MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS

COLOUR PLATES

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S Figure A T Figure B

Figure A: Edward Burtynsky, Rsidus de mine de nickel No 34, Sudbury, Ontario, 1996, preuve developpement chromogne, 102 x 152
cm, Image Edward Burtynsky, Courtesy Galerie Stefan Rpke, Kln/Flowers East Gallery, London.
Figure B: George Steinmann, Montsegorsk, Kola, Russia (from the series From-To-Beyond), 1995, B/W Print, Blackberry juice (Rubus
fruticosus L.), 12.5 x 18 cm, Image George Steinmann.

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 Zvjezdana Cimerman
S Figure C T Figure D

Figure C: Robert Smithson, Floating Island to Travel Around Manhattan Island, 1970, Graphite on paper, 47 x 60 cm, 2009, ProLitteris, Zurich.
Figure D: Olafur Eliasson, Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project, 2007, BMW H2R chassis, stainless steel, ice, and cooling unit,
140 x 560 x 240 cm, Installation view at Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin, Germany, 2007, Photo: Jens Ziehe, Courtesy the artist 2007
Olafur Eliasson.

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Figure A: Nuage Vert, HeHe, 2008, Photo: Niklas Sjblom.

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 Tiffany Holmes

Figure B: Nuage Vert, HeHe, 2008, Photo: Niklas Sjblom.

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S Figure C S Figure D T Figure E

Figure C: STATIC, Power Aware Cord: Seeing Personal Energy Consumption, prototype. Project Team: Anton Gustafsson and Magnus
Gyllenswrd, Photo: Magnus Gyllenswrd.
Figure D: Flower Lamp displaying low energy loads, lamp blooms. By Front and Interactive Interactive Institute Project Team: Sofia La-
gerkvist, Charlotte von der Lancken, Anna Lindgren, Katja Svstrm, and Gran Nordahl, Photo: Anette Andersson.
Figure E: DIY Kyotos Wattson.

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 Tiffany Holmes
S Figure F

T Figure G

Solid Red
Solid Blue Activation / Event has been activated and is currently
Standby / No event is currently underway in progress.

Pulsing Red
Solid Yellow Activation / Event in progress and another declared
Warning / Day-ahead event warning has been issued. for the following day.

Solid Green
Pulsing Yellow Testing / Demand response notification system is
Warning / An event will occur later in the day. being tested.

Figure F: Energy Orb, or the PG&E Demand-Response Orb, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 2006.
Figure G: Colour key, Ambient Energy Orb, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, sold through Ambient Devices (USA).

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S Figure A T Figure B

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 Helen & Newton Harrison
S Figure C T Figure D

Part of the Survival Series,19701973 and introduced to create self sufficient farming techiques to feed an over populated world. Boston
Museum of Fine Arts, as a part of the exhibition Earth, Air, Fire and Water
Figure A: Hog Pasture: R.W. Schumways Annual Hog Pasture Mix, 1970
Figure B: Portable Earth Farming Series_Wheat.
Figure C: Portable Earth Farming Series_Wine.
Figure D Portable Earth Farming Series_Salad.

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 S Figure F T Figure G

S Figure E T Figure H T Figure I

Ecosystems of the Western Salt works. 1971. Art and Technology Los Angeles Museum of Contempory Art, LA USA
Figure E: Four co-joined 10 foot by 20 foot ponds, seeded with algae Dunaliella make a changing colour field as the algae develop carotene
in response to increasing salinity pond by pond.
Figure F: Brine shrimp eggs are added and after 30 days are harvested and re-harvested every 30 days thereafter.
Figure G: Brine Shrimp ready for harvest.
Figure H: The ponds become far more salty. The right pond turns white as the water completely evaporates.
Figure I: Salt is harvested.

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 Helen & Newton Harrison
S Figure J T Figure K

Figure J: The Force Majeure: Peninsula Europe Part III: Where a new complex forest ensemble is composed by using paleo-ecological
research methodologies to rehabit the lands as far as possible, where snow and glacial melt formerly supplied the rivers with consistent
flow. The ecological design will seek to create a sponge phenomenon, which would replace, in some measure, the original glacial melt,
reducing the effects of flood and drought.
Figure K: The Force Majeure: Tibet is the High Ground Part III: Acknowledges that glacial melt, vastly accelerated by Global Warming, is
putting the 7 great rivers that flow through the continent at risk for flood and drought. This work proposes, through an elaborate process
of paleo-ecological research, to slowly replace the 2.4 million square kilometer plateau with a vast, water-holding, bio-diverse grassland/
open-canopy forest ecosystem. The potential for carbon sequestration suggests that 6 gigatons of carbon can be sequestered per decade.

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S Figure A

T Figure C

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S Figure E

T Figure G

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S Figure F

T Figure H

Selected (2x16x9 ratio) 3D Images from the Dome Format storyboard of Atmosphere One: Jill Scott

Sequence Three
The Oxygen Cycle: Energising the Body
Figure E: A shrunken Tetra with a learner inside travels through a set of Oxygen Molecules (o2) and asks the audience to breath in deeply.
Figure F: The Tetra is sucked down into the lungs while chasing the O2 molecule and it enters into blood stream though the alveoli. The
learner asks the audience to all breathe out loudly.

Sequence Four
The Energy Cycle: The Sharing of Electrons
Figure G: Tetras behave like electrons travelling through an electric wire. Discussions occur about these processes.
Figure H: Hundreds of Tetras join together as a metaphor for our homes in sustainable cities, where alternative energy is shared between
citizens.

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S Figure A T Figure B

Figure A: Public Smog Offsets Tomorrow Today, Douala, Cameroon, 2009, Amy Balkin.
Figure B: Parks on Trucks: Project for the City of Aachen, 1999, Eve Andre Larame in collaboration with the bio-geographer, Duane Griffin.

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 Andrea Polli
S Figure C

T Figure D

Figure C: SUPERGAS/USER/UTA, Cambodia,2001, SUPERFLEX.

Figure D: Sarah Jane Pell, Under Current V, The Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham UK 2004, Photo:graph Richard Graham.

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Stills from the film We Feed the World, Austria 2005, Directed by Erwin Wagenhofer. Courtesy of Allegro Films.

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 Angelika Hilbeck

Stills from the film Food, Inc., USA 2008, Directed by Robert Kenner Courtesy of Magnolia Pictures

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S Figure A S Figure B

Figure A: The Crossing, Photo: Malcom Cross for Jill Orr (C) Latche Latche danceman, Peter Peterson.
Figure B: Jill Orr, The Crossing, Photo: Malcom Cross for Jill Orr (C) Jill Orr, nun.

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 Jill Orr
S Figure C T Figure D

S Figure E T Figure F

Figure C: Global Mind Project, Spectacle of the Imaginary, Photo: Malcom Cross.
Figure D: Global Mind Project, Spectacle of the Imaginary, Photo: Malcom Cross.
Figure E: Faith in a Faithless Land, Photo: Naomi Herzog for Jill Orr (C).
Figure F: Southern Cross to bear and behold, Photo: Naomi Herzog for Jill Orr (C).

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S Figure A T Figure B

Figure A: Apartheid Museum Johannesburg. Courtesy Wikipedia commons.

Figure B: Exhaust Sculptures. Photo: Urs Hochuli.

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 Teresa Steffen
S Figure C T Figure D

Figure C: Wooden structure outskirts of Johannesburg. Photo: Urs Hochuli.

Figure D: Johannesburg from above. Photo: Urs Hochuli.

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S Figure A T Figure B

Figure A: Minimising borders and maximising edges between nature and technology, FoAM, 2008.
Figure B: The term cultivation is at the root of the word culture.

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 Nik Gaffney & Maja Kuzmanovic
S Figure C T Figure D

Figure C: Solar powered cricket. Luminous Green, Belgium, 2007.

Figure D: A problem cannot be solved by people who are concerned with only one or another of its parts, Fukuoka, 1978.

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S Figure A S Figure B

S Figure C S Figure D

S Figure E S Figure F

Examples of Emergency Design

Figure A: Rendering Freedom, Anthony Ling / Seasteading Institute
Figure B: Oasis of the Sea, Emerson Stepp
Figure C: Greenpeace
Figure D: Dietmar Mathis / Feuerwehr Rankweil
Figure E: Auroville Copyleft Wikimedia commons
Figure F: Homeless Shelter, Yana Milev, Kyoto 1999

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 Yana Milev
S Figure G S Figure H

S Figure I S Figure J

S Figure K S Figure L

Examples of Emergency Design

Figure G: Case Study Homes Peter Bialobrzeski
Figure H: Antartic Village No Borders Lucy + Jorge Orta
Figure I: Les enfants du Don Quichotte, on the Capitole place, Toulouse, France, May 2009. Foto Ludovic Courts, 2009
Figure J: Identify me, Yana Milev, Berlin 2009
Figure K: Waiting for the Guards DarkFibre
Figure L: Sandbag shelter Nader Khalili / Cal-Earth <http://calearth.org>

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Figure A: The Neon Bone Yard 2009. Art wasted, waste as art, Jim Venturi.

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 Denise Scott Brown

Figure B: Las Vegas in the late 1960s, Denise Scott Brown and VSBA.

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Figure C: Example of Shack Chic, township residents in South Africa creating lively interior spaces with what is available.

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 Denise Scott Brown

Figure D: Shoes made from recycled tires.

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+OCIGUQPEQXGT
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TGWUGQHKNNWUVTCVKQPUDTQCFECUVKPITGRTQFWEVKQPD[RJQVQEQR[KPIOCEJKPGUQTUKOKNCTOGCPUCPFUVQTCIGKPFCVCDCPMU

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KPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVFTWIFQUCIGCPFCRRNKECVKQPVJGTGQH+PGXGT[KPFKXKFWCNECUGVJGTGURGEVKXGWUGTOWUVEJGEMKVUCEEWTCE[
D[EQPUWNVKPIQVJGTRJCTOCEGWVKECNNKVGTCVWTG

6JGWUGQHTGIKUVGTGFPCOGUVTCFGOCTMUGVEKPVJKURWDNKECVKQPFQGUPQVKORN[GXGPKPVJGCDUGPEGQHCURGEKEUVCVGOGPV
VJCVUWEJPCOGUCTGGZGORVHTQOVJGTGNGXCPVRTQVGEVKXGNCYUCPFTGIWNCVKQPUCPFVJGTGHQTGHTGGHQTIGPGTCNWUG

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2TKPVGFKP#WUVTKC

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5RTKPIGT5EKGPEG $WUKPGUU/GFKC
URTKPIGTCV

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.KDTCT[QH%QPITGUU%QPVTQN0WODGT

+5$05RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTM
TRANSDISCOURSE 1
MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS
EDITED BY ANDREA GLEINIGER ANGELIKA HILBECK JILL SCOTT
 O U TL O O K : T H E T RANSDISCOURSE SERIES

Juanita Schlpfer-Miller

64#05&+5%1745' s KU C VGTO VJCV GODTCEGU GOGTIGPV OGCPKPIU CTQWPF

VJGOWNVKHCTKQWUKPVGTRTGVCVKQPUQHVJGYQTFnVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCTKV[o6JKUDQQM
UGTKGU PQV QPN[ TGGEVU WRQP VJG KFGC QH CP KPVGTUGEVKQPCN FKUEQWTUG QH CNN
ETGCVKXG OGFKCCTVU FKUEKRNKPGU YKVJ VJG XCTKQWU FKUEKRNKPGU QH NKHG UEKGPEG
RJ[UKEUGPIKPGGTKPICPFEQORWVKPIDWVKVETGCVGUCFKCNQIWGHQTVJGRWTRQUG
QHGZRNQTKPICPFETKVKECNN[CFFTGUUKPIVJGGVJKECNKORNKECVKQPUQHCTVYKVJKP
UQEKGV[CPFHQTQWTGPXKTQPOGPV6QIGVJGTVJGTGUWNVKPIUGVQHHQEWUGFRWD
NKECVKQPUYKNNCEVCUnPQFGUo'CEJFGUKIPGFVQKPUVKICVGTGUGCTEJVTCLGEVQTKGU
YJGTGKPFKXKFWCNKPXGUVKICVKXGRCVJYC[UKPVGTUGEVHQTOPGYDTCPEJGUCPF
FKXGTIG 6JG UGTKGU CKOU VQ ETGCVG C ETKVKECN VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ URCEG YJGTG
EQODKPGF CTVKUVKE VGEJPQNQIKECN CPF UEKGPVKE CRRTQCEJGU ECNN HQT GODQF
KGF RTCEVKECN CU YGNN CU VJGQTGVKECN UQNWVKQPU 6JG CKO KU CNUQ VQ ETGCVG CP
KPVGTUGEVKQPCNFKUEQWTUGDGVYGGPTGUGCTEJYKVJKPVJGCTVFKUEKRNKPGUsCTEJK
VGEVWTGPGCTVUOGFKCUQWPFCPFVJGCVTGVJGJWOCPKVKGUsJKUVQT[RU[
EJQNQI[CPFUQEKQNQI[CPFUEKGPEGsNKHGUEKGPEGURJ[UKEUEQORWVKPICPF
GPIKPGGTKPI

'CEJDQQMKPVJKUUGTKGURTQXKFGUCPKPVGITCVGFVGZVWCNCPFXKUWCNUJQYECUGHQTKPPQXC
VKXGOCVGTKCNRTQLGEVUCPFTGNCVGFCTIWOGPVUVJCVEJCNNGPIGCPFRTQXQMGVTCPUFKUEKRNK
PCT[FKUEQWTUGU9GJCXGCFQRVGFCHQTOCVQHCVJGQTGVKECNGUUC[UGEVKQPCUYGNNCUC
EQNQWTICNNGT[UGEVKQPHQTKPXKVGFEWTCVQTU9JKNGVJGGUUC[UCTGETKVKECNTGGEVKQPUVJG
ICNNGT[RCIGUCTGGKVJGTHQTTGNCVGFCWFKQXKUWCNGZRNQTCVKQPUQTCTVYQTMUYJKEJTGRTG
UGPVVJGUGRQVGPVKCNUKPCPQPXGTDCNOCPPGT


6JKU DQQM 6TCUPFKUEQWTUG /GFKCVGF 'PXKTQPOGPVU KU VJG TUV QH VJG UGTKGU CPF TGGEVU
DQVJQPVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[RTCEVKEGKVUGNHCPFQPUQEKCNGPXKTQPOGPVUCPFWTDCPURCEG
6JGGFKVQTKCNDQCTFCRQQNQHCTVKUVUUEKGPVKUVUCPFVJGQTKUVUGUVCDNKUJGFVJGVJGOGQH
GCEJXQNWOGYJKEJYKNNDGGFKVGFD[CTQVCVKPIVGCOQHGFKVQTU6JGRTQRQUGFVJGOGU
CTGNKUVGFDGNQY

Transdiscourse:

$QQM /GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUVJKUXQNWOGKUHQEWUGFQPWTDCPK\CVKQPFKUEQPPGEVKQPENKOCVGEJCPIG
EJCQUGPGTI[EQPUGTXCVKQPCUYGNNCUVJGEKXKEEKV[OQVKNKVKGUQHIJGVVQUCPFQHEQPVGPVKPFQOGU
$QQM 6WTDWNGPEGYKNNJKIJNKIJVKUUWGUQHEJCPIGKPQWTUQEKGV[OQXGOGPVOCUUFKURNCEGOGPV&KCURQTC
OKITCVKQPDQTFGTU
EWNVWTCNUQEKCNRQNKVKECNFKUVWTDCPEGUCPFCEVKXKUO
$QQM 2TQITGUUYKNNDGEQPEGTPGFYKVJCETKVKECNCPCN[UKUQHOQFGNNKPIGEQPQO[XKUWCNK\CVKQPUWTXGKN
NCPEGVGEJPQNQI[CPFWDKSWKV[
$QQM 2CTVKEKRCVKQP YKNN DG CDQWV EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG EQOOWPKV[ PGVYQTMU UQEKCN PGVYQTMU UJCRGU
UJCRKPI
KGFGOQETCE[EQPUVTWEVUVJCVUJCRGVGTTKVQT[GPCDNKPIVGEJPQNQI[EQNNCDQTCVKQPCPF
EQCWVJQTUJKR
$QQM 5JCTKPI YKNN EQNNGEV TGUGCTEJ CDQWV VJG UJCTKPI QH TGUQWTEGU GSWCNKV[  KPGSWCNKV[ NCPFITCD
YCUVGFKURQUCNYCVGTURGEKGUGZVKPEVKQPUWUVCKPCDKNKV[VKOGCPFGPGTI[

9KVJKP VJG GFWECVKQPCN KPUVKVWVKQPU QH CTV CPF UEKGPEG YG CTG UVKNN XGT[ EQPPGF VQ HQEWUGF FKUEKRNKPGU
YJKEJVGPFVQFGXGNQRUGRCTCVGN[HTQOGCEJQVJGTCUVTCVGI[YJKEJKPJKDKVUJQNKUVKERTQDNGOUQNXKPI6JG
DQQMUGTKGUKUVJGTGHQTGFGFKECVGFVQCVJGOCVKECRRTQCEJVQVJGFKUEQWTUGUQHVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[GFWECVKQP
1WTCWFKGPEGOC[DGGFWECVKQPCNHCEKNKVCVQTUYJQCTGGPICIGFKPUKOKNCTRTQLGEVUQTYJQCTGKPVGTGUVGFKP
VJGRTQDNGOUCPFOGVJQFQNQIKGUQHVGCEJKPICETQUUFKUEKRNKPGU6JGUGTKGUKUCNUQHQTUVWFGPVUYJQYKUJVQ
GZRNQTGPQVQPN[VJGEWTTGPVFGDCVGUDWVCNUQVQKPXGUVKICVGVJGECVCN[\KPIRQVGPVKCNUQHVJGCTVUKPTGNCVKQP
VQUEKGPEGCPFUQEKGV[

#FXKUQTU
5KITKF5EJCFG+PUVKVWVGHQT%WNVWTCN5VWFKGUKPVJG#TVU<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU5YKV\GTNCPF
#PP/CTUJ/QPCUJ7PKXGTUKV[/GNDQWTPG#WUVTCNKC

6JG'FKVQTKCN$QCTFQH6TCPUFKUEQWTUG
,KNN5EQVV,WCPKVC5EJNRHGT/KNNGT8KPEG&\KGMCP5WUCPPG0*KNNOCP#PIGNKMC*KNDGEM

)WGUV'FKVQT
/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUs#PFTGC)NGKPKIGT


  INTRODUCTION TO MEDIAT E D E N V I R O N M E N T S
Andrea Gleiniger, Angelika Hilbeck, Jill Scott

 MEDIATING AND DESIGNIN G E N V I R O N M E N T S

ART AND NATURAL SCIENC E
Zvjezdana Cimerman

 BEYOND ECO-ART: 21ST C E N T U R Y E C O - V I S U A L I S A T I O N

Tiany Holmes

 HELEN AND NEWTON HARRI S O N I N C O N V E R S A T I O N W I T H

BRANDON BALLENGE
edited by Juanita Schlpfer-Miller

 THE INVISIBLE PRESENT:

ART AND SCIENCE PROJEC T S F O R M E D I A T E D D O M E F O R M A T S
Jill Scott

 WHO OWNS THE AIR?

EMISSIONS TRADING AND C O N T E M P O R A R Y M E D I A A R T
Andrea Polli

 RE-CONNECT
Angelika Hilbeck

 HEAT: ART, PEOPLE & CL I M A T E C H A N G E

Jill Orr

 SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN SPACE: A MEDIATED ENVIRONMENT

Therese Steen

 LUMINOUS GREEN

Nik Ganey & Maja Kuzmanovic

 EMERGENCY DESIGN NEW SEMIOTIC ORDERS OF URBAN SURVIVAL

Yana Milev
 T H E ART IN WASTE
Denise Scott Brown
 B I O G RAPHIES

KZZK C O L O R PLATES
Various Artists
#ICNNGT[QHYQTMUTGHGTTGFVQKPVJGVGZV


 I N TR O D U C T I O N TO MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS

Andrea Gleiniger, Angelika Hilbeck, Jill Scott

Outline

/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUCFFTGUUGUVJGRTQDNGOVJCVVQFC[UQEKGV[KPVGTRTGVUQWTGPXKTQPOGPVVJTQWIJVJG
XGT[EQPFKVKQPGFCPFEQPUVTWEVGFTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUQHOCKPUVTGCOOGFKCCPFPQVKPCVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[YC[
YKVJVJGJGNRQHCTVKUVUCTEJKVGEVUNOOCMGTUEWNVWTCNVJGQTKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVU+PUKFGOQUVWTDCPEGPVTGU
QHVJGFGXGNQRGFYQTNFVJGUGHCDTKECVQTUCPFFKUEQXGTGTUMPQYVJCVQWTNKXGUCTGCNUQOGFKCVGFD[VJG
VGEJPQNQIKGUVJCVUWTTQWPFQWTGXGT[FC[GZKUVGPEGCPFCHHGEVQWTGPXKTQPOGPVU+PHCEVQWTXGT[DQFKGUCTG
DGKPIUJKHVGFD[FKHHGTGPVCPCNQIWGFKIKVCNCPFCTVKEKCNFKUEQXGTKGUCPFUEKGPVKEVTCPUNCVKQPUQHUQEKCNCPF
GVJKECNTGCNKVKGUVJCVUWTTQWPFWU6JGYTKVGTUKPVJKUDQQMCNNCTGCVVGORVKPIVQETQUUEQTTGNCVGOGFKCHTQO
FKHHGTGPVFKUEKRNKPGUCPFTGEQPUVTWEVKVKPTGNCVKQPVQWTDCPVGEJPQNQI[UQEKQNQI[CPFUEKGPVKEOGVJQF
6JG[UGGHQTOUQHNOCEVKXKUVCPFRGTHQTOCPEGFQEWOGPVCT[CUCMG[VQCJKIJNGXGNQHTGGEVKXGETKVK
EKUOQPGVJCVWUGUOGFKCCUCPGYHQTOQHGORQYGTOGPVCPFEQOOWPKECVKQPCDQWVVJGRTGUUKPIKUUWGU
QHWTDCPNKHG

Main Aims

1WTOCKPCKOUYGTGVQHQEWUQPVJGRQVGPVKCNUQHOGFKCCTVCPFCTEJKVGEVWTGVQCFFTGUUDQVJUQEKQRQGVKECN
KUUWGUKPCPGPXKTQPOGPVVJCVKPENWFGUUEKGPVKEKPHQTOCVKQPUWUVCKPCDKNKV[KPTGNCVKQPVQRJ[UKECNWTDCP
FGXGNQROGPV CPF VJG TCKUKPI QH EQORCTCVKXG CYCTGPGUU KP UQEKGV[ 0GY CRRTQCEJGU CTG PQV VQ DG HQWPF
KPVJGRQRWNCTOCKPUVTGCOQHVGNGXKUKQPCPFVJGFCKN[PGYURCRGTUDWVKPVJGQDUGTXCVKQPTGFGUKIPCPF
EWNVWTCNOGCPKPIQHTGRTGUGPVCVKQPD[OQTGETGCVKXGCPFCTVKUVKEUVTCVGIKGU#UGFKVQTUYGYGTGKPVGTGUVGF
KPJQYVJGOGFKWOECPDGWUGFCURCTVQHVJGOGUUCIGVQYQTMYKVJEQOOWPKV[ITQWRUQTVTCPUFKUEKRNK
PCT[CTVCPFUEKGPEGVGCOUUQVJCVVJGCEEGUUKDKNKV[VQGZRTGUUKQPECPDGUJKHVGFCPFPGYFKUEQWTUGUHQWPF
+P/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUCWVJQTUCPFTGUGCTEJGTUUVTKXGVQGPEQWTCIGNQECNRGQRNGVQPFCPFJQNFQPVQ
VJGKTRQNKVKECNCPFUQEKCNXQKEG6JGUGCWVJQTUYGTGEJQUGPDGECWUGVJG[CNNGZRTGUUVJKURQVGPVKCNHTQOVJG
DCEMDQPGQHVJTGGDCUKEUWDECVGIQTKGU6JGUGCTG/GFKCVGF#TEJKVGEVWTG'%1#TVCPF.CPF9QTMUCPF
#TVCPF5EKGPEGEQTTGNCVKQPU


Mediated Architecture:

+PTGNCVKQPVQJKUVQT[QHCTEJKVGEVWTGOGFKCJCUDGGPKPEQTRQTCVGFCUCRQVGPVKCNXQKEGHQTVJGWTDCPETKUKU
(QTGZCORNGOGFKCKPHQTOCVKQPYCUUGGPCURCTVQHVJGKPKVKCN$CWJCWU/QXGOGPVCPFHQEWUGFQPVJGECTG
QHVJGUQEKCNTGNCVKQPUKPFYGNNKPIU6QFC[VJKUEQPEGRVJCUPQYGXQNXGFCPFOGFKCVGEJPQNQIKGUCTGKPVG
ITCVGFKPVQCTEJKVGEVWTGPQVQPN[CUCEVWCNOCVGTKCNUDWVCNUQCUVTCPUOKUUKQPUCDQWVVKOGCPFTGGEVKQPU
QPVJGUWTTQWPFKPIURCEG6JGRTQDNGOUQHUQEKCNGPICIGOGPVJCXGDGEQOGCPKORQTVCPVNKPMVQCFFTGUU
VJGRTQDNGOUQHKPETGCUKPIWTDCPK\CVKQPYJKEJKULGQRCTFK\KPIQWTEQPVKPWGFGZKUVGPEGCPFSWGUVKQPKPI
QWTUWUVCKPCDKNKV[/GFKCECPCNUQJGNRFGUKIPGTUCPFCTEJKVGEVUVQEQPUVTWEVOQTGVJCPXKUKQPUCPFWVQRKCU
QHCEKXKEEKV[GPXKTQPOGPVDGECWUGOCP[RTQDNGOUECPQPN[DGUQNXGFYKVJVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[UQNWVKQPU

(QTGZCORNGKPJGTGUUC['OGTIGPE[&GUKIPs0GY5GOKQVKE1TFGTUQH7TDCP5WTXKXCN;CPC/KNGXFGUETKDGU
XCTKQWUQTFGTUQHpGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPqCPFJQYVJGUGJCXGDGGPCRRNKGFVQUVTCVGIKGUQHWTDCPUWTXKXCNCPF
NKXKPI 5JG UWIIGUVU VJCV PGY FGUKIP UVTCVGIKGU YJKEJ CEVWCNN[ ECVGT HQT URQPVCPGQWU UQEKCN GPICIGOGPV
JCXG VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF 6JKU PGGF KPWGPEGU JQY VJG SWCNKVKGU QH VKOGDCUGF OGFKC KVUGNH ECP DG TGCFKN[
KPVGITCVGFKPVQQWTNQECNGPXKTQPOGPVCNRNCPPKPI

+PFGGFJQYVQFGCNYKVJVJGGOGTIGPE[QHVJGQXGTRTQFWEVKQPQHYCUVGOCVGTKCNUKPWTDCPEGPVTGUJCU
CNTGCF[DGEQOGCRTQDNGOKPOCP[FGPUGWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVU6JGCTEJKVGEV&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYPGZCOKPGU
VJGRQVGPVKCNUQHTGE[ENKPIYCUVGKPVJGUGEGPVTGUCPFOCMGUCPCPCNQI[YKVJKPVJGEQPVGZVQHVJGPCVWTCN
DKQNQIKECNE[ENGQHNKHG5JGEQTTGNCVGUVJGWTDCPFGENKPGKPUQOGYGUVGTPEKVKGUVQCPKPETGCUGKPCTVOCFG
HTQOYCUVGCPFEQORCTGUVJKUUEGPCTKQVQVJGTGCRRTQRTKCVKQPQHYCUVGKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU7UKPI
GZCORNGUTCPIKPIHTQOVJGPGQPUKIPUQH.CU8GICUVQVJGCTVHTQOVTCUJQDLGEVUOCFGHQTVQWTKUVUKP5QWVJ
#HTKECUJGFKUEWUUGU
'WTQRGCPCPF75ENCUUCVVKVWFGUVQYCUVGXGTUWU
#HTKECPXKGYUQHKVCPFJQYVJG
WUGQHVJGGXGT[FC[GPXKTQPOGPVECPDGEQOGCEWNVWTCNCPFCTVKUVKETGUQWTEG

#UCPKNNWUVTCVKQPQHVJGHCEVVJCVVJGWTDCPNCPFUECRGECPKPURKTGNKVGTCT[GZRTGUUKQP6JGTGUC5VGHHGPGNW
EKFCVGU QP 5QWVJ #HTKECP WTDCP URCEG CU n/GFKCVGFo 'PXKTQPOGPV D[ RTQXKFKPI C EQORTGJGPUKXG TGXKGY
QH +XCPoU 2QTVTCKV YKVJ -G[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF +P VJKU GUUC[ 5VGHHGP pUGGMU VQ CPCN[\G
VJGRTQNKEETGCVKXGRTQEGUUGUqKP8NCFKUNCXKoUNKVGTCT[VGZVUYJKEJWUGXCTKQWUGZCORNGUQH5QWVJ#HTKECP
WTDCPKV[PQVQPN[CUCEQPVGZVHQTETGCVKXKV[DWVCNUQHQTOGFKCNKV[

+PCNNECUGUVJGITQYVJQHWTDCPKV[KUUGGPCUCPGPQTOQWURTQDNGODWVCNUQCUCRTQEGUUKPYJKEJVJGOQTG
EJCNNGPIKPIUGVUQHOCVGTKCNUCPFUVTWEVWTGUCTGCXCKNCDNGHQTVJGETGCVKXGOKPFVQITCRRNGYKVJ+HOGFKC
VU VJGP C UWOOCT[ QH NQECN JKUVQTKGU CPF OCVGTKCNU HQWPF CNQPI VJG RCVJYC[U ECP DGEQOG CP KPURKTC
VKQPCDQWVVJGURCEGCPFRNCEGQHGZRGTKGPEG6JWUVJGGOGTIGPEGQHPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUQHEQPPGEVKXKV[
PGVYQTM EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF KPHQTOCVKQP ECP GORQYGT UQEKCN GSWCNKV[ D[ KPXQNXKPI EKXKE EWNVWTG *GTG


VJGFGUKIPGTVJGYTKVGTCPFVJGCTEJKVGEVCNNDWKNFKPVQnVJGKTOGFKCVGFEKVKGUoCEGTVCKPNGXGNQHPCTTCVKXG

Introduction to Mediated Environments

RQTVTCKVWTGVJCVKUCUDTCKFGFHTCEVCNCPFKPXQNWVGFCUVJGRGQRNGYJQKPJCDKVKV

ECO Artists and Local Living Conditions

/GFKC #TV ECP DG UGGP CU C NCDGN YJKEJ DGICP VQ DG CRRNKGF KP VJG GCTN[ U VQ VJG OCP[ CTVKUVU YJQ
YGTGKPVGTGUVGFKPGZVGPFKPIETKVKEKUKPICPFCEEGUUKPIVGEJPQNQI[GXGPVQVJGRQKPVQHUWDXGTVKPIKVUWUG
KPRQRWNCTEWNVWTG6QFC[VJGSWGUVKQPKUPQVUQHQEWUGFQPYJKEJV[RGUQHOGFKCQTNGXGNQHKPVGTCEVKQP
KU DGKPI WUGF D[ VJG CTVKUV DWV QP JQY KPVGTCEVKXG OGFKC ECP RNC[ C TQNG CU KPVGTHCEG HQT CTVKUVU CPF CTV
ITQWRUVQTCKUGRWDNKECYCTGPGUUCDQWVVJGGPXKTQPOGPV$[VCMKPIQPVJKUKPVGTRTGVCVKXGCPFTGURQPUKDNG
TQNGCPFEQODKPKPIKVYKVJOQTGWPKXGTUCNRQGVKEOGVCRJQTUHQTEJCPIGRWDNKEQTKGPVGFRTQLGEVUECPCHHGEV
JWOCP UVGYCTFUJKR CPF JGNR WU WPFGTUVCPF VJG GPXKTQPOGPV 6JKU TGSWKTGU CYCTGPGUU QP C OQTG NQECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN NGXGN CU UQOG QH VJG GZCORNGU KP VJKU UGEVKQP RTQXG /C[C -W\OCPQXKE CPF 0KM )CHHPG[
CTG FKTGEVQTU QH (Q#/ C ITQWR KP $TWUUGNU YJQ YQTM KP OGFKC CEVKXKUO 6JG[ YTKVG CDQWV JQY ITQWR
F[PCOKEUECPJGNREQOOWPKVKGUVQQTICPK\GCPFUJKHVVJGKTEQNNGEVKXGHQEWUQPVQCOQTGNQECNNGXGN(Q#/oU
QDLGEVKXGUCTGVQETGCVGFKUEQWTUGUEQPVCEVUCPFRTQRQUKVKQPUVJCVNQQMnDG[QPFCPFDGPGCVJoEQPUGTXCVKQP
CPFUWUVCKPCDKNKV[6JG[DGNKGXGKPUOCNNEJCPIGUCPFVJCVYQTMKPIKPU[PGTI[YKVJGCEJQVJGTECPJGNRVQ
UJCTGUVTCVGIKGUUWEJCURGTOCEWNVWTGCPFNQECNHQQFEWNVKXCVKQP6JTQWIJVJGKTYQTMUJQRUCPFOGGVKPIU
DCUGFQPnIWKNFICVJGTKPIoPQPJKGTCTEJKECNRCTVKEKRCVQT[UKVWCVKQPUQRGPURCEGVGEJPQNQI[NGCTPKPICPF
UJCTKPIYQTMUJQRUCPFVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPQH&+;VWVQTKCNUVJG[JCXGCTGEQTFQHECWUKPIFKUEWUUKQPUCDQWV
PGGFUQHUQEKGV[TCVJGTVJCPVJGKTYCPVU6QVJKUGPFVJG[KPEQTRQTCVGETGCVKXGCTVRTCEVKEGUYJKEJVJG[
JQRGECPJGNRKPVJGUGFKUEWUUKQPU
+PJGTGUUC[*GCV#TV2GQRNGCPF%NKOCVG%JCPIG#WUVTCNKCPRGTHQTOCPEGCTVKUV,KNN1TTFGUETKDGUJGT
YQTMYKVJ+PFKIGPQWU%WNVWTGUCPFVJGPGYRGTHQTOCVKXGTQNGUQHCTVKUVUVQETGCVGCV[RGQHUQEKQRQGVKE
ECVCN[UV$[YQTMKPIYKVJCPFKPENWFKPINQECNRGQRNGCPFCYCTGPGUUQHTGIKQPCNGPXKTQPOGPVCNRTQDNGOU
UJGVCMGUCPKPENWUKXGCRRTQCEJVQEWNVWTCNEQPUVTWEVKQP6JKUCRRTQCEJECPGZRNQTGETQUUEWNVWTCNTGNCVKQPU
CPFCFFTGUUVJGDNQEMCIGUVJCVOCPKHGUVHTQOJKUVQTKECNNQPIUVCPFKPIKUUWGUNKMGTCEKUORQXGTV[CPFIGPQ
EKFG5JGENCKOUVJCVCPCEMPQYNGFIGOGPVQHFKHEWNVJKUVQTKECNVTWVJUECPEQPVTKDWVGVQCPQRGPFGDCVG
CPFCTVKUVUOWUVCHHGEVEJCPIGVQIGVJGTYKVJQVJGTUTCVJGTVJCPVCMGCP[RQYGTQXGTQVJGTUKPCETGCVKXG
RTQEGUU+PJGTGUUC[$G[QPF'EQ#TVUV%GPVWT[XKUWCNK\CVKQPU6KHHCP[*QNOGUOCMGUCEQORCTKUQPQH
.CPF#TVCRRTQCEJGUYKVJXKUWCNK\CVKQPRTQLGEVUVJCVWUGF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMVQVTKIIGTGPGTI[TGURQPUKDNG
DGJCXKQWTKPVJGJQOGQTYQTMRNCEG5JGEKVGUCPWODGTQHCTVKUVUCPFFGUKIPGTUYJQCTGCVVGORVKPIVQ
RTQXGVJCVF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMECPRTQFWEGCTGGEVKXGTGURQPUGHTQOXKGYGTUCDQWVVJGKTGPGTI[EQPUWOR
VKQPRCVVGTPU5JGCTIWGUYJ[EGTVCKPUVTCVGIKGUJCXGJGNRGFEQPUWOGTUCPFEKVGUUQOGGZCORNGUHTQOJGT
QYP CDUVTCEVGF n'EQXKUWCNK\CVKQPUo QH JQY TGCN VKOG YKVJ NQECN GPGTI[ EQPUGTXCVKQPU ECP RTQXKFG OQTG
GHHGEVKXGGPEQWTCIGOGPVVJCPRWDNKEFCVCVTCPUOKUUKQP6JGEJCNNGPIGVQUJKHVDGJCXKQWTUKUCNUQCFFTGUUGF
D[,KNN5EQVVCOGFKCCTVKUVYJQCFFTGUUGUVJGXCNWGQHKOOGTUKQPKPVJGFQOGHQTOCVYKVJ&ITCRJKEU


CU C ECVCN[UV VQ TCKUG CYCTGPGUU CPF DTKPI OQNGEWNCT DGJCXKQWT DCUGF QP UEKGPVKECNN[ TQDWUV KPVGTRTGVC
VKQPUCDQWVENKOCVGUEKGPEGKPVQVJGRWDNKETGCNO$[WUKPIRNCPGVCTKWOUCUGFWECVKQPCNRNCVHQTOUNKPMGF
VQDNQIUKPVJGJQOGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUECPJGNRVQGZRCPFVJGRQVGPVKCNUQHWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHnVJGHGCTQH
VJGUECNGQHVJGRTQDNGOoCPFVJGNGXGNQHEQOOWPKV[GZEJCPIG#NNVJGGUUC[UD[VJGCDQXGCTVKUVUFKUEWUU
VJG HQTOCVKQPU QH ETKVKECN VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ URCEGU YJGTG EQODKPGF UEKGPVKE CPF CTVKUVKE CRRTQCEJGU VQ
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUUWGUECNNHQTGODQFKGFRTCEVKECNCUYGNNCUVJGQTGVKECNUQNWVKQPU

Art and Science correlations

6JKU UGEVKQP RTQXKFGU C RNCVHQTO HQT YTKVGTU YJQ CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP CTV CPF UEK
GPEG CPF JQY EQNNCDQTCVKQPU OKIJV nOGFKCVGo WPFGTUVCPFKPI URTGCFKPI EQPVGPV CPF JGNR EQOOWPKVKGU
*QYECPPGYCRRTQCEJGUVQOGFKCJGNRWUWPFGTUVCPFVJGRTQDNGOUQHCITKEWNVWTGCPFVJGNCPFUECRGCPF
VJGTGNGXCPEGQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNUEKGPVKETGUGCTEJ!*QYKUOGFKCUJGFFKPINKIJVQPVJGRTQDNGOUKPQWT
GPXKTQPOGPV!+PJGTGUUC[#PIGNKMC*KNDGEMCUEKGPVKUVETKVKECNN[TGGEVUQPYJ[OQFGTPFC[CITKEWNVWTG
CPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUJCXGHCKNGFVQRTQFWEGJGCNVJ[HQQF6JKUHCKNWTGJCUNGFVQVJGFGITCFCVKQP
QHDQVJJWOCPJGCNVJCPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV6QFC[VJKUHQTOQHRTQFWEVKQPJCUIGPGTCVGFUQEKCNKPLWUVKEG
YJKNGDGKPIGEQPQOKECNN[XGT[UWEEGUUHWNCPFKVJCUNGFVQRWDNKEN[HWPFGFTGUGCTEJCIGPFCUVQDGEQOG
EQORNKEKVCPFEQORNCEGPVYKVJVJGKPVGTGUVUQHRTKXCVGRTQV5JGEQOOGPVUQPVJGTGUWNVCPVFKUEQPPGE
VKQPCPFRTQHQWPFEQPHWUKQPHQTVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKECPFJQYVJGOGFKCYCUTGURQPUKDNGHQTDTKPIKPIVJKU
UJKHVKPUEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[FGXGNQROGPVHTQORWDNKEVQRTKXCVGKPVGTGUV*QYGXGTVJGCWVJQTUWIIGUVU
VJCVOGFKCCPFCTVKPVJGHQTOQHPGYKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCT[NOUCTGVQFC[MG[KPJGNRKPIVJGRWDNKE
VQTGXGCNVJGFKUEQPPGEVKQPUCPFTGEQPPGEVVJGFQVU6JWUFGOQETCVKEFGEKUKQPUECPDGOCFGCDQWVUQEKGVCN
EJQKEGUHQTEJCPIGKPHQQFJGCNVJCPFGPXKTQPOGPVRQNKEKGUVJCVECPQPEGCICKPUGTXGVJGRWDNKEKPVGTGUV
#PFTGC2QNNKKUCPCTVKUVYJQYTKVGUCDQWVJGTYQTMKPVJGEQPVGZVQHCKTRQNNWVKQPCPFVJGEQOOGTEKCNK\C
VKQPQHDCUKECPFGUUGPVKCNTGUQWTEGUUWEJCUYCVGTCPFCKT$[WUKPIGZCORNGUHTQOCTVCPFCEVKXKUVRTQLGEVU
UJGCTIWGUVJCVVJGUGETKVKECNTGURQPUGUVQEQPVTQXGTUKGUPGYOGEJCPKUOUHQTEQOOWPKECVKPIRTQDNGOU
TGNCVGVQVJGGPXKTQPOGPVKPIGPGTCNCPFENKOCVGEJCPIGKPRCTVKEWNCT(QTGZCORNGUQOGQHVJGUGCTVKUVKE
YQTMUJCXGUGTXGFCUECVCN[UVVJCVEQWNFVWTPEQPUWOGTUKPVQFGEGPVTCNK\GFRTQFWEGTUCPFKPQPGQHJGT
QYP YQTMU *GNNQ 9GCVJGT UJG JCU JGNRGF EKVK\GPU IGPGTCVG UEKGPEG D[ nIKXKPI VJGOo YGCVJGT TGEQTFKPI
UVCVKQPUVQTGEQTFCPFOQPKVQTNQECNCKTSWCNKV[5JGRTQXGUVJCVCTVCPFCTVKUVUJCXGCPKORQTVCPVTQNGVQ
RTQOQVGUQEKCNOQXGOGPVUCPFCEVKXKUOCPFGORQYGTVJGOCUVJGEKVK\GPUQHVJGGCTVJ

<XLG\FCPC%KOGTOCPCPCTVKUVCPFUEKGPVKUVTGGEVUKPJGTGUUC[QPVJGRQNCTKV[DGVYGGPUEKGPEGCUVJG
RTQEGUUQHIGPGTCVKPIMPQYNGFIGCPFVJGCTVUCUVJGRTQEGUUQHOCMKPICPFRWVUVJKUEQORCTKUQPKPVQC
JKUVQTKECNRGTURGEVKXG5JGRQUVWNCVGUVJCVVJKURQNCTKV[KUPQYQDUQNGVGCUVJGGVJKECNJQTK\QPJCUUJKHVGF
HTQOCPCNVTWKUVKESWGUVHQTVTWVJVQCUQEKQRQNKVKECNTGURQPUKDKNKV[%QPUGSWGPVN[CTVKUVUKPETGCUKPIN[HGGN
VJGPGGFVQHQEWUQPUQEKGV[CPFVJGDWTPKPIKUUWGUVJCVVJTGCVGPQWTEQNNGEVKXGGZKUVGPEG6JGTGHQTGUJG


CFFTGUUGUVJGTQNGUQHEQPVGORQTCT[UEKGPVKUVUCPFCTVKUVU5JGCNUQTGGPHQTEGUCPFUWDUVCPVKCVGUVJGUJKHV

Introduction to Mediated Environments

KPUEKGPEGVQYCTFUCRRNKGFVGEJPQUEKGPEGQPN[FTKXGPD[VJGWTIGPVPGGFHQTKPUVCPVITCVKECVKQPKPHQTO
QH PCPEKCNN[ NWETCVKXG CRRNKECVKQPU 9KVJ PQ TQQO HQT CP QNF HCUJKQPGF FKXKUKQP KPVQ DCUKE CPF CRRNKGF
TGUGCTEJGNFUEWTTGPVUEKGPVKETGUGCTEJRTQLGEVUCTGQPN[UVCTVGFYJGPVJGTGKUCENGCTRTQFWEVKPOKPFCV
KVUQPUGV5JGFGUETKDGUJQYVYQFKXGTIKPIUEKGPVKERTQRQUKVKQPUHQTHWVWTGCITKEWNVWTGCPFHQQFRTQFWE
VKQPsCITQDKQVGEJPQNQIKGUCPFQTICPKEHCTOKPIsJCXGIGPGTCVGFFKHHGTGPVIGPTGUQHCTVKUVKEGZRTGUUKQPU
CPFTQNGUQHCTVKUVUCPFVGEJPQNQIKGUKPVJGGPUWKPIFGOQETCVKEINQDCNVTCPUFKUEQWTUGQHVJGHWVWTG(KPCNN[
VJGKFGCURTGUGPVGFKPVJKURCTVQHVJGDQQMCTGHQTOWNCVGFCPFFKUEWUUGFKPCPKPVGTXKGYV[RGGUUC[YKVJ
VYQHQWPFGTUQHVJGGEQCPFCEVKXKUVCTVOQXGOGPVKPVJGUCPFU*GNGPCPF0GYVQP*CTTKUQP
6JGKPVGTXKGYGTKU$TCPFQP$CNNGPIGCPCTVKUVCPFDKQNQIKUVYJQCNNQYUWUVQJCXGCFGGRGTKPUKIJVKPVQ
VJGKTRGTURGEVKXGQPCTVCPFUEKGPEGCUCRTQEGUUQHUJCTKPIETGCVKXKV[9JKNGOWEJQHVJGKTYQTMKUDGKPI
UGGPCUGEQCTV CPF CTV CEVKXKUO VJG[ FQ PQV VJKPM QH VJGOUGNXGU CU CEVKXKUVU DWV CU nTGURQPUKDNG RGQRNG
TGURQPFKPIVQCEKTEWOUVCPEGo6JG[FGRNQTGVJCVCTVKUVUCPFCNUQCTVETKVKEUCTGQHVGPCHTCKFQHUEKGPEGUCPF
GEQU[UVGOKEVJKPMKPICPFCTGQHVGPDCUKECNN[GEQNQIKECNN[KNNKVGTCVGCPFKPOCP[YC[UUEKGPVKECNN[KPFKH
HGTGPV6JG[EQPVGPFVJCVVJGFKXKFGDGVYGGPCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUPGGFUVQDGTGOQXGFKPQTFGTVQEQOG
WRYKVJNCTIGTGCNYQTNFUQNWVKQPU4GEQIPK\KPIVQFC[oUUJKHVKPUEKGPEGVQYCTFUUGTXKPIRTKXCVGKPVGTGUVU
TCVJGTVJCPRWDNKEKPVGTGUVUKPVJGKTTGNCVKQPUJKRYKVJUEKGPVKUVUVJG[QHVGPCEVCUnCUVCNMKPIJQTUGoUC[KPI
CNQVQHVJGVJKPIUUEKGPVKUVUECPPQVUC[YKVJQWVVCMKPIUGTKQWUTKUMUQHDGKPIQUVTCEK\GFD[VJGUEKGPVKE
EQOOWPKV[XGUVGFKPVGTGUVITQWRUQTDGKPIEWVQHHHTQOHWPFKPI

