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Unsymmetrical bending of beams of symmetrical
sections
Unsymmetrical bending of beams of unsymmetrical
sections
Shear Centre
The equation of the neutral axis (N.A.) can be found by finding the
locus of the points on which the resultant stress is zero.
Thus the points lying on neutral axis will satisfy the condition that
=0,
cos sin
i.e., M + =0
sin
=-
cos
Or, = - tan
This is an equation of a straight line passing through the centroid G
of the section and inclined at an angle with UU where,
tan = - tan
(ii) All the points of the section on one side of the neutral axis will
carry stress of the same nature and on the other side of its
axis, of opposite nature.
3 sin 2 cos 2
= +
3 sin 2 cos 2
= +
Figure 1 Figure 2
Y V Y V
The magnitudes of and are the same and are measured from
perpendicular lines (GU and GV) in the same direction as shown
in figure1 and figure 2.
Thus the deflection will be in a direction perpendicular to the
neutral axis.
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
14
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
Problem:
A beam of T-section (flange: 60 mm x 10 mm , web 100 mm x 5
mm) is 3 m length and is simply supported at the ends. It carries a
load of 4 kN inclined at 200 to the vertical and passing through
centroid of section.
If E= 200 GN/m2, calculate (i) Maximum tensile stress,
(ii) Maximum compressive stress (iii) Maximum bending stress
(iv) Deflection due to the load, (v) Position of neutral axis.
100 mm
60103
Now = = + 60 10 30 5 2
12
51003
+ + 100 5 80 50 2
12
4 4
= (38 10 ) + (86.67 10 ) Y, V
10603 10053
100 mm
Now = = +
12 12
= 181041.67 mm4
= 0.181 106 4
Y, V
10 mm
= W sin20 = 4sin20 = 1.368 kN 200
30 mm
= Wcos20 = 4 cos20 = 3.759 kN
X, U X, U
Bending moment:
1.368 3
100 mm
= = = 1.026 kNm
4 4
3.758 3
= = = 7.82 kNm
4 4
C D
Y, V
will cause maximum compressive stress at B and D and tensile
stress at A and C
will cause maximum compressive stress at A and B and tensile
stress at C and D
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
18
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
(i) Maximum tensile stress: 60 mm
W=4 kN
2.5103 80103 A Y, V
At C, = + B
10 mm
200
30 mm
1.0262.5103 2.8280103
= +
0.181106 1.25106 X, U X, U
= 14171.27 + 180480
= 194651.27 /2
100 mm
= 194.651 MN/2
(i) Maximum Compressive stress :
30103 30103
At B, = +
C D
Y, V
1.02630103 2.8230103
= +
0.181106 1.25106
= 170055.25 + 67680
= 237735.25 /2
= 237.735 MN/2
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
19
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
60 mm
(iii) Deflection due to the load, : Y, V
W=4 kN
A
B
10 mm
3
2 2 200
= +
30 mm
X, U X, U
1
k= for a beam with simply supported ends
48
100 mm
and carrying a point load at its centre.
2
3
= 2 + 2
C D
Y, V
1 4 103 33
=
48 200 109 1.25 106
2
1.25 106
2 20 6
+ 2 20
0.181 10
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
20
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
60 mm
=9 103
2.542 A Y, V
W=4 kN
= 0.02287 B
10 mm
200
= 22.9
30 mm
X, U X, U
(iv) Position of neutral axis:
100 mm
tan = tan
1.25106
= tan 20
0.181106
C D
Y, V
= 68.30
2.5 mm
200
45 mm
2.5 mm
30 mm
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
22
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
Solutiion:
A Cantilever of I-section, 2.4 m long is subjected to a load of 200 N at
the free end. 200 N Y, V
= 1.8 .
2.5 mm
Since I-section is symmetrical about XX 200
and YY axes, therefore XX and YY are the
principal axes UU and VV. 2 mm
2.5 mm
2.5 303 45 23 Y, V 30 mm
= = 2 +
12 12
= 1.128 108 4
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
23
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
Maximum bending moment, M=wl= 200 2.4 = 480 .
