Physics

First examinations 2009

Diploma Programme

Data booklet
 Diploma Programme

Physics
Data booklet

First examinations 2009

International Baccalaureate Organization

Buenos Aires Cardiff Geneva New York Singapore
 Diploma Programme
Physicsdata booklet

Published September 2007

International Baccalaureate Organization

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International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

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4025a
Contents

Fundamental constants 1

Metric (SI) multipliers 2

Unit conversions 3

Electrical circuit symbols 4

EquationsCore and AHL 5

EquationsOptions SL 11

EquationsOptions SL and HL 13

EquationsOptions HL 15
Physics data booklet

Fundamental constants

Quantity Symbol Approximate value

Acceleration of free fall

g 9.81m s 2
(Earths surface)
Gravitational constant G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2

Avogadros constant NA 6.02 1023 mol1

Gas constant R 8.31J K 1 mol 1

Boltzmanns constant k 1.38 1023 J K 1

StefanBoltzmann constant 5.67 108 W m 2 K 4

Coulomb constant k 8.99 109 N m 2 C2

Permittivity of free space 0 8.85 1012 C2 N 1 m 2

Permeability of free space 0 4 107 T m A 1

Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 108 m s 1

Plancks constant h 6.63 1034 J s

Elementary charge e 1.60 1019 C

Electron rest mass me 9.110 1031 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511MeV c 2

Proton rest mass mp 1.673 1027 kg = 1.007276 u = 938 MeV c 2

Neutron rest mass mn 1.675 1027 kg = 1.008665 u = 940 MeV c 2

Unified atomic mass unit u 1.6611027 kg = 931.5 MeV c 2

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 Physics data booklet

Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix Abbreviation Value

tera T 1012

giga G 109

mega M 106

kilo k 103

hecto h 102

deca da 101

deci d 101

centi c 102

milli m 103

micro 106

nano n 109

pico p 1012

femto f 1015

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Unit conversions

1 light year (ly) = 9.46 1015 m

1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly

1 astronomical unit (AU) = 1.50 1011 m

180
1 radian (rad) =

1 kilowatt-hour (kW h) = 3.60 106 J

1 atm = 1.01105 N m 2 = 101kPa = 760 mm Hg

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 Physics data booklet

Electrical circuit symbols

cell battery

lamp ac supply

switch ammeter A

voltmeter V variable resistor

resistor potentiometer

light-dependent thermistor
resistor (LDR)

transformer heating element

operational
amplifier
(op-amp)

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 Physics data booklet

EquationsCore and AHL

Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used.

Core AHL

Topic 1: Physics and physical

measurement

If y = a b
then y = a + b
ab
If y =
c
y a b c
then = + +
y a b c

AV A

AH
AH = A cos
AV = A sin

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core AHL

Topic 2: Mechanics

u+v
s= t
2
s = ut + 12 at 2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
F = ma
p = mv
p
F=
t
Impulse = F t = mv
W = Fs cos
EK = 12 mv 2

p2
EK =
2m
EP = mg h
power = Fv

v 2 4 2 r
a= = 2
r T

Topic 3: Thermal physics Topic 10: Thermal physics

F PV = nRT
P=
A W = P V
Q = mcT Q = U + W
Q = mL

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 EquationsCore and AHL

Core AHL

Topic 4: Oscillations and waves Topic 11: Wave phenomena

2 v
= f = f moving source
T
v us
x = x0 sin t ; x = x0 cos t
v uo
f= f moving observer
v = v0 cos t ; v = v0 sin t v

v = ( x0 2 x 2 )
v
f = f
c
EK = 12 m 2 ( x0 2 x 2 )
=
EK (max) = 12 m 2 x0 2 b

ET = 12 m 2 x0 2 = 1.22
b
v= f I = I 0 cos 2
n1 sin 2 v2
= = n = tan
n2 sin 1 v1
path difference = n

path difference = ( n + 12 )