Conclusion

6JGCDQXGXKGYUHTQOVJGUGVJTGGVTCLGEVQTKGUEQTTGNCVGVQCFFTGUUVJGKUUWGUQHnOGFKCVGFGPXKTQPOGPVUo
#NVJQWIJVJGUGCWVJQTUJCXGXGT[FKHHGTGPVDCEMITQWPFUHTQOGCEJQVJGTURCPPKPIOGFKCCTVCTEJKVGE
VWTGWTDCPRNCPPKPIGPXKTQPOGPVCNUEKGPEGUQEKCNUEKGPEGDKQNQI[CPFEWNVWTCNUVWFKGUVJGYJQNGOCMGU
WRCMKPFQHnVTCPUFKUEQWTUGoCDQWVVJGEJCNNGPIKPIVCUMQHYQTMKPIVQIGVJGTQPUQNWVKQPUVQUQOGINQDCN
RTQDNGOUCPFVQKPXGPVUVTCVGIKGUHQTVJGTCKUKPIQHRWDNKECYCTGPGUU(QTGZCORNGKPHQTVJGTUV
VKOGKPQWTJWOCPJKUVQT[VJGPWODGTQHRGQRNGNKXKPIKPEKVKGUJCUGZEGGFGFVJGPWODGTNKXKPIKPTWTCN
GPXKTQPOGPVU1HVJGRNCPGVoUDKNNKQPRGQRNGOQTGVJCPDKNNKQPPQYNKXGKPWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVUYJGTG
TGUQWTEGUCTGTWPPKPICVOCZKOWONGXGNUHQQFCPFYCVGTUWRRNKGUCTGFKOKPKUJKPICPFWTDCPUNWOUCTG
ITQYKPI#UOQTGPCPEKCNETKUKUNQQOUCJGCFRGTJCRUVJKUUKVWCVKQPYKNNTGXGTUGCPFRGQRNGOC[TGVWTP
VQVJGKTDCTTGPNCPFUVQITQYVJGKTQYPHQQF!6JGUGOKITCVKQPUEQWNFDGCHCEVQTVJCVOC[LGQRCTFK\GQWT
EQPVKPWGFGZKUVGPEG$[ICVJGTKPIVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[UQNWVKQPUCPFVJQWIJVUCDQWVUWDLGEVUNKMGVJKUYGHGGN
VJCVETGCVKXGVGCOUEQWNFEJCPIGQWTYC[QHVJKPMKPICPFEQPUGSWGPVN[YC[QHNKXKPI

+PVJKUNKIJV/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUEQWNFDGCEQPVTKDWVKQPVQVJGFKUEQWTUGCDQWVCJKIJGTNGXGNQHJWOCP
UVGYCTFUJKRVQYCTFnUWUVCKPCDKNKV[o$[YQTMKPIYKVJOGFKCKPUVGCFQHCICKPUVKVYGCNNECPETGCVGUKORNG


OGCPKPIHWN VCUMU CPF IWKFG C PGY TGRTGUGPVCVKQPCN CRRTQCEJ VJCV EQWNF KP VWTP GPEQWTCIG OQTG NQECN
WPFGTUVCPFKPIQHHCEVWCNGXKFGPEG%GTVCKPN[VJGTQNGQHOGFKCVGFKPHQTOCVKQPUJQWNFITCFWCVGHTQORWTG
FGUETKRVKQP CPF VJGCVTKECN GHHGEV KPVQ VJG RQVGPVKCN QH EQOOWPCN NKDGTV[ CPF EKVK\GP UEKGPEG QPG VJCV
GPEQORCUUGUCEVKXKUVCTVOCMKPICPFCUJCTGFGZRNQTCVKQPQHVJGKORCEVQHOGFKCQPQWTUQEKGV[CPFQP
QWTGPXKTQPOGPV9GHGGNVJCVVJGRTQLGEVUFQEWOGPVGFKPVJGDQQMYKNNCNUQJGNRVJGRWDNKEDTQCFGPVJG
FKUEQWTUGCDQWVWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVCNKUUWGUCPFTGFGPGVJGKORCEVQHnRTQITGUUCPFFGXGNQROGPVoQP
QWTGFWECVKQP6JGYTKVGTUKPVJKUDQQMCTGCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUCPFUGGVJGOUGNXGUCUQRGPOKPFGFRTQ
HGUUKQPCNUKPCECFGOKC9GDGNKGXGVJCVQPN[D[VJKPMKPIQWVUKFGQHQWTPCTTQYFKUEKRNKPGUCPFEJCPIKPI
VJGUNQRGQHQWTNGCTPKPIEWTXGUECPYGEJCPIGQWTEQNNGEVKXGVJQWIJV


 M E DI A T I N G A N D DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTS
A R T A N D N A T U R A L SCIENCE

Zvjezdana Cimerman

#ETWEKCNEJCPIGKUVCMKPIRNCEGVQFC[KPVJGCPEKGPVFKHHGTGPEGDGVYGGPCTV
CPF VJG PCVWTCN UEKGPEGU VJG RQNCTKV[ DGVYGGP UEKGPEG CU RTQEGUU QH IGPGT
CVKPIMPQYNGFIGCPFCTVCURTQEGUUQHOCMKPIJCUDGEQOGNCTIGN[QDUQNGVG
5EKGPEGKUUGGPPQVUQOWEJKPVGTOUQHVJGMPQYNGFIGKVETGCVGUCUKPVGTOU
QHKVUKORCEVQPVJGINQDCNCPFJWOCPGPXKTQPOGPV+VUGVJKECNJQTK\QPJCU
UJKHVGFCEEQTFKPIN[HTQOCPCNVTWKUVKESWGUVHQTVTWVJVQCDWTFGPUQOGUQEKQ
RQNKVKECNTGURQPUKDKNKV[%QPXGTUGN[CTVJCUUJKHVGFKVUITQWPFHTQOVJGKPFK
XKFWCNN[ETGCVKXGVQVJGVJGQTGVKECNKPCENKOCVGQHYKFGURTGCFCPCGUVJGUKC
DTQWIJVCDQWVD[VGEJPQGEQPQOKEUCPFVJGOGFKCCTVKUVUKPETGCUKPIN[HGGN
VJGPGGFVQHQEWUQPUQEKGV[CPFKVUKUUWGU

n9JCV KU TGCNN[ WPECPP[ JQYGXGT KU PQV VJCV VJG RQKGUKUOCMKPIVJGUEKGPEGUCUVJGQTGVKECN
HTQO
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VJCV OCPMKPF KU WPRTGRCTGF HQT VJKU VTCPUHQTOC 5KPEG VJCV CPEKGPV VKOG YJGP CTVU CPF UEKGPEGU
VKQP s VJCV YG CTG UVKNN KPECRCDNG QH EQOKPI OGP YGTG UGRCTCVGF DCUKECNN[ D[ VJG RQNCTKV[ DGVYGGP
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/CTVKP*GKFGIIGT GPEGUCTQUG%QPUGSWGPVN[CEQPUKFGTCDNGFKUVCPEG
DGVYGGPCTVCPFUEKGPEGJCUGXQNXGF
6JG CPCN[VKECN CRRTQCEJ VJG HTCIOGPVCVKQP
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Art and science today KPVQOCP[URGEKCNKUVFKUEKRNKPGUCPFUWDFKUEKRNKPGU
a contrastive view CTG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH UEKGPEG YJGTGCU CTV QRVU
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VQ VJG 4GPCKUUCPEG VJG DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP CTVU HQT EQPEGRVWCN CDUVTCEVKQP CTV HQT EQPETGVG UGPUC
CPF UEKGPEGU YGTG PQV FKUVKPEV 6JG[ YGTG CNNKGU VKQP5EKGPEGUGGMUVQWPFGTUVCPFYJCVKVQDUGTXGF
VJGCTVUYGTGEQPEGKXGFCURQGVKE
HTQOVJG)TGGM KPPCVWTGCPFVJGNCDQTCVQT[CPFVJWUVQCUEGTVCKP


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QHKVUOCUVGT0QYKVKUCTVVJCVFGPGUVJGRCVVGTPU
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Environmental footprints of art and
science
9JCV VJGP CTG VJG FGEKVU QH VQFC[oU QTFGT CPF
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VJG RQUKVKQPKPI QH CTV CPF UEKGPEG KP CPF KP HCEG
QHVJGGPXKTQPOGPVsVJGVGTOGPXKTQPOGPVDGKPI
VCMGP KP VJG DTQCF UGPUG CU TGHGTTKPI PQV QPN[ VQ
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OKNKGWKPYJKEJYGNKXG
5EKGPEGCUCRRNKGFUEKGPEG
6JG EWTTGPV GPXKTQPOGPVCN QTFGT ECP DG GZGORNK
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VJGFKUVKPEVKQPDGVYGGPRWTGCPFCRRNKGFTGUGCTEJ
VGPFUVQQDUEWTGVJGKPVGTGUVUQHVJQUGYJQUVCPFVQ
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GEQPQOKECNN[TGOWPGTCVKXGVGEJPQNQI[CUVJGDKQ
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ITQYKPI ETKVKEKUO QH UEKGPEG QPEG VJG LWFIG KV KU
PQY CTTCKIPGF HQT KVU UKFGGHHGEVU HTQO PWENGCT
TCFKCVKQPVJTQWIJIGPGVKEFCOCIGVQPGYGEQNQIKECN
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Zvjezdana Cimerman
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ECPQPN[DGQXGTEQOGD[JCXKPITGEQWTUGVQVJGGZRG
TKGPEGICVJGTGFQXGTVJGEGPVWTKGUD[YTKVGTUCTVKUVU
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CTV CTG VTCPUHGTTGF VQ NKHG KPFGGF TGCNKV[ KVUGNH KU
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RNC[GTUHQTVJGDGCWVKECVKQPQHTGCNKV[KUDKIDWUK
PGUU CPF KVU UVTCVGIKGU CTG DWUKPGUU UVTCVGIKGU 6Q
ICKP CPF JQNF QPGoU RNCEG KP VJKU CGUVJGVKE YQTNF
QPG OWUV CV CNN VKOGU EQPUWOG #GUVJGVKE QDLGEVU
CTGUJQTVNKXGFHQTVJGUKORNGTGCUQPVJCVVJGHCUJ
QT CPCGUVJGVKE RQVGP
KQPUVJCVFKEVCVGVJGOCTGUJQTVNKXGF5QDWUKPGUU
GEQPQOKEU CPF CFXGTVKUKPI VCMG QP VJG VCUM QH
GPUWTKPI VJCV QWT CGUVJGVKE FTGCOU CPF CODKVKQPU
FQ PQV NCEM HQT UWUVGPCPEG *QOQ CGUVJGVKEWU JCU
CPKPUCVKCDNGJWPIGTHQTVJGGWRJQTKCQHVJGPGY
DWVVJCVKUCNNJGHGGNUKPGXGT[QVJGTTGURGEVJGKU
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9GNUEJR
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CPFKVUOQPGVCT[RTKEGJCXGDGEQOGEQPHWUGF6JG
CTVYQTNFQXGTNCRUYKVJVJGECRKVCNKUVOCTMGVsQT
CU #PF[ 9CTJQN UCKF n)QQF DWUKPGUU KU VJG DGUV
CTVo CPF DGKPI RCTV QH VJG INQDCN OCTMGV CTV TWPU
VJG TKUM QH DGKPI TGFWEGF VQ CP CURGEV QH NKHGUV[NG
CPF GPVGTVCKPOGPV UWDLGEV VQ VJG UVGTGQV[RGU QH
OCTMGVKPICPFRTGUGPVGFHQTOCUUEQPUWORVKQPKP
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#XCKNCDNG GNGEVTQPKECNN[ CV VJG VCR QH C DWVVQP QT
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JCU DGGP FGTGCNK\GF +VU EQTTGNCVKXG KU VJG XKTVWCN
YQTNFQH&UKOWNCVKQPCPFCPKOCVKQPEJCVTQQO
EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF )QQING 'CTVJ YJGTG QPG ECP
VTCXGNCUQPGYKNNUETWVKPK\GVJGVQRQITCRJ[QHVJG
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DQWTU C XCUV FGUGPUKVK\KPI
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FGUVTWEVKXG RQVGPVKCN ECNN HQT EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF
FKUEWUUKQPCVCNNNGXGNU
Communicating environmental issues
+P VJG ENKOCVG QH YKFGURTGCF CPCGUVJGUKC DTQWIJV
CDQWV D[ VGEJPQGEQPQOKEU CPF VJG OGFKC CTVKUVU
KPETGCUKPIN[ HGGN VJG PGGF VQ HQEWU QP UQEKGV[ CPF
KVUKUUWGU6JG[TGCEVVQVJGKTGPXKTQPOGPVD[FGFK
ECVKPIVJGOUGNXGUVQKVUETKVKECNOGFKCVKQPPQVLWUV
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ECVKQPUUGPUKVK\KPICEQOCVQUGUQEKGV[#UGPXKTQP
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CTG GHHGEVKXG YJGP VJGKT NCPIWCIG KU RQYGTHWN CPF
QTKIKPCNYJGPOQQFKUETCHVGFKPVQCPGN[OQFW
NCVGF OGUUCIG $WV VJKU TGSWKTGU C FKUVCPEG VJCV KU
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5EKGPVKUVU VQQ PGEGUUCTKN[ UGGM EQPVCEV YKVJ
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WEVU KU DWKNV QP UQEKCN CEEGRVCPEG $WV DGJKPF VJKU
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WPSWGUVKQPGF DGPEJOCTM QH VTWVJ DWV CU C OGCPU
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VJGTGKUCPKPGXKVCDNGCODKXCNGPEGJGTGDGECWUGQH
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TWP VJG TKUM VQ ECWUG HWTVJGT NQPIVGTO RQUUKDN[
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FGOQPUVTCVGUVJKURCTGZEGNNGPEG
6JGVYQDCUKERQUKVKQPUQHOQFGTPCITKEWNVWTCNRNCP
Zvjezdana Cimerman
PKPI CITQVGEJPQNQI[ CPF QTICPKE HCTOKPI UVCPF
KP FKCOGVTKECN QRRQUKVKQP $QVJ JCXG VJG DCEMKPI
QH UEKGPEG CFXGTVKUGF PQV QPN[ KP URGEKCNKUV RWDNK
ECVKQPU DWV KP RQNKVKEU CPF VJG OGFKC CV CNN NGXGNU
2GTUWCUKXG CTIWOGPVU CPF GOQVKXG RTQENCOCVKQPU
KPXKVGVJGDGNKGHCPFEQOOKVOGPVQHUQEKGV[VQQPG
QTQVJGTQHVJGUGEQORGVKPIRGTURGEVKXGU#ITKEWN
VWTCNIKCPVUNKMG/QPUCPVQFGENCTGn9GCRRN[KPPQ
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YJGPVJGGZRGTKOGPVDGEQOGUCEQNNGEVKXGEWNVWTCN
CEVKQP QP C INQDCN UECNG 6QFC[ YG CTG EGTVCKP QH
QPG VJKPI QPN[ VJG YQTNFYKFGNCD KU VJTGCVGPGF
HTQOYKVJQWVD[KOOKPGPVENKOCVKEEJCPIG.CVQWT
FGUETKDGUVJKUKPVJGHQNNQYKPIVGTOU
n1H EQWTUG PQVJKPI KU OQTG nINQDCNo VJCP INQDCN
YCTOKPI YJKEJ UGGOU VQ DG GTQFKPI VJG XGT[
RNCPGVHTQOVJGQWVUKFG6JGMG[SWGUVKQPQHINQDCN
YCTOKPIFGOQPUVTCVGUVJGHCEVVJCVGZRGTKOGPVUCTG
PQYVCMKPIRNCEGQPCNKHGUK\GUECNGCPFKPTGCNVKOG
CTGDGKPIVTKGFQWVQPJWIGEQORWVGTUDWVVJGTGCN
GZRGTKOGPVKUJCRRGPKPIVQWUVJTQWIJVJGCEVKQPQH
GCEJQHWUYKVJCNNVJGQEGCPUJKIJCVOQURJGTGCPF
GXGPVJG)WNHUVTGCOsCUUQOGQEGCPQITCRJGTUCTIWG
s RCTVKEKRCVKPI 6JG QPN[ YC[ VQ PF QWV KH INQDCN
YCTOKPIKUKPFGGFFWGVQCPVJTQRKECEVKXKV[KUVQUGG
YJCV JCRRGPU KH YG VT[ VQ GNKOKPCVG PQZKQWU GOKU
UKQPU6JKUKUKPFGGFCPGZRGTKOGPVKPYJKEJYGCTG
CNNKPXQNXGFo
9JGVJGT YG CTG C MG[ HCEVQT KP VJG INQDCN ENK
OCVKEGZRGTKOGPVQTPQVVJGGZRGTKOGPVIQGUQP
CHHGEVKPICPFEJCNNGPIKPIWUCNNYJGVJGTUEKGPVKUVU

QTCTVKUVUPCVKQPCNUQEKGVKGUINQDCNUQEKGV[QTLWUV
KPFKXKFWCNU 5EKGPVKUVU UGGM UWUVCKPCDNG UQNWVKQPU
ENKOCVG TGUGCTEJGTU EQNNGEV FCVC CPF EQPUVTWEV
OQFGNU GPXKTQPOGPVCN RQNKVKEKCPU RWUJ VJTQWIJ
OGCUWTGU VQ RTQVGEV VJG RNCPGV YJKNUV CTVKUVU CTG
GCIGT VQ GZRTGUU RQNKVKECN CPF UEKGPVKE KUUWGU KP
VJGNCPIWCIGQHCTV#TVKUKPFGRGPFGPVQHTWNGUCPF
PQTOUCPFECPUKORNKH[EQORNGZEQPVGZVUGORJC
'NKCUUQP
UK\KPI EGTVCKP CURGEVU HQT VJG UCMG QH KORCEV CPF
GORNQ[KPI VJG GOQVKQPU VQ JGKIJVGP RGTEGRVKQP
6JGJCTPGUUKPIQHCTVCUVTCPUNCVQTQHRQNKVKECNCPF
UEKGPVKEKFGCUJCUWPFQWDVGFN[EQPVTKDWVGFVQVJG
UJKHVQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNCPFENKOCVKEEQPEGTPHTQOC
PCTTQYN[GEQNQIKECNVQCUQEKGVCNHQTWO #TVKUVUHGGN

DQVJCDNGCPFQDNKICVGFVQDGCOQPIVJGNGCFGTUKP
VJGOQXGVQYCTFUCUWUVCKPCDNGUQEKGV[
YJKEJ JCF LWUV DTQMGP
6JG CTV URGEVTWO TCPIGU HTQO YQTM YKVJ C
ENGCTFKFCEVKEKPVGPVKQPVJTQWIJFCPIGTQWUN[QXGT
UKORNKGF RQRWNCTK\CVKQPU QH UEKGPEG VQ UWDVNG
OWNVKHCEGVGF GZRTGUUKQPU QH OQQF CPF TGURQPUG
5QOG CTVKUVU VCMG WR RQNKVKECN RQUKVKQPU ECTGHWNN[
TGUGCTEJKPI CPF RTQXQECVKXGN[ TGXGCNKPI VJG GEQ
PQOKE KPVGTGUVU CPF HQTEGU DGJKPF ENKOCVKE KUUWGU
YKVJ VJG CKO QH UVKOWNCVKPI VJGKT XKGYGTU KPVQ
CEVKQP 1VJGTU UGG VJGKT TQNG KP VJG VTCPUHGT CPF
EQOOWPKECVKQP QH UEKGPVKE TGUGCTEJ YJKNUV VJGKT
nUVWFKQoKUVJGNCDVJGKTOGVJQFUCPFUQNWVKQPUCTG
VJGKTQYP 

#TVJCUCWPKSWGCDKNKV[VQUJCRGOQQFUKPVQC
HQTOVJCVYQTMURQYGTHWNN[QPJWOCPRGTEGRVKQPU
6JG &CPKUJ+EGNCPFKE CTVKUV 1NCHWT 'NKCUUQP JCU
UJQYPVJKUKPJKUGZRNQTCVKQPUCPFKPVGTRTGVCVKQPU
QHHCOKNKCTUKVWCVKQPUCPFQDLGEVU
UGG%QNQWTRNCVG YGCNUQPGGFVQVTCPUHQTOVJGNCPIWCIGVJCVYGWUG
KKK(KI&'NKCUUQPUGGUCTVCUCNCPIWCIGVJCVKU
n=e? PQV GZENWUKXG CPF =e? PQV QPN[ WUCDNG YKVJKP
C ENQUGF CTV URJGTG +P KVUGNH VJG CTVKUVKE NCPIWCIG
FQGUPoV UC[ OWEJ DWV CU UQQP CU KV KU FGRNQ[GF KP

C URGEKE EQPVGZV KV JCU VJG RQVGPVKCN VQ DGEQOG
XGT[KORQTVCPV$CUKECNN[VJGSWCNKV[QHVJGNCPIWCIG
FGRGPFUQPYJCV[QWYCPVVQUC[(QTVJKUTGCUQPCTV
ECP GCUKN[ GPICIG KP C FKCNQIWG YKVJ ECT FGUKIP CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUUWGUYKVJUEKGPEGQTYKVJHCUJKQPVQ
PCOGDWVCHGY#UUWEJVJGTGKUPQCTGCYKVJYJKEJ
CTVECPPQVKPVGTCEV#PFKPVJKUKPVGTCEVKQPKVECPEQP
VTKDWVGYKVJPGYKFGCUCPFSWGUVKQPUo
/QXKPI DGVYGGP CTV UEKGPEG CPF FGUKIP 'NKCUUQP
JCUFGOQPUVTCVGFJKUCDKNKV[VQWUGJKUEJQUGPNCP
IWCIGKPOCP[FKHHGTGPVEQPVGZVUKPENWFKPIVJCVQH
ENKOCVGEJCPIG*KUKPUVCNNCVKQP;QWTOQDKNGGZRGEVC
VKQPU s $/9 *4 RTQLGEV YCU ECNEWNCVGF VQ KPEKVG
CUVQPKUJOGPV 'NKCUUQP JCF DGGP QHHGTGF C $/9
J[FTQIGPEGNN TCEKPI ECT
VJGURGGFTGEQTFHQTUWEJXGJKENGUKPVJGTWPWRVQ
VJGVJ$/9#TV%CT2TQLGEVKP4GOQXKPI
VJGUVTGCONKPGFUKNXGTNCOKPCVGFECTDQPDTGDQF[
YQTM CPF TGRNCEKPI VJKU YKVJ C FGNKECVG EQCV QH
UVGGN OGUJ ICTPKUJGF YKVJ UOCNN OGVCN RNCVGU JG
NCKFDCTGVJGVGEJPKECNYQTNFQHVJGXGJKENGoUKPVG
TKQT*GVJGPKPWPFCVGFVJGYJQNGEQPUVTWEVQXGTC
RGTKQFQHUGXGTCNFC[UYKVJNKVTGUQHYCVGTCPF
EJKNNGFKVVQHQTOCPGVYQTMQHKEG6JGTGUWNVYCUC
RTQHQWPFCPFGZRTGUUKXGVTCPUHQTOCVKQPQHQPGQH
UQEKGV[oU OQUV EJGTKUJGF QDLGEVU VJG CWVQOQDKNG
'NKCUUQP ETGCVGF CP CGUVJGVKECNN[ EJCTIGF OQQF
KPXKVKPITGGEVKQPCVOCP[NGXGNUQPGQHYJKEJHQT
JKOYCUKPVKOCVGN[EQPEGTPGFYKVJTGURQPUKDKNKV[
n,WUV CU YG PGGF VQ VTCPUHQTO QWT KFGC QH VJG ECT
VQVCNMCDQWVECTU#UWPUVCDNGQDLGEVVJGECTCNYC[U
GEJQGU QVJGT UKVWCVKQPU QVJGT WUGU GZRGEVCVKQPU
CPF OGOQTKGU # HTKGPF QH OKPG JCU UWIIGUVGF VJG
VGTO pGEJQ QDLGEVq .QQMKPI CV VJG ECT CU CP GEJQ
QDLGEV YG ECP UGG CPF VJKPM CPF JGCT KV TGUQPCVKPI
 YKVJKFGCUVJCVEQOGHTQOFGUKIPGEQPQO[CPFVJG
FGXGNQROGPV QH QWT UQEKGV[ HTQO GPXKTQPOGPVCN
OQXGOGPVU RQNKVKEU CPF FKUEWUUKQPU QH JQY VQ CEV
TGURQPUKDN[HTQOQWTWTDCPGXGT[FC[UKVWCVKQPU6JG
ECTKUCEQORNGZGEJQQDLGEVKPVJGOKFUVQHCNNVJGUG
PGVYQTMU QH SWGUVKQPU 9JGP YG XKGY KV CU UWEJ KV
IKXGUWUOWEJOQTGVJCPKHYGEQPUKFGTKVOGTGN[CU
CPQDLGEVYKVJKPCRCTVKEWNCTFKUEKRNKPGo
5KEJ$GPFGP
(TQOYJKEJJGEQPENWFGU FGU/GPUEJGPKP7OIGDWPIGP;GVVJGKPGTVKCQH
n9JCV+PFUQKPVGTGUVKPIKPVJKUTGUGCTEJQPOQXG
OGPV CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ UWUVCKPCDNG GPGTI[ KU
VJG HCEV VJCV KV GPJCPEGU QWT UGPUG QH TGURQPUKDKNKV[
TGICTFKPIJQYYGPCXKICVGCUKPFKXKFWCNUKPQWTUJCTGF
EQORNGZ CPF RQN[RJQPKE YQTNFo
'NKCUUQP  YKVJ VGEJPQNQI[ s HQT VJGTG ECP DG PQ YC[ DCEM
6JG)GTOCPCTVKUV*GTOCPP,QUGH*CEMJCUTGEGPVN[
ENCKOGF VJCV n=Q?PN[ CTV YKNN UVQR ENKOCVG EJCPIGo
*CEM6JGCYCTGPGUUQHTGURQPUKDKNKV[CNQPG
KU PQV GPQWIJ VJG CTVKUV OWUV ETGCVG CP GPXKTQP
OGPV KP YJKEJ GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN YKNN CYCMGP HTQO
VJGEQPFKVKQPQHCPCGUVJGUKCYJGTGVJGUGPUGUCTG
CEVKXCVGFCPFRGQRNGPCNN[TGCNK\GVJCVUGPUKDKNKV[
CPFETGCVKXKV[OWUVTGRNCEGEQPUWOGTKUO
9JGP VJKU KU TGCEJGF VJGP YG OC[ DGIKP VQ
OQXGQWVQHVJGGRQEJQHGZRGTKOGPVKPVQVJCVQH
CTV 6JG ENKOCVG GZRGTKOGPV YKNN JCXG DGEQOG C
YQTMQHCTV
Transdiscourse towards a future
environment
6TCFKVKQPCN UEKGPEG JCU DTQWIJV WU CP GXGT OQTG
UQRJKUVKECVGFVGEJPQYQTNFDWVQPGKPYJKEJJQOQ
UCRKGPUJCUEQNNGEVKXGN[EQPUKFGTGFKVUVQQNUVQUGVKV
CDQXG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV 4CVJGT VJCP KPJCDKVKPI KV
CUCPKPVGITCNCPFUWDQTFKPCVGRCTVKVJCUEQTTGEVGF
Zvjezdana Cimerman
CPFCFCRVGFVJGGPXKTQPOGPVVQKVURWTRQUGUCPF
VJGGPXKTQPOGPVKPTGVWTPJCUDGECOGGXGTOQTG
QDVTWUKXG CPF EQPPGF 1PN[ TGEGPVN[ JCXG YG
DGIWPVQUWHHGTCEWVGN[HTQOVJGFGUVTWEVKXGTGUWNVU
QH QWT CEVKQPU CPF CVVKVWFGU $WV VJG VCUM KU PQY
ENGCTGPQWIJKVKUCOCVVGTCU)GTPQV$JOGRWVKV
KPQHnOGPCPFYQOGPEQOKPIVQVGTOUYKVJ
VJGOUGNXGUKP=VJGKT?GPXKTQPOGPVUo
GUVCDNKUJGFDGJCXKQWTKUJCTFVQDTGCM
5EKGPVKUVU CTG YGNN CYCTG QH VJG NKVVNG TQQO VQ
OCPQGWXTGVJCVUVKNNTGOCKPUCPFVJG[OCMGGXGT[
GHHQTVVQTGXKUGVJGKTEQPEGRVUCPFUVTCVGIKGUVQEQRG
YKVJVJKUUKVWCVKQP+VKUPQVCOCVVGTQHFKURGPUKPI
VQ CP KPXKQNCVG PCVWTG s DWV QH GODGFFKPI VGEJ
PQNQI[YKVJKPVJGEQPEGRVQHCUWUVCKPCDNGUQEKGV[
CPFFGXGNQRKPIPGYKFGCUCPFFGUKIPUHQTCJWOCP
JCDKVCV QP VJKU RNCPGV 1P KVU QYP JQYGXGT UEK
GPEGECPPQVDTGCMHTGGHTQOVJGEQORNGZPGVYQTM
QHTGEGKXGFCPFGUVCDNKUJGFUVTWEVWTGUCPFVJQWIJV
RCVVGTPU6JGETKUGUQHVJGRTGUGPVCTGKPVGTNKPMGF
6JG GEQNQIKECN ETKUKU KU PGKVJGT EQPEGRVWCNN[ PQT
RQNKVKECNN[ UGRCTCDNG HTQO VJCV QH JWOCPMKPF CU C
YJQNGCPFECPPQVDGUQNXGFKPKUQNCVKQP9KVJQWV
EQQRGTCVKQPYKVJVJGJWOCPKVKGUCPFVJGUQEKCNUEK
GPEGUCNNVJGKPXGPVKQPUKPPQXCVKQPUCPFUWUVCKP
CDNG EQPEGRVU QH UEKGPEG CPF GPIKPGGTKPI YKNN DG
KPECRCDNGQHQXGTEQOKPIVJGETKUKU
0QTECPCTVDGNGHVQWVQHVJGGSWCVKQP#HVGTC
NQPIRGTKQFQHKPFKHHGTGPEGCPFKUQNCVKQPKVUITQYKPI
EQOOKVOGPV VQ VJG CEVWCN JWOCP RTGFKECOGPV KU
OCPKHGUV #TV GZRNQTGU CPF GZRTGUUGU VJG YQTNF KP
KVUO[TKCFGPXKTQPOGPVU$WVVQYJCVGZVGPVECPKV
UGTXGCUCRCVVGTPHQTUEKGPEG!6QYJCVGZVGPVECPKV
JCXGCEQPUVTWEVKXGGHHGEVQPVJGYQTNF!+UCTVPQV
CNUQ NQUV KP VJG OCGNUVTQO QH C VGEJPQGEQPQOKE

UQEKGV[!%CPCTVUJQYOQFGTPYQOGPCPFOGPCP
CNVGTPCVKXGYC[!
5WEJSWGUVKQPUOWUVUVKNNDGCPUYGTGF)GTPQV
$JOG UGGU CTV CU VJG RNCEG YJGTG VJG UGPUGU CTG
TGVWTPGF VQ JWOCPKV[
$JOG  #PF 2TQLGEV JVVRYYYECPCT[RTQLGEVQTI  QT %CRG
JG FQGUPoV OGCP VJG UGPUGU OGTGN[ CU HCEWNVKGU QH
RGTEGRVKQP IGCTGF VQ ICVJGTKPI FCVC KP C OCVGTKCN
YQTNFDWVCUVJGUWOQHVJGCHHGEVKXGGOQVKQPCN
Notes
 6JG HQNNQYKPI QDUGTXCVKQPU CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG
PCVWTCNUEKGPEGUCPFVJGPGCTVU
 9JGVJGTQTPQVVJGTGYCUTGCNRTQITGUUKPGKVJGTCTV
QT UEKGPEG FWTKPI VJKU RGTKQF KU C OCVVGT QH FKURWVG
#NTGCF[CVVJGGPFQHVJGVJEGPVWT[VJG8KGPPGUG
CTVJKUVQTKCP#NQKU4KGIN
JCFTWNGFQWVVJGKFGC  (QT GZCORNG /KVEJ 'RUVGKP YKVJ JKU RJQVQITCRJKE
QH RTQITGUU KP CTV UV[NGU EJCPIG DWV CTV FQGU PQV
RTQITGUU KP CP[ SWCPVKVCVKXG UGPUG 2CWN (G[GTCDGPF
UCYVJGUEKGPEGUCUEQORCTCDNGYKVJVJGCTVU
KP VJKU TGURGEV JGTG VQQ VJGTG YCU PQ QDLGEVKXGN[
CUEGTVCKPCDNGRTQITGUU
 #TV CPF UEKGPEG CTG GXGT[YJGTG CRRTQZKOCVKPI UVW
FKQUCTGVWTPKPIKPVQNCDQTCVQTKGUCTVKUFTCYKPIQP
UEKGPEGHQTKVUVJGOGU'ZCORNGUECPDGHQWPFKPDKQ
VGEJPQNQI[ CTVKEKCN KPVGNNKIGPEG TQDQVKEU CPF VJG
PGWTQUEKGPEGU
 (QTGZCORNG#TU'NGEVTQPKECKP.KP\2CT
CFKUG 0QY 2KEVWTKPI VJG )GPGVKE 4GXQNWVKQP 
KP 0GY ;QTM )GPG
UKU %QPVGORQTCT[ #TV 'ZRNQTGU CIG QH VJGKT RQUVOGFKWO EQPFKVKQPo KP /GFKC #TVU
*WOCP )GPQOKEU  KP 5GCVVNG VJG 'WTQRGCP
/GFKC #TV (GUVKXCN  KP 1UPCDTEM RWV QP [QWT
DNWGIGPGUKP$GTNKP
 5GGCTVKUVUoYGDUKVGCVJVVRYYYVECWYCGFWCW 
CEEGUUGF,WPG
 5GG CTVKUVoU YGDUKVG CV JVVRYYYGMCEQTI 
CEEGUUGF,WPG

 5OKVJUQPoU RTQLGEV YCU QPN[ TGCNK\GF KP  UGG
JVVRYYYJCDGTCTVUEQOUOKVJUQP 
 (QT GZCORNG VJG NO #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ
PWOGTQWU GZJKDKVKQPU CPF RTQLGEVU UWEJ CU %CPCT[
(CTGYGNN JVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNNEQO  .CWPEJGF
KP  D[ VJG $TKVKUJ CTVKUV &CXKF $WEMNCPF %CRG
(CTGYGNNJCUVCMGPCTVKUVUGFWECVKQPCNKUVUCPFOGFKC
RGQRNGVQIGVJGTYKVJUEKGPVKUVUQPFKHHGTGPVGZRGFK
VKQPU VQ VJG #TEVKE DGVYGGP  CPF VJG RTGUGPV
6JG RTQLGEV CKOU VQ EQPXG[ ENKOCVG KUUWGU CV GOQ
VKQPCNCPFGFWECVKQPCNCUYGNNCUUEKGPVKENGXGNU#TV
QTKIKPCVKPI HTQO VJG GZRGTKGPEG JCU DGGP GZJKDKVGF
YKFGN[KP'WTQRG0QTVJ#OGTKECCPF,CRCP+P
C OKPWVG NO QP VJG RTQLGEV YCU OCFG YKVJ VJG
$$% CPF KP  C DQQM YCU RWDNKUJGF EQPVCKPKPI
GUUC[UCPFUVCVGOGPVUD[UEKGPVKUVUCPFCTVKUVU
UGTKGU #OGTKECP 2QYGT JVVRYYYOKVEJGRUVGKP
PGV QT#O[$CNMKPYKVJ2WDNKEUOQIJVVRYYY
RWDNKEUOQIQTI 
 (QTGZCORNG2GVGT(GPF1EGCP'CTVJ#PFTGC
2QNNKJVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO 
References
#NVJHGT*-WPUVWPF7OYGNVs7OYGNVWPF-WPUV
2GVGT.CPI(TCPMHWTV/
#TPU+n1PEQPVGORQTCPGKV[6JGOGFKCCTVUKPVJG
<WTKEJ2QUKVKQPUHTQOVJG0GY/GFKC2TQITCO;GCT
DQQM<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU5EJGKFGIIGT
5RKGUU<WTKEJRRs
$JOG )  (T GKPG MQNQIKUEJG 0CVWTUVJGVKM
5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
$JOG )  #VOQURJTG 'UUC[U \WT PGWGP UVJGVKM
5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
$WTV[PUM[''FYCTF$WTV[PUM[2JQVQITCRJKEYQTMUYGD
UKVG CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  JVVRYYYGFYCTF
DWTV[PUM[EQO 
FG -GTEMJQXG &  n6QWEJ XGTUWU XKUKQP UVJGVKM
PGWGT6GEJPQNQIKGPoKP99GNUEJ
GF&KG#MVWCN FGT $KQVGEJPQNQIKG 
GZJKD ECV 0GWG )GUGNNU
KVVFGUUVJGVKUEJGP(KPM/WPKEJRRs
0)$-$GTNKP
&KEMUQP&n'WTQRGURNKVUQXGTIGPGTGIWNCVKQPo5EK
GPEGXQNPQRRs
&KQP/n/KYQP-YQPKPEQPXGTUCVKQPYKVJ/CTM
GF5CPVKCIQ5KGTTCVQPUCPFRTG
&KQPo KP .) %QTTKP / -YQP  0 $T[UQP /CTM
GZJKDECV-WPUVJCWU$TGIGP\9CNVJGT
&KQP2JCKFQP.QPFQPRRs
'NKCUUQP 1  ;QWT OQDKNG GZRGEVCVKQPU $/9 *4
GF#TVCPFGNGEVTQPKEOGFKC2JCKFQP
RTQLGEV.CTU/NNGT$CFGP
(G[GTCDGPF 2  9KUUGPUEJCHV CNU -WPUV 5WJTMCOR
(TCPMHWTV/
*CEM*,*GTOCPP,QUGH*CEMYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF,WPG
JVVRYYYJGTOCPPLQUGHJCEMFG 
*QFIUQP ,  n# ITGGP NKIJV HQT FGDCVGo 0CVWTG $KQ
VGEJPQNQI[XQNPQR
GF
+##56&  5WOOCT[ HQT FGEKUKQP OCMGTU QH VJG INQDCN
TGRQTVCEEGUUGF,WPGJVVRYYYCICUUGUU
OGPVQTI 
.CVQWT$n#VOQURJTGCVOQURJTGoKP5/C[
GF PQRRs
1NCHWT 'NKCUUQP 6JG YGCVJGT RTQLGEV 6CVG 2WDNKUJKPI
.QPFQPRRs
GF&KG#MVWCN
.X[.GDNQPF,/n&KG9KUUGPUEJCHVWPFFKG9GNV
FKG-WPUVWPFKEJo(6'+PHQ/CIC\KPDGT'WTQRKUEJG
(QTUEJWPI
URGEKCN KUUWG CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  5VWVVICTVR
JVVRGEGWTQRCGWTGUGCTEJTVFKPHQURGEKCNACU
CTVKENGAAFGJVON 
.[QVCTF ,(  n#PKOC /KPKOCo KP 9 9GNUEJ
GF 0GY <GCNCPF ,QWTPCN QH #TV #TV  'VJKEU XQN  PQ
&KG #MVWCNKVV FGU UVJGVKUEJGP (KPM /WPKEJ RR
s
/KGTUEJ/n#ITCTYKUUGPUEJCHVNGT0QTOCP$QTNCWI
/WVVGT0CVWTKUV)GPVGEJPKMGTKPo9GNVYQEJGPQ
 1EVQDGT CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  JVVRYYY
YGNVYQEJGEJCWUICDGPCTVKMGN
OWVVGTPCVWTKUVIGPVGEJPKMGTKPJVON 
0GUVNGT)n&GT/GPUEJCNU&GTKXCVoKPVGTXKGYYKVJ
Zvjezdana Cimerman
)GTCNF0GUVNGTD[&KGVGT$WEJJCTV-WPUVHQTWOPQ
RR
2WVQP[QWTDNWGIGPGU$KQ6GEJ-WPUVWPFFKG8GTJGKUUWPIGP
EJCHVHTDKNFGPFG-WPUV
4KGIN#5RVTOKUEJG-WPUVKPFWUVTKGPFGF#WU
VTKCP5VCVG2TKPVKPI1HEG8KGPPC
5EJPGKFGT'
XKQWUYQTMU
-PKI%QNQIPG
5JCPMGP'#
2TGUU.QPFQP
5VGKPOCPP )  n-WPUV CNU IGUGNNUEJCHVUDG\QIGPG
2TCZKUo+PVGTXKGYYKVJ)GQTIG5VGKPOCPPD[#PFTGCU
(KGFNGT+P2TKZ/GTGV1RRGPJGKOs+PVGT
XKGYU$WPFGUCOVHT-WNVWT$GTPRRs
XQP &TCJVGP &  n9GNVGKPJGKV 6TCWO QFGT 9KTMNK
EJMGKVGKPGDGTNGDWPIUHTCIGoKP(/GUEJGFG
/CTKPC #DTCOQXK 'FKVKQP %CPV\ 1UVNFGTP4WKV
RRs
9GNUEJ 9  n-WPUV WPF 9KUUGPUEJCHVo -WPUVHQTWO
9GNUEJ 9  n&CU UVJGVKUEJG GKPG 5EJNUUGNMCVG
IQTKGWPUGTGT<GKV!oKP99GNUEJ
KVVFGUUVJGVKUEJGP(KPM/WPKEJRRs
9GNUEJ 9  UVJGVKUEJGU &GPMGP VJ GF 4GENCO
<WTT+%CVVU1n6JGGVJKECNENCKOUQHDKQCTV
MKNNKPIVJGQVJGTQTUGNHECPPKDCNKUO!o#WUVTCNKCPCPF
 CPF XQN  PQ  RR s CEEGUUGF  ,WPG
 JVVRYYYVECWYCGFWCWCV)NCPEGRWD
/CKP(TCOGUJVON 

 B E YO N D E C O - A R T :
2 1 S T C E N T U R Y E C O-VISUALISATION

Tiffany Holmes

'EQXKUWCNKUCVKQPU s CTVYQTMU VJCV VTCPUNCVG GEQNQIKECN FCVC KPVQ GCU[VQ

WPFGTUVCPF KOCIGU CPF UQWPF s GZRCPF VJG VTCLGEVQT[ QH VJG GPXKTQPOGP
VCNCTVCTGPC'EQXKUWCNKUCVKQPCTVYQTMRTQOQVGUUWUVCKPCDKNKV[VJTQWIJC
UJCTGFGZRGTKGPEGQHCTGCNVKOGnJCRRGPKPIoVJCVKUEQPVTQNNGFD[CEQORWVGT
QT CUUQEKCVGF GNGEVTQPKE VGEJPQNQI[ s CU QRRQUGF VQ QTICPKE OCVGTKCNU NKMG
NKXGTYQTVUVJCVNVGTYCVGTKP,CEMKG$TQQMPGToUTGEGPVDKQUEWNRVWTGU/WEJ
QHVJKUGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPYQTMKUSWKVGPGYsCPFUQHCTVJGTGCTGXGT[HGY
GZCORNGU&WGVQVGEJPKECNEQORNGZKVKGUUQOGKPUVCNNCVKQPUTGOCKPRGTOC
PGPVN[KPVJGRTQVQV[RKPIUVCIG%QPEGRVWCNN[VJGYQTMKUSWKVGUVTQPIFWG
VQVJGKPPQXCVKXGGZRNQTCVKQPQHPGYGFWECVKQPCNUVTCVGIKGUOCFGRQUUKDNGD[
KPETGCUKPIN[CEEGUUKDNGOGFKCHQTOUUWEJCUEQORWVGTCNIQTKVJOUCPFNCTIG
RWDNKEN[CEEGUUKDNGFCVCDCUGU1XGTCNNVJGGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPRTQLGEVUKPEQTRQ
TCVGCOGUUCIGQHRQUKVKXGGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUJKRCUCRTKOCT[HQEWUs
QHVGPVJTQWIJFKURNC[KPCRWDNKERNCEGVQHCEKNKVCVGEQOOWPKV[FKCNQIWG$WV
FQVJGXKGYGTUTGEGKXGCPFRTQEGUUVJGOGUUCIG!6JKUKUCRQKPVVQFGDCVG

Overview: RWDNKE URCEG ECP JCXG C DGPGEKCN UQEKGVCN GHHGEV
From Eco-art to Eco-visualisation CPF CNUQ TCKUG RWDNKE CYCTGPGUU CDQWV GEQNQIKECN
KUUWGU #TV JKUVQTKCPU NKMG )TCPV -GUVGT JCXG UWI
.CPFCTVGCTVJYQTMUCPFGPXKTQPOGPVCNCTVOCFG IGUVGFVJCVCTVKUVUsCUQRRQUGFVQGPIKPGGTUQTUEK
RTKQT VQ  EQPUVKVWVG CP KORTGUUKXG NKPGCIG GPVKUVUsOKIJVRQUUGUUWPKSWGCDKNKVKGUVQXKUWCNKUG
QH ETGCVKXG CEVKXKV[ VJCV RTQXKFGF GXKFGPEG VJCV CPF JCNV VJG GHHGEVU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP
CTVKUVKE KPVGTXGPVKQPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ YJGP OCFG KP
-GUVGTR