Components of M,
= M sin20 = 480 20 = 164.17 200 N
Y, V
= M cos 20 = 480 20 = 451 . B
A
2.5 mm
200
will cause tensile stresses at points
2 mm
A and C and compressive stresses at points
B and D. X,U X,U 45 mm
80 mm
(i) Deflection of the beam at mid
section and its direction with the 450
X X
load line.
10 mm
(i) Position of the neutral axis.
Take E=200 GN/2 U 80 mm V
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Solution:
Let (, ) be the co-ordinates of centroid G, with respect to the
rectangular axes B1 and B1 .
801040 + 70105 1
Now = = = 23.66 mm
8010 + 7010 10 mm
A Y U
Moment of inertia about xx axis, V
80 103
+ 80 10 23.66 5 2
80 mm
= 12
10 703
+ + 70 10 45 23.66 2 450
12 X G X
10 mm
= 889833 4 U B 80 mm V 1
Y
= 8.898 105 4 = (since it is an equal angle section)
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
If is the inclination of principal axes with GX, passing through G then,
2
tan 2 = = =tan 90
2 = 90
i.e., 1 = 450 and 2 = 90 + 45 = 1350 are the inclination of the
principal axes GU and GV respectively.
1
Principal moment of inertia, 10 mm
A Y U
1 1 V
= + + ( )cos 90
2 2
80 mm
sin 90 (At 1 = 450 ) 2
1 450
= 8.898 + 8.898 105 + 0 X G X
10 mm
2 1
5.2266 105 = 14.1246 105 4 B 80 mm V 1
U
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
80 mm
(Product of inertia about the centroidal axes 2
is zero because portions 1 and 2 are 450
X G X
10 mm
rectangular strips)
1
U B 80 mm V 1
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Also + = +
= +
= 2 8.898 105 14.124 105
= 3.67 105 4
80 mm
The components of bending moment are:
2
= M sin = 2.4 105 sin 45 450
= 1.697 105 Nmm X G X
10 mm
= M cos = 2.4 105 cos 45 1
= 1.697 105 Nmm U B 80 mm V 1
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
u,v co-ordinates:
Point A, = 23.66, = 80 23.66 = 56.34
= cos + sin = 23.66 cos 45 + 56.34 sin 45 = 23.1
= cos sin = 56.34 cos 45 (23.66 sin 45) = 56.56
80 mm
= 56.34 cos 45 + (23.66 sin 45) = 23.1
2
= 23.66 cos 45 56.34 sin 45 = 56.56
450
X G X
10 mm
1
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Stresses at Various points:
1.697105 23.1 1.697105 56.56
Point A, = + = +
3.67105 14.1246105
= 17.47 N/2
80 mm
2
450
1.697105 (23.1) 1.697105 (56.56) X G
Point C, = + X
10 mm
3.67105 14.1246105
1
= 3.88 N/2 U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Deflection of the beam :
3 2 2
= 2 +
2
1
k= for a simply supported beam with a point load at its centre.
48
W=400N, l=2.4 m, E=2.4 103 N/2 , =14.1246 106 4 , = 3.67
105 4 1
3 3
1 400 2.4 10 A
10 mm
=
Y U
48 200 103 V
80 mm
sin 452 cos 452
+ 2
3.67 105 2 14.1246 106 2
450
X G X
10 mm
1
= 1.146
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
The deflection will be inclined at an angle clock wise with the line
GV, given by
14.1246 106
tan = tan = 5
tan 45 = 3.848
3.67 10
= 75.430
Thus the deflection is at 75.43 - 45=30.430 clockwise with the load line
Gy
1
Position of the neutral axis: 10 mm
A Y U
V
The neutral axis will be at 90- 30.43 =59.570
80 mm
Anticlockwise with the load line, because the
2
Neutral axis is perpendicular to the line of 450
X G X
10 mm
deflection.