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core AHL

Topic 5: Electric currents Topic 12: Electromagnetic induction

Ve = 12 mv 2 = BA cos
q = Bvl
I=
t
= N
V t
R=
I I s Vp N p
= =
L I p Vs N s
R=
A
I0
2 I rms =
V 2
P = VI = I 2 R =
R
V0
Vrms =
= I (R + r) 2

R = R1 + R2 + V0 Vrms
R= =
I 0 I rms
1 1 1
= + + Pmax = I 0V0
R R1 R2
Pav = 12 I 0V0

Topic 6: Fields and forces Topic 9: Motion in fields

m1m2 q1q2 Ep Ep
F =G F =k V = V =
r2 r2 m q

F F
g= E= Gm kq q
m q V = V= =
r r 4 0 r

q1q2 V V
F= g= E=
40 r 2 r x
F = qvB sin
F = BIL sin

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 EquationsCore and AHL

Core AHL

Topic 7: Atomic and nuclear physics Topic 13: Quantum physics and nuclear
physics
E = mc2
E = hf
hf = + Emax

hf = hf 0 + eV
h
p=

n2 h2
EK =
8me L2
h
x p
4
h
E t
4
N = N 0 e t
N
A=
t
A = N = N 0 e t
ln 2
T1 =
2

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EquationsCore and AHL

Core AHL

Topic 8: Energy, power and climate

change

power = 12 A v3
power per unit length = 12 A2 gv

power
I=
A
total scattered power
albedo =
total incident power
Q
Cs =
AT
power = AT 4

power = e AT 4

T =
( Iin I out ) t
Cs

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 Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions SL

Option A: Sight and wave phenomena

v
f= f moving source =
b
v us

v uo = 1.22
f= f moving observer b
v
I = I 0 cos 2
v
f = f
c n = tan

Option B: Quantum physics and nuclear physics

E = hf h
E t
4
hf = + Emax
N = N 0 e t
hf = hf 0 + eV
N
h A=
p= t

A = N = N 0 e t
n2 h2
EK =
8me L2 ln 2
T1 =
2

h
x p
4

Option C: Digital technology

RF
G=
R
RF
G = 1+
R

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EquationsOptions SL

Option D: Relativity and particle physics

1 h
= E t
v2 4
1
c2 h
R
4mc
t = t0
E = hf
L0
L=

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EquationsOptions SL and HL

Core (SL and HL) Extension (HL only)

Option E: Astrophysics

L = AT 4 L mn where 3 < n < 4

2.90 103 v
max (metres) =
T (kelvin) c
1 v = H 0d
d ( parsec ) =
p ( arc-second )

L
b=
4d 2
d
m M = 5lg
10

Option F: Communications

1 RF
n= G=
sin C R
I1 RF
attenuation / dB = 10 lg G = 1+
I2 R

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EquationsOptions SL and HL

Core (SL and HL) Extension (HL only)

Option G: Electromagnetic waves

1 1 1 hc
= + min =
f v u eV
1 2d sin = n
P=
f 2nt = m
hi v i 2nt = ( m + 12 )
m= = M=
ho u o
2nt cos = m
f
M= o 2nt cos = ( m + 12 )
fe
D D
m= +1 m=
f f
D
s=
d
n
sin =
d
x n
=
D d
x
= (n+ 12 )
D d
d sin = n

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 Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions HL

Option H: Relativity

=
1 EK = ( 1) m0 c 2
v2
1
c2
E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m02c 4
t = t0

L0 f g h
L= = 2
f c

ux v
u x =
uv 2GM
1 x2 Rs =
c c2
t0
E0 = m0c 2 t =
R
1 s
E = m0c 2 r

p = m0u

Option I: Medical physics

I
IL = 10 lg where I 0 = 1.0 1012 W m 2 Z = c
I0
1 1 1
x
= +
I = I 0e TE TP TB

x = ln 2
1
2

dose equivalent = absorbed dose quality factor

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EquationsOptions HL

Option J: Particle physics

h Ea2 = 2 Mc 2 E + ( Mc 2 ) 2 + (mc 2 ) 2
E t
4
h
h =
R p
4mc
EK = 32 kT
E = hf

E = mc 2 + EK

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