6JKURCRGTEQPEGTPUKVUGNHYKVJVJKURTKOCT[SWGU
)QCN  EQPUGTXG TGUQWTEGU
)QCN  QT GUVCDNKUJ
VKQP KP VGTOU QH JQY KV TGNCVGU VQ EQPVGORQTCT[
)QCN
CTV CPF FGUKIP %CP XKUWCNKUCVKQP RTQLGEVU VJCV WUG
F[PCOKE HGGFDCEM VTKIIGT GEQNQIKECNN[ TGURQPUKDNG
DGJCXKQWT UWEJ CU GPGTI[ EQPUGTXCVKQP! 6Q EQP
UKFGTVJKUSWGUVKQPPGYYQTMUHTQOUGXGTCNCTVKUVU
CPF FGUKIPGTU YJQ XKUWCNN[ VTCPUNCVG GPGTI[ FCVC
XKCF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMHQTVJGRWTRQUGQHRTQOQVKPI
UVGYCTFUJKR YKNN DG CUUGUUGF WUKPI VJG HQNNQYKPI
ETKVGTKC QT YQTM URCEG VJCV QHHGT F[PCOKE KPHQTOCVKQP
 &KFVJGCTVYQTMKPETGCUGEQPUGTXCVKQPDGJCXKQWT
KPVJGXKGYKPIRQRWNCVKQP!*QYYCUVJKUCEEQO
RNKUJGFCPFHQTJQYNQPI!
 9JCVHQTOUQHXKUWCNKUCVKQPCTGOQUVGHHGEVKXGVQ
CKFKPIEQPUGTXCVKQPQHTGUQWTEGU!
 9JCVCTGVJGCGUVJGVKEUQHUVEGPVWT[GEQXKUWCN
KUCVKQP!&QRCTVKEWNCTMKPFUQHCGUVJGVKEUKPURKTG
ITGCVGTCOQWPVUQHEQPUGTXCVKQPCEVKQPQTMPQYN
GFIG!
%QPVGORQTCT[ CTV CPF FGUKIP VJCV KPVGITCVG
F[PCOKE HGGFDCEM TGNCVGF VQ GNGEVTKEKV[ WUCIG YKNN
DGVJGHQEWUKPVJGUGEVKQPUVQHQNNQY6QTGKVGTCVG
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGKX(KI#'XGT[PKIJVHTQOVJG
VJGUGNGEVGFETGCVKXGGPFGCXQWTUDTGCMPGYITQWPF
EQPEGRVWCNN[ CPF CNUQ KP VJGKT OCVGTKCN GZGEWVKQP
6JGUGRTQLGEVUJCXGPQVDGGPETKVKSWGFKPCECFGOKE
LQWTPCNUPQTKPCTVOCIC\KPGUOWEJNGUURWDNKUJGF
KPDQQMU+VKUVJGEQODKPCVKQPQHKPPQXCVKXGEQP
EGRVU UVCVGQHVJGCTV VGEJPQNQI[ CPF EQPVGORQ
TCT[XKUWCNKUCVKQPCGUVJGVKEUVJCVOCMGCNNQHVJGUG
RTQLGEVU VCTIGV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU KP C EQO
RNGVGN[PQXGNYC[6JGUGRTQLGEVUGZVGPFVJGJKUVQT[
QHGEQCTVKPVQVJGUVEGPVWT[UQVJGTGKUCUVTQPI
UGG %QNQWT RNCVG X
EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG RCUV *QYGXGT VJG EQPVGORQ
TCT[YQTMUNKMG*G*GoU0WCIGXGTV
QHHGTPGY VQ WPRNWI FGXKEGU KP VJGKT JQOGU VQ KPETGCUG VJG
MPQYNGFIGCDQWVJQYRWDNKECTVECPKORCEVCEQO
OWPKV[oU CDKNKV[ VQ GPICIG KP UKVGDCUGF NGCTPKPI

PGY FKCNQIWGU CDQWV TGUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP
+PCFFKVKQPJ[DTKFCTVFGUKIPRTQLGEVNKMG56#6
+%oUnUOCTVoJQWUGJQNFFGEQT&+;-[QVQoU9CVVUQP
CPF #ODKGPV &GXKEGUo 'PGTI[ 1TD QHHGT NQECN EKVK
\GPUCPFQTICPK\CVKQPUVJGQRRQTVWPKV[VQRGTUQP
CNN[ TGIWNCVG CPF EQPVTQN VJGKT QYP TGUQWTEG EQP
UWORVKQP56#6+%&+;-[QVQCPF#ODKGPV&GXKEGU
HQEWUQPKPVTQFWEKPIEWUVQOQDLGEVUKPVQVJGJQOG
HGGFDCEMCVCINCPEG#NNQHVJGRTQLGEVUFGUETKDGF
JGTG FQ PQV RTGUWOG VQ QHHGT C WPKXGTUCN UQNWVKQP
VQ VJG RTQDNGO QH QXGTEQPUWORVKQP DWV TCVJGT
VQGZRNQTGCTVCPFFGUKIPCUCOGCPUQHRTQOQVKPI
XCTKGFHQTOUQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUJKR
Nuage vert:
The cloud that counted kilowatts

0WCIG XGTV YCU C EKV[UECNG NKIJV KPUVCNNCVKQP RTQ
FWEGFD[VJGEQNNCDQTCVKXG*G*GEQORQUGFQHCTV
KUVU*GNGP'XCPUCPF*GKMQ*CPUGPCPF2KZGNCEJG
PF VQ VJG VJ QH (GDTWCT[  VJG XCRQWT
GOKUUKQPUHTQOVJG5CNOKUCCTKEQCNDWTPKPIRQYGT
RNCPV YGTG KNNWOKPCVGF YKVJ C JKIJ RQYGT ITGGP
NCUGT CPKOCVKQP 6JG CPKOCVKQP FTCYP YKVJ VJG
NCUGTEQTTGURQPFGFKPTGCNVKOGVQJQYOWEJGNGE
VTKEKV[YCUDGKPIWUGFD[VJGEKV[TGUKFGPVU+HVJG
ITGGPENQWFUJCRGYCUXGT[NCTIGVJGGPGTI[EQP
UWORVKQPEKV[YKFGYCUTGFWEGF+HVJGITGGPENQWF
YCUUOCNNKPCTGCVJGGNGEVTKEKV[NQCFUKP4WQJQNCJVK
YGTG RTGUWOCDN[ SWKVG JKIJ
(KI$8KGYGTUYGTGGZRGEVGFVQYQTMEQNNGEVKXGN[
UK\G CPF UEQRG QH VJG ITGGP ENQWF JQXGTKPI CDQXG
VJGUOQMGUVCEM
*QYGHHGEVKXGYCUVJG0WCIGXGTVRTQLGEVCPFJQY
OCP[ RGQRNG IQV VQ UGG KV QT DG KPWGPEGF D[ KV!
6JGRTQLGEVIQVCPGPQTOQWUCOQWPVQHOGFKCEQX
GTCIGCNNVJGNQECNPGYURCRGTUVJGEKV[YKFGRTGUU
PCVKQPCN TCFKQ CPF TGIKQPCN 68 PGYU HGCVWTGF VJG
RTQLGEV RTQOKPGPVN[
'XCPU  (QT TQWIJN[ PKECN7PKXGTUKV[VJGEQORWVGTUEKGPEGFGRCTVOGPV
TGUKFGPVUQH*GNUKPMKVJKUOGFKCEQXGTCIG
OWUVJCXGDGGPUKIPKECPV6JG4WQJQNCJVKFKUVTKEV
KU NQECVGF KP VJG UQWVJYGUVGTP RCTV QH VJG EGP
VTCN EKV[ CTGC QH *GNUKPMK ENQUG VQ VJG .CWVVCUCCTK
+UNCPFCPFKVHWPEVKQPUCUVJGRTKPEKRCNEQPPGEVKQP
DGVYGGP VJG *GNUKPMK EKV[ EGPVTG CPF VJG EKV[ QH
'URQQVQVJGYGUV+PCPGHHQTVVQOGFKCVGOGUUCIGU
HQT0WCIGXGTVVJGCTVKUVUFGXGNQRGFCEQOOWPKEC
VKQPU RNCVHQTO VJCV GORNQ[GF CP KEQPKE NCPIWCIG
FGUKIPGF D[ &GXCNGPEG C 2CTKUKCP FGUKIP ITQWR
9QTMKPIYKVJNQECNEWNVWTCNOCPCIGOGPVUVWFGPVU
UNQICPUYGTGETGCVGFHQT[GTUCPFRQUVGTUUWEJCU
n#WTQTCDQTGCNKUKP*GNUKPMK!o9KVJ&QFQC(KPPKUJ
GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUV ITQWR 0WCIG XGTV YCU RTG
UGPVGF CPF FKUEWUUGF YKVJ  NQECN UEJQQN EJKN
FTGPDGVYGGPVJGCIGUQHUGXGPCPFUKZVGGP.QECN
EQOOWPKV[ ITQWRU FKUVTKDWVGF RQUVGTU # EWUVQO
FGUKIPGFUVKEMGTHQTGNGEVTKECNQWVNGVUCUMKPIRGQRNG
VQ 7PRNWI YCU FKUVTKDWVGF VQ  JQWUGJQNFU
#NVJQWIJ VJG CDQXGFGUETKDGF EQOOWPKECVKQP
UVTCVGI[ HQEWUGF QP CEVKXCVKPI 4WQJQNCJVK TGUK
FGPVUVJGITGGPKPIQHVJGENQWFYCUXKUKDNGDG[QPF
VJG DQWPFCT[ QH VJG PGKIJDQWTJQQF QXGT  MO
CYC[
'XCPU XGTV OQUV NKMGN[ KPWGPEGF C ITGCV PWODGT QH RGT
+PCFFKVKQPVQVJGOCUUGUQH*GNUKPMKTGUKFGPVUYJQ
UCY VJG RWDNKE YQTM VJGTG YCU C DQF[ QH RGQRNG
YJQ PQTOCNN[ YGTG PQV EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJG CTV
YQTNFYJQYGTGRGTJCRUQXGTYJGNOKPIN[CHHGEVGF
D[ VJG RKGEG 6JG INQYKPI ENQWF YCU VJG RTQFWEV
QH C HQWT[GCT KPVGPUKXG EQNNCDQTCVKQP VJCV DGICP
KP (TCPEG +PKVKCNN[ *G*G VTKGF VQ QTEJGUVTCVG VJG
RKGEG KP 2CTKU DWV OGV TGUKUVCPEG 6JG CTVKUV FWQ
Tiffany Holmes
RCVKGPVN[ KPKVKCVGF CPF WNVKOCVGN[ PGIQVKCVGF VJG
TKIJV VQ GZJKDKV VJG RWDNKE CTVYQTM KP 4WQJQNCJVK
YKVJ UWRRQTV HTQO VJG HQNNQYKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU
VJG NCUGT RJ[UKEU FGRCTVOGPV CV *GNUKPMK 6GEJ
CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNKPQKU CU YGNN CU C OGFKECN
NCUGTOCPWHCEVWTGTCPFVJGRQYGTRNCPVKVUGNH*GN
UKPMK 'PGTI[ 6JG UJGGT PWODGT QH EQURQPUQTKPI
QTICPK\CVKQPU QWVUKFG QH VJG VTCFKVKQPCN CTV YQTNF
YCU KORTGUUKXG CPF IKXGP VJG VGEJPKECN EJCNNGPIG
VJG UWRRQTV QH GCEJ YCU XKVCN VQ VJG RTQLGEVoU UWE
EGUU #NUQ VJGUG FKXGTUG ITQWRU HTQO EWNVWTG UEK
GPEGKPFWUVT[EQOOWPKECVKQPCPFGEQNQI[YQWNF
PQV QTFKPCTKN[ YQTM VQIGVJGT s VJG CTVKUVU YGTG
VJG NKPMKPI HCEVQT )KXGP VJG PWODGT QH RGTUQPU
KPXQNXGF VJG RTQLGEV OQUV NKMGN[ FGGRN[ KORCEVGF
GCEJQHVJGEQNNCDQTCVQTUCPFHCEKNKVCVQTUCPFVJGKT
HCOKNKGU #NVJQWIJ PQV SWCPVKCDNG VJKU QRRQTVW
PKV[VQYQTMQPCEQOOWPKV[RTQLGEVYKVJJKIJXKU
KDKNKV[ OWUV JCXG KPWGPEGF GCEJ VGCO OGODGToU
QRKPKQPU CDQWV GNGEVTKEKV[ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF VJG
CDKNKV[ QH RWDNKE CTV VQ DTKPI VJGUG EQPUGTXCVKQP
KUUWGUVQnNKIJVoNKVGTCNN[
1XGTCNNVJG0WCIGXGTVRTQLGEVKUVJGOQUVGZEKVKPI
RWDNKE CTV RTQLGEV VQ FCVG VJCV WVKNK\GF F[PCOKE
HGGFDCEM VQ KPURKTG C NQECN RQRWNCVKQP VQ EQP
UGTXG GNGEVTKEKV[ #U OGPVKQPGF RTGXKQWUN[ 0WCIG
UQPU YJQ NKXG KP VJG *GNUKPMK CTGC DGECWUG QH VJG
GZVGPUKXGOGFKCRNCVHQTOCPFVJGURGEVCENGQHVJG
ITGGP ENQWF XKGYCDNG HTQO VGP MKNQOGVTGU CYC[
6JGRTQLGEVVJWUECPDQCUVRQUKVKXGKPWGPEGOQTG
KP VJG ECVGIQT[ QH CYCTGPGUU TCKUKPI XKC C XKUWCN
URGEVCENGVJCPKPOGCUWTCDNGGHHGEVKXGPGUUKPNQY
GTKPI RQYGT EQPUWORVKQP +P CFFKVKQP 0WCIG
XGTV JCU YQP C PWODGT QH RTGUVKIKQWU CTV RTK\GU

VJG #TU 'NGEVTQPKEC )QNFGP 0KEC
#WUVTKC CPF VJG NQECNGNGEVTKEKV[EQPUWORVKQPJCFDGGPOCFGRWDNKE
5, )TGGP 2TKZ HQT 'PXKTQPOGPVCN #TV
75# +P CPFXKUKDNGXKCCPGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPHQTCTCFKWUQHVGP
C UGPUG VJGUG CYCTFU CTG C FKTGEV KPFKECVKQP QH
VJG RTQLGEVoU KOOGPUG KPWGPEG CPF GUVGGOGF
SWCNKV[DWVVJGCYCTFUFQPQVEQPXG[CP[KPHQTOC
VKQPCDQWVVJGENQWFoUGHHGEVKXGPGUUQTVJGCDKNKV[
VQ GPEQWTCIG CPF HQUVGT ITGCVGT GPGTI[ EQPUGTXC
VKQP 2GTJCRU OQTG UKIPKECPVN[ VJG RQYGT RNCPV
*GNUKPIKP 'PGTIKC CPF C NQECN CTVKUVoU EQNNGEVKXG
2KZGNCEJG CTG EQNNCDQTCVKPI VQ RTQFWEG HWVWTG CTV
YQTMUTGNCVGFVQEQNNGEVKXGGPGTI[EQPUWORVKQPKP
*GNUKPMK CTGC
2KZGNCEJG  HQNNQYKPI VJG UWE CRWDNKEHQTWOsRGTJCRUVJTQWIJGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQP
EGUUCPFRQUKVKXGTGEGRVKQPQH0WCIGXGTV6JGHCEV
VJCV VJG RQYGT RNCPV CPF (KPPKUJ CTVKUV YQWNF DG
YKNNKPIVQYQTMVQIGVJGTVQETGCVGQRGPGPFGFETG
CVKXG RTQLGEVU VJCV JKIJNKIJV GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP
KU EQPTOCVKQP VJCV CTV ECP KPFGGF UJCRG RWDNKE
QRKPKQPCDQWVEQPUGTXCVKQPKUUWGU;GVDGECWUGVJG
ITGGPENQWFYCUFKTGEVN[NKPMGFVQVJGQWVRWVQHVJG
RQYGTRNCPVVJGTGKUUQOGTGCNSWCPVKVCVKXGRTQQH
VJCVVJKURWDNKECTVJCUCRTQXGPTGEQTFQHGPEQWT
CIKPIGPGTI[EQPUGTXCVKQP#UFGUETKDGFRTGXKQWUN[
KPEQPLWPEVKQPYKVJVJGOCTMGVKPIRNCVHQTO*G*G
HCEKNKVCVGF CP nWPRNWIo GXGPV KP *GNUKPMK QP VJG
GXGPKPIQH(TKFC[VJGVJQH(GDTWCT[$GVYGGP
CPFRO(KPPKUJVKOGNQECNTGUKFGPVUTGFWEGF
VJGKTGPGTI[EQPUWORVKQPD[MKNQXQNVCORGTGU
M8#
'XCPU6JKUKUTQWIJN[VJGGSWKXCNGPV n)TGGP %NQWFo 6JG NCUGT FTGY CP QWVNKPG QH VJG
QH VJG RQYGT IGPGTCVGF D[ QPG YKPFOKNN TWPPKPI
HQTQPGJQWT6JKUEQNNGEVKXGCVVGORVVQEQPUGTXGs
(KIWTG
CFOKVVGFN[HQTCXGT[UJQTVRGTKQFQHVKOGsTGRTG
UGPVUVJGITGCVRQVGPVKCNQHGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPVQJGNR
VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE EQPUGTXG CPF YKVPGUU VJG EQN
NGEVKXG RQYGT WUCIG F[PCOKECNN[ D[ YCVEJKPI VJG
ITGGPENQWFITQYCURQYGTFGOCPFFGETGCUGF
6JG 0WCIG XGTV RTQLGEV OCTMU VJG XGT[ TUV VKOG
VJCV CP KPXKUKDNG FKIKVCN KPHTCUVTWEVWTG OGCUWTKPI

MKNQOGVTGU +PETGFKDN[ FGURKVG VJG EWTTGPV GPGTI[
ETKUKU CPF VJG GXGTKPETGCUKPI FGOCPF GPGTI[
QYUHTGGN['NGEVTKEKV[KUOQPKVQTGFKPOQUVEQWP
VTKGU QP CP KPFKXKFWCN DCUKU XKC C OGVGT NQEMGF WR
KP C DQKNGT TQQO QT DCUGOGPV 6JG GPEQWTCIKPI
QWVEQOG QH *G*GoU nWPRNWIo GXGPV URGCMU VQ VJG
O[TKCFHWVWTGRQUUKDKNKVKGUHQTWTDCPRNCPPGTUCPF
RTKXCVGDWUKPGUUKPVGTGUVUVQOCMGGEQNQIKECNN[TGN
GXCPVFCVCCPFPGVYQTMGFKPHQTOCVKQPCXCKNCDNGKP
)KXKPI C NKVGTCN ITGGP QWVNKPG VQ VJG TGNCVKQPUJKRU
DGVYGGPRQYGTEQORCPKGUCPFVJQUGVJCVEQPUWOG
VJGKT UGTXKEGU EQWNF NGCF VQ VJG ETGCVKQP QH C PGY
HQTOQHRTQCEVKXGEKVK\GPT[CPFVJGCGUVJGVKECPF
RQVGPVKCNN[OQTCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQPQHCPWTDCPEQO
OWPKV[
6JG ITGGP NCUGT RGTHQTOCPEG OWUV JCXG DGGP FTC
OCVKEHQTVJGTGUKFGPVUQH4WQJQNCJVKCNNQHYJQO
YGTG CEEWUVQOGF VQ XKGYKPI VJG YJKVG UVGCO
RQWTKPI HTQO VJG RQYGT RNCPVoU UOQMGUVCEM 6JG
CGUVJGVKE EJQKEGU JGTG EQWNF PQV DG OQTG URGEKE
CPF VCTIGVGF VJQWIJ VJG XKUWCN RCTCFKIOU EQWNF
EQPHWUG VJQUG YJQ YGTG PQV KOOGFKCVGN[ QP VJG
UEGPG0WCIGXGTVVTCPUNCVGFHTQOVJG(KPPKUJOGCPU
OQXKPIENQWFQPVQVJGENQWFKVUGNHGPUJTQWFKPIVJG
WUWCNYJKVGXCRQWTKPCXKXKFITGGPJWG
2TQOQVKQPCNOCVGTKCNFKUVTKDWVGFD[*G*GGPEQWT
CIGFTGUKFGPVUVQnHGGFoVJGITGGPENQWFCPFOCMGKV
NCTIGTD[VWTPKPIQHHNKIJVUCPFIGPGTCNN[PQVWUKPI
GNGEVTKEKV[+PVJKUUGPUGVJGNCTIGTITGGPENQWFYCU
KOCIKPGFCUCRQVGPVCPFDGPGXQNGPVU[ODQNQHEQN
NGEVKXGEQPUGTXCVKQP1PVJGQVJGTJCPFVJGCEKFKE
ITGGPQHVJGNCTIGTENQWFEQWNFOCMGQPGEQPUKFGT
KOCIGT[QHRQKUQPQWURQUUKDN[TCFKQCEVKXGUQTVUQH
PQZKQWU XCRQWTU CPF VJWU VJKU RTGUWOGF U[ODQN
QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ EQWNF CNUQ DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU C
OCNGXQNGPVQTDJQXGTKPIQXGTCIWKNV[RQRWNCEG+P
QVJGT YQTFU *G*G UGV WR CP QRGP GPFGF XKUWCNK
\CVKQPTWDTKEWUKPITGCNVKOGFCVCHTQOVJGRQYGT
RNCPV 5QOG XKGYGTU OKIJV VJKPM VJG NCTIGT ITGGP
ENQWFYCUnIQQFoQVJGTUOKIJVRGTEGKXGKVCUnDCFo
6JGCTVKUVUUVCVGFVJCVVJG[HWNN[KPVGPFGFHQTDQVJ
CGUVJGVKETGCFKPIUQHVJGENQWFVQVCMGRNCEG
n#U C VTCPUOKVVKPI CTEJKVGEVWTG 0WCIG XGTV EQPXG[U
OWNVKRNG KFGCU EQWNF VJKU ITGGP ENQWF DG C VQZKE
ENQWF QT CP GODNGO HQT VJG EQNNGEVKXG GHHQTV QH VJG
NQECNEQOOWPKV[!6JGOGCPKPIKUNGHVQRGPHQTGCEJ
CPFCNNVQFGEKFGCPFYKNNFGRGPFWRQPVJGNGXGNQH
GPICIGOGPVe0WCIG XGTV KU CODKIWQWU CU KV FQGUPoV
QHHGTCUKORNGOQTCNKUVKEOGUUCIGDWVTCVJGTVTKGUVQ
EQPHTQPVVJGEKV[FYGNNGTYKVJCPGXQECVKXGCPFCGU
VJGVKEURGEVCENGYJKEJKUQRGPVQKPVGTRTGVCVKQPCPF
EJCNNGPIGUQTFKPCT[RGTEGRVKQPo
'XCPU 5YGFGPCPF&GPOCTMYJKEJOGCPUVJCVKHRGQRNG
2GTJCRU VJG NCTIGT SWGUVKQP JGTG KU YJGVJGT KV KU
KPFGGFCRRTQRTKCVGHQTCPCTVKUVoUITQWRVQHWNN[CGU
VJGVKEK\GCRQYGTRNCPVYKVJQWVDGKPIFKTGEVCDQWV
VJG OGUUCIG +P QVJGT YQTFU FQGU KPHQTOCVKQP
XKUWCNK\CVKQP CU CTV JCXG CP[ RQVGPVKCNN[ PGICVKXG
EQPUGSWGPEGU! 6JG FGUKIP YQTMU VQ DG FKUEWUUGF
UJQTVN[ D[ &+; -[QVQ CPF #ODKGPV &GXKEGU JCXG
HCTOQTGNKVGTCNKPVGTRTGVCVKQPUQHVJGFCVCUVTGCO
2GTJCRU*G*GUJQWNFJCXGYQTMGFJCTFGTVQFQEW
OGPV VJG GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH VJG RKGEG CPF ENCTKH[
VJG OGCPKPI EQPXG[GF D[ VJG ITGGP ENQWF *GNGP
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WVKPIRQYGTQPVJGQVJGT+HYGFQPQVYCPVVQJKFG
GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP WPFGT pFKUETGGV CPF RNGCUCPV
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Fig. 1: STATIC, Disappearing Pattern Tiles, prototype, By Front and Interactive Institute. Project Team: Sofia Lagerkvist, Charlotte
von der Lancken, Anna Lindgren, Katja Svstrm, Photo: Front, 2005
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VJCVJCXGDGGPFGUKIPGFDWVPQVVGUVGFCTG56#6
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GZRGTKOGPVCN NCOR FQGU PQV UJQY JQY VJG RTG
EKUG PWODGT QH YCVVU CTG DGKPI EQPUWOGF KP TGCN
Tiffany Holmes
VKOG 4CVJGT VJG NKIJV ZVWTG FKURNC[U VJG QXGTCNN
VTGPFUKPJQOGGPGTI[EQPUWORVKQP+HVJGJQWUG
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Wattson/Holmes by DIY Kyoto (UK)
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Tiffany Holmes
WPKVKUOQWNFGFVQUKVQPCVCDNGKPCPWRUKFGFQYP
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UOCTV QDLGEVU FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU UGEVKQP VJCV QHHGT
GCU[VQTGCFFCVCCVCINCPEGVJG1TDKUD[HCTVJG
OQUV GHHGEVKXG KP CUUKUVKPI KPFKXKFWCNU VQ EQPUGTXG
GNGEVTKEKV[QPCNCTIGUECNGFGURKVGVJGNCEMQHCVVGP
VKQPVQITGGPFGUKIPRTKPEKRNGUKPKVUEQPUVTWEVKQP
Conclusions about Eco-visualisation
for resource conservation
&[PCOKEHGGFDCEMsYJGPFGNKXGTGFKPCXKUWCNnCV
CINCPEGoHQTOsYQTMUVQTGFWEGGPGTI[EQPUWOR
VKQP0WCIGXGTV(NQYGT.COR&KUCRRGCTKPI2CVVGTP
6KNGU 2QYGT#YCTG %QTF 9CVVUQP CPF VJG 'PGTI[
1TDCNNUJCTGVJGUCOGCKOVQWUGETGCVKXGKOCIKPI
sGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPsVQGPEQWTCIGCNQECNRQRWNCVKQP
VQ EWV DCEM VJGKT GPGTI[ WUCIG /QTG VTCFKVKQPCN
EWTVCKNOGPV UVTCVGIKGU WUKPI PWOGTKE HGGFDCEM QP
UVCPFCTF.%&UETGGPUEQWNFDGFQQOGFVQHCKNGURG
EKCNN[KPNKIJVQHOQTGKPPQXCVKXGKOCIKPIFCVCEQO

NKMGVJG1TDCPFVJG9CVVUQPTGVCKPVJGKTGHHGEVKXG
PGUUQXGTVJGNQPIVGTO!1TYKNNVJG[DGEQPUKIPGF
VQ VJG NCPFNN YKVJ VJG TGUV QH QWT JCPFJGNF GNGE
VTQPKEU! #PF CTG TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTVVGTO DWV NCTIG
UECNG XKUWCNK\CVKQP RTQLGEVU NKMG 0WCIG XGTV WUGHWN
CPFVQYJCVFGITGGIKXGPVJGNKOKVGFVKOGHTCOG!
9JKNGFGXKEGUNKMGVJG(NQYGT.CORCPFVJG9CVVUQP
QHHGTGFKPVGTGUVKPIYC[UHQTJQOGWUGTUVQOQPKVQT
VJGKTNGXGNU QH GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP VJG VTWN[ RKQ
PGGTKPIRTQLGEVUYGTGVJGQPGUVJCVKPVGITCVGFETGC
VKXG XKUWCNKUCVKQP FKTGEVN[ YKVJ VJG FCVC HTQO VJG
NQECNWVKNKV[EQORCP[6JG0WCIGXGTVRWDNKEKPUVCN
NCVKQPCPFVJG'PGTI[1TDRTQLGEVDQVJGPCDNGFNQECN
GPGTI[EQPUWOGTUVQCEVWCNN[UGGCPFDGEQPPGEVGF
YKVJVJGNQCFWUCIGUVCVKUVKEUQHVJGPGCTD[RQYGT
RNCPVU KP TGCN VKOG 0WCIG XGTV TGSWKTGF GZVGPUKXG
EQQRGTCVKQPHTQO VJG RQYGT EQORCP[ CPF KP VJG
ECUG QH VJG 'PGTI[ 1TD VJG RTQLGEV YCU KPKVKCVGF
GFU9QPFGTITQWPF2TQEGGFKPIUQH
D[VJGWVKNKV[CPFTGSWKTGFYKFGURTGCFEQQRGTCVKQP
HTQOVJGTGUKFGPVWUGTU$QVJETGCVKXGGPFGCXQWTU
UJQWNFDGJGNFWRCUGZGORNCT[GHHQTVUHTQODQVJ
VJGRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGUGEVQTCUOQFGUQHKPKVKCVKPI
RGTKQFU QH EWTVCKNOGPV QH EQPUWORVKQP CU DQVJ
YQTMGF SWKVG OCIKECNN[ VJQWIJ KP XGT[ FKHHGTGPV
YC[U0WCIGXGTVFWGVQVJGEQORNGZKV[QHVJGUGEW
TKV[KPXQNXGFYKVJVJGNCUGTUYCUTGUVTKEVGFVQCXGT[
UJQTVGZJKDKVKQPRGTKQFCNVJQWIJVJGRTQLGEVJCFC
NCUVKPIKORCEVKPVJCVVJGRQYGTRNCPVOCFGCIITG
ICVGF WUCIG FCVC CXCKNCDNG QPNKPG VQ *GNUKPMK TGUK
FGPVUVJKUKUPQVCEQOOQPRTCEVKEGKPVJGKPFWUVT[
%QPXGTUGN[VJG'PGTI[1TDCNNQYGFCYJQNGRQRW
NCVKQPQHEQPUWOGTUVQUCXGXCUVCOQWPVUQHOQPG[
QP GPGTI[ D[ GSWKRRKPI YKNNKPI EQORCPKGU YKVJ
C INCUU DCNN VJCV EJCPIGF HTQO DNWG VQ [GNNQY VQ
UJQY RGTKQFU QH NQYGT GPGTI[ RTKEKPI #TVKUVU CPF
FGUKIPGTUJQRKPIVQGZRCPFQPVJGNGICE[QH*G*G
CPF#ODKGPV&GXKEGUUJQWNFGOWNCVGDQVJRTQLGEVU
KP VJG HWVWTG CPF VYGCM VJGO VQ DG GXGP OQTG

GHHGEVKXGCPFRTQXQECVKXGVQTGVCKPCWFKGPEGRCTVKE
KRCVKQP CPF KPVGTGUV &GURKVG VJG INQQO[ QWVNQQM
QPVJGCFXCPEGFUVCVGQHINQDCNYCTOKPIETGCVKXG
VJKPMGTU CTVKUVU CPF FGUKIPGTU CTG ENGCTN[ OCMKPI
ITGCVUVTKFGUKPKPVTQFWEKPIPGYKFGCUVQVJGRNCPGV
VQRTQOQVGGPGTI[EQPUGTXCVKQP
References
$CEMITQWPF KNNWOKPCVKQP  'EQPQOKUV ,WPG 
CEEGUUGFQPNKPGCV#ODKGPV&GXKEGUoUYGDUKVG#RTKN
 JVVRYYYCODKGPVFGXKEGUEQOECVPGYU
JVON 
$CEMNWPF5)WUVCHUUQP#)[NNGPUYTF/+NUVGFV*LGNO
5/C\44GFUVTO,n5VCVKE6JG#GUVJGVKEU
QH'PGTI[KP'XGT[FC[6JKPIUoKP(TKGFOCP-.QXG6
%QTVG4GCN'
VJG&GUKIP4GUGCTEJ5QEKGV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN%QP
HGTGPEG0QXGODGT.KUUCDQP
%CTYKNG ,. .WW *6 $CUUGVV .5 &TKUEQNN &# ;WCP %
%JCPI ,; ;G : %CNCHCV #/  /KEJGNU -$ 
n2QN[ECTDQPCVG DQVVNG WUG CPF WTKPCT[ DKURJGPQN #
EQPEGPVTCVKQPUo 'PXKTQPOGPVCN *GCNVJ 2GTURGEVKXGU
XQNPQRR
&+;-[QVQ9CVVUQPRTQFWEVUCNGUYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF
 #RTKN  JVVRYYYFK[M[QVQEQOWM  CPF
WUGT VGUVKOQPKCNU CEEGUUGF  #RTKN  JVVR
YYYFK[M[QVQEQOWMECUGUVWFKGU  9CVVUQP 8KN
NCIG CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVREQOOWPKV[
FK[M[QVQEQOOGODGTU 
'XCPU *  n0WCIG XGTVo %NWUVGT /CIC\KPG 6TCPUOKV
VKPI #TEJKVGEVWTG PQ  /C[ 6QTKPQ CEEGUUGF 
,CPWCT[  JVVRYYYENWUVGTGWXGFKVKQPU
GXCPU 
(GJTGPDCEJGT-n9CVVUQP;QWT*QNKFC[)KHV.KUV!o'CTVJ
6GEJ&GEGODGTCEEGUUGF#RTKNJVVR
GCTVJVGEJEQO9CVVUQP[QWTJQNKFC[IKHVNKUV 
(GNDGTDCWO /  n0GY VGEJPQNQI[ TGNKGU QP JWOCP 9CNMGT .  n5VCTV7R $WKNFU .GUU &GOCPFKPI

Tiffany Holmes
XKUWCNU[UVGO#ODKGPV1TDEJCPIGUEQNQWTVQTGGEV /CEJKPGUo 9CUJKPIVQP 2QUV 1EVQDGT  CEEGUUGF
VTGPFUKPKPHQTOCVKQPo/50$%6GEJPQNQI[UEKGPEG ,CPWCT[JVVRYYYCODKGPVFGXKEGUEQO
6GEJ CPF ICFIGVU #RTKN  CEEGUUGF  #RTKN  ECVRTGUU9CUJKPIVQP2QUV#1EVJVON 
JVVRYYYOUPDEOUPEQOKF 
)[NNGPUYCTF/)WUVCHUUQP#n6JG2QYGT#YCTG
%QTF 'PGTI[ #YCTGPGUU VJTQWIJ #ODKGPV +PHQTOCVKQP
&KURNC[oKP2TQEGGFKPIUQH%QORWVGT*WOCP+PVGTCE
VKQP#%/0GY;QTMRR
*G*G  0WCIG XGTV CEEGUUGF  #RTKN  JVVR
JGJGQTI HTGGHT 
+UJKK *  7NNOGT $  n6CPIKDNG $KVU 6QYCTFU 5GCO
NGUU+PVGTHCEGUDGVYGGP2GQRNG$KVUCPF#VQOUo%QPHGT
GPEGQP*WOCP(CEVQTUKP%QORWVKPI5[UVGOU6CPIKDNG
/GFKC)TQWR/+6%CODTKFIG/#CEEGUUGF#RTKN
JVVRVCPIKDNGOGFKCOKVGFWRTQLGEVU 
-GUVGT)%QPXGTUCVKQP2KGEGU%QOOWPKV[CPF%QO
OWPKECVKQP KP /QFGTP #TV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC
2TGUU$GTMGNG[
.HUVTO '  8KUWCNK\KPI GPGTI[ KP JQWUGJQNFU VJG
RQYGT CYCTG EQTF CU C OGCPU VQ ETGCVG GPGTI[ CYCTG
PGUU'WTQRGCP0GVYQTMHQT*QWUKPI4GUGCTEJ+PVGT
PCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG 5WUVCKPCDNG 7TDCP #TGCU 4QV
VGTFCO
4QIGTU 4  n$WEM +PUVKVWVG YQTMU VQ CXQKF UWOOGT
DNCEMQWVUo /CTKP +PFGRGPFGPV ,QWTPCN /C[ 
CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVRYYYOCTKPKL
EQOEKA 
5ECPNQP,n#P1TDYKVJC)CNCZ[QH7UGUo$WUKPGUU
9GGM ,WN[  CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVR
YYYDWUKPGUUYGGMEQOKPPQXCVGEQPVGPVLWN
FKAJVO 
6JQORUQP %  n&GUMVQR 1TD %QWNF 4GHQTO 'PGTI[
*QIUo9KTGF/CIC\KPG,WN[CEEGUUGF,CPWCT[
JVVRYYYYKTGFEQOVGEJDK\RGQRNGOCIC
\KPGUVAVJQORUQP 


 HELEN AND NEWTON HARRISON IN CONVERSATION
W I TH B R A N D O N B ALLENGE

Helen & Newton Harrison, edited by Juanita Schlpfer-Miller

2KQPGGTU QH VJG GEQCTV OQXGOGPV VJG EQNNCDQTCVKXG VGCO QH 0GYVQP CPF
*GNGP/C[GT*CTTKUQPJCXGYQTMGFHQTCNOQUVHQTV[[GCTUKPKVKCVKPIVTCPUFKU
EQWTUGDGVYGGPUEKGPVKUVUCTEJKVGEVUWTDCPRNCPPGTUCPFQVJGTCTVKUVU9JCV
HQNNQYUKUCEQPXGTUCVKQPVJG[JCFYKVJ$TCPFQP$CNNGPIGCPCTVKUVYJQ
KUMPQYPHQTJKUGZRNQTCVKQPQHVJGDQWPFCTKGUQHCTVUEKGPEGCPFCEVKXKUO

$TCPFQP$CNNGPIG
$$%QWNF[QWVCNMCDQWV[QWT YQWNF MKPFN[ JCPI UQOG EQNQWT KP URCEG HQT OG
GCTN[RTQLGEVUYKVJVGEJPQNQI[!&KF[QWYQTMYKVJ
0#5#!
0GYVQP *CTTKUQP
0* +P TGVTQURGEV KP  QT HQT GCEJ ICU CPF RTQITCOOCDNG 9KVJ KV + ETGCVGF
n+YCUYQTMKPICPFVJKPMKPIKPCTWFKOGPVCT[
YC[KPVJTGGFKUEKRNKPGU6JG[YGTGQEGCPQITCRJ[
RNCUOC RJ[UKEU CPF DKQNQI[ +P QEGCPQITCRJ[ +
FKF C YQTM DCUGF QP C YCXGCEVKQP QEGCP RWOR
KPXGPVGF D[ QPG QH VJG FKTGEVQTU QH VJG 5ETKRRU
+PUVKVWVGQH1EGCPQITCRJ[,QJP+UCCEU+VYQPVJG
'#6 RTK\G HQT %CNKHQTPKC YQTMU D[ CP CTVKUV HQT
VGEJPQNQIKECNYQTMVJCVYCUQWVUKFGQHVJGPQTOCN
#TV FQOCKP ,QJP +UCCEU YCU YQTTKGF VJCV CP[
TGXKGYUYGIQVOKIJVOCMGJKONQQMUKNN[UKPEGVJG
KFGCQHCUEKGPVKUVJGNRKPIVQGPIGPFGTCYQTMQHCTV
UGGOGFUQQFFVQJKO+CUMGFCUGEQPF[GCTENCUU
QH OKPG KH VJG[ EQWNF KOCIKPG JCPIKPI EQNQWT KP
URCEGVJKPM4QVJMQ#XGT[DTKIJVRJ[UKEUUVWFGPV
NCWIJGF CPF UWIIGUVGF + IGV C DGNN LCT C XCEWWO
RWORCPCPQFGCPFECVJQFGCPFCXQNV
TF COR WQTGUEGPV NKIJV VTCPUHQTOGT CPF JG
1WV QH VJKU GZRGTKGPEG + FGXGNQRGF CP CTVKEKCN
CWTQTCYKVJXGHQQVVCNNqFKCOGVGTXCEWWO
EJCODGTU C TCTG ICU KPLGEVKQP U[UVGO FKHHGTGPV
C UQTV QH EQNNGEVKXG CTVKEKCN CWTQTC +V YCU GZJKD
KVGF CV VJG #OGTKECP 2CXKNKQP KP 'ZRQ  CPF
VJGTGCHVGTKPVJG#TVCPF6GEJPQNQI[GZJKDKVKQPHQT
VJG.#%QWPV[/WUGWOQH#TV(QTVJG.#%QWPV[
OWUGWOYQTM+RTQRQUGFKPCFFKVKQPVJGCESWKUK
VKQPQHC0KMG#RCEJGOKUUKNGVQDGUJQVQHHCV2QKPV
/WIW UQWVJ QH .QU #PIGNGU KP QTFGT VQ IGPGTCVG
CPCTVKEKCNCWTQTCHTQOVJGTGNGCUGQHCRRTQRTKCVG
TCTG ICUUGU HTQO .QU #PIGNGU VQ 5CP (TCPEKUEQ
1P VJG YC[ WR VJG TQEMGV YCU KPVGPFGF VQ OCMG
TGNGCUGU QH CVOQURJGTKE EQNQWTGF ICUUGU UQ OGVG
QTQNQIKUVUEQWNFDGIKPVQWPFGTUVCPFVJGYKPFRCV
VGTPUVJCVQRGTCVGKPQWTWRRGTCVOQURJGTG6JWU
5EKGPEGYQWNFDGUGTXGFQPGYC[CPF#TVCPQVJGT
6JGOWUGWOYQTMYCUFQPGKP,GV2TQRWNUKQP.CD
QTCVQTKGU4KEJCTF(G[POCPYCUVJGCFXKUQTHQTVJG
RTQLGEV 9G DGECOG HTKGPFU *G FKFPoV OWEJ ECTG


CDQWVRNCUOCRJ[UKEUDWVJGYCUKPVGTGUVGFKP#TV
CPFVJGRTQEGUUGUQH#TVOCMKPI/GCPYJKNG5GE
TGVCT[QH&GHGPEG.CKTFTGHWUGFRGTOKUUKQPVQTG
QHH VJG 0KMG #RCEJG CU nJG FKFPoV YCPV VQ IKXG CP
CTVKUVVJCVOWEJRQYGTo;GCTUNCVGT0#5#KPXKVGF
WUVQFQLWUVVJCV
*GNGP *CTTKUQP
** *QYGXGT YJGP YG TUV 'XGT[ DQF[ GNUG YCU WUKPI UEKGPVKE RJGPQOGPC
YCPVGF VQ OCMG VJG OKUUKNG UJQV VJG KPPQXCVKQP
YQWNF JCXG DGGP C NQV OQTG QH CP CEV HQT UEKGPEG
+P HCEV VJG YC[ VJCV TGNGCUGU YQWNF JCXG TGCEVGF
VQVJGYKPFUKPVJGNQYGTCVOQURJGTGKP5CP$GT
PCTFKPQ %CNKHQTPKC YQWNF CNNQY OGVGQTQNQIKUVU VQ
WPFGTUVCPFOQTGHWNN[VJGYC[VJGYKPFUYQTMGF
6JGTGHQTG VJG OKUUKNG TGNGCUG YQWNF JCXG DGGP C
UEKGPVKEGZRGTKOGPVCVVJGUCOGVKOGCUOCMKPIC
DGCWVKHWN#WTQTCCUCYQTMQH#TV$WVD[VJGVKOG
0#5#YCPVGFVQFQVJKUYKVJWUVJGOGVGQTQNQI
KECN GZRGTKOGPVU JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP FQPG UQ HTQO
QWTRGTURGEVKXGVJGTGYCUPQRQKPVKPUGPFKPIWR
C OKUUKNG LWUV VQ OCMG C YQTM QH #TV YKVJ PGINK
IKDNG UEKGPVKE QWVEQOG YJKNG CV VJG UCOG VKOG
,QJCP 9KNJGNO
NGCXKPI C DWPEJ OQTG FGDTKU KP URCEG 5Q YG FKF
$KNN[ -NXGT
 YCU CP GNGEVTKECN GPIK
VJGWPKOCIKPCDNG9GVWTPGFJKOFQYP*QYGXGT
OQUV COWUKPI YCU VJCV URCEGUJKR EQORCPKGU JCF
'#6 YKVJ
DGIWPVQYTKVGVQWUGZRNCKPKPIVJCVVJGKTTQEMGVU
HQTKPUVCPEGVJG#UVTQ$YGTGOWEJEJGCRGTVJCP
0KMG#RCEJGCPFYQWNFFQCNOQUVVJGUCOGLQD
$$ 6JCVoU KPVGTGUVKPI VQ UGG VJCV 0#5# JCU EQP
VKPWGF YKVJ #TV RTQITCOU UKPEG VJG NCVG oU
6JG[ CNUQ JCXG CP CTV EQNNGEVKQP CPF EQOOKUUKQP
CTVKUVUVQFQYQTMUHQTVJGKTRGTOCPGPVEQNNGEVKQP+
ETGCVGFCYQTMHQTVJGONCUV[GCT#NUQVJG[UQOG
VKOGU JCXG CP #TVKUV KP 4GUKFGPEG RTQITCO YKVJ
RGQRNG UWEJ CU .CWTKG #PFGTUQP YJQ FKF C TGUK
FGPE[YKVJVJGO C YJKNG CIQ 9KVJ QTICPK\CVKQPU
NKMG 0#5# +oXG CNYC[U YQPFGTGF YJCV JCRRGPGF