1
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
Problem:
A beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide 120 mm deep is subjected
to a bending moment of 20 kNm. The trace of the plane of loading is
inclined at 450 to the YY axis of the section. Locate the neutral axis of
the section and calculate the bending stress induced at each corner of
the beam section.
The simple flexure formula may be used for curved beams for
which the radius of curvature is more than five times the depth of
the beam.
O
Fig. Bending of a curved bar
O Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
37
Curved beams
Stresses in curved bars (Winkler Bach theory):
M
Figure shows a bar ABCD initially in A
Its unstrained state. E
B M
H
Let ABCD be the strained position of the F
D G B
bar. C F
G
R C
R
Let, R= Radius of the curvature of the
centroidal axis HG.
O
y= Distance of the fibre EF from the dA
O dy
centroidal layer HG, y
G
R=Radius of curvature of HG
y=Distance between EF and HG after straining.
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
38
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams
Stresses in curved bars (Winkler Bach theory):
M=Uniform bending moment applied M A
to the beam (assumed positive when E
B M
H
tending to increase the curvature) F
D G B
C F
G
= Original angle subtended by the R C
R
centroidal axis HG at its centre of
curvature O.
O
O
= Angle subtended by HG (after bending)
at the centre of curvature O.
1+ O
= 1 + 0
1
1+
0 + + 0
or, =
1+
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
42
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams
According to assumption (3) i.e., radial strain is zero.
M
= A
E
0 + + 0 B M
= H
1+ F
D G B
Adding and subtracting the term 0 , we get C F
R
G
C
0 +0 + 0 +0 0 R
=
1+
O
1 1 1 1
0 1+ + + 0
=
O
1+
1 1
1+0
= 0 + -------------(3)
1+
1 1 2
= 1 + 0
1+
O
When the bending moment is applied in such
O
a manner that it tends to decrease the curvature,
then the equation (13), tensile.
2 R
2
= 1
+
O
2 y= 2 + = R2 2 y O
2 + 2 = R2
=
+
Hence neutral axis is located below the centroidal axis.
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
52
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams
M
A
Values of 2 for various sections E
B M
H
1 2
We know, 2 = dA D G
F
B
1+
C F
2 R
G
= dA C
+ R
2
O
= +
+ O
2
= 0 +
+
=
+ Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
53
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams
Value of 2 for Rectangular section: B
Y
Figure shows the rectangular section with centre
dA
of curvature O lying on YY-axis and XX-axis is dy
D y
the centroidal bending axis. X X
G
Consider an elementary strip of width B and
depth dy at a distance y from the centroidal
Y
Layer.
R
Area of the strip dA=Bdy
Area of the section, A=BD
, = O
+
3 /2
2 = 2
/2 + Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
54
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams
B
3 /2
2
Y
= 2 dA
/2 + dy
3 D y
/2
= log + 2 X G X
/2
+ Y
=
R
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
Bending moment,
= 2.4 103 120 + 48 103
= 403.2 .
Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
3
2
2 +
= log 2
2
Here, = 48 = 0.048 ,
= 48 = 0.048
3
2
0.048 2 0.048 + 0.048
= log 0.0482
0.048 2 0.048 0.048
= 0.0482 log 3 1 = 2.27 104 2
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
58
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams - Problems
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
2 = 9.722 1 10.149
= +88.95 MN/2 ( tensile)
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
59
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Curved beams - Problems
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
1 2
48
Position of neutral axis:
2
We know, = 2 2
+ Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
0.0482.27104
=
0.0482 +2.27104
= 0.00435 = 4.35
Hence, neutral axis is at a radius of 4.35 mm below the centroidal axis.
2
Area of cross section, A=
4
Consider a strip of width b and a depth dy R
at a distance y from the centroidal layer as shown.
