
S lng trn l tnh cho ni dinh 4 v ca Xuyn, ch cn ring binh tng
th thu hp hn, ch c 270 ngi nhng vi nhng chi tit ng kinh ngc: hng nht
102 ngi (trng chi 5, ph 4, cai i 10, ph 7, i trng 26, ng trng 14, lnh
36); hng nh 79 (cai i 3, ph 5, i trng 13, ng trng 19, lnh 39); hng ba 36
(i trng 2, ngtrng 9, lnh 25). Nh vy tnh theo t chc qun s ngy nay th
binh tng ca Xuyn l qun thit gip, lc hnh qun khng phi l n c m c
c mt b phn tng thit i theo. Tn ca cc voi rt l nm na: voi Rp, Ko Nh,
Bch, Nhy, Vn ca Xuyn, voi Ngu, voi Tiu ca Ty Sn. S quan tm ca
Xuyn khng phi ch vi binh lnh m tt nhin cn i vi voi na. Ta thy Xuyn
k chuyn voi Ko Nh tht lc trong chin trn, gn c nm sau li tr v trong lc
qun di i ni khc? Chng ta thy chuyn cha cho voi mc bnh n t, vi
cc chuyn vin nh m cng c c cc lng y bt cht theo tnh hnh chin trn
khin voi phi cht - h th.
S kin c ghi v mt pha ca tranh chin - pha Xuyn, ca Nguyn nh -
khin ta d tng lm ch c chuyn ba hoa cng tch. Tht ra iu ny ch xy ra lc
cc s gia dn li, ch ngi ng thi trong sng cht gang tc phi cn ghi s
tht kp ng bin c hiu qu cho nn ta gp nhng chi tit kh tht li cho quan
nim phe pha v sau m Nguyn c Xuyn may thay khng xo b. thy
chuyn cc thuc h ca Xuyn chi ch huy trng ca mnh l thng ht bi.
Xuyn cng k chuyn qun tng li gii vy cho thnh Bnh nh, nghe tin ly
c Ph Xun lin khng chu nh na, cc quan th bn ra, cn lnh lm trn
cha thy gic chy.
Vn xung t kin trong vic thu dng tng Ty Sn v u cng c
bn rt chi tit, di dng, vi kin phn i ca Xuyn ly l l Chng no thn v
Thnh tng qun b cha thng th chng n mi b cha n...., v nhng li

416
Nguyn nh by t kho lo m khng giu v quyn uy trong vic bnh L Cht,
L Vn Phong cng vic x tr i vi cc hng thn.
Trong nhng bin c dn dp vn thng c nhng chi tit thong qua tng
chng khng quan trng nhng i vi ngi c tinh s thy nh mt bng chng
ln lao, hoc t ra l gy c thch th bt ng. Vic c ngi u gip Nguyn nh
vi ngi c s ngy nay tr thnh bnh thng nhng khng t ngi vn ngh
rng Ty l Ty, Ta l Ta, Ty nh theo Ty, Ta nh theo Ta, nht l khi thy
cc s quan k chuyn tin cng, lui qun, bt lnh, thu thu... khng khc chuyn
chin trn hng trm nm trc. Nhng Nguyn c Xuyn cho mt chi tit khng
thy tng t bt c ni no trong sch ca Quc s qun, khin ta phi t vn
nh hng Ty Phng i vi qun Nguyn nh su m hn l ta tng. l
chuyn Xuyn nh n K Sn tay phi cm sng kp, ngn tay v danh v ngn
gia b trng n, v nh c ng dm khin cho Xuyn thy c ton qun ca
Trn Quang Diu t xa nn lui qun kp thi khi chu tn tht.