GZCEVN[ YKVJ VJG NCVG oU CTVUEKGPEG CPF VGEJ
PQNQI[OQXGOGPV
0*9GNNTUVQHCNNKVoUCDKIPQPWPFGTUVCPFKPI
RGQRNG FKFPoV TGCNK\G VJG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP UEK
GPEG CPF VGEJPQNQI[ 6JG QPN[ RGTUQP FQKPI UEK
GPEG KP VJG YJQNG CTVVGEJPQNQI[ UJQY YCU OG
OQUVN[ GNGEVTQPKECNN[ FTKXGP VQ ETGCVG XKUWCN RJG
PQOGPC(QTKPUVCPEGYJGPYGIQVVQFQVJG$TKPG
5JTKOR 2KGEG CV VJG .# %QWPV[ /WUGWO YG YGTG
FQKPIKVKPCUQTVQHCFJQEYC[CPGZRGTKOGPVVJCV
UWTRTKUKPIN[ GXGP JCF QWVEQOGU HQT URCEG (QT
KPUVCPEGVJGRTQFWEVKXKV[KPQPGQHQWTHV:HV
:qFGGRRQPFUKHUECNGFWRYQWNFRTQFWEGCDQWV
 RQWPFU RGT CETG RGT [GCT VJCV KU KH VJG
CNICGYGTGHGFYKVJ5CXGQPNKSWKFRNCPVHQQFCPF
VJGYCVGTVGORGTCVWTGFWTKPIVJGFC[UCVQXGT
FGITGGUCPFVJGPKIJVUCVTQWIJN[FGITGGU$WV
VJG$KNN[-NXGTUGPUKDKNKV[JGNFUYC[KPVJQUGFC[U
CPF DKQNQIKECN EQPUKFGTCVKQPU YGTG CNOQUV XKGYGF
D[ VJCV ITQWR YKVJ EQPVGORV
PGGT CV $GNN 6GNGRJQPG .CDQTCVQTKGU YJQ HQWPFGF
'ZRGTKOGPVU KP #TV CPF 6GEJPQNQI[
4QDGTV4CWUEJGPDGTICPFQVJGTU#NUQYJGP+YCU
YQTMKPI CV VJG ,GV 2TQRWNUKQP .CDQTCVQT[ RGQRNG
UCYYJCV+YCUFQKPICUCUQTVQHUEKGPVKEGZRGTK
OGPV RQUUKDN[ KPVGTGUVKPI HQT QVJGT TGCUQPU ;QW
UGG KVoU YJGP [QW UJCTG ETGCVKXKV[ KP VJKU EQPVGZV
VJG ETGCVKXKV[ DKHWTECVGU CV QPG RQKPV VQYCTF 5EK
GPEGCPFCVCPQVJGTRQKPVVQYCTF#TV$WVVJGEQTG
ETGCVKXKV[ KU VJCV [QW JCXG VJCV KPUKIJV CPF CEV QP
KV%QPETGVGN[URGCMKPI+oOQPGMKPFQHCDGKPICPF
VJGUEKGPVKUVKUQPGMKPFQHCDGKPICPFJGYCPVU#
CPF + YCPV $ DWV GCEJ KP EQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJ CPF
PGXGTVQVJGGZENWUKQPQHVJGQVJGT
$$#DUQNWVGN[+HWNN[CITGGYKVJ[QW+VJKPMVJGTG
KUCRQVGPVKCNGPGTI[UJCTKPIKPETGCVKXKV[GURGEKCNN[
KP EQNNCDQTCVKXG CTV CPF UEKGPEG RTQLGEVU 6JGTG KU
PQFKHHGTGPVKCVKQPKPVGTOUQHVJGETGCVKXGF[PCOKE
+PEGTVCKPTGNCVKQPUJKRUVJCV+JCXGFGXGNQRGFHQT
C FGECFG QT OQTG YKVJ DKQNQIKUVU YG JCXG VJKU
UJCTKPI GPGTI[ CV C NGXGN ETGCVKXG RNCVHQTO 6JGTG
KUPQJKGTCTEJ[9GVCNMCPFDTCKPUVQTOEQNNCDQTC
VKXGN[ VJKPMKPI CPF FGDCVKPI KFGCU CNUQ KPURKTKPI
GCEJQVJGTCPFVJGTGKUPQFKUVKPEVTQNGKPVJKURCTV
QH VJG RTQEGUU 6JGP YG FQ VJG RTQLGEVU 6JG DKI
IGUVFKHHGTGPEG+VJKPMKUKPVJGQWVEQOGYJGVJGT
QT PQV KV YKNN DG RWDNKEN[ TGXGCNGF KP C UEKGPVKE
LQWTPCN QT KP CP #TV OWUGWO UQOGVKOGU DQVJ
)QCNUCPFGZRGEVCVKQPUECPCNUQDGCPQVJGTFKUVKPE
VKQP DWV QHVGP VJG[ CTG PQV ENGCTN[ FGPGF YJGP
YGUVCTVVJGRTQLGEVUVJGTGKUCPQRGPPGUU
$$ +U VJG $TKPG 5JTKOR 2KGEG VJG RTGEWTUQT VQ VJG
5WTXKXCN5GTKGU!
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZ(KI'+ TUVnGEQNQIKECNoKPXGUVKICVKQPU
0* 0QV GZCEVN[ +VoU VJG UGEQPF QPG 6JG TUV
QPG YCU ECNNGF *QI 2CUVWTG UJQYP CV VJG $QUVQP
/WUGWO QH #TV KP C UJQY ECNNGF n'CTVJ #KT (KTG
CPF 9CVGTo +V YCU QWT TUV OGCFQY TKIJV DGHQTG
*GNGP CPF + DGICP CEVKXGN[ EQNNCDQTCVKPI
UGG YJGTG GXGT[VJKPI ITQYU $WV + YCPVGF VQ UGG HQT
%QNQWTRNCVGXKKK(KI# O[UGNH 5Q + IQV CNN MKPFU QH UJKV NGCXGU OWNEJ
**6JKUYCUVJGTUVRCUVWTGCPFITCUUNCPFURKGEG
2CUVWTGUCPF)TCUUNCPFUJCXGDGGPCVJGOGKPQWT
YQTM(QTKPUVCPEGKPVJGTGUVQTCVKQPKP#TV2CTM
YKVJ VJG OGCFQYNCPFU HQTGUVU CPF RCUVWTGU KP
HQTOGT;WIQUNCXKCCPFVJG'PFCPIGTGF/GCFQYUQH
'WTQRGCOQPIOCP[QVJGTU
0* $WV *QI 2CUVWTG YCU VJG DGIKPPKPI &Q [QW
MPQYYJQ$QD-WUJPGTKU!
$$0QRNGCUGVGNNOG
The Harrisons / Ballenge
0*9GNN$QDYCUCUVWFGPVQHOKPGKP#EVW
CNN[ PQY JG KU C YGNNMPQYP FGEQTCVKXG RCKPVGT
1PGFC[+VQNFJKOn$QDIQNQQMCVVJGUGUGGFECV
CNQIWGU+oOIQKPIVQIGVUQOGITQEGTKGU5GNGEVHQT
OGVJGVJTGGOQUVCOC\KPIPCOGUo5Q+VQQMCUQTV
QH&WEJCORKCPQT,QJP%CIGXKGY6JGKFGCYCUVQ
OCMGCEJCPEGUGNGEVKQPYJKEJKUYJGTGUQOGDQF[
GNUGUGGOUVQOCMGVJGFGEKUKQP#PFYJCVECOGWR
YCUn45JWOYC[5GGFUOGPoU#PPWCN*QI2CUVWTG
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VJCP0GYVQPCPF+YCUVJGTUV0GY;QTM%QQTFK
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9G CNUQ TCP C 2GCEG %GPVGT QWV QH QWT JQWUG VJG
6JQORMKPU 5SWCTG 2GCEG %GPVGT CPF EQNNCDQTCVGF
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4GUKUVQTU .GCIWG VJG #OGTKECP (TKGPFU 5GTXKEG
%QOOKVVGG VJG .KXKPI 6JGCVGT ITQWR &QTQVJ[
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TGCFKPI CPF HQNNQYKPI WR VJKU RTQEGUU CU RCTV QH
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6JTQWIJ VJCV + TGCNKUGF VJCV UGTKGU QH COC\KPI
GXGPVUJCRRGPGFKPVJGUCPFUEQPVKPWKPIKP
VJGUQTVJGUe
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5OKVJUQPYCUCNKXGCPF*CCEMGYCUUVKNNFQKPI
GEQNQIKECNUVWHH*GNGPCPF+YGTGRCTVQH'#6CPF
CNUQ 5QPUV YCU FQKPI KPVGTGUVKPI UVWHH 6JCV YCU
GPQWIJ QH C EQTG VQ JCXG OCFG C DKI OQXGOGPV
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IGPJGKOUECPFCNCPFVJGTGCHVGTQPN[FQGURQNKVKECN
YQTM 5QPUV VTKXKCNK\GF JKU GEQNQIKECN YQTM YKVJ

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YJKEJNGHV*GNGPCPF+ECTT[KPIVJKUVJKPIVJCVYG
JQRGFYQWNFDGVJG#TVCPF'EQNQI[OQXGOGPV5Q
YGLWUVFKFYJCVYGFKFCPFEQPVKPWGF$WVHQTVJG
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ENQUG VQ HQTV[ [GCTU 6JGP KV JCRRGPGF QXGT VJG
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GOGTIKPICPFEQCNGUEKPI
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NGT[KP0GY;QTMKPJGDTQWIJVKP*GNGPCPF
+,QUGRJ$GW[UCPF$WEM[(WNNGTCNNKPQPGYGGM
6JG OQPVJ DGHQTG JG JCF EQTPGTGF VJG &WEJCOR
OCTMGVe
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VWTG DWV KVoU C VGTO KV FQGUPoV WPRCEM XGT[ YGNN
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OGPVCCVVJGVKOGYJKNGJGYCUFQKPIKVYGYGTG
FQKPI CPQVJGT RKGEG VJGTG KP VJG QTCPIGT[ + YCU
VJKPMKPI n6JKU IW[ KU PWVU 1CMU FQPoV DGNQPI KP
DGGEJEQWPVT[6JGTGKUCDGGEJHQTGUVCNNQXGTVJG
RNCEG YJ[ CTG VJG[ VCNMKPI CDQWV VJKU $GW[U KP
VGTOUQHGEQNQI[!o+PHCEVKVYCUCDQWVU[ODQNKUO
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O[VJQU QH VJG TGIKQP 6JG 1CM VTGG JCU RTQHQWPF
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0* 4KIJV DWV KH + ECNN C RKGEG QH CTV nGEQNQIKECNo
+ YCPV VQ MPQY CDQWV KVU PKEJG + YCPV VQ MPQY
YJCVCTGVJGGEQVTCPUHQTOCVKQPUVJCVCTGIQKPIQP
YJKEJGPGTI[KUEQOKPIKPYJKEJGPGTI[KUEQOKPI
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CPF UQ HQTVJ $WV PQPG QH VJCV CRRNKGU VQ $GW[U
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$$$GW[UUCKFJKOUGNHVJCVVJG1CMUYCUUWR
RQUGFVQYQTMKPDKQURJGTKEVGTOU+VYCUCPCEVKXG
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OQTGQHCU[ODQNKECEVNKMGKPVJGHTGGWPKXGTUKV[#
NQVQHVJGYQTMUYGTGU[ODQNKECEVKQPUUWEJCUVJG
$QICEVKQP
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VGTTKE$WV+YQPoVCEEGRVVJCVVJGUGCTGGEQNQIKECN
YQTMU+HUQOGQPGWUGUVJGVGTOGEQNQI[YKVJOG
+ YCPV VQ MPQY UQOGVJKPI CDQWV JQY VJG U[UVGO
YQTMU +H JG KU WUKPI nO[VJKE YQTMo VJCVoU PG KH
JGKUWUKPInUQEKCNYQTMoVJCVoUPGQTKHJGKUKPVQ
nUQEKCNU[UVGOUo+CITGG6JCVJGJCUKPXGPVGFYJCV
+EQPUKFGTVJGDCUKUHQTVJG)TGGP2CTV[CPFCDQWV
VQQVJGTRGQRNGOCMGVJGENCKOVJCVoUPG
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KH YG YGTG CDNG VQ FQ QWT 1EGCP RKGEG YJGTG YG
VCNMGFCDQWVVJGYQTNFQEGCPU[UVGOUVJKPMKPICV
CRGTVWTDCVQT[oUEQPFKVKQPCPFYJCVVJCVYKNNVCMG
VJGPYGCTGVCNMKPICDQWVU[UVGOVJKPMKPICVCNCTIG
UECNGRCTVKCNN[UQEKCNU[UVGORCTVKCNN[GEQU[UVGO
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YQPFGTKPI YJGVJGT CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH [QWT RTCE
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0* ,CEM $WTPJCO 4GCF 6JG 9GUVGTP 5CNV 9QTMU
YJGTGJGDGIKPUYKVJ5OKVJUQPCPFGPFUYKVJWU
6JGCWVJQTENCKOUVJCVYGCTGKPCRTQEGUUQHETG
CVKPICPGEQNQIKECNN[DCUGFCTVQTPCVWTGDCUGFCTV
CVCXGT[JKIJNGXGNQHWVKNKVCTKCPKUO5QJGOCMGU
VJCVENCKOHQTWUCHVGTVJGGCTN[oU
$$+TGCF$G[QPF/QFGTP5EWNRVWTGYJGTGJGVCNMU
CDQWVVJGPGEGUUKV[VQIQCJGCFCPFEJCNNGPIGVJG
UEWNRVWTCNCGUVJGVKEUVCPFCTFUCPFUWIIGUVUOQXKPI
The Harrisons / Ballenge
HQT C U[UVGOoU CRRTQCEJ 6JG UEWNRVWTG EQWNF PQV
DGTGFWEGFVQCPCTVGHCEVUVCVWUFGRGPFKPIQPVJG
EQPVGZV
DGEQOGCPGNGOGPVQHCPGPXKTQPOGPVQTGXGPVJG
GPXKTQPOGPVKVUGNH 6QFC[VJGNCEMQHVJGQTGVKEKCPU
QTQVJGTUVQIKXGCUQNKFRJKNQUQRJKECNCPCN[UKUHQT
VJG 'EQCTVU OQXGOGPV OCMGU KV FKHEWNV %TKVKEU
CTGYTKVKPICDQWVKVDWVVJGTGCTGPQVJKPMGTUNKMG
,CEM$WTPJCOTGCNN[RWUJKPIUVCPFKPIQWVYKVJCP
CPCN[VKECN U[UVGO CV NGCUV HTQO YJCV + CO CYCTG
#VVGORVU CTG DGKPI OCFG KP 'WTQRG VQ IKXG VJGQ
TGVKECN ITQWPFKPI VQ EWTTGPV DKQCTV RTCEVKEGU DWV
VJGTGKUCNQPIYC[VQIQ
0* #TG VJGTG CP[ ETKVKEU VTCKPGF YGNN GPQWIJ VQ
FQKV!;QWPGGFUQOGDQF[YJQKUU[UVGOUVTCKPGF
GEQNQIKECNN[VTCKPGF6JGRTQDNGOYKVJVJGVTCKPKPI
QH VJGQTGVKEKCP KU VJGKT KORTKUQPOGPV KPVQ RQUV
OQFGTPVJGQT[(QTGZCORNG.[QVCTF)QFJGNRWU
5RCTGOGRQUVOQFGTPKUOKVoUCNTGCF[FQPG[QWoXG
VQ IGV QWV QH VJCV +VoU C MKPF QH GPFNGUU KPVGNNGE
VWCN UGNHITCVKH[KPI HGGFDCEM NQQR YG JCXG VQ IQ
DG[QPFVJCV
$$+oXGIKXGPCNQVQHVJQWIJVVQKVCPF+VJKPMYG
UJQWNFTGSWGUVKQPVJGDQWPFCTKGUDGVYGGPGEQCTV
RTCEVKEGCPFRQUVOQFGTPKUOQTGXGPOQFGTPKUO+
VJKPM VJGTG OKIJV JCXG DGGP C UGRCTCVG VTCLGEVQT[
HTQO YJGTG VJGUG YQTMU UVGO RTGVV[ OWEJ UKPEG
VJG 4GPCKUUCPEG 6JG TGNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP CTVKUVU
CPF UEKGPVKUVU CNTGCF[ GZKUVGF QHVGP KP VJG UCOG
KPFKXKFWCN 6JG[ YGTG NQQMKPI HQT RTCEVKECN UQNW
VKQPU VQ RTQDNGOU NGCFKPI VQ VJG YQTM RTGUGPVGF
KP RWDNKE XCT[KPI KP VJG HQTOU GKVJGT RQGVKE QT
XKUWCN UEWNRVWTG QT RCKPVKPIe 6JG TGNCVKQP UGGOU
VQJCXGCRRGCTGFOQTGURGEKECNN[FWTKPIVJGDKTVJ
QHRQRWNCTUEKGPEG/C[DGVJGTGKUCRCTCNNGNETGC

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VCMGPVJGVKOGVQTGCNN[OCR
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JCRRGPGF VQ OQFGTPKUV UEKGPEG TGFWEVKQPKUO KP
PCVWTG CPF D[ DGKPI TGFWEVKQPKUV KP PCVWTG VJG
RTQEGUU DGEQOGU UGNHHTCOGF KP UGNHHTCOKPI KV
FQGUPoV KPXKVG QVJGT KPWGPEGU +VoU UGTKQWUN[ TKUM
CFXGTUG 9J[! $GECWUG VJG[ YCPV VJG CPUYGT
DGHQTGJCPFVQCUUWTGVJGITCPV
$$ 9JKEJ KU QPG QH VJG FCPIGTU PQY YKVJ EWT
TGPV RTKOCT[ TGUGCTEJ UEKGPEG UQ FTKXGP D[ VJG
OCTMGV +VoU XGT[ RTQDNGOCVKE C NQV QH VJG DKQNQ
IKUVU+YQTMGFYKVJJCXGJCFVTQWDNGHWPFKPIVJGKT
CORJKDKCPTGUGCTEJ6JGTGKUUWEJCRWUJHQTOQNGE
WNCT DKQNQI[ CPF RTQFWEV FTKXGP UEKGPEG VJCV GNF
CPFGEQU[UVGOUVWFKGUCTGXGT[QXGTUJCFQYGF
0* 'XGP KH VJG[ IGV ITCPVU VJG[ ECPoV IGV QVJGT
ITCPVUVQHQNNQYKVWRe
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YJGTGYGECPCEVCUCUVCNMKPIJQTUGUC[KPICNQVQH
VJGVJKPIUVJG[ECPoV$GECWUGYGECPUC[CNQVQH
VJKPIU CU CTVKUVU CPF VJG[ ECP UJQY CTVYQTMU CPF
GURQWUG EGTVCKP RQUKVKQPU YKVJQWV VCMKPI C UECN
TKUMe
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WUCUVJGUVCNMKPIJQTUG6JG/QWPVCKPKPVJG)TGGP
*QWUG9GTCKUGFVJGKUUWGQHJQYHCTCJGCF
ECP[QWRTGFKEV+VCRRGCTUVJCVQHTGUGCTEJGTU
CTGCHTCKFVQIQDG[QPFCOQFGTCVGEGTVCKPV[6JCVoU
4CPKN JCF
VTWGe VJG[ CTG CNUQ CHTCKF VQ VCMG VJG EJCPEG UQ
YG CU CTVKUVU OCFG VJG RTGFKEVKQPU 6JG UEKGPVKUV
YG YGTG YQTMKPI YKVJ &T )GQTI )TCDJGTT YCU
CDNGVQUJQYVJKUCTVYQTMVQJKUUVWFGPVUCPFQVJGTU

OCMKPIVJGRQKPVYKVJQWVTKUM
$$ 6JCVoU UQOGVJKPI +oXG CNUQ GZRGTKGPEGF YJGP
+TUVCRRTQCEJGFUEKGPVKUVUKPVJGKTKPVGTGUV
KP IGVVKPI OG KPVQ VJG NCDU CPF DG KPXQNXGF KP
GNFVTKRU CPF TGUGCTEJ +V ECP DG GZRNCKPGF D[ VJG
HQNNQYKPIUVCVGOGPV6JGUEKGPVKEEQOOWPKV[JCU
DGEQOG UQ KPUWNCVGF VJCV TGCEJKPI VJG RWDNKE KU
DCTGN[ RQUUKDNG #PF KH [QW CVVGORV VJGP [QW CTG
RQKPVGFD[VJGETKVKEKUOQHUQEKQDKQNQI[QT[QWCTG
nYCVGTKPIFQYPVJGUEKGPEGUoQPN[DGECWUGQHKPVGT
CEVKPI YKVJ VJG RWDNKE $TKPIKPI C OGUUCIG VQ VJG
RWDNKEYCUCNYC[UCRCTVQH[QWTKPVGPVKQP
%QWNF [QW GZRNCKP C NKVVNG DKV CDQWV VJG .CIQQP
%[ENG!&KF[QWVTCXGNCURCTVQH[QWTTGUGCTEJ!
**+PnYGVTCXGNNGFVQ5TK.CPMC/GVTQOGFKC
JCF LWUV DGIWP HWPFKPI VJG .CIQQP %[ENG UQ YG
YGTG YGNNHWPFGF 6JG ,CRCPGUG CPF 4WUUKCPU JCF
DGGP UJKPI QWV VJG NCIQQPU CPF VJKU YCU XKUKDNG
HTQO VJG UOCNN UJKPI XKNNCIG YG UVC[GF CV 'XG
T[YJGTGYGYGPVRGQRNGYGTGUJKPIGXGPCVVJG
JQVGN VJG[ YGTG UJKPI #V VJG UJ HCTO YG JCF
FQPG KP .QPFQP YG FKUEQXGTGF VJCV VJG ECVUJ
FKFPoVVTCXGNYGNNKPVJGCKTGXGPKHVJG[VTCXGNNGF
YGNN KP VJG YCVGT $WV QWT HTKGPF HTQO 5TK .CPMC
4CPKN5GPCPC[CMGCPCOC\KPI[QWPIGEQNQIKUVUCKF
VJCV VJG ETCDU HTQO 0IWODQ FKF VTCXGN YGNN CPF
JG JCF JKU OQVJGT UGPF ETCDU HTQO VJG OCTMGV
RNCEGVQWUYKVJRGIUKPVJGKTENCYURCEMGFKPYGV
DCPCPC NGCXGU CPF OQTG VJCP JCNH QH VJGO NKXGF
#PFWPNKMGVJGECVUJVJGETCDUFKFOCVGKPUOCNN
RNCEGU 5Q YG TGUGCTEJGF VJKU JCTF[ ETGCVWTG VJCV
EQWNF NKXG WPFGT OWUGWO EQPFKVKQPU
UWIIGUVGFVJKUV[RGQHETCDDGECWUGKVYCUVJGNCUV
VQ FKG YJGP VJG VKFCN RQPFU FTKGF WR .CVGT +oNN
UJQY[QWKPVJG.CIQQP%[ENGDQQMCPF[QWYKNNUGG
JQYVJG[DTGGFCPFNKXG
#PF YG JCF VQ IGV C RGTOKV HTQO VJG 5ETKRRU
+PUVKVWVGQH1EGCPQITCRJ[VQDTKPICPGZQVKEETGC
VWTG KPVQ VJG EQWPVT[ YJKEJ VJG[ MKPFN[ ICXG WU
9G URGPV VYQ CNOQUV VJTGG [GCTU UVWF[KPI VJQUG
ETCDU9GJCFVJGVCPMUKPCNKVVNGDWKNFKPIYGIQV
QP ECORWU CPF YG YQWNF DTKPI QEGCP YCVGT CPF
HTGUJ YCVGT VQ MGGR CPF UVWF[ VJGO ,QJP +UCCEU
VJGJGCFQH5ETKRRUDGECOGCIQQFHTKGPFCPFYCU
COC\GFVJCVYGJCFFGEQFGFVJGOCVKPIDGJCXKQWT
QH VJGUG ETCDU #EVWCNN[ KV YCU SWKVG UKORNG QPG
JCF VQ FTQR VJG URGEKE ITCXKV[ QH VJG YCVGT 
CPF VQUU KP C NQV QH HQQF YJKNG MGGRKPI VJG VGO
RGTCVWTGKPVJGU#PFCVUQOGRQKPV4CPKNUGPV
WU HTQO 5TK .CPMC OCPITQXG UGGFU CPF C EQWRNG
QH UJ VJCV NKXGF KP VJG RQPFU 6JKU YCU KP 
HQWT [GCTU DGHQTG YG VQQM VJG VTKR VQ 5TK .CPMC
CPF XKUKVGF YKVJ ETCDUJGTOGP KP QTFGT VQ XKUKV
VJG CEVWCN RQPFU #PF YG TGCNKUGF VJCV VJG RQPFU
VJCVYGOCFGKP#OGTKECYJKEJYGTGRCEGUD[
RCEGUCPFYCKUVJKIJOCVEJGFWRYKVJVJGUOCNNGT
RNCEGUVJCVVJGETCDUNKXGFCPFDTGFKP#PFVJGTG
CHVGTYGFGEQFGFVJGKTECPPKDCNKUODGJCXKQWTCPF
HQWPF VJCV ECPPKDCNKUO UVQRRGF YJGP VJG[ YGTG
RTQXKFGF YKVJ CDQWV  FKHHGTGPV JKFKPI RNCEGU
4GCFKPI
RGT ETCD KP FKHHGTGPV UK\GU CPF EQPIWTCVKQPU KP
QWT VCPMU 9G FKUEQXGTGF OWEJ OQTG DWV PGXGT
EQFKGF KV +V VWTPU QWV VJCV ETCDU YJGP EQPPGF
KP C VCPM FGXGNQR XGT[ RCTVKEWNCT MKPFU QH UQEKCN
DGJCXKQWTCPFJCXGXGT[KPFKXKFWCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEU
#NVQIGVJGT VJKU GZRGTKGPEG YJGTG YG CEVWCNN[ FKF
GZRGTKOGPVCN UEKGPEG CPF QFFN[ GXGP + OWUV UC[
D[ CEEKFGPV YG QWVEQORGVGF VJG NQDUVGT RTQLGEV
6JKU GZRGTKGPEG YCU C XGT[ HQTOCVKXG QPG HQT WU
CPF DGECOG KP UQOG YC[U VJG nDCEMITQWPF PQKUGo
KPOCP[QVJGTYQTMU+MPQYVJKUKUCTCVJGTNQPI
TCPVDWVVJGYJQNG.CIQQP%[ENGYCUVJGQWVEQOG
HTQOVJKUGZRGTKGPEG
$$ 9KVJ VJG .CIQQP %[ENG UGTKGU QT RKGEG [QW
The Harrisons / Ballenge
FGXGNQR VJG VGEJPKSWG VQ DTGGF VJKU ETCD KP ECR
VKXKV[ +P C UGPUG KVoU RTKOCTKN[ TGUGCTEJ DKQNQI[
KPUKFG VJG EQPVGZV QH CTVKUVKE RTCEVKEGU &KF [QW
RWDNKUJVJKUYQTMUEKGPVKECNN[!
0* 9G FKFPoV TGCNKUG KV CV VJG VKOG YG YGTG
UKORN[VT[KPIVQOCMGKVGCU[HQTQWTUGNXGU$WVYG
YGTG FGDCVKPI OWEJ GZRGTKOGPVCN UEKGPEG DGNKGH
9G FKF VJG GZRGTKOGPV CPF VJGP VQQM KUUWG YKVJ
VJG UEKGPEG 9G ECNNGF KV FWDKQWU UEKGPEG QP VJG
ITQWPFUVJCVUEKGPVKUVUVJKPMVJCVVJG[ECPEQPVTQN
OQTGVJCPVJG[FQ#PFUQVJKUYCUQWTTUVYJQNG
U[UVGOCRRTQCEJ9GECNNGFKV5GC)TCPV6JG5GEQPF
.CIQQP+PKV[QWECPUGGVJGUEKGPEGWPFGTRKPVJG
CTVYJKNGNKVGTCNN[TGVCKPKPIKVUKFGPVKV[CU5EKGPEG
** ;GU 9JGTG YG IQ XGT[ UKORN[ KU VJG VCPM KU
PQVCNCIQQPPQTKUKVCVKFCNRQPFPGKVJGTFQGUVJG
OKZKPIQHHTGUJCPFUCNVYCVGTOCMGKVCPGUVWCT[
(KNVGTUCTGPQVVJGENGCPUKPIQHVJGVKFGUYCVGTHTQO
VJGJQUGUKUPQVCOQPUQQPNKIJVUCPFJGCVGTUCTG
PQVVJGUWPCPFETCDUKPVJGVCPMFQPQVOCMGCNKHG
YGD9GCTIWGFDCEMCPFHQTVJQXGTVJKU
HTQO VJG.CIQQP %[ENG DQQM n4GOGODGT VJG 9KV
PGUU EJCTCEVGT UC[U #P GZRGTKOGPV KU C HTCIKNG
U[UVGOCPFCP[VJKPIOC[IQYTQPI6JGGNGEVTKEKV[
OC[HCKNVJGVCPMUOC[DTGCMCPFFKUGCUGOC[GPVGT
UQOGVJKPI PGEGUUCT[ OC[ DG OKUUKPI VTCEG GNG
OGPVUOC[PQVDCNCPEGo6JG.CIQQP/CMGTTGCFU
n4GOGODGTCOGVCRJQTECPDGCRQYGTHWNKPUVTW
OGPVKHYGDGNKGXGKVCPFYGGPCEVKVKVFGXGNQRUC
NKHGQPKVUQYP#OGVCRJQTECPDGCHTCIKNGKFGCCP
KORTQXKUCVKQP DQTP QH FKUEQWTUG CPF QDUGTXCVKQP
CPFCP[QPGOC[EJCPIGKVQTTGKPVGTRTGVKVHQTCP[
TGCUQPo$CEMCPFHQTVJVJG[IQ;GVVJGOGVCRJQT
HQT PCVWTG KU C UVTQPI OGVCRJQT VJCV FTCYU CVVGP
VKQPCYC[HTQOVJGFGUVTWEVKQPQHJCDKVCVUCXCNW

CDNGOGVCRJQTVJCVYKNNNGCFVQVJGTGIGPGTCVKQPQH
JCDKVCVUDWVKVoUQPN[CVCPM6JGETCDUFQPoVMPQY
KVoUQPN[CVCPM[GVYJGPYGHGGFVJGOVJG[NQQM
WRUQCNTGCF[VJG[DGJCXGFKHHGTGPVN[
$$ 5Q VJG KPVGPVKQP JGTG YCU VQ ETGCVG C UWUVCKP
CDNG JWOCP HQQF UQWTEG YKVJ VJG 5WTXKXCN 5GTKGU!
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGXKKKKZ(KI$& KPVGTGUVGFKPVJGETCDoUYGNHCTGTUVCPFHQTGOQUV
0*0QYGFKFPQVJCXGUKPINGKPVGPVKQPU9GJCF
OCP[KPVGPVKQPU
 6JG ,CRCPGUG CPF 4WUUKCP UJKPI GGVU YGTG
UJKPI QWV VJKU ETCD UQ UCXKPI ITCXKF HGOCNGU
CPFTGVWTPKPIVJGODCEMVQVJGNCIQQPUVQTG
KPJCDKVYCUTGCNN[KORQTVCPV
 9GYCPVGFVQOCMGCPGZJKDKVKQPYJGTGUQOG
VJKPIUWTXKXGF
 9G YCPVGF VQ CFF VQ VJG DQF[ QH UEKGPVKE
MPQYNGFIG
 9GYCPVGFVQVGNNCUVQT[
 +PVJGRTQEGUUYGWPFGTUVQQFVJCVOQUVGZRGTK
OGPVCN UEKGPEG VJCV CVVGORVGF VQ UGRCTCVG VJG
RCTVHTQOVJGYJQNGYCURTQDCDN[U[UVGOKECNN[
YTQPICPFNKMGN[VQNGCFVQWPHQTVWPCVGWPGZ
RGEVGF EQPUGSWGPEGU YJKNG CRRGCTKPI VQ DG
XCNKF
** 6JGUG OCP[ EQPEGTPU DCUKECNN[ DGICP QWT
WPFGTUVCPFKPIQHEQORNGZU[UVGOU
0*6JG5GC)TCPVRGQRNGECNNGFWUCPFUCKFn9G
YCPVVQIKXG[QWCDKIITCPV9GYCPV[QWVQITQY
ETCDUKPNKVVNGECIGUCPFYGYCPV[QWVQFQYJCVVJG
.QDUVGTRGQRNGCTGPQVFQKPIYGNNo5QVJCVoUYJGP
YGUCKFn0QYGYQPoVFQVJCVo9GVJQWIJVKVYCU
C DCF KFGC $WV VJCV KU YJGP YG VJQWIJV QH VJG
5CNVQP5GCCPFUVCTVGFVQKPXGPVNCTIGTU[UVGOU

**;GUYGIQVXGT[CPIT[CVECIKPIVJGNKVVNGETGC
VWTGU KPVQ UGRCTCVG NKVVNG RTKUQPU YJKEJ DQTG PQ
TGNCVKQPUJKRVQVJGKTPCVWTCNGPXKTQPOGPV
$$ ;GU + YCU CNYC[U WPFGT VJG CUUWORVKQP VJCV
[QWTIQCNHTQOVJGDGIKPPKPIYCUVQPFCUWUVCKP
CDNG HQQF UQWTEG +P HCEV [QW YGTG HWPFCOGPVCNN[
6JKU KPVGPVKQP EQORNGVGN[ TGXGTUGU VJG CPVJTQRQ
EGPVTKETGCFKPIQHVJGYQTMKPTGCNKV[KVYCUOWEJ
ENQUGTVQCPGCTN[CPKOCNTKIJVUCTVYQTM
0* (QT VJG TUV VJTGG [GCTU QH VJKU RTQLGEV VJG
ETCDUYGTGQWTVGCEJGTUOWEJDGVVGTVGCEJGTUVJCP
CP[DQF[GNUG5QYGTGURGEVGFQWTETCDU
**#PFVJGETCDUJGTOGPYGTGCNUQQWTVGCEJGTU
6JG[VQNFWUYJCVJGNRGFVJGETCDUVQUWTXKXG
0*1PEGVJG[IQVQXGTVJGKFGCVJCVYGYCPVGFVQ
NQQMCVVJGETCDUOCVKPICPFYGYGTGPoVLWUVUQOG
YGKTF#OGTKECPU$WV[QWUGGYJGTGKVEQOGUHTQO
.QQMVQOQUVUEKGPVKEYQTMUVJCVKUGZRGTKOGPVCN
KPPCVWTGCPFUGGMUQWVEQOGU+VCNYC[UUKORNKGU
9GFQPoV9GEQORNKECVGYGCEEGRVEQORNGZKV[CU
KV DWDDNGU WR #PF VJCVoU + VJKPM VJG MG[ FKHHGT
GPEGDGVYGGPWURGTUC[CPFOQUVQVJGTU
$$ #U OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT CPQVJGT RTQDNGO
CRRGCTKPI KU VJG KUQNCVKQP QH VJG DKQNQIKECN
TGUGCTEJGTU 6JG[ CTG QHVGP RKIGQPJQNGF YKVJKP
VJGUEKGPVKERGGTTGXKGYEQOOWPKV[6JKUECPDG
XGT[ NKOKVKPI KP OCP[ YC[U 6JG[ QHVGP NCEM VJG
VKOGCPFOGCPUVQDTKPIVJGKTPFKPIUVQVJGRWDNKE
CTGPC#UCTGUWNVGXGPCUCPWPFGTITCFWCVGCTVUVW
FGPV EQPVCEVKPI DKQNQIKUVU OCP[ YGNEQOGF OG VQ
VJGKT NCDU CPF QP VJG GNFUWTXG[U 6JG[ UCY VJG
RQVGPVKCNVJCVCTVJCUVQTGCEJVJGRWDNKE#FFKVKQP
CNN[ DGKPI CP CTVKUV CPF NCVGT nHTGGNCPEGo DKQNQIKUV
JCUIKXGPOGVJGGZKDKNKV[VQEQPFWEVTGUGCTEJKP
FKXGTUG NQECNKVKGU
ETQUUPCVKQPCNN[ YKVJQWV C RTG [QWT RGTURGEVKXG QP KV (QT O[ YQTM 5RGEKGU 4GE
FGVGTOKPGF QWVEQOG VJKU V[RG QH KPXGUVKICVKQP KU
XGT[FKHEWNVHQTOQUVDKQNQIKUVUVQUGEWTGHWPFKPI
HQT
** 6JCVoU YJ[ YG YGTG KPXKVGF VQ IKXG MG[PQVG
RTGUGPVCVKQPU CV VJTGG FKHHGTGPV NCTIG DKQFKXGTUKV[
EQPHGTGPEGU 6JG UEKGPVKUVU YCPVGF VQ MPQY JQY
YGEQWNFYQTMCVVJGUECNGYGFQKPRTQLGEVU(QT
KPUVCPEG JQY YG YGTG CDNG VQ FQ *QNNCPF 1H
EQWTUGKVJCUVQFQYKVJU[UVGOUVJKPMKPICPFVJG
MG[SWGUVKQPn*QYDKIKUJGTG!o9JCVCTGYGUGGKPI
CPFGZRGTKGPEKPI!6JGPGZVVJKPIKUVQHQNNQYHGCT
NGUUN[YJCVKUFKUEQXGTGFe
**#PFVJGOCKPVJKPIKUECTKPICDQWVYJCV[QW
CTG FQKPI CPF MPQYKPI YGNN VJG U[UVGOU [QW CTG
FGCNKPIYKVJ
0* #PF CNUQ OQXKPI CP[ UGNHKPVGTGUV VQ VJG HCT
RGTKOGVGTQH[QWTGNFQHVJQWIJV
$$ #PF YG UJQWNF DG CYCTG VJCV YJGP C YQTM
KPXQNXGUNKXKPIU[UVGOUGVJKEUJCXGVQDGCFFTGUUGF
UQOGYC[6JCVoUCJWIGRTQDNGO#TVKUVUYQTMKPI
YKVJ CPKOCNU CPF GEQU[UVGOU CTG PQV CNYC[U
UQ EQPUEKQWU CDQWV VJKU #TG [QW HCOKNKCT YKVJ C
TGEGPVRTQLGEVD[CPCTVKUVYJQNGVCFQIUVCTXGVQ
FGCVJKPCICNNGT[!
JVVRYYYGWTQYGGMN[PGYU
EQOPGYUEQUVCFGNUQNCTVKUV
IWKNNGTOQXCTICUJCDCEWEJVON  +V YCU JQTTKDNG
CPF CRRCTGPVN[ PQ QPG KPVGTXGPGF  KV KU WPKO
CIKPCDNG VQ OG 9J[ KP VJG 9GUV FQGU CTV GZKUV
HWPFCOGPVCNN[CUCPQPVTWVJ!&KFXKUKVQTUDGNKGXG
VJG FQI YCU TGCNN[ PQV UWHHGTKPI! 1WT RTCEVKEGU
CTGVJGCPVKVJGUKUQHVJKUOKPFUGVCPFVJGEQPEGRV
QH GVJKEU JCU VQ DG GZRNQTGF YJGPGXGT CTVKUVU CTG
The Harrisons / Ballenge
FGCNKPI YKVJ NKHG HQTOU #PF KVoU TGNGXCPV VQ JGCT
NCOCVKQP +oXG TCKUGF CORJKDKCPU KP OWUGWOU CPF
ICNNGTKGUDWVCNUQTGHWUGFVQFQKVKHVJGEQPFKVKQPU
YGTGPQVCFCRVGFVQVJGCPKOCNU+VoUEQOKPIHTQO
C FKHHGTGPV RNCEG QH YQTMKPI 0QY KV UGGOU VQ DG
CPGOGTIKPIVTGPFYKVJCTVKUVUUJQYKPI$KQCTVCPF
NKXKPI U[UVGOU KPUKFG QH ICNNGTKGU 'VJKEU JCU VQ DG
RCTVQHVJGFKUEWUUKQP9GTG[QWGXGTKPVGTGUVGFKP
2GVGT5KPIGToUYTKVKPIUQTCP[QHVJGCPKOCNNKDGTC
VKQPRGQRNGQTTKIJVUYTKVGTUNKMG6QO4GICP!
$QVJ;GU4GICPFGPKVGN[
$$%WTTGPVN[+oOYQTMKPIQPCDQQMHQEWUKPIQP
VJG NQPIVGTO CORJKDKCP TGUGCTEJ RTQLGEV 6JKU
KPXGUVKICVKQP /CNCOR UGGMU VJG QTKIKP QH FGXGN
QROGPVCNFGHQTOKVKGUKPYKNFRQRWNCVKQPUQHHTQIU
VQCFU UCNCOCPFGTU CPF PGYVU +V KU DQVJ CTV CPF
UEKGPEG6JG7-XGTUKQPYCUEQOOKUUKQPGFD[VJG
#TVU%CVCN[UVCPFHWPFKPIHTQOVJG#TVU%QWPEKNQH
'PINCPFRTQXGFFKHEWNV
0* ;GU VJG (KUJ (CTO YCU CNUQ OKUWPFGTUVQQF
KP .QPFQP 6JG[ VJQWIJV + YCU C OCF #OGTKECP
GNGEVTQEWVKPI ECVUJ + VJQWIJV + YCU DGJCXKPI
JWOCPGN[DGECWUGCEEQTFKPIVQVJG.CYUQH#OGT
KECP(KUJ(CTOKPIVJCVUC[[QWJCXGVQGNGEVTQEWVG
ECVUJ
$$+TGCFVJCVVJGCPKOCNTKIJVUEQOOWPKV[JCFC
RTQDNGOYKVJVJCVRKGEG6JGCEVKXKUVUJCFUVGRRGF
KP VQ UC[ VJG[ JCF KUUWGU YKVJ VJG UJ GNGEVTQEW
VKQP'NGEVTQUJQEMKPIKUUVKNNCUVCPFCTFRTQEGFWTG
YJGPFQKPIGNFEQNNGEVKQPQHUQOGURGEKGUQHUJ
NKMG UQOG URGEKGU QH GGNU +V KU CEVWCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF
QPGQHVJGOQUVJWOCPGYC[UQHEWNNKPIUJ

0*6QDGCUJHCTOGT+YGPVVQVJGUJHCTOUCV
$TCYNG[CPFVTCKPGFVJGTG5Q+DGECOGCYQTMGTKP
VJGKTGNF6JG[EQWNFUMKPCECVUJKPUGEQPFU+
DGECOGCEEGRVGFYJGP+EQWNFUMKPQPGKPOKPWVG
CPFUGEQPFU6JGP+YCUVQNGTCVGF6JG[UJQYGF
OGJQYVQFQCNNVJCVUVWHHUQ+UKORN[DGJCXGFCU
VJG[DGJCXGFHQTVJGGZJKDKVKQPVJCVoUVJGYJQNG
UVQT[

$$9JGPEQPFWEVKPIRTKOCTKN[DKQNQI[TGUGCTEJ+
DTKPIVJGRWDNKEGCEJUVGRQHVJGYC[D[UGVVKPIWR
$KQCTVNCDQTCVQTKGUD[FQKPIGZRGTKGPVKCNGNFVTKRU
CPF KP C UGPUG ETGCVKPI RWDNKUJCDNG UEKGPEG FQPG
YKVJ C ITQWR F[PCOKE +V KU VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ CTV
UEKGPEG CPF GEQNQIKECN CYCMGPKPI 6JGTG KU C TGCN
RWUJVQYCTFUGPXKTQPOGPVCNGFWECVKQPCPFVT[KPI
VQKPURKTGRGQRNGVQGPCEVEJCPIGYJKNGCUMKPITGCN
YQTNF SWGUVKQPU CPF UGGMKPI CPUYGTU VQ EQORNGZ
SWGUVKQPU

** 5VTCPIGN[ YG JCXG HQWPF VJCV VJG KORTQXKUC

VKQPCPFTKUMUVJCVYGVQQMGCTN[QPYKVJVJGEGNN
VJGETCDOGCFQYINQDCNYCTOKPICPFKPVJGOKF
UYCVGTUJGFUTGENCOCVKQPCVUOCNNUECNGCUKP#TV
2CTMCNNDGECOGKPVGTYQXGPVJGOGUKPQWTYQTMKP
VJG EQPVGZV QH GXGTGPNCTIKPI UECNG CU QWT WPFGT
UVCPFKPI QH VJG KUUWGU KPXQNXGF DGECOG OQTG CPF
OQTGNWEKFCPFPQY6JG(QTEG/CLGWTG
UGG%QNQWT
RNCVG ZK (KI ,  - YJKEJ KU QWT YC[ QH WPFGT
UVCPFKPIVJGINQDCNKORCEVQHRNCPGVCT[YCTOKPI