2
=2 2 O
2
Curved beams
for circular section (contd):
b
2
Area of strip, = . = 2 2 . dy
2 dy
3
Y
2 = 2
+ G
2
+/2 2 2
3 2
= dy 2 R
+
/2
+/2 2
83 2 2
4
= dy 2 O
2 +
/2
Curved beams
for circular section (contd):
b
+/2 2 2
8 3 2
4 2
= dy dy
2 + Y
/2
Equating the integral by binomial expression G
O
Curved beams
for triangular section:
Let + =
dy
d
= Y
2
3
Now, 2 = 2
+ O
1 d b
2 2 - a ?
3
= 2
=
2
1
Curved beams
for triangular section (contd):
2
3 2
dy
2 = 2 Y d
1 G
3 2 2 b
= log 2 1 2 2
1
1
R
2
Since, 2 = R + d ; 1 = R
3 3
and 2 1 = d
O
2 2
3 R+ d R + 3d
2 = 3 log 2
R
3
Curved beams
for triangular section (contd):
2 2 dy
3 R + d R + 3d d
2
= 3 log 2
Y
G
R
3 b
2
23 3R + 2 3R + 2
= log 2 1
3 3R R
+ +
= O
Curved beams
for trapezoidal section : b
Consider an elementary strip of 2 dy
2
Y d
width b and depth dy at a distance y
from the centroidal axis. 1 G
2 B
Let + = 2
= 2
1
R
=b+ 2
1 + 2
O
O
3 2 2
= log + 2 log 2 1 2
1 1 + 2 1
Curved beams
for trapezoidal section (contd): b
+ 2
log + 2
dy
3 1 Y d
2 = + 2 2
+ 2 log 1 G
1
2 B
Where,
+ 1
R
= d
2
+ 2
1 =
3 +
2 = d 1 O
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
The curved member shown in Figure has a solid circular cross-section
0.10 m in diameter. If the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
in the member are not to exceed 150 Mpa and 200 Mpa respectively,
determine the value of load P that can safely be carried by the
member.
0.15 m P
0.05 m
P
Curved beams - Problems
Solution: 0.15 m P
Given d=0.10 m, R=0.10 m,
1 = 150 MPa = 150 MN/2 (tensile)
0.05
2 = 200 MPa = 200MN/2 (Comp.) m
Refer to Figure, Area of cross section,
2
= = 0.102 = 7.854 103 2
4 4
P
Bending moment, M=P(0.15+0.10)=0.25P
2 1 4
2 = +
16 128 2
0.102 1 0.104
= + = 7.031 104 2
16 128 0.102
Curved beams - Problems
Solution: 0.15 m P
Direct stress, = (comp.)
Bending stress at point1 due to M, 0.05 m
0.10 m
2 1 2
1 = 1+ 2 tensile
+
Total stress at point 1,
1 = + 1 P
2
150 = + 1+ 2 tensile
+
150 =
7.854 103
0.25 0.102 0.05
+ 3
1+
7.854 10 0.10 7.031 104 0.10 + 0.05
150 = 127.32 + 318.31 5.74 = 1699.78
Curved beams - Problems
150 150 103
= = kN = 88.25 kN (i)
1699.78 1699.78 0.15 m P
Bending stress at point 2 due to M,
2
2 = 1 2
0.10 m
0.05 m
1 2
Total stress at point 2,
2 = + 2
2
200 = + 1 2 P
200 =
7.854 103
0.25 0.102 0.05
+ 3
1
7.854 10 0.10 7.031 104 0.10 0.05
200 = 127.32 318.31 13.22 = 4335.38
Curved beams - Problems
200 200 103
= = kN = 46.13 kN
4335.38 4335.38 0.15 m P
= 46.13 .
Comparing (i) and (ii) values, the safe load
P will be lessor of these. 0.05 m
0.10 m 2
1
Hence, P= 46.13 kN.
P
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
Figure shows a circular ring of rectangular section, with a slit and
subjected to load P.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the force P if the maximum stress
along the section 1-2 is not to 9 cm P
exceed 225 MN/2 . G
6 cm
1 2
G
Curved beams - Problems
Solution:
Area of section at 1-2, = 9 6 = 542 = 0.0054 2
Permissible stress, = 225 /2
Bending moment, = 16.5 102 = 0.165P Nm
9 cm P
M is taken as +ve because it tends 6 cm
G
to increase the curvature.