Vy th tr li vi nhng chi tit v qun ng nh ni, s kin Xuyn bit m
ghi li c phn no chu nh hng theo cch t chc qun s rnh r ca Ty
Phng khng? T chc r rng l khc vi li nh truyn thng n u bt
lnh ti (nh Nguyn Hu Ngh An ni) tuy cng c tng, binh nhng
khng giu c tnh cht hn n t cung cch tp hp ngi di c. Kin thc
n t ngi Php, c Trn Vn Hc bit cch v bn , xy thnh tr, nh vy ng
quan ny tht c nhiu iu khin ta phi suy ngh hn l ch da trn nhng dng
ch ca s quan li. Trong chuyn k ca Xuyn, ta cng gp mt phng thc
truyn tin theo kiu tn c giao duyn: Khi mun bo tin cho bn trong thnh Bnh
nh bit, qun Nguyn t 5 cy ho h v 3 nh dn! c lch s c nhng
chuyn ny tht l th hn l nghe ting vn chng trm bng, hay nhng ngi ca v
thnh tch chin tranh, tr nc ca cc bc anh hng, minh qun. Cng mt chiu
hng thch th , ta nghe Xuyn k chuyn ngy c im em khong 700
ngi (lnh nam v) ph n 50 ngi nh Ph Yn. Hay, nh ni, chuyn Trn
Quang Diu, V Vn Dng lm thn bi tng vi ci cht cm chc m i gp
Nguyn c Xuyn ch v mt l do tht ho hng ca con nh tng: Mun thy tn
mt k tng l i th trong sut ba nm qua? Qu kh t nhng chi tit hin hin
di do mu sc, linh ng nh cuc sng phi c, l lch s ngi sau mun thy,
ng nh ca mt khoa hc lch s mong mun t ti, xuyn qua s mai mt ca
thi gian, qua nhng sa i, gt b bi xo ca phe phi. Mt b phn kh ln
nhng ghi chp ca Nguyn c Xuyn li a n mt vn quan trng hn
chuyn tranh chin cp thi thng nht: l cc th t quan li (ch d, li tu,
bo co) gia chin trng v trung tm ch huy. Th vit bng ch Nm, bi v
ngi ta phi thng bo nhau bng ting ni thng nht. n th k ny th ngi ta
chc ht tn tng chuyn Quang Trung nng ch Nm nh mt sng to c
o ca v vua anh hng xut thn o vi c o - ngi no cn kh kh vi chn l
th khng c th tranh bin g c na. L do xut hin ca cc bn vn ch Nm
thng c coi nh l chng tch thng tin ca tinh thn dn tc Vit, nhng c
th hn, vn l do tnh hnh thc t c qun nhn, tng s (v thng dn) t hc
di quyn m ngi cm quyn phi lu tm s dng n n (Hong Xun Hn).
417
 Tuy nhin tnh hnh thc t ny li c nguyn nhn ln rng hn m ngi ta t
ni ti. l do s m rng quyn lc ca cc vng triu, nn cng lc cng c
mt b phn ln ngi dn ni-ting-Vit tham gia vo bin c. Khng phi ch
chng c nm trong bn vn th Lng Nhai, li th vi L Lai tn trong rng ni
Lam Sn, cng vi li truyn ca Trnh Kim phai lt du vt Thi Lo ca th k
XV, XVI m n tn ng Nai, Gia nh, ni Minh Mng c nhn xt l dn t
hc (ch Hn). V vy th k tranh chp Nguyn Ty Sn khin xut hin nhiu
bn vn ch Nm hn lc no ht.
Vi s gia th nhng th t qua li ny tht quan trng khng nhng ch v
chng l bng c ng thi ca bin c m cn v chng s dng th ngn ng
thng ngy ca thi i v a phng na. Vi phn cui th k XVIII qua XIX, L.
Cadire a ra nhng bc th ca Nguyn nh nhng chnh trong hi k ca
Nguyn c Xuyn ny mi c du vt nhiu n ngp. Ngi dn hi k cha phi
lm vic ca mt chuyn vin Hn Nm cho nn cc ti liu vn cn m ra
mt hng kho st, min l nh kho cu b c thi quen c i tm nhng g tht
xa, bt quanh qun cc cng trnh kiu song vit tuy c dng khoa hc kho
chng nghim chnh nhng khng giu c tnh cht tm chng trch c tr tr cn
ri rt u . Qu kh khng phi ch ca Trn Hng o, Nguyn Tri, c nu
thm mt ng Nguyn Hu nng dn cho ra v hin i m s cn l li ni ca
ngi dn th k XVIII, XIX un nn qua vn t ca ng quan, ng vua din t t
tng biu hin tnh th cp bch trn tm mc quc gia ng thi. iu khng
t th nhiu c th thy trong cc bn vn nm ca Nguyn c Xuyn gi c vy.
Thng 4, 2006

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