VJ,CPWCT[CVVJG4QPCNF(GNFOCP)CNNGT[
0GY;QTM


 T H E INVISIBLE PRESENT: ART AND SCIENCE
P R OJ E C T S FOR M EDIATED DOME FORMATS
Jill Scott
6JG +PXKUKDNG 2TGUGPV s n+P VJG CDUGPEG QH NQPIVGTO TGUGCTEJ UGTKQWU OKU
LWFIGOGPVUECPQEEWTKPCVVGORVUVQOCPCIGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVo
,QJP,/CIPWUQP
Introduction
6JKU RCRGT QWVNKPGU UQOG QH VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKQPCN
0'56#KPVJG7-JCUUWIIGUVGFCTVCPFUEK
KUUWGU TGNCVGF VQ VJG CPVJTQRQIGPKE GHHGEVU QP ENK
OCVG EJCPIG CPF VJG XCTKQWU CRRTQCEJGU QH CTV
KUVU CPF UEKGPVKUVU VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG UECNG QH VJKU
RTQDNGO 6JTQWIJ FKUEWUUKQPU CPF C ECUGUVWF[
RTQRQUCN + TGEQOOGPF C UGV QH IWKFGNKPGU HQT VJG
HQTOCVKQPU QH VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU YJGTG FKU
EWUUKQPUCDQWVRTQFWEKPINORTQLGEVUHQTGZKUVKPI
KOOGTUKXG GFWECVKQPCN GPXKTQPOGPVU NKMG VJG
2NCPGVCTKWO &QOG CPF JCNHFQOG VGEJPQNQI[ ECP
JGNR VQ TCKUG CYCTGPGUU NGXGNU CPF JGNR GFWECVG
VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE CDQWV VJG TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU QH
ENKOCVG EJCPIG #PVJTQRQIGPKE GHHGEVU CTG RTQD
NGOU FGTKXGF HTQO JWOCP CEVKXKVKGU CU QRRQUGF
VQRTQEGUUGUVJCVQEEWTKPVJGPCVWTCNGPXKTQPOGPV
YKVJQWV JWOCP KPWGPEGU #NVJQWIJ UQOG GZCO
RNGUQHOGFKCCNTGCF[GZKUVVJCVCFFTGUUVJKUKUUWG
VJGTG KU C IGPWKPG PGGF VQ YQTM YKVJ CTV CPF UEK
GPEGVGCOUVQJGNRCWFKGPEGUICKPCFGGRGTWPFGT
UVCPFKPICDQWVENKOCVGTGUGCTEJCPFVJGUWUVCKPCDNG
TQNGUVJG[ECPRNC[KPVJGHWVWTG
#U .NQ[F #PFGTUQP FKTGEVQT QH UEKGPEG CV VJG
0CVKQPCN 'PFQYOGPV HQT 5EKGPEG 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF
#TV
GPEGVGCOUEQWNFDGEQOGnCIQTCoUoQTTGCNOGGVKPI
RNCEGU YJGTG UWDUVCPVKCN NGXGNU QH VKOG CPF URCEG
ECP HQUVGT GVJKECN FKUEWUUKQPU CPF KFGCU ECP QY
OQTG GCUKN[ 6JG GEQNQIKECN PGEGUUKV[ QH DWKNFKPI
nITGGP EQTTKFQTUo CTQWPF WTDCP URCEGU EQWNF DG
WUGF CU C OGVCRJQT JGTG +P GEQNQI[ VJGUG EQTTK
FQTU CTG PQV KUQNCVGF DKQVQRGU DWV EQOOWPKVKGU
YJKEJ ECP RTQOQVG DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF CNNQY CPK
OCNU VQ GZEJCPIG JCDKVCVU 5KPEG  + JCXG EQ
FKTGEVGF VJG 5YKUU DCUGF CTVKUVUKPNCDU RTQITCO
YKVJ +TPG *GFKIGT CPF YG JCXG CVVGORVGF VQ
ETGCVG UWEJ nITGGP EQTTKFQTUo DGVYGGP CTV CPF UEK
GPEG TGUGCTEJGTU D[ RNCEKPI OCP[ CTVKUVU KPVQ VJG
NCDQTCVQTKGU QH UEKGPEG HQT TGUKFGPEKGU *GTG VJG
CKO JCU DGGP VQ WVKNK\G CRRNKGF nJCPFU QPo EQP
VGZVU UQ VJCV EWNVWTCN GZEJCPIG ECP QEEWT DCUGF
QP RWDNKE VJGOGU QH UQEKCN CPF GVJKECN TGNGXCPEG
9G CTG EWTTGPVN[ GPICIGF KP YQTMUJQR RTQRQUCNU
VQ CNUQ VTCKP UEKGPVKUVU KP XKUWCN EQOOWPKECVKQP
CPFCTVRTQFWEVKQPRTQEGUU+PQPGKPUVCPEG&CXKF
%QRGNCPF KPXKVGF C EQODKPGF VGCO HTQO DQVJ
GNFU QP C GNF VTKR VQ )TGGPNCPF VQ GZCOKPG KEG

FCOCIG 6JG TGUWNVU YGTG UJQYP KP CP GZJKDKVKQP
CV VJG 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[ /WUGWO KP .QPFQP  +P CNN

VJGCDQXGGZCORNGUCTVKUVUJCXGNGCTPVCDQWVYJCV
UEKGPVKUVU FQ QP GNF VTKRU CPF KP VJGKT NCDU CPF
VJGUEKGPVKUVUJCXGICKPGFUQOGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWV
VJG UGOKQVKEU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF EQPVGORQ
TCT[CTV+PQWTCTVKUVUKPNCDUFQEWOGPVCVKQP
5EQVV KDNGMPQYNGFIG!
GF  VJG GZRQUWTG QH CTVKUVU VQ OQTG URGEKE
TGUGCTEJ EQPVGZVU KP VJG GNFU QH RJ[UKEU DKQNQI[
CPF VGEJPQNQI[ JCU CNUQ UJKHVGF VJGKT KPURKTCVKQP
CPF FKTGEVN[ CHHGEVGF VJG QWVEQOG QH YJCV VJG[
RTQFWEG 6JGUG CTVYQTMU YGTG EGTVCKPN[ OQTG UEK
GPVKECNN[TQDWUV+HOQTGUEKGPVKUVUYGTGKPXQNXGF
KPEQNNCDQTCVKQPUQHOGFKCCPFCTVRTQFWEVKQPVJG[
EQWNF NGCTP CDQWV VJG DGPGVU QH OQTG KPVGTCE
VKXG VQQNU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF GZRNQTG VJG XKT
VWCN RQVGPVKCNU QH nUEKGPEG VQ RWDNKEo RTQLGEVU 6JKU
MPQYJQY VTCPUHGT DGVYGGP FKUEKRNKPGU KU UWTG VQ
RTQOQVG C DGVVGT RWDNKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH UEKGPEG
CU CTV ECP DGEQOG C XKCDNG KPVGTRTGVCVKXG ECVCN[UV
HQTUEKGPVKEFGDCVG
 HCEVU HTQO VYQ FKHHGTGPV UQWTEGU YQWNF DG EQO
*QYGXGT DWKNFKPI GZEJCPIG EQOOWPKVKGU NKMG
VJGUG TGSWKTG NQPIVGTO IQCNU CPF DGECWUG QH VJG
PGGFVQnUWUVCKPoOQTGUYKHVN[+RTQRQUGVQCFFTGUU
HQWTSWGUVKQPUYJKEJOC[JGNRVQOCMGVJGRTGUGPV
OQTGXKUKDNG(KTUVN[JQYECPOQTGNQECNCPVJTQRQ
IGPKEGHHGEVUQHENKOCVGEJCPIGDGVTCPUNCVGFKPVQCP
KOOGTUKXGVGEJPQNQI[CPFVJTQWIJVJKUKPVGTRTGVC
VKQP VWTP KPVQ GHHGEVKXG INQDCN OGVCRJQTU! 9QWNF
VJGUGTGUWNVUDGFKHHGTGPVVJCPQVJGTCRRTQCEJGUVQ
VJGRTQDNGOUQHENKOCVGEJCPIG!5GEQPFN[JQYECP
VJGUG VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU FGCN YKVJ VJG UECNG
KGVJGnUQPKEC
QHRWDNKEFGPKCNQTVJGPGGFVQETGCVGOQTGRWDNKE
UQEKCN UWRRQTV HQT VJG KUUWGU CV JCPF! +P TGNCVKQP
VQ TGRTGUGPVCVKQP YJ[ EQWNF KPVGTRTGVCVKXG NO
CPF UWTTQWPF UQWPF KPUVCNNCVKQPU KP RNCPGVCTKWOU
QTXKTVWCNVJGCVTGUOCMGCP[FKHHGTGPEGVQVJGFKU

UGOKPCVKQP QH UEKGPVKE MPQYNGFIG HQT VJG IGP
GTCN RWDNKE! (KPCNN[ KP YJCV YC[U ECP CRRTQCEJGU
D[ VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCTKV[ UJKHV QWT RGTEGRVKQP QH VJG
RTQDNGO QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG! +P QVJGT YQTFU JQY
ECPQWTNQECNCPFINQDCNCVOQURJGTKEEQPFKVKQPUDG
KPVGTRTGVGFCPFGFKVGFKPVQXKCDNGEJWPMUQHFKIGUV
The Value of Local compared to
Global Approaches

5EKGPVKE TGUGCTEJ JCU RTQXGP VJCV VJG GZVTGOGU
V[RKECN QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG ECP QPN[ DG CEEWTCVGN[
OGCUWTGFQPNQECNNGXGNUCPFVJGGHHGEVUQHYCTOKPI
QP C INQDCN NGXGN CTG FKHEWNV VQ RTGFKEV QT OQFGN
/[CRRTQCEJKUVQPQVQPN[VQEQORCTGVJGTGUKUV
CPEG CPF TGUKNKGPEG QH GEQU[UVGOU KP OQTG NQECN
GPXKTQPOGPVU YKV J GCEJ QV JGT DWV CNUQ VQ WUG
RNCPGVCT[OGVCRJQTUVQETGCVGNKPMUHQTVJGXKGYGT
DGVYGGPVJGUGUVQTKGU(QTGZCORNGKHUKOKNCTNQECN
RCTGF NKMG VJG TCVG QH KEG OGNV QH VJG 6UEJKGTXC
)NCEKGT KP 5YKV\GTNCPF YKVJ VJG TGVTGCV QH VJG KEG
KP VJG 7TCNU VJGUG NQECVKQPU EQWNF DG CUUQEKCVGF
VQIGVJGTD[WUKPIUKOKNCTEQOOGPVUHTQOTGEQTFGF
KPVGTXKGYU YKVJ QNF RGQRNG YJQ JCXG NKXGF VJGKT
YJQNGNKXGUCVVJGUGTGURGEVKXGNQECVKQPU6JGCKOKU
VQGPEQWTCIGXKGYGTUVQKFGPVKH[YKVJJQYRGQRNGoU
NKXGUCTGCEVWCNN[CHHGEVGFTCVJGTVJCPVQUKORN[TGN[
QPnDGHQTGCPFCHVGTUJQVUoQHFKUCUVTQWUUKVWCVKQPU
9JGPNQECNUEGPCTKQUCTGFGRKEVGFCUUQEKCVGFCWFKQ
KPHQTOCVKQPKUQHVGPPQVKPENWFGF
VKQPoHTQOUCVGNNKVGYGCVJGTFCVCCPFVJKUGZENWUKQP
VGPFUVQFCORGPCNCTIGTDKQVQRGXKGY
5QOGTGGEVKQPQPGEQNQIKECNVJGQTKGUHTQOTGEGPV
JKUVQT[OC[CNUQDGCPKORQTVCPVHCEVQTVQKPENWFG
KP CP[ NO UETKRV #U GCTN[ CU  VJG GPXKTQP
OGPVCNUEKGPVKUV,COGU.QXGNQEM
UWIIGUVGF VQTKPI CPF C  RGTEGPV TGFWEVKQP QH %1 GOKU
VJCV QWT CVOQURJGTG YCU QWT QPN[ DKQVQRG QT KP
JKU QYP YQTFU nQWT XGT[ QYP URGEKGU NKHG UWRRQTV
U[UVGOo 2QGVKE XKUWCN CPF UQWPF OGVCRJQTU EQWNF
VTCPUHGTVJKUOGUUCIGQHTGNKCPEGCETQUUVQVJGRWDNKE
KPCFKHHGTGPVYC[#NVJQWIJQPGECPPFCPWODGT
QH GFWECVKQPCN RTQLGEVU CEVKXKVKGU NKVGTCVWTG CPF
YGD NKPMU YJKEJ CTG EWTTGPVN[ DGKPI RTQFWEGF
KP VJKU CTGC OCP[ CRRTQCEJGU CPF KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU
FQ PQV FKUEWUU VJG NQPI VKOG KV KU VCMKPI HQT VJG
9GUVGTPRWDNKEVQTGURQPFCVCNN6JKUKUYJ[ENQWF
DKQNQIKUV CPF CWVJQT 6KO (NCPPGT[
 HGCTU TGCNFCVCKPVQFKIGUVKDNGEJWPMUQHMPQYNGFIGPGGF
VJCVVJKUNQYNGXGNQHRWDNKETGURQPUGOKIJVTGUWNV
KP NCEM QH EQQTFKPCVKQP CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG IQCNU QH
ECTDQPTGFWEVKQPVJCVJCUDGGPUGVDGUEKGPVKUVUCPF
IQXGTPOGPVUCV-[QVQYKNNPQVD[TGCEJGFYKVJQWV
VJGGHHQTVQHOKNNKQPU*WOCPKV[YQWNFJCXGVQCEV
RTQORVN[QPCPKPFKXKFWCNPCVKQPCNCPFEQTRQTCVG
NGXGN VQ FGECTDQPKUG VJG GNGEVTKEKV[ ITKFU D[ 
CPFVJGVTCPURQTVU[UVGOD[%QORCPKGUCPF
KPFWUVTKGUCTGCNUQGZRGEVGFVQCXQKFQWVTKIJVFKU
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RGTKQFQHVKOG/CP[)TGGPCFXQECVGUCPFCTVKUVU
RTGHGTVJGJWODNGCRRTQCEJYKVJGCEJKPFKXKFWCN
VCMKPI GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP UGTKQWUN[ KP QTFGT VQ
TGFWEG NQECN NGXGNU
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VCDNG YC[ VQ TGFWEG GOKUUKQPU OC[ DG VQ ITCPV
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VKQPECNNGF6JG'CTVJ%QOOKUUKQPHQT6JGTOQUVCVKE
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ECTDQP GOKUUKQPU VTCFKPI 6JGUG UQNWVKQPU YQWNF
VCMG CP KOOGPUG NGXGN QH QTICPK\CVKQP CPF OQPK
Jill Scott
UKQPUD[EQPUVKVWVGUCXGT[nVCNNQTFGTo
6JWUVJGUJGGTUECNGQHVJGRJGPQOGPCQHENKOCVG
EJCPIGECPPQVDGWPFGTGUVKOCVGF5JQWNFYGVJGP
HQEWU QP RCTVKEWNCT OGCUWTCDNG UECNGU QH VJG FGU
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QT KPXGPV PGY OGVCRJQTU HQT VJG UJGGT UECNG CPF
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VKEUUGGOVQDGCUWUGNGUUCUNGCTPKPIHTQOJKUVQT[
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CDQXG VJG EKVKGU VJG[ CEVWCNN[ NKXG KP QT EQORCTG
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VJG VQVCN RNCPGVCT[ NGXGN QH DTQYP EQCN GOKUUKQPU
CTGWUGNGUUHQTOQUVRGQRNGDWVCPCPKOCVGFENQUG
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Confronting the Psychology
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ENKOCVG EJCPIG JCXG DGGP RTQRQUGF CPF TGDWVVGF
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GXGT DG[QPF UEGRVKEKUO CPF FGDCVG 6JG EWTTGPV
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NQPI YC[ KP UWEJ C UJQTV VKOG VJCV QWT KOCIKPC

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NKVGTCE[ VJG UJGGT UECNG QH CFFTGUUKPI VJG UQNW
VKQPU VQ INQDCN YCTOKPI KU CNUQ C TGLGEVKQP HCEVQT
Jill Scott
,WUV EQWPV VJG PWODGT QH ECTU JQWUGU QT HCEVQ
TKGUYJGTGUQOCP[RGQRNGYQWNFPGGFVQEJCPIG
VJGKT DGJCXKQWT KP QTFGT VQ ETGCVG CP[ GHHGEV #FF
VQ VJG CDQXG XCTKCVKQP CPF TGCEVKQP VQ RTGFKEVKQP
VJG VJTGG OQUV FKUCUVTQWU UEGPCTKQU UEKGPVKUVU CTG
UWIIGUVKPIOKIJVJCRRGPKHGOKUUKQPUCTGPQVEWT
VCKNGFVJGUNQYKPIQTEQNNCRUGQHVJG)WNH5VTGCO
VGORGTCVWTGU VJG FGOKUG QH VJG #OC\QP TCKPHQT
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CPFPCNN[VJGTGNGCUGQHICUJ[FTCVGUHTQOVJGUGC
QQTQTOGVJCPGHTQOOGNVKPIRGTOCHTQUVVJCVCTG
PQTOCNN[RTGXGPVGFHTQOGUECRKPID[KEGGPECRUW
NCVKQP#NNVJGUGRTGFKEVKQPUCTGEGTVCKPVQCFFnHWGNo
VQVJGYCTOKPICVOQURJGTKETGCUYGNNCUKPETGCUG
OQTG JWOKF YCVGT XCRQWT GXCRQTCVKQP 5QOGJQY
RGQRNG JCXG VQ DG IKXGP JQRG VJCV VJG[ ECP CEVW
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CPFKVUOQTCNKORNKECVKQPU6JKUJGUC[UKUCUVCVGQH
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Planetariums and the Dissemination
of Knowledge
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KUUWGUNKMGENKOCVGEJCPIGECPDGRNC[GFQWV2GQRNG
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VCTKWOU QT8KTVWCN6JGCVTGUVJGUGRNCVHQTOUQHHGT

KPFKXKFWCN KPVGTCEVKXKV[ VJCV ECP GXGP RGTOKV GCEJ
RCTVKEKRCPV VQ EQPVTQN JKU QT JGT QYP RTQEGUUGU QH
FKUEQXGT[ CPF KPWGPEG RCTVU QH VJG PCTTCVKXG QT
UVQT[NKPG
5GG(KI DGECWUG VJG XGT[ WUG QH & XKTVWCN UKOWNCVKQPU KP
$[ECTGHWNN[WVKNK\KPIVJKUUGPUGQHUECNGCPFKOOGT
UKQPKPVJGUVQT[RTQLGEVGFQPVJGURJGTKECNUETGGP
KPJGTGPVF[PCOKEUQHDQVJCNQECNCPFCRNCPGVCT[
PCVWTGECPDGPQVQPN[CYGKPURKTKPIDWVCNUQHWT
VJGT GPJCPEGF D[ n\QQOUo CPF n[VJTQWIJo RCVJ
YC[U (WTVJGTOQTG UGEVKQPU QH KOOGTUKXG GZRG
4CLC  6JGUG GZRGTKGPEGU ECP DG CWIOGPVGF
TKGPEG ECP JKIJNKIJV VJG FGDCVGU CDQWV UECNG KP
TGNCVKQPVQDGKPInKPEJCTIGQH[QWTQYPFGUVKP[oCPF
RGTJCRUVTCPUHGTCUGPUGQHTGURQPUKDKNKV[CDQWVUWU
VCKPCDKNKV[VQVJGXKGYGT%GTVCKPN[D[CNNQYKPIVJG
CWFKGPEGVQUJKHVVJGHQEWUQTCITGGVQCFFEJCPIGU
Jill Scott
FGGRGTEQIPKVKXGCUUQEKCVKQPUECPDGCVVCKPGFVJCP
KPCVNORTQLGEVKQPU(QTGZCORNGYKVJKPVGTCE
VKQPHTQOVJGUGCVUUKOWNCVGFOQFGNUEQWNFRNCEG
VJGCWFKGPEGCVVJGVQRQHECTDQPNGXGNUCPFHTQO
VJGTG YQWNF CNN JCXG VQ YQTM EQNNGEVKXGN[ VQ ENGCP
VJGCKTQTOCMGTGNCVKXGEQORCTKUQPUDGVYGGPENWU
VGTU QH KPHQTOCVKQP $[ OKZKPI RTGTGEQTFGF UGE
VKQPUQHCPCTTCVKXGYKVJTGCNUVQTKGUQTCEEWTCVGUEK
GPVKE UGIOGPVU C RQYGTHWN WPFGTN[KPI PCTTCVKXG
EQWNFDGDWKNVCPFEQODKPGFCPFVJGTGUWNVUEQWNF
JCXG C RQUKVKXG KORCEV QP KORTQXKPI ENKOCVG NKV
GTCE[#U-C%JWP;WQPEGUWIIGUVGFFKIKVCNXKFGQ
HWNNFQOG RNCPGVCTKWOU JCXG OWEJ OQTG RQVGP
VKCN VQ DTKFIG VJG EQORTGJGPUKQP ICR VJCP NO
KOOGTUKXGGPXKTQPOGPVUGPJCPEGUNGCTPKPI1VJGT
GFWECVKQPCN VJGQTKUVU JCXG RTQXGF KPVGTCEVKQP CPF
KOOGTUKQP ECP KPETGCUG UVWFGPV GPICIGOGPV #P
CDKNKV[ VQ XKGY & OQFGNU HTQO OWNVKRNG HTCOGU
QH TGHGTGPEG ECP IKXG CFFKVKQPCN KPUKIJVU KPVQ CP[
RJGPQOGPQP VJCV QEEWTU KP C & RJ[UKECN URCEG
D[ CP Z EJCPPGN UWTTQWPF U[UVGO HQT CWFKQ CPF
nUQPKECVKQPo QH TGNCVGF XKUWCN FCVC UGVU CP CURGEV
VJCVECPGPJCPEGVJGEQIPKVKXGKORCEVQHVJGGZRG
TKGPEGDGECWUGUQWPFEWGUCTGCPGUUGPVKCNRCTVQH
TGVCKPKPIKPHQTOCVKQP

*QYGXGT KP VJG RCUV QVJGT CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG
&QOGHQTOCVD[CTVCPFUEKGPEGVGCOUJCXGUJQYP
VJCVCNNOGODGTUQHVJGVGCOPGGFVQRTQEGGFYKVJ
UQOG ECWVKQP (QT GZCORNG KP  YJGP EQO
OGPVKPI QP C FQOG RTQFWEVKQP ECNNGF n)TG[ /CV
VGTU6JG$TCKP/QXKGo4QIGT&CPPGPDGTICPF4QD
(KUJGT HTQO %CTPGIKG /GNNQP 7PKXGTUKV[
&CPPGP GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH URGEKCNK\GF EQPVGPV CDQWV ENKOCVG
DGTI  EQORNCKPGF VJCV YJKNG VJG CTVKUVU KP
VJGVGCOnYGTGPQVRGTOKVVGFVQDGPGWTQUEKGPVKUVU
CPFCEMPQYNGFIGFVJGPGGFHQTUEKGPVKECEEWTCE[
UQOG QH VJG UEKGPVKUV CUUWOGF VJG TQNGU QH CTVKUVU
CPFDGICPVQQXGTTKFGCNNQWTFGEKUKQPUo6JG[EQP
ENWFG VJCV OWVWCN TGURGEV HQT GCEJ QVJGTU FKUEK
RNKPGUGZRGTVKUGCPFTQNGUOWUVTGOCKPENGCTHTQO
VJGDGIKPPKPI+PUWEJVGCOUVJGTQNGQHVJGOGFKC
CTVKUV YKNN CNYC[U DG VQ SWGUVKQP VTCPUHQTO CPF
EJCNNGPIGVJGVGEJPQNQIKGUVJCVVJG[WUGCUQWT#+.
VGCO FKUEQXGTGF KP  HTQO VJG GZRGTKGPEG QH
RNCEKPIVYQCTVKUVUKPTGUKFGPEG
%NGC9CKVG#PFTGY OGPVCNVGCOUQHCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUECPEQPUVTWEV
3WKPPCVVJG2NCPGVCTKWOKPVJG/WUGWOQH6TCPU
RQTV KP .WEGTPG (WTVJGTOQTG VKOG TGUVTCKPVU CPF
VGEJPQNQIKECNEQPUVTCKPVUECPQHVGPDGRTQDNGOCVKE
FWTKPIVJGVGUVKPIRJCUGCU2NCPGVCTKWOUVCHHQHVGP
RTGHGTNKPGCTPCTTCVKXGUTCVJGTVJCPOQPVCIGUETKRVU
HCXQWTGFD[VQFC[oUNOOCMGTU
5EQVV QPOQTGCTVPCTTCVKXGUYKVJTQDWUVHCEVCPFGUUGPEG
0GXGTVJGNGUU2NCPGVCTKWOUCPFQVJGTGZRGTKOGPVCN
XKTVWCN VJGCVTGU YJKEJ JCXG ITQYP WR KP VJG NCUV
[GCTU ECP RCXG VJG YC[ HQT PGY CTV CPF UEKGPEG
RTQRQUCNUDGECWUGVJGRQVGPVKCNGHHGEVQHVJGFQOG
HQTOCVU VQ ETGCVG C UGPUG QH nVGNGRTGUGPEGo HQT
VJG CWFKGPEG KU COC\KPI 6JG YQTF nVGNGRTGUGPEGo
YCU QTKIKPCNN[ EQKPGF D[ /CTXKP /KPUM[ VYGPV[
XG [GCTU CIQ
/KPUM[  CPF KV KU FGPGF CU TQPOGPVCN UEKGPEG FQGU PQV OQXG CJGCF KP ITGCV
VJG UGPUG QH nDGKPI VJGTGo C UVCVG YJGP C XKGYGT
TGURQPFU RU[EJQNQIKECNN[ VQ C OGFKCVGF GPXKTQP
OGPV CU KH VJCV GPXKTQPOGPV YCU TGCN PQV TGOQVG
QTXKTVWCN$[WUKPIXCTKQWUXKUWCNOGVCRJQTUQHnVGN

GRTGUGPEGoTGUGCTEJGTUJCXGUJQYPCPKPETGCUGKP
CVVGPVKQPYKNNQEEWTPQVQPN[KPVJGRGTUWCUKXGPGUU
QHVJGOGFKCVGFOGUUCIGDWVCNUQKPKORTQXGOGPVU
KPOGOQT[CPFTGVGPVKQPCPFKPGPJCPEGOGPVUVQ
VCUMRGTHQTOCPEG6JGTGHQTG+YCPVVQUWIIGUVVJCV
CP[ KPETGCUG KP nVGNGRTGUGPEGo YKNN KPETGCUG VJG
EJCPIG CPF TCKUG VJG NGXGNU QH CWFKGPEG NKVGTCE[
(WTVJGTOQTGDGECWUGCPVJTQRQIGPKEGHHGEVUQPENK
OCVGEJCPIGTGSWKTGEQORNGZURCVKCNWPFGTUVCPFKPI
QH ENKOCVG UEKGPEG TGCNKV[ KP VJG CVOQURJGTG VJG
CWFKGPEGKUUWTGVQICKPHTQOXKUWCNK\CVKQPUQHVYCTG
TWPPKPIKPUWEJXGPWGU
Art and Science Dome Narratives
#U+JCXGCNTGCF[GORJCUK\GFKPVJKURCRGTGZRGTK
PCTTCVKXGU HQT VJG RWDNKE TGCNO DCUGF QP EQOOQP
IQCNU CPF C UJCTKPI QH MPQYNGFIG *QYGXGT VJKU
YKNN PQV VCMG RNCEG YKVJQWV C HWTVJGT YGCXKPI QH
OQTG EQORTGJGPUKXG UEKGPEG PCTTCVKXGU YKVJ
GPVJWUKCUOEVKQPCPFEWTKQUKV[CPFCPKPWGPEG
QH ENKOCVG UEKGPEG +V UGGOU VJCV OQUV RGQRNG CTG
WPCYCTG CDQWV VJG FC[VQFC[ UEKGPVKE TGUGCTEJ
PCTTCVKXGU VJCV CTG VCMKPI RNCEG YKVJKP VJG UVWF[
QHENKOCVGEJCPIG/CKPUVTGCOOGFKCPQVQPN[OKU
TGRTGUGPVU UEKGPVKE RTQEGUUGU QT UVQTKGU DWV CNUQ
GXKFGPEGDCUGF FGRVJ KU QHVGP QXGTUJCFQYGF D[
VJGnFWODKPIFQYPQHUEKGPEGoQTD[VJGHCEVVJCV
LQWTPCNKUVURTGHGTnDTGCMKPIPGYUo)GPGTCNN[GPXK
NGCRU CPF DQWPFU QT YKVJ UWFFGP DTGCMVJTQWIJU
KPUVGCFFKUEQXGT[OQXGUKPUOCNNKPETGOGPVUYJKEJ
CTGEQPUVCPVN[TGXKUGF6JGOGUGOGTIGHTQOCITGCV
FGCNQHEQNNGEVGFGXKFGPEGQPOCP[NGXGNUCPFVJG
PCTTCVKXGU HQWPF KP VJG OCKPUVTGCO OGFKWOU QH
VGNGXKUKQP TCFKQ CPF FCKN[ PGYURCRGTU QHVGP OKU
TGRTGUGPV VJKU RTQEGUU 7PNKMG LQWTPCNKUVU YJQ CTG
VTCKPGFVQDCNCPEGVJGKTTGRQTVUYKVJDQVJUKFGUQH
VJG FGDCVG CTV CPF UEKGPEG VGCOU UJQWNF CVVGORV
VQFKURGNVJGKFGCVJCVVJGTGKUPQVUQOWEJFGDCVG
KP ENKOCVG UEKGPEG CP[OQTG 1WT [QWPI GFWECVGF
RWDNKECTGPQVQPN[TGCF[HQTOQTGKPFGRVJWRFCVGF
MPQYNGFIGCDQWVUEKGPEGDWVVJG[ECPWPFGTUVCPF
VJCV GXKFGPEG CDQWV ENKOCVG UEKGPEG FQGU PQV LWUV
2CRGPGM
nRQRQWVQHPQYJGTGoKVKUCRCKPUVCMKPIN[U[UVGO
CVKE RTQEGUU FGTKXGF HTQO YJCV KU OGCUWTGF CPF
JQY YJCV CPF YJ[ KV KU DGKPI TGUGCTEJGF KP VJG
TUV RNCEG 6JGTGHQTG VJG TGCUQPU CPF TGXKUKQPU QH
ENKOCVG UEKGPEG PGGFU VQ DG KPENWFGF KP VJG PCT
TCVKXG UVTWEVWTG CPF nTGCN EJCTCEVGTU HTQO UEKGPEGo
WUGPCVWTGoU
QTUEKGPVKEOGUUGPIGTUPGGFVQURGCMKPQTFGTVQ
FKURGN EQIPKVKXG KNNWUKQPU QT OKUKPHQTOGF CUUQEKC
EQPUWOKPINGUUOKPKOWOFKXGTUKV[YKVJ
VKQPUHQTVJGRWDNKE
WUKPIVJKPIUNQPIGTQT
#TV PCTTCVKXGU ECP QHVGP DG HWNN QH EQIPKVKXG KNNW
UKQPU CPF UQOGVKOGU CTVKUVU EQWNF KPENWFG UQOG
OQTG HCEVWCN GXKFGPEG KP QTFGT VQ TGCEJ QWVUKFG
QH VJG CTVYQTNFoU QYP KPHQTOGF CPF HCUJKQPCDNG
CWFKGPEG +P VJG NCUV  [GCTU OGFKC CTVKUVU JCXG
DGEQOGHCUEKPCVGFKPPQPNKPGCTPCTTCVKXGDGECWUG
VQFC[ YG NKXG KP CP CIG KP YJKEJ VJG UVQTKGU HTQO
OCUUOGFKCCPFVJGKPVGTPGVJGCXKN[KPWGPEGVJG
RWDNKE6JGTGHQTGKVKUKORGTCVKXGVJCVOGFKCCTVKUVU
GZRNQTG KUUWGU YJKEJ ECP KPETGCUG VJG CWFKGPEGoU
RGTEGRVKQPD[CNNQYKPIVJGOVQPCXKICVGVJTQWIJ
VJGKPHQTOCVKQPKPVJGKTQYPVKOGCPFURCEG6JKU
JCU CNTGCF[ URCYPGF OWEJ EQNNCDQTCVKQP DGVYGGP
CTVKUVU CPF UEKGPVKE GPIKPGGTU QT RTQITCOOGTU
DWV VJG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP PCVWTCN UEKGPVKUVU CPF
VJG OGFKC CTVKUVU CTG UVKNN HCKTN[ WPFGTFGXGNQRGF
'ZRGTKOGPVCNOGFKCCTVKUVUPQNQPIGTUGGKPFWUVTKCN
RCTVPGTUJKRU CU CFXCPVCIGQWU HQT CTVKUVU UGGMKPI
VQGZRNQKVPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUTCVJGTOCP[CTGPQY
Jill Scott
KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG RQVGPVKCNU QH OGFKC VQ FGCN YKVJ
TGCNYQTNFKUUWGUCPFHWTVJGTEQPVTKDWVGVQVJGCGU
VJGVKEUCPFVJGFGUKIPQHVJGHWVWTG
6JGUGKFGCNUCTGHCTHTQOPGYKPVJGFGUKIPYQTNF+P
VJGUKPFWUVTKCNFGUKIPGT8KEVQT2CRGPGMCNTGCF[
EQPTOGFVJCVFGUKIPOWUVDGTGXQNWVKQPCT[KPVJG
OQUV TCFKECN CPF KP VJG VTWGUV UGPUG D[ VJKPMKPI
CDQWVVJGEQPEGRVUQHDKQPKEFGUKIP
n$KQPKEFGUKIPPGXGTOGCPUVQEQR[D[WUKPICXKUWCN
CPCNQIWG 4CVJGT KV OGCPU VQ UGCTEJ QWV VJG DCUKE
WPFGTN[KPI QTICPKE RTKPEKRCN CPF VJGP PFKPI CP
CRRNKECVKQPo *G GXGP HWTVJGT UWRRQTVGF VJG EQP
EGRV QH n4GFGUKIPo YJKEJ TGSWKTGF VJG CRRNKEC
VKQPQHVJTGGHWPEVKQPCNRTKPEKRCNU
RTKPEKRCNQHNGCUVGHHQTVQTFQKPIVJGOQUVYKVJVJG
NGCUV
OKPKOWOKPXGPVQT[CPF
TGE[ENG 6JWU nJWOCP CPF DKQPKE EGPVTGF FGUKIPo
ECP DG UGGP CU C ITGCV UVCTVKPI RQKPV CPF KP HCEV
2CRGPGMoU RTKPEKRCNU YGTG TGEGPVN[ WUGF CU QPG QH
VJGOCKPKFGCUHQTCFKIKVCNUETGGPCTVRTQLGEVKPVJG
FQOGHQTOCV
Case Study: Atmosphere one
#VOQURJGTGQPGYCUKPURKTGFD[FKUEWUUKQPUYKVJC
ITQWRQHCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUCDQWVVJGHCEVVJCV
OCP[ RGQRNG OC[ PQV TGCNN[ WPFGTUVCPF ITGGP
JQWUGRJ[UKEUQTVJGDGJCXKQWTQHVJGCVOQURJGTG
CPF VJCV FQOG HQTOCV EQWNF DG WUGF CU C YC[ VQ
KPETGCUGVJGKTENKOCVGUEKGPEGNKVGTCE[#VOQURJGTKE
EJCPIG KU DCUKECNN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG DCNCPEG QH
OQNGEWNGU KP HQWT E[ENGU VJG YCVGT XCRQWT E[ENG
VJG QZ[IGP E[ENG VJG ECTDQP E[ENG CPF VJG GNGE
VTKECN GPGTI[ E[ENG 6JG RTQLGEV EQODKPGU CTV CPF

(KI.QTF-GNXKPoU6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP
UEKGPEGFKURNC[UVQUJQYJQYUJKHVUKPVJGUGE[ENGU
CPF KODCNCPEGU ECP LGQRCTFK\G QWT HWVWTG *QY
GXGT KV WUGF DKQPKE CPF JWOCP EGPVTGF FGUKIP CU
C ECVCN[UV HQT VJKU KPHQTOCVKQP CPF VQ QHHGT UQOG
UQNWVKQPU YJKEJ OC[ NGCF VQ C OQTG nUWUVCKPCDNG
CVOQURJGTGo 6JWU VJG FGXGNQROGPV RTQEGUU QH
#VOQURJGTGQPGUJQWNFJGNRVQFKUEQXGTPGYCTVKUVKE
OGVCRJQTU CPF PCTTCVKXGU KP KOOGTUKXG OGFKCVGF
GPXKTQPOGPVU QPGU VJCV ECP JGNR CP CWFKGPEG
WPFGTUVCPF VJG GHHGEVU QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG QP FKH
HGTGPV EQOOWPKVKGU 7UKPI VJTGG EJCTCEVGTU C ENK
OCVG UEKGPEG TGUGCTEJGT C FGUKIP HCDTKECVQT CPF
C NGCTPGT KODCNCPEGU CTG OGCUWTGF CPF FKUEWUUGF
6GVTC

HTQO C UEKGPVKE RGTURGEVKXG 6JG TGUWNVU UJQWNF
CPFFGEC
JGFTQPJCUDGGPCRRTQRTKCVGF
GPEQWTCIG VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH PGY nWTDCP EKVK\GP
GEQNQIKUVUoQTnGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUoD[VGCEJKPI
[QWPI CFWNVU JQY VQ VJKPM CDQWV CPF KPXGPV PGY
YC[UVQEWTDUVTGUUKPVJGCVOQURJGTGD[DGEQOKPI
OQTG nGPICIGFo QP VJG ITQWPF NGXGN VQ TGFWEG
GPGTI[WUCIG2GTJCRUVJGPVJG[ECPUVCTVVQUJCTG
VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGYCTFUJKR
+PUVGCFQHVJGUGnFQUCPFFQPoVUoCRRGCTKPICUNKUVU
KP DQQMU #VOQURJGTG QPG KOOGTUGU VJG CWFKGPEG
5GG(KI
KP UGXGTCN LQWTPG[U VJTQWIJ ITGGPJQWUG ICUUGU
CPF VJGKT DGJCXKQWTU VJG nPWODGT QPGo RTKQTKV[

(KI)TCRJKE.C[QWVQHVJG&QOG2TQLGEVKQP5[UVGO
HQT C UWUVCKPCDNG DCNCPEG 6JG RTQLGEV WUGU FGUKIP
CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP OGVCRJQTU CU YGNN CU CTVKUVKE
CPF UQPKE KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU VQ ETGCVG C DGVVGT WPFGT
UVCPFKPIQHVJGUGKPVGTTGNCVGFE[ENGUCPFJQYVJG[
ECP DG UWUVCKPGF $CUGF QP VJKU U[PQRUKU YG JCXG
CNTGCF[ FGXGNQRGF C TUV VTGCVOGPV C UVCIG VJCV
JCUDGGPHWPFGFD[VJG5YKUU/KPKUVT[HQT%WNVWTG
WPFGT VJGKT 5KVGOCRRKPI #YCTFU&KIKVCN 5ETGGP
5GEVKQPCPFUQOG&UMGVEJGUHTQOHWTVJGTDTCKP
UVQTOKPI D[ O[UGNH #PFTGY 3WKPP CPF /CTKNNG
*CJPGJCXGDGGPKPENWFGFKPVJKUDQQM
+P VJGUG UMGVEJGU VJG 6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTC
MCK
CU VJG DCUKE DKQPKE OGVCRJQT HQT VJG UVTGPIVJ QH
VJG KPFKXKFWCN CU C VTCPURQTVCVKQP XGJKENG CPF CU
C UVCIG HQT VJG RTGUGPVCVKQP QH EQPVGPV $CUGF QP
.QTF -GNXKPoU OKPKOCN URCEGFKXKFKPI EGNN VJG
6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP UJCRG ECP DG HQWPF KP OCP[
DCUKE RNCPV HQTOU CNICG CPF PWVU 9JGP OCP[
6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP CTG LQKPGF VQIGVJGT VJG[ ECP
HQTO VJG UVTQPIGUV RQUUKDNG UVTWEVWTG HQWPF KP
PCVWTG

75#QTVJTQWIJ
 6JGTGHQTG
UGG(KI
YJQTGRTGUGPV
(KI/WNVK6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTC&QOG5VQT[DQCTF5VTWEVWTG
#U VJG HWNN VKNVGF FQOG RNCPGVCTKWO KU CNUQ OCFG
WR QH C UKZUKFGF RTQLGEVKQP VJG RQKPVU QP VJG
6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP ECP CNUQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ GKVJGT
VKNVGF FQOG VGEJPQNQI[ QT DG TGCFLWUVGF HQT VJG
JCNHFQOGRQKPVRTGUGPVCVKQPU
5GG(KI VKQPOWUVCNNDGVQNFVJTQWIJENGXGTUETKRVKPIYKVJ
#NUQVJGUKFGUQHVJGFQWDNG6GVTCMCKFGCECJGFTC
ECP DG WUGF HQT VGZVWTG OCRU QH TGCN NOU QT VJG
YJQNG UJCRG ECP DG WUGF KP C UVGTGQUEQRKE YC[
VJWUCNNQYKPIVJGHQWTPCVWTCNE[ENGUCPFVJGKTFKU
VWTDCPEGUKP#VOQURJGTGQPGVQDGFKURNC[GFKPPGY
YC[U (WTVJGTOQTG XCTKQWU UEKGPEGEVKQP NOU
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZKKZX(KI#*
KP VJG RCUV JCXG UWEEGUUHWNN[ CHHGEVGF VJG NGCTPKPI
EWTXG QH [QWPI CWFKGPEGU D[ WUKPI VJG UJTWPMGP
(KI#TV5EK&KUEWUUKQPKPC6GVTCKP#VOQURJGTGQPG5CORNG
ZZTCVKQ&+OCIG
OKETQOGVJQF QH VTCXGNNKPI KP VJG JWOCP DQF[
Jill Scott
NKMGKP6JGHCPVCUVKEXQ[CIG
VJG OQNGEWNCT YQTNF +PPGTURCEG
YG JCXG CRRTQRTKCVGF VJKU KOOGTUKXG CRRTQCEJ
KP QTFGT VQ GPEQWTCIG VJG CWFKGPEGU VQ KFGPVKH[
YKVJ OQNGEWNCT CPF EGNNWNCT NGXGNU QH UWUVCKPCDNG
DGJCXKQWT

6JG6GVTCECTTKGUVJGnVYQOCKPRTQVCIQPKUVUoYJQ
OCMGGZRGTKOGPVUCPFVJGnNGCTPGTo
VJG [QWPI WTDCP [QWVJ YJQ JGNRU VJGO 6JWU
UVQTKGUCTGTGXGCNGFVJTQWIJFKUEWUUKQPCUJDCEMU
CPF CUJHQTYCTFU CPF VJG O[VJ QH PCVWTCN UVC
DKNKV[KUFKURGNNGF+UUWGUNKMGVJGUWFFGPPGUUYKVJ
YJKEJENKOCVGECPEJCPIGVJGTWPCYC[ITGGPJQWUG
GHHGEVVJGETGCVKQPQHQZ[IGPVJGTQNGUQHTCFKCVKQP
VJG GHHGEVU QH EQPFGPUCVKQP CPF YGCVJGT RTGFKE
JWOQWT CPF FTCOC +PVGTCEVKQP UJQWNF IKXG VJG
CWFKGPEGENGCTEJQKEGUCPFJGNRVJGOVQTGXGCNCPF
KFGPVKH[VJGUKIPKECPEGGXKFGPEGCPFRTQQHHQWPF
KP UEKGPVKE TGUGCTEJ 6JKU RCTV QH #VOQURJGTG QPG
YKNN HQEWU QP VJG PGGF VQ VCMG UQOG TGURQPUKDKNKV[
HQT VJG RTGUGTXCVKQP QH VJG 'CTVJ CU QWT GZENWUKXG
CPFPCVWTCNJQOG

#U UWIIGUVGF D[ VJG +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN 2CPGN QH
%NKOCVG%JCPIGHQWTVJCUUGUUOGPV
+2%%KVKU
KORQTVCPVHQTVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKEVQWPFGTUVCPFVJCV
VJG CVOQURJGTKE EQPEGPVTCVGU QH ECTDQP FKQZKFG
OGVJCPG CPF PKVTQWU QZKFG JCXG KPETGCUGF OCTM
GFN[ CU C TGUWNV QH JWOCP CEVKXKVKGU .GXGNU PQY
GZEGGF VJG RTGKPFWUVTKCN XCNWGU FGVGTOKPGF HTQO
KEGEQTGUURCPPKPIOCP[VJQWUCPFUQH[GCTU5RG
EKECNN[ KPETGCUGU KP ECTDQP FKQZKFG CTG RTKOCTKN[
FWG VQ VJG DWTPKPI QH HQUUKN HWGNU CPF NCPF WUG
EJCPIGYJKNGVJQUGQHOGVJCPGCPFPKVTQWUQZKFG
CTGRTKOCTKN[FWGVQCITKEWNVWTG+PVJKUGFWECVKQPCN
CPFYQTVJYJKNGGPFGCXQWTUEKGPEGPGGFUVQUQNKEKV
VJGJGNRQHCTVKUVUCPFFGUKIPGTUYJQCTGPQVQPN[
VTCKPGFKPVJGUGOKQVKEUQHEQOOWPKECVKQPDWVCTG
CNUQ KPVGTGUVGF KP PFKPI RQGVKE XKUWCN OGVCRJQTU
CDQWV PCVWTG TCVJGT VJCP FWRNKECVKPI LQWTPCNKUVKE
HCEVU6JGTGHQTGVJGOGVJQFUQHGZVTCEVKQPNVGTKPI
CPF CDUVTCEVKQP ECP DG WUGF CU KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU VQ
WPFGTUVCPFVJGWPFGTN[KPIRTKPEKRCNUQHENKOCVGUEK
GPEG 6JKU EJCNNGPIG KU CWIOGPVGF D[ CP CESWKTGF
GZRGTKGPEG KP EQPUVTWEVKPI PCTTCVKXGU YKVJ UQWPF
CPF XKUWCNU TCVJGT VJCP VGZV /CP[ OGFKC CTVKUVU
CTG CNTGCF[ FGCNKPI YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN VJGOGU
5QOG CTG FGUKIPKPI RTQLGEVU HQT VJG GZVTGOG JQU
VKNGCVOQURJGTGQHOKETQITCXKV[
-KTUVGP,QJCPUGP CPF YGCXG FKXGTUG UEKGPVKE TGUGCTEJ TGUWNVU KP
YJKNG QVJGTU CTG UQPKH[KPI FCVC QT VTCPUNCVKPI UEK
GPVKEOGVTQNQIKECNFCVCKPVQUQWPF
#PFTGC2QNNK CNTGCF[ QXGTETQYFGF KPHQTOCVKQP DKPIG 4CVJGT
QTFGUKIPKPIGEQXKUWCNK\CVKQPUVQEQORCTGMKNQYCVVU
WUGF D[ EGTVCKP EQOOWPKVKGU
6KHHCP[ *QNOGU C RU[EJQNQIKECN CRRTQCEJ DCUGF QP VJG KPVGTRTGVC
6JGTGHQTGKUUWGUNKMGECTDQPGOKUUKQPUVJGJGCNVJ
QH VJG NWPIU CPF QWT HQTGUVU QT VJG EQPVTQXGTUKGU
CTQWPF CITQHWGNU JCXG DGEQOG KORQTVCPV HCEVQTU
HQTCTVTGUGCTEJGTUVQEQPUKFGT