= 83189 = 83.189 (. )
Curved beams - Problems
(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
1 2
Resultant stress at point 1, G
2
= + 1 + 2
+
83.189
1 =
0.0054
0.165 83.189 0.1652 0.045
+ 1+
0.0054 0.165 6.99 104 0.165 + 0.045
= 128.6 /2
Curved beams - Problems
(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
128.6 MN/2 Hyperbolic
0
1 2
G
225 MN/2
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
Figure shows a crane hook lifting a load of 150 kN. Determine the
maximum compressive and tensile stresses in the critical section of the
crane hook.
d=180
2 1
b=45 B=135
A B
G
A B
Dimensions in mm
150 kN
Curved beams - Problems
Solution: d=180
2 1
B=135 mm=0.135 m;
b=45 mm=0.045 m;
b=45 A B=135
d=180 mm; G B
P=150 kN
0.135+0.45
Area of section, = 0.18 = 0.0162 2
2
150 kN
R=0.105+0.075=0.18 m Dimensions in mm
Curved beams - Problems
+ 2 d=180
log +
3 1 2 1
2 = + 2 2
+ 2 log
1 b=45 A B=135
G B
By substituting the values ,
2 = 0.00256 2
150103
Direct stress, = = 106
0.0162 150 kN
= 9.26 MN/2 (tensile) Dimensions in mm
Curved beams - Problems
Bending stress calculations, d=180
2 1
Bending stress at A,
2
= 1+ 2 = 52.43 MN/2 b=45
+ A G B
B=135
Bending stress at B,
2
= 1 2 = 74.45 MN/2
= 74.45 MN/2 (Tensile.) A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
Curved beams - Problems
d=180
2 1
Stress at A,
= + = 9.26 52.43 = 43.17 MN/2
= 43.17 MN/2 (Comp.) b=45 A
G B
B=135
Stress at B,
= + = 9.26 + 74.45 = 83.71 MN/2
= 83.71 MN/2 (Tensile)
A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring:
Figure shows a circular ring under the action of an axial pull P.
P
(A) Stresses on a section taken along the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point A,
2 2 2 B
= 1+ 2 (tensile)
2 + 2 + 2
D C
P
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring (contd):
P
(B) Stresses on a section perpendicular to the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point C,
2 2 22 2
= + 2 1 B
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2
D C
+ (Comp. )
2
30 mm
P=12 kN
12 kN
A
R=180 mm=0.18 m
B
2 1 4
2 = + D C
16 128 2
0.032 1 0.034
= + = 5.64 105 2
16 128 0.182
12 kN
Curved beams - Problems
Solution:
Stresses:
2 2 2
= 2 2
1+ 2 (tensile)
+ + 2
30 mm
103
12 0.182 12 kN
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105 A
0.182 0.015 6
1+ 10
5.64 105 0.18 + 0.015 B
D C
= 243.7 MN/2 (tensile)
12 kN
Curved beams - Problems
Stresses:
2 2 1
= 2 2
1 2
+ 1
30 mm
103
12 0.182 12 kN
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105 A
0.182 0.015 6
1 10
5.64 105 0.18 0.015 B
D C
= 276.3 = 276.3 MN/2 (Comp. )
12 kN
Curved beams - Problems
Stresses:
2 2 22 2
= + 2 1 + (Comp. )
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2
12 103 106 0.182
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105
0.182 2 0.182 0.015
+ 5 2 5
1
2 5.64 10 0.18 + 5.64 10 0.18 + 0.015
12 103 106 12 kN
+ 4
(Comp. ) A
2 7.068 10 30 mm
D C
12 kN
Curved beams - Problems
Stresses:
2 2 22 1
= 2 1 + (Tensile)
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 1 2
12 103 106 0.182
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105
0.182 2 0.182 0.015
5 2 5
1
2 5.64 10 0.18 + 5.64 10 0.18 0.015
12 103 106 12 kN
+ A
2 7.068 104 30 mm
B
= 166.99 + 8.49 = 175.48 MN/2 (tensile)
D C
stress is limited to
180 MN/m2 .
0.152
180 106 = P
0.003375 0.152 + 4.87 104
0.152 0.0375
1+
4.87 104 0.15 + 0.0375 All dimensions in mm
= 19440
= 19.44
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7.5
mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius
225 mm. A bending moment of 3 kNm tending to increase curvature of
the bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses setup in the bar.