Conclusion: Sustainable Futures
+P VJKU RCRGT + JCXG CTIWGF HQT VJG HWTVJGT FGXGN
QROGPV QH VTCPUFKURNKPCT[ CTV CPF UEKGPEG DTCKP
UVQTOKPIVQRTQFWEGENKOCVGEJCPIGNKVGTCE[HQTVJG
IGPGTCN RWDNKE /GFKCVGF FQOG GPXKTQPOGPVU CPF
XKTVWCNVJGCVTGUCTGTGNGXCPVXGPWGUHQTVJGUGCKOU
DGECWUG VJG CEVWCN UECNG QH VJG RTQDNGO TGSWKTGU
KV CPF VJG EQPVGPV ECP KOOGTUG VJG CWFKGPEG HQT
CFGGRGTGHHGEV6JGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHEQPVGPVD[ENK
OCVG UEKGPVKUVU KU HQEWUGF QP VJG EQPFKVKQP QH VJG
CVOQURJGTGCPFVJGKTEQPENWUKQPUCTGIGPGTCVGFD[
EQNNGEVKQPCPCN[UKUCPFMPQYNGFIGCDQWVNQECNEQP
FKVKQPU4GUWNVUCTGGKVJGTWUGFVQXGTKH[VJGUGEQP
FKVKQPU QT HQT RTGFKEVKQP OQFGNU 6JGUG UEKGPVKUVU
CNTGCF[ DGNKGXG KP C TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ TGCEJ QWV VQ
VJG RWDNKE YKVJ VJGKT TGUWNVU #TVKUVU QP VJG QVJGT
JCPF GORNQ[ GFWECVKQPCN OGVCRJQTKECN CPF EQO
OWPKECVKQP UMKNNU VQ GZRNQTG VJG DQTFGTU DGVYGGP
HCEV CPF EVKQP CPF VJG[ CTG KPVGTGUVGF KP TCKUKPI
CYCTGPGUU CPF TGFGUKIPKPI CVVKVWFGU QH VJG RWDNKE
UQ VJCV VJG[ HGGN GORQYGTGF VQ KPXGPV UQOG UWU
VCKPCDNG UQNWVKQPU QH VJGKT QYP *QYGXGT VJGTG
CTGEGTVCKPTGSWKTGOGPVUYJKEJPGGFVQDGCITGGF
WRQP D[ DQVJ RCTVKGU CDQWV JQY VQ UJCTG ICVJGT
QTFGT VQ IGPGTCVG F[PCOKE CVVGPVKQP COKF QWT
VJCPUECTGVCEVKEUQTnDGHQTGCPFCHVGToEQORCTKUQPU
VKQPQHMPQYNGFIGQTGFWECVKQPCNGEQNQIKECNCFXQ
ECE[ KU UQTGN[ PGGFGF KP QTFGT VQ RTQXKFG C OQTG
RQUKVKXG TQNG HQT VJG XKGYGT 6QFC[oU [QWPI WTDCP
[QWVJHQTGZCORNGOWUVDGIKPVQEQPUVTWEVEWNVWTCN
OGEJCPKUOU HQT UQEKCN UWRRQTV CPF RCTVKEKRCVQT[
EQOOWPCNGZRGTKGPEGU5QKHVJGUGVGCOUECPVTGCV
VJGFQOGHQTOCVCUCnDNCPMECPXCUoHQTVJGCWFKQ
CPFXKUWCNKPVGTRTGVCVKQPUCPFGFWECVKQPQHENKOCVG
EJCPIG CPF GPEQWTCIG CP CWFKGPEG VQ HGGN OQTG
NQECNK\GFCPFGPICIGFKPTGNCVKQPVQVJGUECNGQHVJG
RTQDNGOEQORCTGF VQ HGGNKPI UQ TGOQVG HTQO VJG
RTQDNGORGTJCRUVJG[YKNNICKPUQOGUEKGPVKECNN[
TQDWUVMPQYNGFIGKPCPGZEKVKPICPFCYGKPURKTKPI
OCPPGT6JWUOQTGUGTKQWUOKULWFIGOGPVUOC[DG
CXQKFGFVQJGNROCPCIGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVCPFVCMG
VJGTQNGQHOGFKCVGFKPHQTOCVKQPRCUVRWTGFGUETKR
VKQPCPFVJGCVTKECNGHHGEVVQCRNCEGYJGTGnVJGKPXKU
KDNG RTGUGPVo DGEQOGU C OQTG CWFKDNG CPF C OQTG
XKUKDNGHWVWTG
Notes
 /, $WQPUCPVQ XQN  PQ  #RTKN  5RCEG
 0'56# 5EKGPEG 0CVKQPCN 'PFQYOGPV HQT 5EKGPEG
6GEJPQNQI[CPF#TVJVVRYYYPGUVCQTIWM 
 6JG5YKUUDCUGFCTVKUVUKPNCDURTQITCOECPDGHQWPF
CVJVVRYYYCTVKUVUKPNCDUEJ 
 6JG #TV QH %NKOCVG %JCPIG  0CVWTCN *KUVQT[
/WUGWO .QPFQP %WTCVQT $KTIKV #TGPFU # FQEW
OGPV HTQO VJG #TV CPF UEKGPEG RTQLGEV %CRG (CTG
YGNN&CXKF$WEMNCPFUGGJVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNN
EQO 
 6KGORQ%NKOCVG2QTVCN'FWECVKQPCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
 JVVRYYYVKGORQE[DGTENKOCVGQTI RQTVCN
GFWECVKQPJVO 
 (QT CTVKUVU CPF CEVKXKUV CTV QP GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU
UGG 6JG )TGGP /WUGWO CV JVVRYYYITGGPOW
UGWOQTI   HQT C YKFG NKUV QH CEVKXKUV CEVKXKVKGU UGG
JVVRYYYFOQ\QTI 5QEKGV[+UUWGU'PXKTQP
OGPV%NKOCVGA%JCPIG#EVKXKUO 
 #EEQTFKPI VQ C TGRQTV RWDNKUJGF D[ *COKNVQP KP
YJGPQKN
QTEQORTGUUGF2NCPMVQPUKPINGEGNNU CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYECNGPFCTNKXG
MPQYP CU RJ[VQRNCPMVQP KU DWTPV KV RTQFWEGU JKIJ
NGXGNUQH%1KPVJGCVOQURJGTGDWVD[EQORCTKUQP
VJG DWTPKPI QH DTQYP EQCN
YJKEJ KU [QWPIGT OQTG  5M[UECP 6GEJPQNQIKGU JVVRYYYUM[UMCPEQO
RQTQWU CPF OQTG OQKUV VJCP DNCEM EQCN RTQFWEGU
RGTEGPVOQTG%1VJCPQKNCPFKVKUKPETGCUKPIN[
Jill Scott
WUGF HQT OQUV QH QWT GPGTI[ TGSWKTGOGPVU %NKOCVG
OQFGNU CTG U[UVGOU QH FKHHGTGPVKCN GSWCVKQPU DCUGF
QPVJGDCUKENCYUQHRJ[UKEUWKFOQVKQPCPFEJGO
KUVT[ 6Q pTWPq C OQFGN UEKGPVKUVU FKXKFG VJG RNCPGV
KPVQCFKOGPUKQPCNITKFCRRN[VJGDCUKEGSWCVKQPU
CPFGXCNWCVGVJGTGUWNVU#VOQURJGTKEOQFGNUECNEW
NCVGYKPFUJGCVVTCPUHGTTCFKCVKQPTGNCVKXGJWOKFKV[
CPFUWTHCEGJ[FTQNQI[YKVJKPGCEJITKFCPFGXCNWCVG
KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ PGKIJDQWTKPI RQKPVU VJG RTQDNGO
VJCV CNN QH VJGUG GNGOGPVU QHVGP DGJCXG KP C EJCQVKE
YC[(QTGZCORNGJKIJN[XCTKCDNGUQNCTCPFOCIPGVQ
URJGTG GPGTI[ KPRWVU ECP OCMG +QPQURJGTG OQFGNU
XGT[ EJCQVKE UGG n+QPQURJGTG 5VQTOU # 4GXKGYo D[
5EKGPEG4GXKGYURR5RTKPIGTNKPM
 6JG &C[ CHVGT 6QOQTTQY  NO FKTGEVGF D[ 4
'OOGTKEJ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
KOFDEQOVKVNGVV  7PHQTVWPCVGN[ VJKU NO
RQUKVU C EQORNGVGN[ FGUQNCVG F[UVTQRJKE TGNCVKQP VQ
ENKOCVG EJCPIG KP VTWG *QNN[YQQF UV[NG CPF WUGU
EQORNGVGN[KPCEEWTCVGFCVC
 515 2NCPGV  +/#: NO FKTGEVGF D[ $ 5VCUUGP
PCTTCVGF D[ 9 %TQPMKVG HWPFGF D[ 99( CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYVTCXGNXKFGQUVQTGEQO
RTQFWEVAKPHQRJR!RTQFWEVUAKF  5WRRQUGF VQ
HQEWUQPVJGKUUWGQHEQPUGTXCVKQPHQTEJKNFTGPsVJG
ITGGPJQWUG GHHGEV OCTKPG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF FGHQT
GUVCVKQPDWVVJGVJGOGUnGCTVJTUVoOGUUCIGKUFGNKX
GTGF WR KP C XGT[ UNCRFCUJ OCPPGT DCUGF OQTG QP
EWVGEJCTCEVGTK\CVKQPVJCPKPHQTOCVKQP
 #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ  NO FKTGEVGF D[ &CXKU
)WIIGPJGKOCPFRTQFWEGFD[.&CXKFCPF.$GPFGT
EQOOQXKGUTGXKGYUENGV VTWVJOC[
UVQT[!EQNNENOTGXKG 
2TQFWEVUKPFGZJVON  6JG /WUGWO QH 6TCPURQTV

 .WEGTPG
8GTMGJTUJCWU FGT 5EJYGK\ 2NCPGVCTKWO EGNN
,CPWCT[*GVJGPUWIIGUVGFVJCVnVJG
WUGUDQVJ<GKUUCPF5-;5-#0VGEJPQNQIKGUKPENWFKPI
UVKVEJGFUETGGPUKP*&68VGEJPKECNMPQYJQYCPF
EJCPPGNUWTTQWPFUQWPFUGGJVVRYYYUM[UMCP
EQO2TQFWEVUKPFGZJVON 
 #TGCNN[PGGZCORNGQHCXKTVWCNFQOGVJGCVTGKUVJG
6JQNQU 8KTVWCN 6JGCVTG #VJGPU CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
JVVRYYYVJQNQUITGP #PQVJGTKUVJG
&KIKVCTKWO CV JVVRUQHVYCTGGKPPGYUEQOCTVKENG
RJR!PKF 
 ;W -%  n&KIKVCN (WNN&QOGU 6JG HWVWTG QH XKT
VWCN CUVTQPQO[ GFWECVKQPo 2NCPGVCTKCP ,QWTPCN QH
VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2NCPGVCTKWO 5QEKGV[ XQN  PQ 
RRCEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYKRU
RNCPGVCTKWOQTI RNCPGVCTKCPCTVKENGUKOCIGUCPF
FQEUURGEKCNAHQEWURFH 
 6YQ UGOKPCN TGHGTGPEGU CTG RGTVKPGPV VQ NKUV JGTG
4GGXGU $  0CUU %  6JG /GFKC 'SWCVKQP *QY
RGQRNG VTGCV EQORWVGTU VGNGXKUKQP CPF PGY OGFKC NKMG
TGCN RGQRNG CPF RNCEGU %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
RR  CPF #DDCVCPVWQPQ $ 2  #TOCPF
5RKV\5GNNGTQH5VCTU2NCPGVCTKWO,QWTPCNQHVJG+PVGT
PCVKQPCN2NCPGVCTKWO5QEKGV[XQNPQRR
 6JG KPKVKCN ITQWR YGTG VJG UEKGPVKUVU 5RCEG : .CD
CKN RTQITCO KP 5YKV\GTNCPF <WTKEJ 7PK
JVVRYYYURCEGZEJ 95.%GPVTGJVVRYYY
<*F-CEEGUUGF/CTEJ
YUNEJHQTUEJWPIHQTUEJWPIURTQLGMVGKPFGZA'0 
2CWN5EJGTTGT+PUVKVWVG8KNNKIGPJVVRYYYRUKEJ 
CPFVJGCTVKUVU,QJCPPUGP-JVVRYYYMKTUVGPLQ
JCPPUGPFG 2QNNK#JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO 
5EQVV,JVVRYYYLKNNUEQVVQTI *QNOGU6JVVR
YYYVKHHCP[JQNOGUEQO *CJPG/JVVRUUNGKP
UPWNNEQORC[OCVGUGCTEJRJR!XKFRGKF 
 6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP YCU TUV FGUETKDGF D[ OCVJ
GOCVKEKCP.QTF-GNXKPKPVJG2TQEGGFKPIUQHVJG4Q[CN
5QEKGV[ QH .QPFQP XQN   RR JVVR\CR
CVQRKPGVMGNXKPRCRGTUQPAJQOQIGPGQWUAFKXKUKQPA
QHAURCEGJVON  %QORWVGT UKOWNCVQTU CPF FGUKIPGTU
JCXG NQPI DGGP HCUEKPCVGF YKVJ VJG UVTGPIVJ QH VJG

HQTOQHEGNNGUUGPVKCNN[EQPUKUVUQHHQWTVGGPYCNNUeQH
YJKEJGKIJVCTGJGZCIQPCNCPFUKZSWCFTKNCVGTCNCPF
YKVJ VJKTV[UKZ GFIGU IGPGTCNN[ EWTXGU QH OGGVKPI
DGVYGGP VJG YCNNU CPF VYGPV[HQWT EQTPGTU YJGTG
VJTGG YCNNU OGGV # EGNN CPUYGTKPI VJKU FGUETKRVKQP
OWUVQHEQWTUGDGECNNGFC6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQPWPNGUU
YGRTGHGTVQECNNKVCHQWTVGGPYCNNGFEGNN'CEJYCNN
KUCPKPVGTHCEGDGVYGGPQPGEGNNCPFQPGQHHQWTVGGP
PGKIJDQWTU 'CEJ QH VJG VJKTV[UKZ GFIGU KU C NKPG
EQOOQP VQ VJTGG PGKIJDQWTU 'CEJ QH VJG VYGPV[
HQWTEQTPGTUKUCRQKPVEQOOQPVQHQWTPGKIJDQWTUo
 (CPVCUVKE 8Q[CIG  NO FKTGEVGF D[ 4 (NGKUEJGT
CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYKOFDEQO
VKVNGVV 

References
#DDCVCPVWQPQ $2  n#TOCPF 5RKV\ UGNNGT QH UVCTUo
6JG 2NCPGVCTKWO XQN  PQ  RR  CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYKRURNCPGVCTKWOQTI 
RNCPGVCTKCPCTVKENGU#TOCPFJVON 
CTVKUVUKPNCDU
XGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU
JVVRYYYCTVKUVUKPNCDUEJ 
$WEMNCPF&6JGCTVQHENKOCVGEJCPIG#FQEWOGPV
HTQO VJG CTV CPF UEKGPEG RTQLGEV %CRG (CTGYGNN
%WTCVQT$#TGPFU0CVWTCN*KUVQT[/WUGWO.QPFQP
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNN
EQO 
$WQPUCPVQ /,  n+QPQURJGTKE UVQTOU # TGXKGYo
5RCEG5EKGPEG4GXKGYUXQNPQ#RTKNRR
5RTKPIGTNKPMCEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVR
YYYURTKPIGTNKPMEQOEQPVGPVDWPRJJI!R
EGFGHRK 
%QJGP 5  5VCVGU QH FGPKCN -PQYKPI CDQWV CVTQEKVKGU
CPFUWHHGTKPI2QNKV[2TGUU%CODTKFIG
&CPPGPDGTI 4  (KUJGT 4  n#P CWFKGPEGKPVGTCE
VKXG OWNVKOGFKC RTQFWEVKQP QP VJG DTCKPo 2TQEGGF
KPIU QH VJG %QPPGEVKEWV EQNNGIG U[ORQUKWO QP CTV CPF
95./C[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ
VGEJPQNQI[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
EUEOWGFW`TDFRCRGTUDTCKPUJQYDTCKPUJQYJVO
&KIKVCTKWO XKTVWCN FQOG FKIKVCN RNCPGVCTKWO VJGCVTG
CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRUQHVYCTGGKPPGYU
EQOCTVKENGRJR!PKF 
(NCPPGT[ 6  6JG YGCVJGT OCMGTU 6JG JKUVQT[ CPF
HWVWTG KORCEV QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG 6GZV 2WDNKUJKPI
/GNDQWTPGTGXKGYUQHVJKUDQQMCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
 JVVRYYYVJGYGCVJGTOCMGTUEQOINQDCN
YCTOKPI 
)TGGP /WUGWO QPNKPG OWUGWO QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN CTV
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYITGGPOWUGWO
QTI 
*CJPG / CTVKUV YGDUKVG QH /CTKNNG *CJPG CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRUUNGKPUPWNNEQORC[OCVG
UGCTEJRJR!XKFRGKF
*CPUGP,0C\CTGPMQ.4WGF[45CVQ/GVCN
n'CTVJoUGPGTI[KODCNCPEGEQPTOCVKQPCPFKORNKEC
VKQPUo5EKGPEG'ZRTGUUXQNPQRR
 CNUQ CXCKNCDNG KP 5EKGPEG CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
 JVVRYYYUEKGPEGOCIQTI EIKEQPVGPV
CDUVTCEV 
*QNOGU6CTVKUVYGDUKVGQH6KHHCP[*QNOGUCEEGUUGF
/CTEJJVVRYYYVKHHCP[*QNOGUEQO
+PPGTURCEG  NO FKTGEVGF D[ , &CPVG CEEGUUGF
0'56# CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYKOFDEQOVKVNG
VV 
+PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG HQWTVJ ENK
OCVG EJCPIG CUUGUUOGPV  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
 JVVRYYYITGGPRGCEGQTI TCYEQPVGPV
ECPCFCGPFQEWOGPVUCPFNKPMURWDNKECVKQPUITGGP
&GUKIPHQTVJGTGCNYQTNF*WOCP
RGCEGDTKGPIQPVJGKRERFH 
,QJCPPUGP - CTVKUV YGDUKVG QH -KTUVGP ,QJCPPUGP
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYMKTUVGPLQJCP
25+8KNNKIGP5YKV\GTNCPFCEEGUUGF
PUGPFG 
-TWEJK0KPVGTXKGYUYKVJ0QTDGTV-TWEJKD[,KN
Jill Scott
NKCP 5EQVV 5YKUU %GPVTG HQT (QTGUV 5PQY CPF .CPF
UECRG4GUGCTEJ
JVVRYYYYUNEJ RGTUQPCNAJQOGRCIGUMTCG
WEJKKPFGZA'0 
.QTF -GNXKP  n1P JQOQIGPGQWU FKXKUKQP QH URCEGo
2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[ QH .QPFQP XQN 
 ,CPWCT[ R  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
\CRCVQRKPGVMGNXKPRCRGTUQPAJQOQIGPGQWUAFKXK
UKQPAQHAURCEGJVON 
.QXGNQEM,6JG#IGQH)#+##$KQITCRJ[QHQWTQYP
NKXKPIGCTVJ990QTVQP0GY;QTM
/CIPWUQP ,,  n.QPIVGTO GEQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ
CPF VJG KPXKUKDNG RTGUGPV 7PEQXGTKPI VJG RTQEGUUGU
JKFFGPDGECWUGVJG[QEEWTUNQYN[QTDGECWUGGHHGEVU
NCI[GCTUDGJKPFECWUGUoKP$KQ5EKGPEGXQNPQ
RR  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRNKO
PQNQI[YKUEGFWRGTUQPPGNOCIPWUQPCTVKENGUOCI
PWUQPADKQUEKAXRFH 
/CTUJCNN)n6JGRU[EJQNQI[QHFGPKCNQWTHCKNWTG
VQ CEV CICKPUV ENKOCVG EJCPIGo 6JG GEQNQIKUV  5GR
VGODGT CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
GEQINQDGEJ OQVKXCVKQPGENKOJVO 
/KPUM[/n6GNGRTGUGPEGo 1OPKXQNPQRR
 CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYGDOGFKC
OKVGFW`OKPUM[RCRGTU6GNGRTGUGPEGJVON 
0CVKQPCN'PFQYOGPVHQT5EKGPEG6GEJPQNQI[CPFVJG#TVU
PGUVCQTIWM 
1RGP &KTGEVQT[ 2TQLGEV n'PXKTQPOGPV ENKOCVG EJCPIG
CEVKXKUOo CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
FOQ\QTI 5QEKGV[+UUWGU'PXKTQPOGPV%NKOCVGA
%JCPIG#EVKXKUO 
2CRCPGM8
GEQNQI[ CPF UQEKCN EJCPIG UGEQPF GF 6JCOGU CPF
*WFUQP.QPFQPR
2CWN5EJGTTGT+PUVKVWVG
/CTEJJVVRYYYRUKEJ 

2QNNK#CTVKUVYGDUKVGQH#PFTGC2QNNKCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO 
4CLC&$QYOCP&#.WECU,0QTVJ%n'ZRNQTKPI
VJG DGPGVU QH KOOGTUKQP KP CDUVTCEV KPHQTOCVKQP
XKUWCNK\CVKQPo 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG +OOGTUKXG 2TQLGE
VKQP6GEJPQNQI[9QTMUJQR5KIITCRJJVVRRGQRNG
EUXVGFW`DQYOCPRCRGTUKRVAFJGXCRFH 
4GGXGU $ CPF 0CUU %  6JG /GFKC 'SWCVKQP *QY
RGQRNG VTGCV EQORWVGTU VGNGXKUKQP CPF PGY OGFKC NKMG
TGCN RGQRNG CPF RNCEGU %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
%CODTKFIG/#RR
5EQVV , CTVKUV YGDUKVG QH ,KNN 5EQVV CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
JVVRYYYLKNNUEQVVQTI 
5EQVV ,
GF  #TVKUVUKPNCDU 2TQEGUUGU QH +PSWKT[
5RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTMCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
JVVRYYYURTKPIGTEQOURTKPIGTYKGPPGY[QTM
CTVDQQM 
5M[5MCP 6GEJPQNQI[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
YYYUM[UMCPEQO2TQFWEVUKPFGZJVON 
5RCEG:5RCEG'ZRNQTCVKQP+PUVKVWVGJVVRYYYURCEG
ZEJ 
95.5YKUU%GPVTGHQT(QTGUV5PQYCPF.CPFUECRG4GUGCTEJ
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYYUNEJ HQTUE
JWPIHQTUEJWPIURTQLGMVGKPFGZA'0 


 W H O O W N S T H E A IR? EMISSIONS TRADING
A N D C O N T E M P O R A RY MEDIA ART

Andrea Polli

6JG CEEGNGTCVKPI ETKUKU KP ENKOCVG EJCPIG CPF VJG TGCNK\CVKQP VJCV JWOCPU
CTGVJGRTKOCT[ECWUGQHVJKUEJCPIGJCUTCKUGFSWGUVKQPUCDQWVQYPGTUJKR
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Air and Property rights
n'EQPQOKE UWRGTRQYGTU JCXG DGGP CU UWEEGUUHWN
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RWDNKE TGCEVKQP VQ KV YKNN RTGUGPV NGUU QH C RQNKVKECN
6JG (QWPFC
VJTGCV VQ EQTRQTCVKQPU 6JG UGEQPF UVTCVGI[ CRRGCNU
VQ VGEJPQNQIKECN ZGU CU C YC[ QH D[RCUUKPI VJG
FGDCVG QXGT HQUUKN HWGNU YJKNG JGNRKPI VQ URWT KPPQ
XCVKQPU VJCV ECP UGTXG CU PGY UQWTEGU QH RTQV
6JG VJKTF UVTCVGI[ CRRGCNU VQ C nOCTMGV Zo VJCV
Andrea Polli
UGEWTGU VJG RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU QH JGCX[ 0QTVJGTP
HQUUKN HWGN WUGTU QXGT VJG YQTNFoU ECTDQPCDUQTDKPI
ECRCEKV[ YJKNG ETGCVKPI PGY QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT EQT
RQTCVG RTQV VJTQWIJ VTCFGo

+P 'CTVJ KP VJG DCNCPEG #N )QTG GODTCEGU KP RCTV
YJCV .QJOCP ETKVKECNN[ ECNNU VJG nUGEQPF UVTCVGI[o
RTQRQUKPICP5'+
YJKEJ NKMG VJG GZKUVKPI 75 5&+
+PKVKCVKXG YQWNF TGSWKTG C OCLQT PCVKQPCN GHHQTV
DWV YKVJ C HQEWU QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPV TCVJGT VJCP
VJGOKNKVCT[#NVJQWIJJGFQGUGORJCUK\GVJCVCP[
PGY VGEJPQNQIKGU UJQWNF DG GXCNWCVGF JKU HQEWU
KU RTKOCTKN[ QP FGXGNQRKPI PGY VGEJPQNQIKGU VQ
EQODCVENKOCVGEJCPIG
(KPCNN[ .QJOCP KU XGT[ ETKVKECN QH YJCV JG
ECNNU VJG VJKTF UVTCVGI[ VJG nOCTMGV Zo RTKOCTKN[
DGECWUGQHVJGRTQRGTV[TKIJVUKUUWGVJGRTKXCVK\C
VKQPQHVJGCKT.KMG(NCPPGT[JGKUEQPEGTPGFVJCV
KHCnVQRFQYPoETGCVKQPQHCITGGPJQWUGICUGOKU
UKQPUOCTMGVYCUETGCVGFYKVJQWVRWDNKEFGDCVGKV
YKNNTGUWNVKPCOCTMGVNNGFYKVJFKUVTWUVKPENWFKPI
CNCEMQHHCKVJKPDQVJVJGUVTWEVWTGCPFVJGKORNG
OGPVCVKQPQHVJGOCTMGV6JGDQVVQONKPGCEEQTFKPI
VQ .QJOCP KU VJCV VJG EWTTGPV GOKUUKQPU VTCFKPI
UVTWEVWTGCNNQECVGUVJGOQUVCNNQYCPEGUVQVJGDKI
IGUV GOKVVGTU GHHGEVKXGN[ IKXKPI C JCPFQWV QH DKN
NKQPUQHFQNNCTUVQVJGOQUVGITGIKQWURQNNWVGTUCPF
RTQXKFKPIKPEGPVKXGUVQVJGOVQMGGRRQNNWVKPI
+P 6JG ITGCV GOKUUKQPU TKIJVU IKXGCYC[
#PFTGY 5KOOU RQNKE[ FKTGEVQT QH VJG 0'(
'EQPQOKEU (QWPFCVKQP CPF (GCUVC
VKQP HQT VJG 'EQPQOKEU QH 5VCDKNKV[ RTQRQUGU CP
CNVGTPCVKXG UVTWEVWTG HQT '7 ECTDQP VTCFKPI +P JKU
UVTWEVWTGVJG'7oUGOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGUYQWNFDG
FKXKFGF KPVQ CP GSWCN RGT ECRKVC DCUKU CPF FKUVTKD

WVGF VQ GXGT[ '7 TGUKFGPV 4GUKFGPVU YQWNF VJGP
DG CDNG VQ UGNN VJGUG CNNQYCPEGU VQ EQORCPKGU QT
MGGRVJGOQHHVJGOCTMGVVJWUCEVWCNN[RTQOQVKPI
ENGCPGTCKT5KOOUEQORCTGUVJKUCRRTQCEJVQUQOG
QVJGTCNVGTPCVKXGCRRTQCEJGU(QTGZCORNGVJG5M[
6TWUVKPVJG75RTQRQUGUCU[UVGOYJGTGCP[OQPG[
OCFGHTQOVJGUCNGQHGOKUUKQPUETGFKVUCTGMGRVKP
CVTWUVKPQTFGTVQKPUWTGVJCVCP[PCPEKCNICKPUCTG
WUGF VQ DGPGV VJG RWDNKE 6JG RTQRQUCNU QH DQVJ
6JG5M[6TWUVCPF0'((GCUVCCTGDCUGFQPVJGHWP
#NDGTTQ
FCOGPVCNRTKPEKRNGVJCVVJGCVOQURJGTGDGNQPIUVQ
CNN RGQRNG GSWCNN[ CPF PQV VQ CP[ IQXGTPOGPVU QT
EQTRQTCVKQPU
5KOOU KP UQEKGV[ PQV LWUV EWNVWTCN XCNWG
CNVJQWIJ VJG[
5GNNKPI#KT
1PG OKIJV VJKPM VJCV VJG KFGC QH nCKT HQT UCNGo KU
CDUWTFJQYGXGTKVKUKPRNCEGKPVJGCDUVTCEVCTGPC
QH VJG OCTMGV #HVGT CNN PQ QPG YQWNF CEVWCNN[
RC[ HQT VJG CKT VJG[ DTGCVJG %WNVWTCNN[ VJKU OC[
PQ NQPIGT DG VJG ECUG CU GXKFGPEGF D[ VJG TKUKPI
RQRWNCTKV[QHUQOGVJKPIECNNGFVJGQZ[IGPDCTCPF
RQTVCDNG ECPPGF CKT +P DQVJ VJG ECUGU QZ[IGP KU
VQWVGFCUCENGCPUKPIOGFKECNnVJGTCR[o#FXGTVKUG
OGPVUHQEWUQPVJGJGCNKPIRQYGTQHCKTWUKPICTQ
OCVJGTCR[ QT nQZ[IGP VJGTCR[o #FXGTVKUGTU RTQ
OQVGVJGCKTCUGPGTIK\KPIHQTGZGTEKUGGHHGEVKXGKP
EQODCVKPIEKICTGVVGUOQMGCPFEWTKPICJCPIQXGT
6JG[UGNNCKTDCUGFQPVJGKFGCQHDGKPIRWTGHTGUJ
CPFENGCPCPFOCP[RTQOQVGKVCUCPGUECRGHTQO
VJG UOQI QH EKV[ NKHG 6JG QZ[IGP DCT UVCTVGF CU C
VTGPF KP VJG oU KP ,CRCP /GZKEQ CPF 5QWVJ
#OGTKEC CPF SWKEMN[ URTGCF VQ PKIJVENWDU URCU
0QGXGTGF
ECUKPQUCPFOCNNUKP'WTQRGCPFVJG75
4KODCEJ $[ ETGCVKPI #KT CTEJKVGEVWTG -NGKP TCFKECNN[ TGFG
2QTVCDNGECPPGFCKTKUDGEQOKPILWUVCURQR
WNCTCPFYKFGURTGCF+P,CRCPCTGEGPVNCTIGUECNG
EQOOGTEKCN XGPVWTG KU 1UWRNK C RQTVCDNG ECP QH
QZ[IGP*QYEQWNFQWTINQDCNEWNVWTGJCXGIQVVGP
QT UQOG OC[ UC[
VQCRQKPVYJGTGVJGCDUWTFPQVKQPQHDW[KPICPF

UGNNKPIVJGCKTKUCEEGRVCDNGQPCP[NGXGNEQTRQTCVG
QTKPFKXKFWCN!2GTJCRUVJGCTVUURGEKECNN[EQPEGR
VWCNCTVYQTMUJCXGRNC[GFCTQNGKPOCMKPIDW[KPI
CKTCEWNVWTCNN[CEEGRVCDNGCEVKXKV[!
Air for Sale in Contemporary Art
n9JGP CTV DGEQOGU KFGC KFGC DGEQOGU EQO
OQFKV[o
#UETGCVKXGYQTMUCTVCPFCTEJKVGEVWTGJCXGXCNWG
JCXG VJCV VQQ DWV OQPGVCT[ XCNWG +P VJG oU
CPF oU ;XGU -NGKPoU EQPEGRV QH #KT CTEJKVGEVWTG
EJCNNGPIGF VJG FGPKVKQPU QH CTV CPF CTEJKVGEVWTG
D[ DWKNFKPI YKVJ GRJGOGTCN OCVGTKCNU DWV QP C
YKFGT UECNG KV OC[ JCXG EQPVTKDWVGF VQ VJG KFGC
QH EQOOQFKH[KPI VJG RWDNKE TGUQWTEG QH CKT -NGKP
YCU KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG YC[U VJCV JWOCPU ECP WUG
UEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[VQEQPSWGTVJGGRJGOGTCN
GXGPVQVJGRQKPVQHVWTPKPIGXGPCKTCPFTGKPVQ
DWKNFKPI OCVGTKCNU -NGKP UCY UEKGPEG CPF VGEJ
PQNQI[CUVJGUCXKQWTQHCTEJKVGEVWTGDGECWUGVJG[
RTQOQVGF PGY HQTOU CPF UVTWEVWTGU OCFG HTQO
UEWNRVKPI VJG CKT CPF QVJGT nKOOCVGTKCNOCVGTKCNUo
*G DGNKGXGF VJCV #KT CTEJKVGEVWTG YQWNF CEVWCNN[
KORTQXGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVRQUKVKPIVJCVn#KTCTEJK
VGEVWTG OWUV DG CFCRVGF VQ VJG PCVWTCN EQPFKVKQPU
CPF UKVWCVKQPU VQ VJG OQWPVCKPU XCNNG[U OQP
UQQPU GVE KH RQUUKDNG YKVJQWV TGSWKTKPI VJG WUG
QHITGCVCTVKEKCNOQFKECVKQPUo
PGF VJG NKOKVU QH CTEJKVGEVWTG CUMKPI YJ[ UQNKF
OCVGTKCNUNKMGUVQPGYQQFCPFDTKEMUJQWNFDGVJG
QPN[ OCVGTKCNU KP CP CTEJKVGEVoU RCNGVVG $[ FGXGN
QRKPI VGEJPQNQIKGU HQT WUKPI
OKUWUKPI GRJGOGTCN OCVGTKCNU HQT DWKNFKPI -NGKP
ETGCVGFCPCNVGTPCVKXGRCVJYC[HQTVJGCTEJKVGEVWTCN
KOCIKPCVKQP +P VJG NCVG oU C ITQWR QH CTVKUVU
KPENWFKPI 4QDGTV $CTT[ DGECOG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ
FGCNGT 5GVJ 5KGIGNCWD CPF UVCTVGF RTQFWEKPI YQTM
VJCV SWGUVKQPGF VJG NKOKVU QH CTV $CTT[oU UGTKGU QH
YQTMU MPQYP CU nKPXKUKDNGo CTV KPENWFGF +PGTV ICU
UGTKGU
 KP YJKEJ C URGEKE COQWPV QH ICUGU CHHGEVGFD[RQQTCKTSWCNKV[VQJKIJNKIJVVJGCYU
PGQP ZGPQP CPF JGNKWO YGTG TGNGCUGF nHTQO
OGCUWTGF XQNWOG VQ KPFGPKVG GZRCPUKQPo KP VJG
/QLCXG&GUGTV
9QQFRR.WE[.KR 6JG #GT GZJKDKVKQP YCU EWTCVGF D[ VJG CWVJQT CU
RCTF QDUGTXGF KP 5KZ [GCTU VJG FGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQP
QHVJGCTVQDLGEVVJCVnPQXGNV[KUVJGHWGNQHVJGCTV
OCTMGVoCPFCVVJGVKOGQH4QDGTV$CTT[oU+PGTVICU
2QNNK6JGCTVKUVUKP#GTCNNNQQMETKVKECNN[CV
UGTKGUVJKUnHWGNoYCUDGKPIDWTPGFCVCTCRKFRCEG
EQPUVCPVN[UVTGVEJKPIVJGDQWPFCTKGUQHVJGFGPK
VKQP QH CTV $[ WUKPI VJG VGTO nFGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQPo
.KRRCTF CVVGORVU VQ TGOQXG CTV HTQO KVU UVCVWU CU
EQOOQFKV[ D[ ETGCVKPI UWEJ GRJGOGTCN nQDLGEVUo
QH CTV NKMG VJQUG KPENWFKPI VJG PCVWTCN GZRCPUKQP
QH ICU C UWDUVCPEG VJCV YQWNF DG CDUWTF VQ EQO
OQFKH[ #TVKUVU NKMG $CTT[ YGTG TGCEVKPI CICKPUV
CPF CVVGORVKPI VQ ETGCVG CP CNVGTPCVKXG VQ VJG CTV
OCTMGV *QYGXGT QXGT VKOG VJKU YQTM JCU PQV
DGGPTGOQXGFHTQOVJGCTVOCTMGV6JGGRJGOGTCN
CTV OQXGOGPV YCU CEVWCNN[ GODTCEGF D[ EQOOGT
EKCNICNNGTKGUCPFFGCNGTU#U.KRRCTFUWIIGUVUVJKU
OCTMGVPGGFGFVJGHWGNQHVJGUGKPETGCUKPIN[PQXGN
KFGCU
.KRRCTFR FGRGPFGPEGQPCKTCUNKXKPIDTGCVJKPIDGKPIU*GT
# EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG OCTMGV OC[ JCXG DGGP PGE
GUUCT[ HQT VJG ETGCVKQP QH VJG CTV CPF VJG UWTXKXCN
QH VJG CTVKUV PQPGVJGNGUU KV ETGCVGF C RCTCFQZKECN
UKVWCVKQPKPYJKEJVJGKOOCVGTKCNYCUOQXGFKPVQ
VJGQDLGEVTGCNO6JGETKVKECNUVCPEGQHVJGCTVKUVQP
VJGCTVOCTMGVYCUEQORTQOKUGFVJTQWIJVJGRQUK
VKQPKPIQHVJGYQTMYKVJKPVJGCTVOCTMGV
The Aer Exhibition
Andrea Polli
6QFC[ VJGTG CTG C ITQYKPI PWODGT QH EQPVGORQ
TCT[ CTV CPF UQEKCN OGFKC RTQLGEVU HTQO C OWNVK
FKUEKRNKPCT[ RGTURGEVKXG VJCV TGRTGUGPV VJG DGIKP
PKPIQHCPGHHQTVVQIKXGCXQKEGVQGCEJQPGQHWU
KPVJGEWTTGPVU[UVGOCPFVQGORQYGTKPFKXKFWCNU
VQ RTGUGTXG CPF RTQVGEV QWT HTCIKNG CVOQURJGTG
RCTVQHJGTTGUGCTEJCPFVJGHGCVWTGFCTVKUVUCTGHCT
HTQOPGWVTCNCDQWVVJGKUUWGQHCKTCPFCKTSWCNKV[
CKTKUUWGUCPFWUGXCTKQWUOGVJQFUVQTCKUGCYCTG
PGUU COQPI VJG RWDNKE 5QOG CNUQ VCMG CP CEVKXG
TQNGD[FKTGEVN[CHHGEVKPIVJGCKTSWCNKV[CPFVJGTG
HQTGJWOCPNKXGU$GECWUGCKTKUKPXKUKDNGCTVKUVUCTG
HCEGFYKVJVJGEJCNNGPIGQHOCMKPIVJGKPVCPIKDNG
TGCN #KT RQNNWVKQP KU C UKNGPV MKNNGT CPF KV KU EJCN
NGPIKPI VQ IKXG C XQKEG VQ VJG DQF[oU FGRGPFGPEG
QPENGCPCKT/QUVQHVJGHGCVWTGFRTQLGEVUDNWTVJG
NKPGDGVYGGPCTVCPFCEVKXKUOCPFCNNVJGRTQLGEVU
CKOVQEJCPIGRWDNKEWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHCKTCUYGNNCU
SWGUVKQPCEEGRVGFPQTOUQHQYPGTUJKRCPFTGURQP
UKDKNKV[
#WUVTCNKCP RGTHQTOCPEG CTVKUV 5CTCJ ,CPG 2GNN
JKIJNKIJVGF VJG DQF[oU VTCPUHGT QH CKT CPF QWT
YQTMU GZRNQTGF VJG RJ[UKECN CPF GOQVKQPCN NKOKVU
QH VJG DQF[ (QT GZCORNG +PVGTFGRGPF ETGCVGU C
ENQUGFEKTEWKVNKHGUWRRQTVU[UVGODGVYGGP2GNNCPF
CTVKUV /CTV[P %QWVVU CPF 7PFGTEWTTGPV RTGUGPVU C
UKPING RGTHQTOGT EQPVCKPGF YKVJKP C UGCNGF VTCPU
RCTGPV FQOG YKVJ C PKVG COQWPV QH DTGCVJCDNG
CKT6JGUGYQTMUCTGRJ[UKECNN[FGOCPFKPIHQTVJG
RGTHQTOGTU CPF ETGCVGF CP QXGTYJGNOKPI GOQ
VKQPCN KPVGPUKV[ HQT VJG RWDNKE 2GNNoU YQTMU UGGO
VQ IKXG CKT C RJ[UKECN OCPKHGUVCVKQP 6JKU ECP DG

YKVPGUUGF GKVJGT VJTQWIJ JWOCP KPVGTFGRGPF
GPEG QT VJTQWIJ C UKPING YQODNKMG EQPVCKPOGPV
VJCVYKVJQWVDTGCVJCDNGCKTYQWNFDGEQOGCVQOD
2GNNoU YQTMU UGGO VQ JQNF C XKUKQP QH VJG HWVWTG
6JKUXKUKQPKUCRQECN[RVKEQPGKPYJKEJVJGXGT[CKT
YGDTGCVJGKUCNKOKVGFEQOOQFKV[+PVJGHWVWTG
YKNNVJGGCTVJoUHTCIKNGCVOQURJGTGEQPVKPWGVQUWU
VCKPWUQTYKNNYGDGHQTEGFVQTGOCKPEQPVCKPGFKP
EQPVTQNNGFGPXKTQPOGPVUYJKNGQWTOCEJKPGUTQCO
HTGGN[ TGRQTVKPI VQ WU VJG YQTNF QWVUKFG! $[ UWI
IGUVKPI CP CNVGTPCVKXG HWVWTG QH NKOKVGF CKT VJGUG
YQTMUD[2GNNETGCVGFCRCVJYC[VJCVHQTEGFCWFK
GPEGUVQEQPUKFGTVJGKORQTVCPVTGEKRTQECNTGNCVKQP
UJKRDGVYGGPJWOCPUCPFVJGGCTVJoUCVOQURJGTG
#+4 D[ 2TGGORVKXG
6JGCTVKUVoUVGCOECNNGF5WRGTGZJCXGETGCVGFC
$GCVTK\FC%QUVC,COKG5EJWNVGCPF$TQQMG
RTQLGEVHQTVJGRWTRQUGQHKPWGPEKPIUQEKCNEJCPIG
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZXKK(KI%5WRGTGZYQTMGFKP
EQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJ &CPKUJ CPF #HTKECP GPIKPGGTU
QP 5WRGTICU YJKEJ CKOU VQ RTQXKFG C OQFGUV CPF
GHEKGPV RQTVCDNG DKQICU U[UVGO HQT HCOKNKGU KP
#HTKEC5WRGTGZKFGPVKGUVJGKTCTVYQTMUCUVQQNU
UJCRGF D[ C UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE EQOOKVOGPV
6JG VQQN 5WRGTICU JCU JGNRGF KPFKXKFWCN HCOKNKGU
VQ DGEQOG KPFGRGPFGPV RTQFWEGTU QH GPGTI[ YKVJ
OKPKOCNVKOGKPXGUVOGPVCPFYKVJQWVOCMKPIFTC
 RTQLGEV
UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZXK (KI #
OCVKE EJCPIGU VQ VJGKT EWNVWTG 6JKU VTCPUFKUEKRNK
PCT[ RTQEGUU QH FGXGNQROGPV KPXQNXGF VJG EQO
OWPKV[ QP C FGGR NGXGN #NUQ VJG FGUKIP RTQEGUU
FKFPoV GPF YKVJ KORNGOGPVCVKQP VJG VQQN KVUGNH
YCU QTKIKPCNN[ FGUKIPGF HQT GZKDNG WUG C MKPF QH
QRGPGPFGF RNCVHQTO 5WRGTICU ECRVWTGU QTICPKE
OCVGTKCNUVJCVCTGCPQTFKPCT[CTVGHCEVQHHCTOKPIKP
QTFGTVQRTQOQVGKPFKXKFWCNGPGTI[GORQYGTOGPV
CPFVQRTQVGEVVJGCKTHTQOOQTGRQNNWVKPIHQTOUQH
GPGTI[ RTQFWEVKQP 6JG VJQWIJV RTQEGUU VJCV ECP
VCMGCRQNNWVKPIEQORQWPFCPFYKVJOKPKOCNEQUVU
VWTPKVKPVQCPGPGTI[TGUQWTEGECPDGCEQPVCIKQWU
CEVKXKV[ KP VWTP RTQOQVKPI UKOKNCT KPFGRGPFGPV