Curved beams - Problems
Solution:
105 mm 120 mm
2 = 120 mm
= 7.5
1 = 120 2 7.5 = 105
M
= 0.122 0.1052 = 0.00265 2
4 O
= 3
M
1 = 0.1052 = 0.00866 2
4
2 = 0.122 = 0.01131 2
4
A B
Maximum tensile stress occurs at A.
O
2
= 1+ 2
+
M
= 37.32 MN/2
Curved beams - Problems
105 mm 120 mm
3 2 2 3
1
= + 2 G
1 2 2
3 2 3
= 2 log + 1 log 2 2
1 2
Where = 1 1 + 2 2 2 3
1
O
Curved beams
1
for I-section:
1
Let + =
= dy
3
3 y
3 2 3 4
2
= + + 2
1 + 2 + 3 + G
4
3 2 3
2 3 1
= + + 2 2
1 2
3 2 4
2 3
3 2 3 4
= 2 log + 3 log +1 log 2 1
1 2 3
Where = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
O
Curved beams -Problems
:
20
A curved beam has a T-section (shown in Figure).
The inner radius is 300 mm. What is the
dy
Eccentricity of the section? 60
y
G
20
80
320 380
300
O
Curved beams -Problems
:
20
Area, = 1 1 + 2 2 = (60 20) + (80 20)
= 2800 2
dy
Centre of gravity of T-section, taking from O,
80 20 310 + 60 20 350 60 y
=
2800 G
= 327.14
20
3 2 3 80
2
= 2 log + 1 log 2
1 2
320 320 380
327.143 80 log 300 +
300
= 327.142
2800 380
20 log
320
2 2 O
= 512.08
Curved beams -Problems
Eccentricty, e=distance of the neutral axis
20
from the centroidal axis.
2
= 2 dy
+ 2 60
327.14 512.08 y
= 2
= 1.56 mm
327.14 + 512.08
G
20
-ve sign indicates that neutral axis is
located below the centroidal axis. 80
320 380
300
O
Curved beams
: 40
G
30 mm
Area of cross section, A=1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
= 40 20 + 60 30 + 40 20 60
= 3400 2 . 4
2 3
60
40 20 140 + 40 20 110 + 60 30 75
= = 98.5 mm.
3400
Curved beams
40
3 20
2 3 4
2 = 2 log + 3 log +1 log 2
1 2 3 dy
2
98.53 90 130 150 20
= 60 log + 20 log + 40 log 98.52 y 40
3400 60 90 130
2 = 810.14 2 . G
30 mm
60
4
Direct stress, = N/2
3400 2 3
60
Bending moment, = = 98.5 .
O
Curved beams
40
The bending stress at any point is given by
20
2
= 1+ 2
+ dy
20
98.5 98.52 y 40
= 1+
3400 98.5 810.14 98.5 +
G
30 mm
= 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 + 60
Maximum bending stress (tensile) occurs at 4
Y=-38.5 mm 2 3
38.5 60
= 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 38.5
2
O
= N/
508.9
Curved beams
40
,
20
= +
dy
108 = + 20
3400 508.9 y 40
108 =
442.65 G
30 mm
2 3
60
O
Curved beams
40
Maximum compressive stress
Occurs at y = 2 = 51.5 , 20
= + dy
51.5 mm
20
= y 40
3400
51.5
1 + 11.97 G
3400 98.5 + 51.5 38.5 mm 30 mm
60
47806.2
= 4
3400
47806.2 51.5 2
1 + 11.97 3
3400 98.5 + 51.5 60
= 57.79 N/2 O
Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
To avoid twisting and cause only bending, the transverse forces
must act through a point which may not necessarily coincide with
the centroid, but will depend upon the shape of the section. Such a
point is known as the Shear Centre.