CPFKPPQXCVKXGETQUUFKUEKRNKPCT[CPFETQUUEWNVWTCN
EQQRGTCVKQPKPVJGHWVWTG
+PVJGU6JG75TUVKORNGOGPVGFCKTSWCNKV[
OQPKVQTKPICPFCFXKUQT[U[UVGOUVQCNGTVVJGRWDNKE
CDQWV FCPIGTQWU NGXGNU QH RQNNWVKQP &WTKPI FC[U
QH RQQT CKT SWCNKV[ RWDNKE PQVKECVKQP ECOG DWP
FNGFYKVJVJGYGCVJGTTGRQTVCPFRGQRNGYGTGVQNF
VQ CXQKF IQKPI QWVUKFG 9JKNG VJKU nQPG VQ OCP[o
MKPF QH KPHQTOCVKQP GZEJCPIG OC[ YQTM GHHGE
VKXGN[ HQT VJGUG MKPFU QH YCTPKPIU QVJGT OQFGNU
KP C PGVYQTMGF GPXKTQPOGPV EQWNF DG GZRNQKVGF
YKVJ TGURGEV VQ CKT SWCNKV[ +P CP QRGP RNCVHQTO
#TGCoU KOOGFKCVG TGCFKPI
/GFKC
5KPIGT VJG CTVKUVU VWTPGF KPFKXKFWCN EKVK\GPU KPVQ
XQNWPVGGT nUOQI FGVGEVKXGUo WUKPI C PGVYQTM QH
YKTGNGUU RQNNWVKQPOQPKVQTKPI FGXKEGU 6JKU QRGP
RNCVHQTOCNNQYGFTGCNVKOGUJCTKPIQHNQECVKQPCPF
VKOGDCUGF KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV RQNNWVKQP JGCNVJ
CPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV/GFKCYCUWUGFCUCUVTCVGI[
VQQRGPRWDNKEFKCNQIWG
#O[ $CNMKPoU 2WDNKE UOQI 1HHUGVU 6QOQTTQY 6QFC[
CFFTGUUGUVJGEQOOQFKECVKQPQHENGCPCKTHTQOVJG
RGTURGEVKXGQHVJGOCTMGV$CNMKPKUCPCTVKUVYJQUG
YQTMUETGCVGOGVCRJQTKEUJKHVUSWGUVKQPUQEKCNCPF
RQNKVKECN CUUWORVKQPU CPF VCMG CP CEVKXKUV UVCPEG
*GT YQTM QHVGP KPXQNXGU KPVGPUKXG NGICN PCPEKCN
CPFRQNKVKECNTGUGCTEJ2WDNKEUOQIKUCRWDNKERCTM
NQECVGF KP VJG CVOQURJGTG QH EJCPIKPI UK\G CPF
QCVKPI KP CP WPZGF NQECVKQP #V TUV KV UGGOU
NKMG C HCPVCU[ *QY ECP CP[VJKPI GZKUV KP UWEJ CP
GRJGOGTCN NQECVKQP! 6JG RTGOKUG QH #O[ $CNMKPoU
YQTMTGHGTGPEGUVJGGEQPQOKEU[UVGOQHGOKUUKQPU
VTCFKPI6JTQWIJJGTRTQLGEVVJGnINQDCNRWDNKEoECP
RWTEJCUGCUOCP[GOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGUCURQUUKDNG
QPVJGGOKUUKQPUOCTMGV6JGUGECTDQPQHHUGVUCTG
VJGPTGVKTGFKPQVJGTYQTFUVJG[CTGVCMGPQHHVJG
OCTMGVOCMKPIVJGOWPCXCKNCDNGVQRQNNWVKPIEQT
RQTCVKQPU$[QRGPN[GODTCEKPIVJGHTGGOCTMGVHQT
VJGRWDNKEIQQF$CNMKPRTGUGPVUCUJCTRETKVKSWGQH
VJGU[UVGOVJGRTQLGEVOWUVQRGTCVGYKVJKP6JGTG
HQTG UJG UGGU JGT nRWDNKE URCEGo CU VJG GOKUUKQPU
VTCFKPIOCTMGV
$CNMKPoUYQTMENGCTN[SWGUVKQPUVJGOCTMGVCPFVJG
UQNWVKQPUJGRTQRQUGUKUOGCPVVQDGCDUWTF*QY
GXGT KP VJG EQPVGZV QH EQPVGORQTCT[ EWNVWTG VJG
UQNWVKQP UGGOU NKMG C XKCDNG QPG +P HCEV KV KU XGT[
UKOKNCTVQVJGUVTWEVWTGRTQRQUGFD[(GCUVCYJGTG
KPFKXKFWCNU DW[ CPF UGNN GOKUUKQPU ETGFKVU QP VJG
OCTMGVCPFCEGTVCKPCOQWPVQHGOKUUKQPUETGFKVU
CTG FKUVTKDWVGF HQT HTGG VQ EKVK\GPU # ITQWR ECNNGF
VQ KPWGPEG C ITGCVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG RTQD
Andrea Polli
NGOU VJCV OC[ GOGTIG HTQO CP GOKUUKQPU VTCFKPI
U[UVGO$CNMKPKPXKVGURWDNKERCTVKEKRCVKQPVJTQWIJ
VJGRWTEJCUGQHGOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGUCPFQHHGTUCP
CNVGTPCVKXG TGCFKPI QH VJG ECTDQP VTCFKPI U[UVGO
CPF VJGTGHQTG ETGCVGU CP CNVGTPCVKXG RCVJYC[ HQT
GZCOKPKPIVJKUOCTMGV
6JG OGUUCIG QH 2WDNKE UOQI DGEQOGU GXGP
ENGCTGT YJGP UGGP KP TGNCVKQP VQ QPG QH $CNMKPoU
GCTNKGTYQTMUGPVKVNGF6JKUKUVJGRWDNKEFQOCKP+P
 $CNMKP RWTEJCUGF C  CETG RCTEGN QH NCPF
NQECVGFKP6GJCEJCRK%CNKHQTPKCKPVGPFGFCUCRGT
OCPGPVKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQOOQPUHTGGVQGXGT[QPG
JGNF KP RGTRGVWKV[ 5KPEG VJGTG YCU PQ RTGEGFGPV
KP VJG ETGCVKQP QH UWEJ C EQOOQPU KP VJG EWTTGPV
NGICN U[UVGO $CNMKPoU RTQLGEV KPXQNXGF C EQORNK
ECVGFNGICNRTQEGUUVJCVGZRNQTGFUQNWVKQPUKPDQVJ
6JG%QORGPUCVQTU RTQRQUGU VJG GZCEV UCOG UQNW TGCNRTQRGTV[NCYCPFEQR[TKIJVNCY6JTQWIJVJKU
VKQPCU$CNMKPENCKOKPIVQJCXGTGVKTGFQXGT RTQEGUU$CNMKPSWGUVKQPGFVJGHQWPFCVKQPUQHVJG
'7 GOKUUKQPU CNNQYCPEGU
6JG%QORGPUCVQTU GZKUVKPINCYUCPFJKIJNKIJVGFVJGFKUCRRGCTCPEGQH
 6JGUG UQNWVKQPU ETGCVG RQVGPVKCN RTQDNGOU RWDNKE URCEG $CNMKP JCU KFGPVKGF VJG RTQLGEV CU
ITQWPFGF KP VJG XGT[ KFGC QH VJG OCTMGV *GCNVJ[ CPCTVRTQLGEVCPFVJKUENCUUKECVKQPKUGUUGPVKCNVQ
OCTMGVU OC[ ITQY DWV KH RGQRNG FGEKFG VQ DW[ JGTNGICNCRRTQCEJQPGVJCVGZRNQTGUVJGNCPFCUC
GOKUUKQPUETGFKVUQTENGCPCKTVJGOCTMGVOC[KUUWG ETGCVKXGYQTMQHCTV6JTQWIJVJKURTQLGEVUJGLQKPU
OQTG GOKUUKQPU ETGFKVU VQ DCNCPEG VJG OCTMGV CPF COQXGOGPVQHRGQRNGYJQOQXGWKFN[DGVYGGP
OGGV VJG FGOCPF 6JKU RTQEGUU YQWNF HQTEG VJG VJGTQNGUQHCTVKUVUGPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVCPFCEVKXKUV
RWDNKEVQRC[GXGTJKIJGTRTKEGUHQTENGCPCKT
6JG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP $CNMKPoU 2WDNKE UOQI 1P &GEGODGT   VJG -[QVQ 2TQVQEQN YCU
CPF6JG%QORGPUCVQTURTQLGEVUNKGUKPVJGHCEVVJCV
QPGKFGPVKGUKVUGNHCUCPCTVRTQLGEVCPFVJGQVJGT
CU CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQLGEV DWV VJG WPFGTN[KPI
OGVCRJQTUCTGUKOKNCT$[WUKPIVJGOGVCRJQTQHC
RWDNKERCTM$CNMKPoUYQTMCNNQYUXKGYGTUCPFRCT
VKEKRCPVUVQNQQMCVVJGU[UVGOQHGOKUUKQPUVTCFKPI
VJTQWIJ C HCOKNKCT NGPU /QUV XKGYGTU WPFGTUVCPF
VJGFKHHGTGPEGDGVYGGPRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGRTQRGTV[
KPVJGEQPVGZVQHNCPFWUG6JGRTKXCVK\CVKQPQHCKT
CUKHKVYCUCRWDNKERCTMKUCOGVCRJQT$CNMKPWUGF
CFQRVGFD[VJG75CPFQVJGTPCVKQPUDWVPQV
TCVKGF D[ VJG 75 %QPITGUU #OGTKECP KPFWUVT[
HQTEGF VJG TGLGEVKQP RTGFKEVKPI nFKUCUVGTo KH %1
TGFWEVKQPU YGTG GPHQTEGF +P /CTEJ QH  VJG
75CICKPRWNNGFQWVQH-[QVQUC[KPIVJCVEQORN[KPI
YQWNF FGUVTQ[ VJG GEQPQO[ /CP[ 75 EKVK\GPU
FKUCITGGYKVJVJGKTIQXGTPOGPVoUCEVKQPUCPFCTG
EQPEGTPGFCDQWVTCRKFKPETGCUGUKPINQDCNVGORGTC
VWTGU KEG OGNVKPI CPF UGC NGXGN TKUG EJCPIGU VJCV
VJG70KPVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNTGRQTVQPENKOCVG

EJCPIGUVCVGUKUnWPGSWKXQECNo+PCPQVJGTGZCORNG
$GP 'PIGDTGVJ RTQXKFGU KPFKXKFWCNU KP XCTKQWU 75
EKVKGU VJG EJCPEG VQ RGTUQPCNN[ EQORN[ YKVJ VJG
-[QVQRTQVQEQN'PIGDTGVJJKOUGNHFQGUPQVKFGPVKH[
JKOUGNHRWTGN[CUCPCTVKUVQTECNNJKUNCVGUVRTQLGEV
2GTUQPCNM[QVQCPCTVRTQLGEVCPFJKURTQLGEVUQHVGP
QRGTCVGQWVUKFGQHVJGCTVOCTMGVQPVJG+PVGTPGV
2GTUQPCN M[QVQ CPCN[\GU GNGEVTKE WUCIG KPHQTOCVKQP
CPFECNEWNCVGUCPGPGTI[TGFWEVKQPIQCNQHYJCVVJG
-[QVQ2TQVQEQNOKIJVTGSWKTGHQTCPKPFKXKFWCN2GT
UQPCNM[QVQCNNQYGFKPFKXKFWCNUVQOQPKVQTGNGEVTKE
WUGQPCFCKN[DCUKUYKVJVJGIQCNQHTGFWEKPIVJGKT
RGTUQPCN EQPUWORVKQP QH ITGGPJQWUG ICUGU .KMG
$CNMKPoU2WDNKEUOQI2GTUQPCNM[QVQYQTMUYKVJKPCP
UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZXK (KI $ #NQPI YKVJ
GZKUVKPIU[UVGOVQGORQYGTRWDNKECEVKQPCPFDGP
GV9JKNG2WDNKEUOQIVCMGUQPVJGRWDNKEN[VTCFGF
ECTDQP QHHUGV U[UVGO YKVJ EQNNGEVKXG CEVKQP WUKPI
CRWDNKEURCEGOQFGN2GTUQPCNM[QVQNQQMUVQKPFK
XKFWCNTGURQPUKDKNKV[CPFCEEQWPVCDKNKV[CUCOGCPU
VQGPEQWTCIGINQDCNEJCPIG
2TQLGEVU VJCV HQEWU QP RGTUQPCN TGURQPUKDKNKV[ CPF
GODTCEG VJG RJKNQUQRJ[ QH nXQNWPVCT[o GOKUUKQPU
TGFWEVKQPOC[JGNRTCKUGCYCTGPGUUQHVJGRTQDNGO
QH%1GOKUUKQPUCOQPIVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKECPFCU
UWEJ OC[ JCXG CP KORCEV QP VQVCN GOKUUKQPU DWV
VJGKTHQEWUQPRGTUQPCNEJQKEGOC[FGVTCEVHTQOVJG
WTIGPVPGGFVQEWTDGOKUUKQPUPQY%CPVJG#OGT
KECPKPFKXKFWCNKUVKFGCN
VJGKFGCNUDGJKPFVJGRTQD KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQQRGTCVKQP +P VJG CWVJQToU KPVGT
NGOCVKERTQRQUCNOCFGD[VJG75VQVJG'7YJKEJ
TGEGPVN[RTQOQVGFXQNWPVGGTGOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQP
RTQOQVGVJGEJCPIGUPGGFGF!8QNWPVCT[GOKUUKQPU
TGFWEVKQPU OC[ DG C ITGCV KFGC QP CP KPFKXKFWCN
NGXGNDWVECPVJG[YQTMQPCINQDCNUECNG!
6JG RCTCFQZKECN RTQDNGOU CPF OGVCRJQTU VJCV
JCXGDGGPTCKUGFD[VJGUGCTVYQTMUCTGRCTVQHVJG
U[UVGOKPYJKEJVJGYQTMUGZKUV6JG[CTGGKVJGTKP
VJG CTV YQTNF YKVJ KVU ICNNGT[ GEQPQO[ DCUGF QP

VJG DW[KPI CPF UGNNKPI QH YQTMU QT KP VJG RWDNKE
CTV YQTNF KP YJKEJ YQTMU ECP DG UWRRQTVGF D[
IQXGTPOGPV QT RTKXCVG KPVGTGUVU UQOG YQTMU CNUQ
QRGTCVG KP VJG UGOKRWDNKE HQTWOU QH VJG OCTMGV
QTVJGKPVGTPGV6JGUGYQTMUDTKPIWRNCTIGTSWGU
VKQPUCDQWVVJGRQVGPVKCNQHCTVKPCVKOGQHINQDCN
GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU CPF OQTG URGEKECNN[ VJG
RQVGPVKCN QH CTV CPF UEKGPEG EQNNCDQTCVKQP KP ETG
CVKPI CNVGTPCVKXG RCVJYC[U VQ WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF
TGURQPFKPIVQENKOCVGEJCPIG$[RNCPVKPIICTFGPU
KPUKFG QH VTWEM DGFU CTVKUV 'XG #PFTG .CTCOG
ETGCVGF C ECTDQPPGWVTCN GGV QH VJTGG /GTEGFGU
$GP\VTWEMUn2CTMUQP6TWEMUo2TQLGEVHQTVJG%KV[QH
#CEJGP
DKQIGQITCRJGT &CPG )TKHP UJG ECNEWNCVGF VJG
COQWPVVJGVTWEMUYQWNFFTKXGUQVJCVVJGKTGOKU
UKQPU YQWNF OCVEJ VJG COQWPV QH CKT ENGCPGF D[
VJG CVDGF ICTFGPU *QY HCT EQWNF VJGUG VTWEMU
VTCXGN UQ VJCV VJG[ ETGCVGF PQ JCTO! +P QPG ECUG
UJGEQPENWFGFKVYCUPQOQTGVJCPQPGVJKTFMKNQ
OGVTGRGTOQPVJ#PFTG.CTCOGoUYQTMETGCVGF
CPCNVGTPCVKXGRCVJYC[HQTCFFTGUUKPIVJGRTQDNGO
QHCWVQOQDKNGGOKUUKQPUD[RTGUGPVKPICRQVGPVKCN
UQNWVKQP *QYGXGT D[ UJQYKPI VJCV VJKU UQNWVKQP
YCUKORTCEVKECNUJGGORJCUK\GFVJGOCIPKVWFGQH
VJGRTQDNGO
%NKOCVG EJCPIG KU C INQDCN RTQDNGO VJCV TGSWKTGU
XKGYU YKVJ OGVGQTQNQIKUVU CPF ENKOCVQNQIKUVU QP
RTQLGEVU KPVGTRTGVKPI YGCVJGT CPF ENKOCVG FCVC
VJG[JCXGVCMGPCXGT[RTCEVKECNCRRTQCEJVJCVQH
VJGOKVKICVKQPQHKPGXKVCDNGENKOCVGEJCPIG+PRCTV
VJKU RTCEVKECN CRRTQCEJ KU TGNCVGF VQ VJG FCOCIG
CNTGCF[ CHHGEVKPI VJG CVOQURJGTG 'XGP KH %1
GOKUUKQPU YGTG VQ UVQR VQOQTTQY VJG[ TGHGTGPEG
VJCV ENKOCVG EJCPIG KU RTGFKEVGF VQ EQPVKPWG HQT
CV NGCUV VJG PGZV  [GCTU 2GTJCRU CPQVJGT RCTV
QH VJG HQEWU QP OKVKICVKQP OKIJV GXGPVWCVG HTQO
CP WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJCV CV VJG RTGUGPV VKOG VJGTG
KU C NCEM QH RQNKVKECN YKNN VQ FQ YJCV KU PGEGUUCT[
QP C INQDCN NGXGN VQ TGFWEG ITGGPJQWUG ICU GOKU
UKQPU 6JG RTQLGEVU KP VJG #GT GZJKDKVKQP PCXKICVG
VJG GEQPQOKE CPF RGTUQPCN RQNKVKEU QH CKT CPF CKT
SWCNKV[#UVJGUGRQNKVKEUECPDGEQORNGZCPFEQP
VTQXGTUKCN 2NCVHQTO .QPFQP C ITQWR YJQUG YQTM
ETQUUGU FKUEKRNKPCT[ NKPGU VQ CEJKGXG UQEKCN CPF
GEQNQIKECNLWUVKEGCVVGORVUVQDNWTVJGDQWPFCTKGU
DGVYGGP CTV CPF CEVKXKUO 6JGKT RTQLGEVU KPXQNXG
TKIQTQWU TGUGCTEJ CFXQECE[ RWDNKE CTV CPF GFWEC
VKQP QT XCTKQWU EQODKPCVKQPU QH GCEJ 6JG INQDCN
RTKEG QH QKN KU UGV CV .QPFQPoU +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2GVTQ
NGWO'ZEJCPIGCPFVJGKTCTVYQTMGPVKVNGF7PTCX
GNNKPI VJG ECTDQP YGD NQQMU ENQUGN[ CV VYQ OCLQT
RNC[GTU KP VJG QKN KPFWUVT[ VJCV JCXG JGCFSWCTVGTU
KP .QPFQP $2 CPF 5JGNN 6JG RTQLGEV HQEWUGU QP
VJGKT CEVKXKVKGU KP +TCS VJG HQTOGT 5QXKGV 7PKQP
CPF 0KIGTKC 6JGUG JCXG KPENWFGF VJG QKN KPFWUVT[
KP 0KIGTKC CPF VJG RQNKE[ QH 5JGNN # EQORQPGPV
QH VJG RTQLGEV D[ 2NCVHQTO .QPFQP VJG 4GOGODGT
MGPUCTQYKYCRTQLGEVYCUCVTKDWVGVQVJG0KIGTKCP
YTKVGTCPFCEVKXKUVYJQNGFCPQPXKQNGPVECORCKIP
CICKPUVVJGGPXKTQPOGPVCNFCOCIGCUUQEKCVGFYKVJ
VJGQRGTCVKQPUQH5JGNNCPFQVJGTOWNVKPCVKQPCNQKN
EQORCPKGUKPVJG0KIGT&GNVC*KUGZGEWVKQPD[VJG
0KIGTKCP /KNKVCT[ KP  RTQXQMGF KPVGTPCVKQPCN
QWVTCIG2NCVHQTO.QPFQPVJGPEQQTFKPCVGFCEQCNK
VKQPQHQTICPK\CVKQPUCPFKPFKXKFWCNUVQEQPVTKDWVG
C UGTKGU QH NKXKPI OGOQTKCNU VQ 5CTQ9KYC VJGUG
KPENWFGFCDQQMQHRQGVT[CPFCUVCKPNGUUUVGGNDWU
OCFGD[0KIGTKCPDQTPCTVKUV5QMCTK&QWINCU%COR
6JKU ITQYKPI RTQLGEV CRVN[ PCOGF 7PTCXGNNKPI VJG
ECTDQP YGD EQPVCKPU CP CTEJKXG QH TGNCVGF PGYU
JKUVQTKECNFQEWOGPVUCPFCPCN[UKUKPENWFKPIHCDNGU
+PVGTFGRGPF CPF 7PFGTEWTTGPV JCU
VJCV VT[ VQ TGCEJ VJG EQPUEKGPEG QH VJG INQDCN QKN
KPFWUVT[
UGG%QNQWTRNCVG
Conclusion
Andrea Polli
6JGYQTMQHVJGCTVKUVUKPVJGCWVJQToUEWTCVGFGZJK
DKVKQP#GTCPFVJGTGNCVGFCTVCPFCEVKXKUVRTQLGEVU
FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU CTVKENG TGRTGUGPV VJG DGIKPPKPIU
QH CP GHHQTV VQ CFFTGUU VJG KUUWG QH CKT RQNNWVKQP
HTQOCOWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[RGTURGEVKXG+PVJGU
;XGU -NGKP 4QDGTV $CTT[ *CPU *CCEMG CPF QVJGTU
FGXGNQRGF CTVYQTMU HTQO GRJGOGTCN OCVGTKCNU $[
OCMKPI CTVYQTMU HTQO CKT CPF YCVGT VJGUG CTVKUVU
RWUJGFDQWPFCTKGUCPFGZRCPFGFVJGFGPKVKQPQH
CTV#VVJGVKOGVJCV-NGKP*CCEMGCPF$CTT[YGTG
ETGCVKPI VJG GRJGOGTCN YQTMU FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU
CTVKENGYCVGTCPFCKTYGTGUGGPCURWDNKETGUQWTEGU
*QYGXGT D[ VJG GCTN[ U DQVVNGF YCVGT JCF
DGEQOGCRQRWNCTKVGOKPUVQTGUCPFCKTRQNNWVKQP
VTCFKPI U[UVGOU KP 5WNHWT &KQZKFG CPF %(%U JCF
CNTGCF[DGGPKORNGOGPVGF$GECWUGCTVYQTMUIGP
GTCNN[ QRGTCVG YKVJKP XCTKQWU GEQPQOKGU YJGVJGT
VJG[ CTG ICNNGT[ YQTMU QT YQTMU QH RWDNKE CTV VJG
RQUKVKQPQHGRJGOGTCNCTVYQTMUCURTKXCVGRTQRGTV[
OC[ JCXG WPKPVGPVKQPCNN[ UQHVGPGF VJG RWDNKE VQ
VJGKFGCQHUGNNKPIDQVVNGFYCVGTCPFVQVJGDW[KPI
CPFUGNNKPIQHCKT6JGEQPVGZVKPYJKEJCPCTVYQTM
KURTGUGPVGFHQTGZCORNGCUCJKIJRTKEGFRTQFWEV
KPCICNNGT[QTKPCRWDNKEURCEGCHHGEVUVJGGZVGPV
QHKVUOGUUCIGCPFVJGGHHGEVKXGPGUUQHVJGYQTMKP
TGURQPFKPIVQCINQDCNETKUKUNKMGENKOCVGEJCPIG
6JGTGHQTG TGEGPV EQPVGORQTCT[ CTVKUVU WUKPI
GRJGOGTCNOCVGTKCNUJCXGTGURQPFGFVQVJGKFGCQH
UGNNKPICKTD[QHHGTKPICPCNVGTPCVKXGTGCFKPIVQVJG
OCKPUVTGCO EQOOGTEKCN OGUUCIGU VJCV GPEQWTCIG
OCTMGVKPI VJGUG TGUQWTEGU %QPVGORQTCT[ CTV
KUVURTGUGPVGFKPVJKUCTVKENGJCXGWUGFVGEJPQNQI[
CU C OGCPU QH ETGCVKXG CPF ETKVKECN KPVGTXGPVKQP
5CTCJ ,CPG 2GNN
FGUKIPGF YQTMU VJCV JKIJNKIJV VJG JWOCP DQF[oU
KORCEVCPFFGRGPFGPEGWRQPCKT

ZXKK(KI&*GTYQTMUUWIIGUVGFVJGKORNKECVKQPU
QH CP CNVGTPCVKXG HWVWTG KP YJKEJ CKT KU C NKOKVGF
TGUQWTEG'XG#PFTG.CTCOG
2CTMUQPVTWEMUCNUQ FQOCKP
WUGFCXGJKENGVQKNNWUVTCVGVJGRQVGPVKCNQHCKTDWV
VJCVXGJKENGYCUUGXGTGN[JCPFKECRRGFD[VJGEQP
UVTCKPV VJCV KV JCXG PQ PGICVKXG KORCEV QP VJG CKT
SWCNKV[6JTQWIJVJKUYQTM#PFTG.CTCOGKNNWU
VTCVGF VJG OCIPKVWFG QH GOKUUKQPU EQOKPI HTQO
GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN CWVQOQDKNG EQORCTGF VQ KVU RJ[U
KECNHQQVRTKPV
#UJCUDGGPUJQYPVJTQWIJVJGEQPVTQXGTUKGUUWT
TQWPFKPIVJGETGCVKQPQHINQDCNOCTMGVUVJCVVTCFG
KPCKTCPFVJTQWIJCTVKUVUoETKVKECNTGURQPUGUVQVJKU
EQPVTQXGTU[ VJGTG ECP DG PGY OGEJCPKUOU HQT
EQOOWPKECVKPI RTQDNGOU TGNCVGF VQ VJG GPXKTQP
OGPV KP IGPGTCN CPF ENKOCVG EJCPIG KP RCTVKEWNCT
(TQO C VQR FQYP RGTURGEVKXG ECTDQPVTCFKPI U[U
VGOUOC[RWVVJGCVOQURJGTGWPFGTVJGEQPVTQNQH
CUOCNNPWODGTQHNCTIGEQTRQTCVKQPUTCVJGTVJCPKP
VJG JCPFU QH VJG EKVK\GPU VJCV PGGF VQ DTGCVJG CKT
VQUWTXKXG*QYGXGTVJGTGOC[DGCPQVJGTMKPFQH
VTCFKPIU[UVGOVJCVCTVKUVUECPRNC[CTQNGKPFGXGN
QRKPIQPGVJCVHCEKNKVCVGUCITCUUTQQVUGZEJCPIGQH
(%% CEEGUUGF 
KFGCUKPQRRQUKVKQPVQEQTRQTCVGEQPVTQN
6QYCTFUVJCVCKO5WRGTICUPQVQPN[QRGTCVGFQWV
UKFG QH VJG VTCFKVKQPCN CTV OCTMGV DWV CNUQ QRGT
CVGFQWVUKFGQHVJGINQDCNGPGTI[OCTMGV5WRGTICU
HWPEVKQPGFCUCECVCN[UVHQTUQEKCNEJCPIGD[VWTPKPI
EQPUWOGTU KPVQ RTQFWEGTU 'PIGDTGVJ
2GTUQPCN VCZAYQWNFADGAENGCPGTJVO )NCUUKG,p#KTKPFGZ
M[QVQ FTGY CVVGPVKQP VQ INQDCN GHHQTVU VQ TGFWEG
ITGGPJQWUG ICUGU CPF CNUQ TGFKTGEVGF VJG RQYGT
QH VJCV TGFWEVKQP VQ KPFKXKFWCN EKVK\GPU 2TGGOR
VKXG/GFKC
#+4CNUQRNCEGFVQQNUKPVJGJCPFUQH )QTG#
'CTVJKPVJGDCNCPEG'EQNQI[CPFVJG
EKVK\GPU D[ GORQYGTKPI VJG RWDNKE VQ TGEQTF CPF
OQPKVQT NQECN CKT SWCNKV[ CPF #O[ $CNMKP
2WDNKE
UOQIETKVKECNN[SWGUVKQPUVJGECTDQPVTCFKPIU[UVGO

D[UWIIGUVKPICYC[HQTKPFKXKFWCNUVQEQNNGEVKXGN[
UWDXGTVVJGU[UVGOCPFTGVWTPVJGCKTVQVJGRWDNKE
'CEJJWOCPDGKPIKUCHHGEVGFD[RQQTCKTSWCNKV[CPF
ENKOCVGEJCQUCPFVJGTGURQPUGQHIQXGTPOGPVUVQ
RTKXCVK\G VJG CKT OC[ PQV UQNXG VJG RTQDNGO DWV
TCVJGTOKIJVETGCVGOQTGFKHEWNVKGU5GXGTCNQHVJG
CTVKUVUFKUEWUUGFKPVJKUCTVKENGJCXGETGCVGFCNVGTPC
VKXGRCVJYC[UVQJKIJNKIJVVJGCYUKPVJGECTDQP
VTCFKPIU[UVGOCPFVQGORQYGTKPFKXKFWCNUVQRTG
UGTXG CPF RTQVGEV QWT HTCIKNG CVOQURJGTG #U JCU
DGGP UJQYP KP VJKU CTVKENG CTVYQTMU ECP UGTXG CU
CPCNVGTPCVKXGOGFKWOHQTRTQOQVKPIUQEKCNOQXG
OGPV CPF CEVKXKUO CPF CU C UQEKCN CEVKQP VJCV ECP
NGCFVQVJGFGXGNQROGPVQHPGYUQEKCNKPVGTCEVKQPU
CPFUVTWEVWTGU
References
#NDGTTQ #  $WEJOCP 5  #TV CHVGT EQPEGRVWCN CTV
/+62TGUU%CODTKFIG/#
(GFGTCN %QOOWPKECVKQPU %QOOKUUKQP
1EVQDGTJVVRYYYHEEIQX 
(NCPPGT[66JGYGCVJGTOCMGTU)TQXG2TGUU0GY
;QTM
)GNKPCU0n#ECTDQPVCZYQWNFDGENGCPGTo9CNN5VTGGV
,QWTPCN  #WIWUV CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
YYYOCPJCVVCPKPUVKVWVGQTI JVONAYULCAECTDQPA
KORTGUUKQPKUOq0GY;QTM6KOGU/CIC\KPG&GEGODGT
CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYP[VKOGUEQO
OCIC\KPGUGEVKQP#VJVON 
JWOCPURKTKV4QFCNG'OOCWU2#
*CTFKP )  n6JG VTCIGF[ QH VJG EQOOQPUo 5EKGPEG
XQNPQRRR
+PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNRCPGNQPENKOCVGEJCPIG
KREE &GXGNQROGPV$TKGHCEEGUUGF0QXGODGTJVVR
%NKOCVG%JCPIG6JGRJ[UKECNUEKGPEGDCUKUUWOOCT[
HQTRQNKE[OCMGTU(GDTWCT[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ
JVVRWUGTUVGNGPGVDGLLCPUUGPU%QOOGPVU52/
YGDRFH 
+PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG YQTMKPI
ITQWR++TGRQTVn+ORCEVUCFCRVCVKQPCPFXWNPGTCDKNKV[o
 %QPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG YQTMKPI ITQWR ++ VQ VJG
HQWTVJCUUGUUOGPVTGRQTVQHVJGKPVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNRCPGN
HGCUVC 0GY 'EQPQOKE (QTWO /CTEJ CEEGUUGF 
QPENKOCVGEJCPIG5WOOCT[HQTRQNKE[OCMGTUCEEGUUGF
/CTEJJVVRYYYKREEEJKREETGRQTVUCT
YIJVO 
,QKPVGEQPQOKEEQOOKVVGG5VWF[QPVTCFCDNGRQNNWVKQP
GOKUUKQP75%QPITGUU,WN[CEEGUUGF0QXGODGT
JVVRYYYJQWUGIQXLGEEQUVIQXTGIUEQUV
GOKUUKQPJVO 
-CPVGT ,  n$CPMU WTIKPI 75 VQ CFQRV VJG VTCFKPI
QH GOKUUKQPUo 0GY ;QTM 6KOGU  5GRVGODGT
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYP[VKOGUEQO
2GTTGOGPV /  n%QTTWRVKQP UVCNNU IQXGTPOGPV
Andrea Polli
CVVGORVU VQ EWTD %(% VTCFGo  &GEGODGT %JKPC
YYYEJKPCFGXGNQROGPVDTKGHEQOPQFG 
2QNNK #  #GT QPNKPG GZJKDKVKQP CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
JVVRITGGPOWUGWOQTI ECGTKPFGZJVO 
4KODCEJ,n1Z[IGPDCTKP#VNCPVKE%KV[0,HGGFU
HTGUJCKTVQVQWTKUVUo(TGG4GRWDNKE&GEGODGT
5KOOU #  n6JG ITGCV GOKUUKQPU TKIJVU IKXGCYC[o
HQWPFCVKQP HQT VJG GEQPQOKEU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[
/CTEJ  JVVRYYYHGCUVCQTI FQEWOGPVU
GPGTI[GOKUUKQPURFH 
5QNQOQP &  n%NKOCVG EJCPIGoU ITGCV FKXKFGo
9CNN 5VTGGV ,QWTPCN  5GRVGODGT CEEGUUGF 
/CTEJ  JVVRQPNKPGYULEQOCTVKENG
5$JVON 
n5VTCVQURJGTKE Q\QPG FGRNGVKQP  [GCTU CHVGT /QPVTGCNo
 0CVWTCN 5EKGPEG  1EVQDGT CEEGUUGF 
/CTEJ  JVVRPCVWTCNEKGPEGEQOPUEQXGT
EQXGTJVON 
DWUKPGUUDCPMJVON  6JG%QORGPUCVQTUCUUQEKCVKQPVQFGETGCUGGOKUUKQPCNNQY
-NGKP ;  ;XGU -NGKP #KT CTEJKVGEVWTG 0QGXGT 2  CPEGU CEEGUUGF  1EVQDGT  JVVRYYYVJG
2GTTKP(
GFU/#-%GPVGTHQT#TVCPF#TEJKVGEVWTG EQORGPUCVQTUQTI 
.QU#PIGNGU 9QQF 2  /QXGOGPVU KP OQFGTP CTV EQPEGRVWCN CTV
-[QVQ 2TQVQEQN  7PKVGF 0CVKQPU HTCOGYQTM EQPXGP &GNCPQ)TGGPTKFIG'FKVKQPU0GY;QTMRRs
VKQPQPENKOCVGEJCPIGCEEGUUGF0QXGODGT
JVVRWPHEEEKPVM[QVQARTQVQEQNKVGOURJR 
.KRRCTF.5KZ[GCTU6JGFGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQPQHVJGCTV
QDLGEVHTQOVQ2TCGIGT0GY;QTM
.KRRCTF .  %JCPFNGT ,  n6JG FGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQP QH
CTVo#TV+PVGTPCVKQPCNXQNPQRR
.QJOCP.n%CTDQPVTCFKPI#ETKVKECNEQPXGTUCVKQP
QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG RTKXCVKUCVKQP CPF RQYGTo &GXGN
QROGPV &KCNQIWG PQ  5GRVGODGT RR  RR
 CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYFJH
WWUGRFHNGT&&AAECTDQPAVTCFKPIECTDQPA
VTCFKPIAYGDRFH 


 R E -C O N N E C T

Angelika Hilbeck

9GCTGEWTTGPVN[GZRGTKGPEKPIVJGUKOWNVCPGQWUFGENKPGQHGUUGPVKCNN[CNN
HWPFCOGPVCNU[UVGOUJWOCPUQEKGVKGUTGUVWRQP#UVJGENKOCVGWPFGT
IQGUFTCOCVKEEJCPIGUCPFDKQFKXGTUKV[UVKNNFKUCRRGCTUCVWPRTGEGFGPVGF
TCVGUQWTGEQPQOKEJGCNVJCPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUCNUQHCNVGT

9JKNGVJGTGCUQPUHQTVJGHCKNKPIQHVJGUGU[UVGOU ETGCVKXKV[ PQXGNV[ CEVKQP GZRQUWTG CPF RTQXQEC

CTGTQQVGFKPWPEQWPVCDNGFKUEQPPGEVKQPUKVUOCP
KHGUVCVKQPU CTG EQPPGEVGF +P VJKU EJCRVGT + NQQM
KPVQUQOGQHVJGUGFKUEQPPGEVKQPUCPFCVJQYVJG
QRGTCVKQPCNGPXKTQPOGPVUKPJWOCPUQEKGVKGUJCXG
DGGP OGFKCVGF VQ VJG RQKPV QH OCPKRWNCVKQP UQ
VJCV CP CU[OOGVTKECN U[UVGO JCU GOGTIGF HQT QPG
UQNG RWTRQUG OQPGVCT[ RTQVU CPF ITGGF 0QXGN
CRRTQCEJGU CPF EQPEGRVU HQT TGOGFKCVKQP OWUV DG
EQPEGKXGFCPFKORNGOGPVGFSWKEMN[6JGCTVUJCXG
CRTQOKPGPVsKHPQVMG[sTQNGVQRNC[KPVJKUKORNG
OGPVCVKQP CU KV UGGOU VQ DG QPG QH VJG NCUV FKUEK
RNKPGUNGHVYKVJVJGNCTIGUVFGITGGUQHHTGGFQOHQT
(KI6JGFQOKPQGHHGEVQHVJGEQNNCRUKPIU[UVGOUUWUVCKPKPI
JWOCPEKXKNK\CVKQPCPFGZKUVGPEG
VKQP1PGGNFVJCVUGGOUVQJCXGVCMGPQPUWEJC
TQNG KU NO + CNUQ FKUEWUU JGTG YJ[ FQEWOGPVCT[
NOU JCXG UKIPKECPVN[ KPETGCUGF QXGT VJG RCUV
FGECFG CPF VJGKT TQNG KP VJG EQPVGZV QH GPXKTQP
OGPVCNCPFJWOCPJGCNVJFGENKPG
6JGPGYTQNGQHFQEWOGPVCT[NOU
6JG WPHQNFKPI EQPUGSWGPEGU QH JWOCP KPVGTXGP
VKQP CPF RTGOCVWTGN[ KPVTQFWEGF VGEJPQNQIKGU CTG
PFKPI TQQVU KP VJG EQPUEKQWU QH INQDCN JWOCP
UQEKGVKGU6JGRWDNKEPGGFCPFFGUKTGVQICKPDGVVGT
WPFGTUVCPFKPI KP VJG KPVTKECEKGU CPF EQORNGZKVKGU
QHVJGWPFGTN[KPIOGEJCPKUOUQHVJGEWTTGPVHCKNKPI
U[UVGOUKUDGUVTGGEVGFKPVJGKPETGCUGFRQRWNCTKV[
QHFQEWOGPVCT[NOU7PVKNCDQWVVYQFGECFGUCIQ
VJG TQNG QH FQEWOGPVCTKGU YCU RTKOCTKN[ GFWEC
VKQPCNVCKNQTKPIOCKPUVTGCOMPQYNGFIGHQTVJGIGP
GTCNRWDNKECDQWVPCVWTCNRJGPQOGPCQTUEKGPVKE
VGEJPKECNKPPQXCVKQPU&QEWOGPVCTKGUUWEJCUVJQUG
D[5KT&CXKF#VVGPDQTQWIJCDQWVVJGGXQNWVKQPQH
VJGGCTVJCPFXCTKQWUINQDCNGEQU[UVGOUYGTGCPF
TGOCKPXGT[RQRWNCTCPFYQPRTGUVKIKQWUCYCTFU
9JKNG VJKU GFWECVKQPCN TQNG QH FQEWOGPVCTKGU UVKNN


TGOCKPVJGIGPTGKUKPETGCUKPIN[EQORNGOGPVGFD[
FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU VJCV VCMG QP CP KPXGUVKICVKXG
TGXGCNKPICPFGZRQUKPIHQEWUOQTGQHVGPVJCPPQV
SWGUVKQPKPI OCKPUVTGCO UEKGPEG CPF GUVCDNKUJGF
MPQYNGFIG5WEJKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCTKGUEQP
VKPWG VQ ICKP ITGCV RQRWNCTKV[ CPF UQOG QH VJG
OQUV YGNNMPQYP NOU QH VJKU IGPTG CTG NKUVGF KP
6CDNG6JGOQUVJKIJN[CEENCKOGFGZCORNGKUVJG
FQEWOGPVCT[ NO #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ D[ &CXKU
)WIIGPJGKOHGCVWTKPIHQTOGT75XKEGRTGUKFGPV#N
)QTG CU VJG OCKP EJCTCEVGT YJQ TGXGCNU VJG TGC
UQPUCPFEQPVTQXGTUKGUCTQWPFENKOCVGEJCPIG6JKU
NOTCPKPOCKPUVTGCOVJGCVTGUCTQWPFVJGYQTNF
CPFTGCEJGFOKNNKQPUQHXKGYGTUCPFKVTGEGKXGFVJG
#ECFGO[ #YCTF KP  6JKU HCEVQT UKIPKECPVN[
EQPVTKDWVGF VQ #N )QTG TGEGKXKPI VJG 0QDGN 2GCEG
2TK\G VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG UEKGPVKUVU HTQO VJG +2%%
6JKU FKF PCNN[ GUVCDNKUJ VJG HWPFCOGPVCN TGNC
VKQPUJKR DGVYGGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP CPF
YQTNFRGCEG

&CVGQH4GNGCUG (KNO0COG (KNO/CMGT

1EVQDGT -Q[CCPKUSCVUKs.KHGQWVQH$CNCPEG )QFHTG[4GIIKQ
 (WVWTGQH(QQF &GDQTCJ-QQPU
/C[ 5WRGTUK\GOG /QTICP5RWTNQEM
,WN[ .KHGTWPPKPIQWVQHEQPVTQN
68 $GTVTCO8GTJCCI
,CPWCT[ &CTYKPoU0KIJVOCTG *WDGTV5CWRGT
5GRVGODGT 9GHGGFVJGYQTNF 'TYKP9CIGPJQHGT
#WIWUV +PEQPXGPKGPVVTWVJ #N)QTG
0QXGODGT (CUV(QQF0CVKQP 4KEJCTF.KPMNCVGT
,WPG $NCEM)QNF /CTECPF0KEM(TCPEKU
0QXGODGT #ETWFGCYCMGPKPI6JGQKNETCUJ $CUKN)GNRMG
4C[/E%QTOCEM
4GVQ%CFWHH
1EVQDGT 6JG JQWT
VJ
.GQPCTFQFK%CRTKQ
0CFKC%QPPGTU
/CTEJ 6JGYQTNFCEEQTFKPIVQ/QPUCVQ
68 /CTKG/QPKSWG4QDKP
5GRVGODGT (NQY +TGPC5CNKPC
 (QQF(KIJV %JTKUVQRJGT6C[NQT
#RTKN -KPI%QTP #CTQP9QQNH
,WPG (QQF+PE 4QDGTV-GPPGT
,WN[ 6CRRGF 5VGRJCPKG5QGEJVKI
,CUQP.KPFUG[
5GRVGODGT %TWFG ,QG$GTNKPIGT
5GRVGODGT 6JG#IGQH5VWRKF (TCPP[#TOUVTQPI
6CDNG#NKUVQHRQRWNCTFQEWOGPVCTKGUTGNGCUGFUKPEG


9JKNG VJKU NKUV QH FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU KU PGKVJGT
EQORNGVG PQT EQORTGJGPUKXG KV FQGU KPFKECVG CP
KPETGCUGKPHTGSWGPE[CPFKVUJQYUVJGDTGCFVJQH
VQRKEU FGCNKPI YKVJ WPUWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG GZVTCE
VKQP CPF CDWUG QH DQVJ PCVWTG CPF JWOCPU CNKMG
9JKNG KP VJG U QPN[ QPG FQEWOGPVCT[ OCFG
KV KPVQ OCKPUVTGCO VJGCVTGU CPF TGEGKXGF KPVGTPC
VKQPCNTGEQIPKVKQPPQPGQHVJCVECNKDTGYCUHQWPF
KPVJGU*QYGXGTKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGP
VCTKGU YGTG TGNGCUGF KP VJG RCUV  [GCTU YKVJ 
KPVGTPCVKQPCNTGNGCUGUKPCNQPG5QVJKUVTGPF
UGGOUVQDGUVKNNWPCDCVGF
6JGUGCTGKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCT[NOUVJCV
JCXG GPQTOQWUN[ JGNRGF VQ TGXGCN VJG FKUEQPPGE
VKQPU CPF nTGEQPPGEV VJG FQVUo VJWU GPCDNKPI C
DTQCF CWFKGPEG VQ DGEQOG KPHQTOGF EKVK\GPU CPF
TGCNK\G VJCV OCP[ KH PQV OQUV QH VJGUG FGXGNQR
OGPVUCTGPQVKPVJGKTKPVGTGUV#NVJQWIJVJGTCPIG
QH NKUVGF FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU KPENWFGU OCP[ VQRKEU
O[ HQEWU YKNN DG QP CITKEWNVWTG HQQF RTQFWEVKQP
CPFDKQUEKGPEG6YQXGT[RQRWNCTHCKTN[TGEGPVFQE
WOGPVCTKGUYKNNDGWUGFCUKNNWUVTCVKXGGZCORNGU9G
HGGFVJGYQTNFCPF(QQF+PE
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZXKKK UQVJCVYGoTGCNNCYCTGVJCVKVJCUKVURTKEGCPFVJGP
ZKZ6JGUGVYQNOUUVCPFKPCEQPVKPWWOQHQVJGT
KPXGUVKICVKXG CPF GZRQUKVQT[ FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU
DGECWUGCVNGCUVOQTGFQEWOGPVCT[NOUFGCNKPI
2GVGT
YKVJHQQFCPFYCVGTKUUWGUCTGNKUVGFKP6CDNG9G
HGGFVJGYQTNFCPF(QQF+PEYGTGUGNGEVGFDGECWUG
GCEJYCUUWTRTKUKPIN[CPFGZEGRVKQPCNN[UWEEGUUHWN
KP TGCEJKPI VJG RWDNKE s QPG KP 'WTQRG CPF VJG
QVJGTKPVJG75#NVJQWIJDQVJJCXGUKOKNCTOGU
UCIGUVQEQPXG[CPFQXGTNCRKPVJGHGCVWTGFKUUWGU
VJG[CNUQJCXGCPWODGTQHFKHHGTGPEGU
EQUV GHEKGPVN[
Revealing the disconnections:
Angelika Hilbeck
its drivers and profiteers!
$QVJ FQEWOGPVCTKGU UJQY JQY VJG UWTTGPFGT QH
CITKEWNVWTGCPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPJCUFKEVCVGFRTQV
OCZKOK\CVKQP CPF NGCF VQ VJG EWTTGPV RTGFCVQT[
U[UVGOQHWPUWUVCKPCDNGOGVJQFQNQIKGULGQRCTFK\KPI
QWTEQNNGEVKXGGZKUVGPEG6JKUnRTQVTUVoOQFGNKU
ITQWPFGFQPVJGPQVKQPVJCVUQEKGVCNFGXGNQROGPV
KUGZENWUKXGN[DCUGFQPVJGGEQPQOKEU[UVGOVCMKPI
ECTGQHCNNJWOCPPGGFU'EQPQOKEKPEGPVKXGUFTKXG
QTQXGTTWNGCNNQVJGTU[UVGOUUJCRKPIJWOCPUQEKG
VKGUHTQOGEQU[UVGOUVQUQEKCNU[UVGOU6JGKFGCKU
VJCVKH[QWRWVCRTKEGVCIQPGXGT[VJKPIKPENWFKPI
GEQU[UVGOCPFUQEKCNUGTXKEGUKVYKNNICKPGEQPQOKE
XCNWGCPFGXGPDCUKEUWRRNKGUNKMGHQQFCPFYCVGT
ECPDGVTGCVGFCPFVTCFGFNKMGJQWUGJQNFCRRNKCPEGU
CPFECTU
ne YCVGT KU C HQQFUVWHH NKMG CP[ QVJGT CPF NKMG CP[
QVJGT HQQFUVWHH KV UJQWNF JCXG C OCTMGV XCNWG 2GT
UQPCNN[+DGNKGXGKVoUDGVVGTVQIKXGCHQQFUVWHHCXCNWG
VJCVQPGUJQWNFVCMGURGEKEOGCUWTGUHQTVJGRCTVQH
VJGRQRWNCVKQPVJCVJCUPQCEEGUUVQVJKUYCVGTCPF
VJGTG CTG OCP[ FKHHGTGPV RQUUKDKNKVKGU VJGTGo
$TCDGEM%'10GUVN9GHGGFVJGYQTNFOKPWVGU
sOKPWVGU
#U EQTRQTCVKQPU DGEQOG TKEJGT CPF OQTG UWE
EGUUHWN FQ VJG[ ETGCVG LQDU CPF OCMG UQEKGV[ UWH
EKGPVN[ TKEJ UQ VJCV RWDNKE IQQF YQWNF EQOG
CDQWV D[ KVUGNH ! #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG EWTTGPV nUWRRN[
CPF FGOCPFo OQFGN GUUGPVKCN VJKPIU KPENWFKPI
HQQF UVWHHU YQWNF DG RTQFWEGF
CPF IQ YJGTG VJG[ CTG PGGFGF CPF WNVKOCVGN[
VTKEMNG FQYP VQ VJQUG YJQ JCXG NGUU GXGPVWCNN[
CNUQNKHVKPIVJGKTUVCPFCTFQHNKXKPI5KOKNCTN[CNUQ