The point of intersection of the bending axis with the cross section
of the beam is defined as shear centre.
Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
If the cross section contains two axes of symmetry, then the shear
center is located at their intersection. Notice that this is the only
case where shear center and centroid coincide.
Shear centre is the point through which the resultant shear forces
acts.
h
The shear force 1 is same in the top
S G
member also. O
e T
2 2 h
= S
G
4
e O
T
2 d c
a b
1
B A
T+ u
Shear centre
S G X
Y
Fig. Shear centre of an equal leg angle section
Shear centre
S S
S
S
cos
R
= . cos = 2 t sin
0
O
e
= 2 dA = cos 2 .
0 0
3
=
2
2
= sin
cos
stress on the cross section R
= 2 = 2 O
0
e
0
2 2 4
= sin =
0
This must be equal to
4
=
4
= 1.27
Shear centre - Problem
Problem:
A channel section has flanges 12 cm x 2 cm and web 16 cm x 1 cm.
determine the shear centre of the channel.
Shear centre - Problem
Solution:
Flanges dimensions=12 cm x 2 cm
web dimension=16 cm x 1 cm. b
C
2 2 1
Shear centre, =
4
h
b= 12 cm, h=16 cm, t= 2 cm G
1 163 12 23 S
= +2 + e O
12 12 T
2 12 2 92 = 4245.33 2
2 d c
a b
122 162 2 1
= = 4.3413 cm A
4 4245.33 B T+ u
A.U. Question Paper Problems
A beam of rectangular section 20 mm x 40 mm has its centre line
curved to a radius of 50 mm. The beam is subjected to a bending
moment of 4x105 Nmm. Determine the intensity of maximum
stresses in the beam. Also plot the bending stress across the
section. (Nov/Dec 2014)
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
A ring as shown in the following Figure is carrying a load of 30 kN.
Calculate the stresses at 1 and 2. (May/June 2013)
d=12 cm
30 kN
1 2
G
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
A chain link made of steel is of 10 mm diameter. Its straight
portion is 300 mm in length and its ends are 50 mm in radius.
Determine the deflection of the link along the load line when
subjected to a load of 10 kN. E=200 Gpa.(Nov/Dec 2012)
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
A curved beam of rectangular cross section is subjected to pure
bending with a moment of 400 Nm. The beam has width of 20
mm, depth of 40 mm and is curved in plane parallel to the depth.
The mean radius of curvature is 50 mm. Determine the position of
neutral axis and the ratio of maximum to the minimum stress.
May/June 2012)
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
Figure shows a frame subjected to a load of 3.4 kN, find the
resultant stress at A and B. (Nov/Dec 2011)
18 120 3.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Dimensions in mm 3.4 kN
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
A central horizontal section of hook is a symmetrical trapezium 60
mm deep, the inner width being 60 mm and the outer being 30
mm. Estimate the extreme intensities of stress when the hook
carries load of 30 kN, the load line passing 40 mm from the inside
edge of the section and the centre of curvature being in the load
line. (Apr/May 2011)
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
Write a brief technical note on:
(a) Unsymmetrical bending of beams
(b) Curved beams
(c) Stress concentration
(d) Significance of shear centre. (Nov/Dec 2010)
A.U. Question Paper Problems
Problem:
A curved bar of rectangular section, initially unstressed is
subjected to bending moment of 2000 Nm tends to straighten the
bar. The section is 5 cm wide and 6 cm deep in the plane of
bending and the mean radius of curvature is 10 m. Find the
position of neutral axis and the stress at the inner and outer face.
(Apr/May 2010)
2 marks Questions and Answers
1. Give the reasons for unsymmetrical bending.
2. Write Winkler Bach formula.