GPXKTQPOGPVCNEQPEGTPUCPFWPUWUVCKPCDNGRTQFWE
VKQPOGVJQFUYQWNFGXGPVWCNN[DGUQNXGFQWVQHCP
nGEQPQOKE NQIKEo CU KV YQWNF DG KP VJG KPVGTGUV QH
EQTRQTCVKQPU PQV VQ GTQFG VJGKT QYP DCUG 1PG KU
JCTF RTGUUGF VQ PF C UGIOGPV QH JWOCP CEVKXKV[
KP YGUVGTP UQEKGVKGU YJGTG VJG nRTQVTUVo OQFGN
JCU PQV DGGP CRRNKGF CPF JCU PQV ECWUGF C UVCIG
QHETKUKUVQUQOGFGITGG$WVVJKUOQFGNVWTPUQWV
VQUGTXGQPN[COKPQTKV[CPFHCKNUHQTVJGOCLQTKV[
QHVJGINQDCNJWOCPUQEKGV[+VRTQOQVGUGZRNQKVC
VKXG GPXKTQPOGPVCN DGJCXKQWT VQ VJG RQKPV QH EQN
NGEVKXG UGNHFGUVTWEVKQP 9G CTG PQY NGCTPKPI VJCV
nPGGFo CPF nFGOCPFo CTG SWKVG UGRCTCVG KUUWGU CPF
VJCV JKIJ FGOCPF QH CHWGPV EKVK\GPU FQGU PQV
(&# CPF VJG 'PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP
VTKEMNGFQYPVQUCVKUH[VJGnPGGFUoQHVJGRQQT+P
'2#CPFXKEGXGTUC
VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[ YQTNF nFGOCPFo VTCPUNCVGU
KPVQ nYCPVo CPF OQUV KORQTVCPVN[ YJCV ECP DG
RCKFHQTKV$WVnYCPVKPIoUQOGVJKPICPFnPGGFKPIo
UQOGVJKPICTGEQORNGVGN[FKHHGTGPVVJKPIU6QFC[oU
INQDCNGEQPQO[DQKNUFQYPVQCU[UVGOQHnUWRRN[
CPF YCPVo QT RGTJCRU UQOG nUWRRN[ CPF FGOCPFo
CU NQPI CU QPG JCU VJG PCPEKCN OGCPU DWV NKVVNG
nUWRRN[CPFPGGFo+VHCKNUEQORNGVGN[HQTVJQUGYJQ
FQPQVJCXGOQPG[CPFPGGFVJKPIUn2TQVOCZK
OK\CVKQPKUVJGOWTFGTQWUUVTCVGI[o
,GCP<KGINGT
70 5RGEKCN 4CRRQTVGWT QP VJG 4KIJV VQ (QQF 9G
HGGFVJGYQTNF
+P QTFGT VQ MGGR VJKU FGEQWRNGF OCTMGV U[UVGO
UVTKXKPI VJG GEQPQO[ nOGFKCVGUo VJG GPXKTQP
OGPV KP C YC[ VJCV KV UCVKUGU CPF IGPGTCVGU C
UWHEKGPV PWODGT QH EQPUWOGTU YJQUG EQPUWOR
VKQP DGJCXKQWT KP VWTP TGGPHQTEGU CP KPETGCUKPIN[
EGPVTCNK\GFOQPQRQN[U[UVGOTWPD[CJCPFHWNQH
INQDCNEQTRQTCVKQPUYJQEQPVTQNVJGGPVKTGRTQFWE
VKQP EJCKP HTQO TCY OCVGTKCN VQ ECTU GNF VQ HQTM
 CPF DG[QPF 6JKU KP VWTP RTQXKFGU VJGO YKVJ C
FGITGG QH PQPFGOQETCVKECNN[ UCPEVKQPGF RQNKVKECN

RQYGT VJCV ECPPQV DG QXGTGUVKOCVGF 6JKU RQYGT
OCUUKXGN[ CPF FKURTQRQTVKQPCVGN[ KPWGPEGU VJG
UJCRKPI QH QWT HWVWTG DNQEMU RTQITGUU CPF JKP
FGTU RTQITGUUKXG UQNWVKQPU VQYCTFU C UWUVCKPCDN[
HWPEVKQPKPIYQTNF6JG[JCXGUQGHHGEVKXGN[GUVCD
NKUJGFCnTGXQNXKPIFQQToUVTCVGI[YJGTGEQTRQTCVG
GORNQ[GGU UYKVEJ DCEM CPF HQTVJ DGVYGGP EQTRQ
TCVKQPUCPFVJGKTQXGTUGGKPITGIWNCVQT[CWVJQTKVKGU
VJCV VJG[ CTG GUUGPVKCNN[ YTKVKPI VJGKT QYP TWNGU
(QQF +PE UJQYU OWNVKRNG ECUGU QH VQR NGXGN OCP
CIGOGPVGORNQ[GGUQTNCY[GTUYQTMKPIHQTQPGQH
VJG DKIIGUV DKQVGEJ EQORCPKGU /QPUCPVQ VCMKPI
WRVQRNGXGNRQUKVKQPUCVVJG(QQFCPF&TWICFOKP
KUVTCVKQP
#IGPE[
6JGTGHQTG C IKCPV UGNHTGKPHQTEKPI U[UVGO JCU
GOGTIGF QXGT VJG RCUV XG VQ UKZ FGECFGU VJCV
ECWUGURGQRNGVQDGEQOGKPETGCUKPIN[FKUEQPPGEVGF
HTQOVJGRTQFWEVKQPQHVJGKTIQQFUVJGKTGPXKTQP
OGPV VJGKT HQQF CPF PCNN[ VJGKT QYP DQFKGU
$QVJ FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU TGXGCN JQY VJGUG FKUEQP
PGEVKQPUYGTGDTQWIJVCDQWV
Agriculture
#HVGT9QTNF9CT++YGTGFGUKIPGFQWTCITKEWNVWTCN
CPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUUJKHVKPIHTQOVJGRTK
OCT[IQCNQHRTQFWEKPIHQQFCPFHGGFVQVJGIQCNQH
OQPGVCT[ RTQVU 6JKU YCU CEJKGXGF D[ KPETGCUKPI
RTQFWEVKXKV[ KP VGTOU QH [KGNFUHQTRTQV NKVGTCNN[
CVCP[EQUVU9KVJVJGJGNRQHEJGOKECNRGUVKEKFGU
CPF EJGCR QKN EJGCR EQOOQFKVKGU CPF RTQEGUUGF
HQQFU YGTG DTQWIJV VQ OCP[ KP VJG KPFWUVTKCNK\GF
YQTNF $[ U[UVGOCVKECNN[ GZVGTPCNK\KPI VJG PGIC
VKXG UKFG GHHGEVU QH VJKU KPFWUVTKCNK\GF CITKEWNVWTCN
RTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOVQUQEKGV[CVNCTIGWPRCTCNNGNGF
RTQVU VQ EJGOKECN CPF QKN EQORCPKGU CPF VJGKT
NKPMGFFKUVTKDWVKPICPFTGVCKNKPIEQTRQTCVKQPUEQWNF
DGTCKUGF6JGTGUWNVKPIWPRTGEGFGPVGFINQDCNEQT
RQTCVGRQYGTCPFVJGKTPCPEKCNTGUQWTEGUCNNQYGF
VJGOVQWUGCNNOGCPUCXCKNCDNGVQOGFKCVGVJGUQEK
GVCNCPFRQNKVKECNGPXKTQPOGPVD[FGGRN[KPITCKPKPI
VJGUWDNKOKPCNOGUUCIGKPVQUQEKGVKGUVJCVVJGTGKU
QPN[QPGYC[VQRTQFWEGUWHEKGPVCHHQTFCDNGHQQF
HQT CNN s VJG KPFWUVTKCN YC[ 6JWU INQDCN EQORC
PKGUGHHGEVKXGN[OGFKCVGFVJGUQEKGVCNCPFRQNKVKECN
GPXKTQPOGPVCPFVJGUVTKMKPIHCEVVJCVYGJCXGKP
HCEV HGF NGUU CPF NGUU RGQRNG UKPEG VJG OKF U
YJGP VJKU KPFWUVTKCN RTQVTUV OQFGN YCU KPUVK
ICVGF YGPV NCTIGN[ WPPQVKEGF +PUVGCF YG JCXG
RTGFQOKPCPVN[ UQ[ DGCPU
RTQFWEGF OQTG CPF OQTG TCY OCVGTKCN HQT KPFWU
VTKCNRWTRQUGUQHCPFHQTVJGTKEJ
GI(#1 UGODNGFKPVQVJGKTUOCNNGUVOCTMGVCDNGEQORQWPFU
+##56&2CVGN
$QVJ FQEWOGPVCT[ NOU UJQY VJG UQWNNGUU CPF
ECNNUn6GEJPQ(QQFo
ETWGNOGEJCPK\GFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUQHKPFWUVTKCN
 nGFKDNG HQQFNKMG UWDUVCPEGUo +P
CITKEWNVWTCN HCEVQTKGU VJCV TGFWEG NKXKPI UWDLGEVU
RNCPVU CPF CPKOCNU CNKMG KPVQ KPCPKOCVG QDLGEVU
(QQF +PE TGXGCNU JQY D[ FKUCUUGODNKPI VJG EQO
RNGZKVKGUQHTWPPKPICHCTOGPVGTRTKUGKPVQVJGUWO
QH OKPFNGUU TGRGVKVKXG CUUGODN[ NKPG UV[NG CEVKXK
VKGUVJGHCTOJCUDGGPVWTPGFKPVQCHCEVQT[6JKU
UVTCVGI[ JCU CNNQYGF HCTOGTU VQ TGFWEG VJG QRGTC
VKQPCNEQUVUDGECWUGJWIGCITKEWNVWTCNHCEVQTKGUECP
PQYDGTWPD[WPUMKNNGFWPGFWECVGFWPRTQVGEVGF
CPFGCUKN[TGRNCEGCDNGEJGCRNCDQWT9QTMGTUYJQ
QHVGP PGKVJGT WPFGTUVCPF PQT ECTG HQT VJG GPVKTG
RTQEGUU (CTOGTU EQPUGSWGPVN[ NQUG QYPGTUJKR
CPF DGEQOG FKUEQPPGEVGF HTQO VJGKT RWTRQUGU
#FFKVKQPCNN[ CPF RGTJCRU OQTG KORQTVCPVN[ VJG
EQPVTQN CPF QXGTUKIJV QXGT VJG GPVKTG RTQFWEVKQP
U[UVGOUQHVJGUGJWIGCITKEWNVWTCNHCEVQTKGUTGUKFGU
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YKVJ C JCPFHWN QH UMKNNGF GFWECVGF RGQRNG GPIK
PGGTUHQTVJGOQUVRCTVYJQnQXGTUGGoVJGUGQRGTC
VKQPUHTQOCTGOQVGQHEGXKCEQORWVGTEQPVTQNCPF
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IKXGQTFGTUVQVGEJPKEKCPUCPFYQTMGTU1HEQWTUG
CNUQVJGUGQRGTCVQTUCPFGPIKPGGTUDGEQOGNCTIGN[
FKUEQPPGEVGFHTQOVJGRWTRQUGQHHQQFRTQFWEVKQP
CPFCKOVQOCZKOK\GRTQVU+PVJKUU[UVGOKVFQGU
PQVOCVVGTCP[OQTGVQCPGPIKPGGTYJGVJGTJGQT
UJGJGNRUFGUKIPFGXKEGUCPFCUUGODN[NKPGUHQTVJG
RTQFWEVKQPQHJCKTFT[GTUQTHQTVJGOCUUMKNNKPIQH
CPKOCNUVJCVCTGJCPFNGFNKMGEQOOQFKVKGU
(QQF
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CPF OCK\G CTG RTQVCDN[ CPF UEKGPVKECNN[ FKUCU
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UVTCVGI[ KP JGT JKIJN[ EQORTGJGPUKXG DQQM QP
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DCUGU #U 0GUVNG
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KPFWUVTKGU+VKUPQUWTRTKUGVJCVVJGUGnGFKDNGHQQF
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CPF PWVTKVKQP KU DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ WPFGTUVQQF D[ RTQFWEVUVJGUCOGKPFWUVTKGUUGNNVQVJGOCICKP5Q
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HQQF KPVCMG PQPJGCNVJHWN HQQFU CPF RJ[UKECN KPCE TGUVTKEVGFVQVJGGNFQHDKQVGEJPQNQI[OQUVQHVJG
VKXKV[ 2QNKE[ CPF GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIG KPKVKCVKXGU EWTTGPVN[ RTGUUKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN GEQPQOKE CPF
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TGCNN[OCMKPICNOCDQWVHTGGFQOQHURGGEJCPF+
FKFPoVMPQYVJCV+YQWNFURGPFVJGPGZVHGY[GCTUQH
O[NKHGYQTMKPIYKVJTUV#OGPFOGPVNCY[GTUo
+PE  VJG DQQM GFKVGF D[ -CTN 9GDGT R 
%NQUGN[ EQPPGEVGF UEKGPEG CPF TGUGCTEJ KU EQP
VTQNNGF D[ UGETGE[ CITGGOGPVU YKVJ RWDNKE UGEVQT
UEKGPVKUVUCUCTGVJGUEKGPVKUVUYJQYQTMKPVJGGNF
QHKPFWUVTKCNCITKEWNVWTGCPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQP+HUEK
GPVKUVU FQ PQV UKIP UWEJ UGETGE[ CITGGOGPVU VJG[
FQPQVIGVCEEGUUVQVJGKTPGGFGFTGUGCTEJOCVGTKCNU
QT VJG PCPEKCN OGCPU VQ EQPFWEV HQT KPUVCPEG
DKQUCHGV[ TGUGCTEJ 5VTCPIGN[ GPQWIJ VQFC[ VJKU
MKPF QH TGUGCTEJ KU HWPFGF D[ VJG KPFWUVTKGU VJCV
FGXGNQRVJGO6JKUHWPFCOGPVCNN[RWVUHTGGFQOQH
UEKGPEG CPF VJG KPFGRGPFGPV CUUGUUOGPV QH UCHGV[
QHKPFWUVTKCNRTQFWEVUCVUVCMG7PUWTRTKUKPIN[CHVGT
FGECFGU QH KPUVCNNKPI VJKU EQTRQTCVGIQQF RTQV
TUVOQFGNKPVGEJPQUEKGPEGQPN[CHGYUEKGPVKUVU
TGOCKP YJQ JCXG TGVCKPGF VJG PGEGUUCT[ FKUVCPEG
CPF ECRCEKV[ HQT ETKVKECN TGGEVKQP CPF UEKGPVKE
KPSWKT[ 5CFN[ VJKU CVVKVWFG KU PGKVJGT YCPVGF PQT
TGYCTFGF CP[OQTG +P TGCNKV[ KPFGRGPFGPV UEKGP
VKUVU YJQ RWDNKUJ FCVC VJCV FQ PQV UWRRQTV EQTRQ
TCVG KPVGTGUVU CPF XQKEG UEKGPVKE XKGYU FKUUGPVKPI
HTQO VJQUG QH VJG KPFWUVTKGU CPF VJGKT CNNKGF UEK
GPEG EKTENGU CTG DGKPI UWDLGEVGF VQ OCUUKXG ECO
RCKIPU CKOKPI VQ FKUETGFKV CPF UKNGPEG VJGO QT
QWUV VJGO HTQO VJGKT RQUKVKQPU
6QFC[ C ENKOCVG QH UGETGE[ UWRRTGUUKQP CPF HGCT
EJCTCEVGTK\GUUQOCP[GNFUQHVGEJPQUEKGPEGCPF
HQTGOQUVVJGUQECNNGFnNKHGUEKGPEGUoKPENWFKPIDKQ

VGEJPQNQIKGUCPFOQNGEWNCTDKQNQI[
'FKVQTU5EKGP VJGCUUGODN[NKPGRTQEGUUKPIQHNKXGDCD[EJKEMGPU
VKE#OGTKECP2QNNCEM9CNV\CD
6JKUKURCTVKEWNCTN[FKUVWTDKPICUVJKUQUVTCEK\CVKQP
KPENWFGUCUUGUUOGPVUQHUCHGV[CPFVJGTKUMUQHVJGKT
EQOOGTEKCNRTQFWEVUTGUGCTEJYJKEJKUCDUQNWVGN[
ETKVKECNHQTRWDNKECPFGPXKTQPOGPVCNJGCNVJVQFC[
CPFKPVJGHWVWTG
#FFKVKQPCNN[VJGCTVQHURKPPKPIUEKGPVKEPF
KPIUIGPGTCVKPIWPEGTVCKPV[CPFECUVKPIFQWDVJCU
DGGPRGTHGEVGFD[EQTRQTCVGRWDNKETGNCVKQPUTOU
CPF INQDCN EQPUWNVKPI EQORCPKGU
/KEJCGNU  n9J[QWTEJKEMGPCTGGCVKPIWRVJGTCKPHQTGUVCPF
R  YKVJ VJG CKO VQ OWFFNG CPF WPFGTOKPG
TGIWNCVKQPU CPF TGIWNCVQT[ FGEKUKQP OCMKPI 5Q
ECNNGFnRTQFWEVFGHGPEGoITQWRUJCXGGOGTIGFVJCV
CTGRTQHGUUKQPCNK\GFKPVJKUGNFCPFVTCKPGFFWTKPI
VJGDCVVNGUQXGTVQDCEEQUOQMKPICPFNWPIECPEGT  
#NTGCF[VJGNCEMQHRTQRGTEQPUKFGTCVKQPQHGEQNQI
KECNUEKGPEGKPVJGCRRNKECVKQPQHVGEJPQNQIKGUUWEJ
CU IGPG VGEJPQNQI[ YCU NCOGPVGF D[ GEQNQIKUVU C
PWODGTQH[GCTUCIQ 
5PQYGVCNDWVVJGKT

XQKEGUYGTGWPJGCTF6JKUNCEMJCUUGTKQWUN[WPFGT
)TCUUGT&8&
OKPGFVJGUEKGPEGHQTVJGRWDNKEIQQFCPFRTQITGUU
QH JWOCPKV[ YJKNG GPFQYKPI RTKXKNGIGF EKTENGU KP
VGEJPQUEKGPEGYKVJGPQTOQWUPQPFGOQETCVKECNN[
NGIKVKOCVGFRQYGT
&KHHGTGPEGU
6JG FKTGEVQT QH 9G HGGF VJG YQTNF 'TYKP 9CIGP
JQHGT VCMGU QP CP GFWECVKQPCN CPF GZRQUKPI TQNG
6JKUKUCNUQKNNWUVTCVGFD[VJGHCEVVJCVJKUYGDUKVG
QHHGTUCRTQHGUUKQPCNGFWECVKQPRCEMCIGURGEKECNN[
HQT JKIJUEJQQN UVWFGPVU 6JG FKTGEVQT QH (QQF +PE
VCMGU QP C OQTG CEVKXKUV TQNG CPF CKOU VQ DWKNF C
OQXGOGPV CNUQ VJTQWIJ JKU YGDUKVG 
YJGTG VJG
NOOCMGTECNNUHQTCEVKQPCPFRTQXKFGUCRNCVHQTO
HQTXQKEKPIQRKPKQPUQTICPK\KPIGXGPVUCPFFKUUGO
KPCVKPITGNGXCPVKPHQTOCVKQP
5QOGHQQVCIGQXGTNCRUKPDQVJNOU(QTGZCORNG

*QYGXGT VJG CKOU CPF UV[NG FKHHGT DGVYGGP DQVJ
NOU 9G HGGF VJG YQTNF JCU PQ QHHEQOOGPVCVQT
CPFTGNKGUGPVKTGN[QPVJGUVCVGOGPVUD[VJGRGQRNG
YJQ CTG TWPPKPI VJG QRGTCVKQPU $[ FQKPI UQ
CNQPIYKVJKPHQTOKPIVJGXKGYGTVJG[CNUQTGXGCN
VJGKTUVTKMKPIFGITGGUQHRGTUQPCNWPJCRRKPGUUCPF
HTWUVTCVKQP CDQWV VJG UKVWCVKQP 6JKU NO EQPPGEVU
VJG FQVU GZRNKEKVN[ HQT VJG XKGYGT D[ FKXKFKPI VJG
NOKPVQEJCRVGTUYKVJJGCFKPIUCUHQTGZCORNG
CSWCTVGTQHVJG$TC\KNKCPRQRWNCVKQPKUUVCTXKPIo
6JG NO FQGU PQV CIKVCVG QT RQNCTK\G VJG XKGYGTU
DWVTGNKGUQPVJGRQYGTQHNGVVKPIVJGOYCVEJVJG
KPFWUVTKCNQRGTCVKQPUCPFVJGGZRNCPCVKQPURTQXKFGF
D[VJQUGYJQTWPVJGO6JGXKGYGTKUGZRGEVGFVQ
DWKNFJKUQTJGTQYPQRKPKQP6JKUUVTCVGI[YQTMGF
UWTRTKUKPIN[YGNNCPF9GHGGFVJGYQTNFJCUDGEQOG
QPGQHVJGOQUVRQRWNCTFQEWOGPVCT[NOUKP#WU
VTKC+VHCTGZEGGFGFVJGGZRGEVCVKQPUQHKVUOCMGTU
(QQF+PEEQODKPGUVJGXQKEGUQHVJGNOGFRGQRNG
YKVJ QHHEQOOGPVCVQTU YJQ YGTG KPVTQFWEGF KP
RGTUQPVQVJGXKGYGTCVVJGDGIKPPKPIQHVJGNO
NKMG /KEJCGN 2QNNCP CPF 'TKE 5EJNQUUGT $QVJ CTG
YGNNMPQYPRQRWNCTIWTGUKPNKVGTCVWTGCPFLQWT
PCNKUO CU YGNN CU CEVKXKUVU HQT C RCTCFKIO UJKHV KP
HQQFCPFCITKEWNVWTCNRTQFWEVKQPKPVJG75#*QY
GXGTVJGOQUVRQYGTHWNUVCVGOGPVUCNUQEQOGHTQO
VJG RGQRNG YJQ GZRQUG VJGKT HGGNKPIU QH RQYGT
NGUUPGUU CPF VGNN VJG ECOGTC CDQWV VJG FGITGG QH
EQPVTQN EQTRQTCVKQPU GZGTV QXGT VJGO 6JG QPN[
nHCTOGTo YJQ UGGOU VQ DG EQPVGPV YKVJ JKU UKVWC
VKQPJCFCEVWCNN[CEEGRVGFJKUTGFGPGFTQNGPQVCU
CPKPFGRGPFGPVHCTOGTDWVTCVJGTCUCPGORNQ[GG
QH 6[UQP QPG QH VJG  DKI KPFWUVTKCN EJKEMGP RTQ
FWEGTUKPVJG758KPEG'FYCTFUEQORNKGUGPVKTGN[
YKVJVJGKTTWNGUJGTGNKGUQPVJGKTVGEJPQNQI[CPF
OQPG[ CPF KU UKORN[ GZGEWVKPI VJGKT RTQFWEVKQP
UVTCVGI[
n9G JCXG C EQPVTCEV YKVJ 6[UQP 6JG[oXG DGGP
ITQYKPI EJKEMGP HQT OCP[ OCP[ [GCTU #PF KVoU CNN
CUEKGPEG6JG[IQVKVIWTGFQWV+H[QWECPITQYC
EJKEMGPKPFC[UYJ[YQWNF[QWYCPVQPG[QWIQV
VQITQYKPVJTGGOQPVJU!o
8KPEG'FYCTFU(QQF+PE ECVKQP
8KPEG'FYCTFUJCFCNUQEQORNKGFYKVJVJGnTGEQO
OGPFCVKQPoQH6[UQPVQPQVCNNQYVJGNOETGYKPVQ
VJG EJKEMGP JQWUGU VQ NO JQY VJG[ YGTG MGRV
9JKNGJGRGTUQPCNN[EQWNFPQVUGGCP[VJKPIYTQPI
CPFYQWNFJCXGDGGPOQTGVJCPJCRR[VQJCXGJKU
EJKEMGPU NOGF JG HQNNQYGF VJKU nTGEQOOGPFC
VKQPoD[6[UQP
(QQF +PE WUGU OCP[ UQRJKUVKECVGF CPKOCVKQPU
VJCVGZRNCKPVJGWPFGTN[KPIEQPPGEVKQPUVJCVYQWNF
DG FKHEWNV VQ UGG KP TGCNKV[ (QT GZCORNG -GPPGT
UJQYUVJGFKUCUUGODNKPIQHOCK\GKPVQCO[TKCFQH
EJGOKECN EQORQWPFU VJCV CTG CFFGF VQ PGY V[RGU
QHRTQEGUUGFHQQFU
Summarizing conclusions
&KUEQPVGPVKUITQYKPI/CP[RGQRNGHGGNVJCVUQOG
VJKPIKUYTQPIYKVJVJGYC[YGITQYCPFRTQFWEG
QWT HQQF $GECWUG VJG GZRNQKVCVKXG RTQVTUV GEQ
PQOKE OQFGN KU PQY CRRNKGF VQ CNN HWPFCOGPVCN
U[UVGOU QH JWOCP UQEKGVKGU VJG U[UVGO JCU PQY
TGCEJGFKVURGCMURGCMYGCNVJHQTCUOCNNOKPQTKV[
RGCMQKNRGCMYCVGTRGCMKPFWUVTKCNHQQFNGCXKPI
QPN[QPGFKTGEVKQPVQIQsFQYPYCTF9KVJINQDCN
YCTOKPICPFVJGPCPEKCNEQNNCRUGNGCFKPIVJGYC[
CITKEWNVWTGHQQFCPFJGCNVJCTGHQNNQYKPI+PXGUVK
ICVKXGFQEWOGPVCTKGUCTGUGTXKPICPKORQTVCPVTQNG
D[ TGXGCNKPI CPF GZRQUKPI VJG WPFGTN[KPI OGEJC
Angelika Hilbeck
PKUOU CPF EQPPGEVKPI VJG FQVU HQT VJG XKGYGT QH
VJKU XCUVN[ EQORNGZ U[UVGO QH INQDCN FKOGPUKQPU
6JKUPQVQPN[GZRNCKPUVJGKPETGCUKPIRQRWNCTKV[QH
UWEJKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCT[NOUVJG[CEVWCNN[
UGTXGVJGKOOGFKCVGPGGFQHRGQRNG/QTGQXGTVJG
OQFGTPOGFKWOQHNOOCMKPICNNQYUFKTGEVQTUVQ
RTQFWEGUWEJNOUYKVJOQTGCHHQTFCDNGUQRJKUVK
+P9GHGGFVJGYQTNFVJGFKTGEVQT'TYKP9CIGPJQHGT
KPVGTXKGYGFVJG%'1QH0GUVN2GVGT$TCDGEMYJQ
TGXGCNGF JKU RGTUQPCN UVCVG QH FGPKCN CPF NCEM QH
KPUKIJVKPVJGHCKNWTGQHVJGU[UVGOVJCVJKUINQDCN
QNKICTEJ[CU,GCP<KGINGTECNNUVJGOJCUJGNRGFVQ
GUVCDNKUJ 5VWDDQTPN[ $TCDGEM RQKPVU VQ VJG UWE
EGUUGU QH JKU UVTCVGI[ CPF CTIWGU VJCV KVU HCKNWTGU
CTGFWGVQnDCFoKORNGOGPVCVKQPQHVJKUQVJGTYKUG
YQTMKPI UVTCVGI[ *KU JQPGUV[ KU RGTJCRU QPG QH
VJG DGUV UCTECUVKE CEJKGXGOGPVU QH VJKU NO CU VJG
XKGYGTU ECP GCUKN[ QDUGTXG JQY NQUV CPF FKUEQP
PGEVGFUWEJEQTRQTCVGNGCFGTUCTGHTQOVJGHCNNQWV
QHVJGU[UVGOVJCVJCUOCFGVJGOKOOGPUGN[TKEJ
/QUV OGOQTCDNG CTG VJG ENQUKPI UGPVGPEGU KP 9G
HGGF VJG YQTNF URQMGP D[ $TCDGEM CPF NGHV WPEQO
OGPVGF+VDGECOGUVWPPKPIN[ENGCTHQTVJGXKGYGT
JQY VJG EQTRQTCVG GNKVG KU KORTKUQPGF KP C YQTNF
QHOCTMGVCPFRTQVNQIKEUGXGTGN[TGUVTKEVKPIVJGKT
KPVGNNGEVWCN QRVKQPU HQT RTQITGUUKXG UQNWVKQPU CPF
QRVKQPUDG[QPFCPFCDQXGVJGEWTTGPVU[UVGO
5QOGSWGUVKQPUUVKNNTGOCKPQRGPCPFWPCFFTGUUGF
*QYECPYGRTQITGUUKPVJGHCEGQHUWEJRQYGTHWN
DNQEMGTU CPF UVCMGJQNFGTU YJQ UGGO VQ DG FGVGT
OKPGFVQRWTUWGVJGRCVJQHUGNHFGUVTWEVKQP!9J[
FQPoVCP[QHVJGFQEWOGPVCVKQPUGZVGPFVJGKTNKPGU
QH FQVEQPPGEVKQPU VQ KPENWFG VYQ HWTVJGT XGT[
KORQTVCPVITQWRUQHUVCMGJQNFGTUKPVJKUGNFRJCT

OCEGWVKECN EQORCPKGU CPF RWDNKE UGEVQT UEKGPEG! +
JCXGCVVGORVGFVQRQKPVVQVJGKPVKOCVGTGNCVKQPUJKR
QHVJGRJCTOCEGWVKECNEQTRQTCVKQPUVQVJGKTHGNNQY
CITKEWNVWTCNCPFHQQFRTQEGUUKPIEQWPVGTRCTVUYJQ
IGPGTCVGKVUnDGUVEWUVQOGTUo+TQPKECNN[OQUVEJGO
KECNDKQVGEJEQORCPKGUYJQHQTGZCORNGRTQFWEG
RQKUQPQWU RGUVKEKFGU CPF IGPGVKECNN[ OQFKGF
ETQRRNCPVUCTGCNUQRTQFWEKPIRJCTOCEGWVKECNUKP
TGNCVGFDTCPEJGUQHVJGKTINQDCNCIINQOGTCVGU
1RVKQPUHQTVJGYC[HQTYCTF
6JGTG UGGO VQ DG VYQ RTGUUKPI KUUWGU KPXQNXGF CV
VJKUVKOG1PGFGCNUYKVJVJGUGCTEJHQTRTQFWEVKQP
OQFGNU VJCV EQWNF UGTXG CU DCUKU HQT FGXGNQROGPV
CVCNCTIGUECNGVJCVYQWNFCNNGXKCVGVJGHCKNWTGUQH
VJG EWTTGPV OQFGN 6JG QVJGT FGCNU YKVJ VJG DKI
SWGUVKQP 9JCV CTG VJG QRVKQPU HQT CEVKQP HQT VJG
OCLQTKV[ QH RGQRNG! 2GQRNG YJQ TGCNK\G VJCV VJG
U[UVGOOWUVEJCPIGDWVCTGKPECRCDNGQHDTKPIKPI
CDQWVVJKUEJCPIGDGECWUGVJGTWNKPIGNKVGUCTGWPK
GFKPCUVCVGQHFGPKCN'NKVGUYJKEJCTGVKGFFQYP
D[ VJG EQTRQTCVG EQPVTQN QH VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQORC
PKGUYJQUGRQYGTJCUUWTRCUUGFVJCVQHOCP[QT
OQUVUQXGTGKIPPCVKQPU
#NVGTPCVKXGRTQFWEVKQPOQFGNU
(QQF +PE HGCVWTGU VYQ EQPVTCUVKPI OQFGNU QT UQNW
VKQPU1PVJGQPGJCPFVJGTGKUVJGNCTIG75YKFG
QTICPKE EQTRQTCVKQP 5VQP[GNFU +PE CPF QP VJG
QVJGTJCPFVJGUOCNNFGEGPVTCNK\GFHCTOKPIQRGTC
VKQPQH2QN[HCEG(CTOU TWPD[VJG5CNCVKPHCOKN[

6JG2QN[HCEGHCTOKPIOQFGNENGCTN[ECNNUHQTCOQTG
HWPFCOGPVCN UJKHV KP RTQFWEVKQP CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP
VQYCTFUCNQECNFGEGPVTCNK\GFU[UVGO(QTGZCORNG
2QN[HCEG (CTO TGHWUGU VQ UJKR RTQFWEVU QWVUKFG QH
VJGKT XKEKPKV[ CPF GPEQWTCIGU RGQRNG VQ NQQM HQT
QVJGTNQECNHCTOGTU6JGQYPGTUQH2QN[HCEG(CTOU
VJG5CNCVKPHCOKN[JCXGPQFGUKTGVQKPETGCUGVJGKT

QRGTCVKQPCPFFGCNYKVJNCTIGTGVCKNGTUUWEJCU9CN
OCTV +P EQPVTCUV VJG QPEG UOCNN QTICPKE HCOKN[
FCKT[HCTO5VQP[GNFYGPVVJGQRRQUKVGYC[6JG[
DQWIJVKPVQVJGGEQPQOKENQIKEQHUECNGCPFEJQUG
VQYQTMYKVJ9CNOCTVCPFYGTGDQWIJVQWVD[VJG
NCTIG VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQTRQTCVKQP &CPQPG #NVJQWIJ
VJG[ HQNNQY QTICPKE UVCPFCTFU YJGP KV EQOGU VQ
RTQEGUUKPI [QIJWTV CPF VTCPURQTV VJG[ JCXG HQN
NQYGFVJGEWTTGPVGEQPQOKEOQFGNQHITQYVJDCUGF
QP C NCTIG UECNG EGPVTCNK\GF FKUVTKDWVKQP U[UVGO
6JGKT UCNGU KPETGCUGF UKIPKECPVN[ YJGP 9CNOCTV
FGEKFGF VQ UGNN VJGKT RTQFWEVU 6QFC[ 5VQP[GNF
+PE KU QPG QH VJG HGY DKI EQTRQTCVKQPU KP QTICPKE
OKNM RTQFWEVKQP s YKVJQWV WUKPI RGUVKEKFGU CPVK
DKQVKEU CPF CDWUKPI RGQRNG CNN QH YJKEJ FGUGTXGU
GPQTOQWU ETGFKV $WV YG UVKNN PGGF C RWDNKE FKU
EQWTUGQPYJKEJQHVJGUGOQFGNUECPDGUVUGTXGQWT
PGGFU CPF CNUQ TGVCKP C UOCNN GEQNQIKECN HQQVRTKPV
1PN[ VJGP ECP YG CHHGEV EJCPIG CPF IGCT VJG UEK
GPEGCIGPFCUVQYCTFURGQRNGoUPGGFUCICKPCUYGNN
CUFGXGNQRQRVKOK\GFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOU
2TQITGUUKPVJGHCEGQHDNQEMCFGU
%TKVKECNFQEWOGPVCTKGUJCXGUWEEGGFGFKPTGXGCNKPI
CPFFGEQPUVTWEVKPIVJGWPFGTN[KPITGCUQPUNGCFKPI
VQ VJG INQDCN FGENKPG QH GEQNQIKECN CPF GEQPQOKE
U[UVGOU+VUGGOUVJG[CNUQECPIGPGTCVGOQOGPVWO
CPFOQXGRGQRNGVQVJGRQKPVQHECVCRWNVKPIVJGO
UGNXGU QWV QH VJG XKEKQWU URKTCN CPF VJGKT KPXQNWP
VCT[ EQORNKEKV[ VQ GZKUV YKVJ UWEJ C RTQDNGOCVKE
U[UVGO6JGUGETKVKECNFQEWOGPVCTKGUNGCFVJGYC[
CPF ECP JCXG C VTGOGPFQWU TQNG KP EQPPGEVKPI
VJG FKUEQPPGEVGF KUUWGU QH GEQNQI[ GEQPQO[ CPF
UQEKQRQNKVKEU + CTIWG VJCV UEKGPVKUVU PGGF VQ LQKP
GHHQTVU HQT VJG EQPEGRVKQP CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH
PGYEQPEGRVUYKVJETGCVKXGNOOCMGTUCPFQVJGT
CTVKUVU
9G PGGF VQ FGXGNQR VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU VQ
GPICIGVJGRWDNKEKPCYQTNFVJCVJQXGTUnDGVYGGP
EQORNGVG CPZKGV[ CPF C VQVCN KPECRCEKV[ VQ RTG
FKEV QT KOCIKPG EQPUGSWGPEGU CU UGGP KP JWOCP
+XGVVG 2GTHGEVQ 2TQ
RTQXQMGF GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIGU CPF CIITGUUKXG
RQYGTUVTWIINGUo
5CKV9JCVYGUJCTGKUVJG YYYCIUCQTIDNQIQTICPKEHCTOKPIECP
EQNNGEVKXG FGUKTG VQ PQV DG FGUVTWEVKXG CPF PQV VQ
DGNWTGFKPVQEQORNKEKV[CPFEQORNCEGPE[YKVJVJG
RQYGTUCPFNQIKEUQHRTGFCVQT[DGJCXKQWTCPFECN
EWNWU #TVKUVU CTG PGGFGF VQ JGNR KP VJG SWGUV HQT
URCEGHQTVTCPUEGPFKPIFKUEKRNKPCT[DQWPFCTKGU#U
5CKV
UWIIGUVUn6QFC[VJGCTVKUVoUEQPUVTWE
VKXGKPVGTXGPVKQPKUVQUETWVKPK\GEQOOQPN[RTQV
FTKXGP RTQEGUUGU QH EQNNCDQTCVKQP VQ CFFTGUU VJG
UQEKQRQNKVKECN FKNGOOC KP C YQTNF QDUGUUGF YKVJ
UJQTVUKIJVGF TGUWNVUo 6JKU KU VJG RGTHGEV RTGVGZV
HQT nEQNNCDQTCVKXG CTVo s C UJKHV HTQO DTKPIKPI CTV
VQVJGRGQRNGVQKPUVGCFYQTMKPIYKVJVJGRGQRNG
VQETGCVGCTV
5QYFGT9GJCXGCLQKPVSWGUV VJCVNGUUVJCPQHCNNEQTPKUCEVWCNN[GCVGPCUHQQF
HQTUWUVCKPCDNGRTQITGUUCPFCHWVWTGDG[QPFITGGF
(WUUGNN
Notes
 JVVRYYYKOFDEQOPCOGPO 
 +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG QH VJG
7PKVGF0CVKQPU
 (QQF +PE /KEJCGN 6C[NQT  CV -KPI 
5RCWNFKPI JG UGTXGF CU NCY[GT CFXKUKPI /QPUCPVQ
QP IGPGVKECNN[ OQFKGF HQQF NCDGNNKPI +P  JG
OQXGFVQVJG(&#CUFGRWV[EQOOKUUKQPGTHQTRQNKE[
YJGTGJGQXGTUCY(&#oUFGEKUKQPPQVVQNCDGNIGPGVK
ECNN[ OQFKGF HQQFU 1PEG VJCV YCU CEJKGXGF JG
UWICT EQTP QWT FGZVTQUG EQTP UVCTEJ UQ[DGCP
OQXGFDCEMVQ/QPUCPVQKPWPVKNCUXKEG
RTGUKFGPVHQTRWDNKERQNKE[
 n%QTRQTCVG KPVGTGUV KP CITKEWNVWTG CPF VJG YC[ CITK
EWNVWTG TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF KP NCPF ITCPV
CRTGUGTXC
KPUVKVWVKQPUYKVJCNQVQHKPWGPEGD[VJGEJGOKECN
EQORCPKGU CPF RGUVKEKFG EQORCPKGU CU YGNN CU HGTVK
Angelika Hilbeck
NK\GTEQORCPKGUsCNNJCXGDGGPRNC[KPICPKORQTVCPV
TQNGKPEQPXKPEKPIVJGRWDNKEVJCV[QWPGGFVQJCXG
VJGUG KPRWVU VQ RTQFWEG HQQF
HGUUQTHQT'EQNQI[7PKXGTUKV[QH/KEJKICPsJVVR
HGGFYQTNFJVON 
 +P VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ EQTP VTCPUHQTOGF HTQO C
HQQFQTHGGFETQRVQCTCYOCVGTKCNEQORGVKPIKPWUGU
YKVJ ETWFG QKN QT RGVTQNGWO +P  VJG 0CVKQPCN
%QTP )TQYGTU #UUQEKCVKQP FGENCTGF VJCV nCP[VJKPI
OCFGHTQOCDCTTGNQHRGVTQNGWOECPDGOCFGHTQO
C DWUJGN QH EQTPo 6QFC[ QWV QH o KVGOU QH C
TGIWNCTITQEGT[UWRGTOCTMGVKPVJG75EQPVCKP
EQTP KP QPG HQTO QT CPQVJGT CPF VJG YGDUKVG NKUVU
QXGTRTQFWEVUVJCVWUGEQTPQHVJQUGTCPIKPIHTQO
DGGT EQUOGVKEU VQ RCKPV QT XCTPKUJ VQ RJCTOCEGWVK
ECNU VKTGU CPF [QIJWTV (WUUGNN UVCVGF KP VJG U
RGTEGPVKUEQPXGTVGFKPVQCPKOCNUCPFVJGTGUVKU
WUGFHQTKPFWUVTKCNRWTRQUGU
 n'OGTIKPIUEKGPEGUGGOUVQUWIIGUVVJCVUWDUVCPEGZ
=CXKVCOKPKPCHWPEVKQPCNHQQFRTQFWEV?OC[CFFVQ
DTGCUVJGCNVJosUVCVGOGPVJGCTFD[CWVJQTKPCEQO
OGTEKCN QP C EQWPVT[ TCFKQ UVCVKQP KP 9[QOKPI KP
,WN[
 +PITGFKGPVU QH C TCPFQON[ EJQUGP DTCPF QH DCIGNU KP
C 75 UWRGTOCTMGV NKUVU   OQUVN[ JKIJN[ RTQEGUUGF
KPITGFKGPVU QDXKQWUN[ OCMKPI VJKU C RTQVCDNG nGFKDNG
HQQFNKMG UWDUVCPEGo +PITGFKGPVU KPENWFG YJGCV QWT
OCNV DCTNG[ QWT PKCEKP HGTTQWU UWNHCVG VJKCOKP
OQPQPKVTCVG TKDQCXKP HQNKE CEKF YCVGT DNWGDGTT[
DKVU
QKN HTWEVQUG FTKGF DNWGDGTTKGU PCVWTCN CPF CTVKEKCN
CXQWTU YJGCV UVCTEJ EKVTKE CEKF UCNV TGF  DNWG 
DNWGITGGPUWICTYJGCVINWVGPUCNV[GCUVOQPQ
FKIN[EGTKFGUIWCTIWOECNEKWORTQRKQPCVG
VKXG EQTP U[TWR UQNKFU OQNCUUGU GP\[OG UQ[ QKN

 CUEQTDKECEKF
 %GPVGT HQT &KUGCUG %QPVTQN %&% s JVVRYYYEFE
IQXQDGUKV[ 
 JVVRYYYKLUCHQTI CTEJKXGNQVVGTRFH 
 n6JG[ =RTQFWEV FGHGPUG ITQWRU? EQODKPG UEKGPEG
CDQWV  OGODGT EKPGOCU
YKVJ RWDNKE TGNCVKQPU VQ JGNR ENKGPVU CXQKF TGIWNC
VKQP CPF NKVKICVKQP =e? 6JG KPVGPV KU VQ ECUV FQWDV
QP TGCN UEKGPEG 6JG KPFWUVT[ JCU FGGR TQQVU KP VJG
IJV QXGT VQDCEEQo &CXKF /KEJCGNU ,CPWCT[ 
JVVRYYYHCUVEQORCP[EQOOCIC\KPGOCP
WHCEVWTKPIFQWDVJVON 
 n'EQNQIKUVU CITKEWNVWTCN UEKGPVKUVU OQNGEWNCT DKQNQ
IKUVU CPF QVJGTU PGGF DTQCFGT VTCKPKPI VQ CFFTGUU
VJGCDQXGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPU9GUVTQPIN[GPEQWTCIG
ITGCVGT OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ VTCKPKPI CPF EQNNCDQTCVKXG
OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ TGUGCTEJ QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN
TKUMUCPFDGPGVUQH)'1Uo
5PQYGVCN 'FKVQTU 5EKGPVKE #OGTKECP  o&Q UGGF EQORCPKGU
 %QOOGPVD[//CTXKGTn)KXGPVJCVVJGEWT
TGPVVTGPFKPDKQNQIKECNGFWECVKQPKUVQOQXGVQYCTF
GXGT OQTG URGEKCNK\GF EWTTKEWNC ECNNU HQT OWNVKFKUEK
RNKPCT[VTCKPKPIUGGOVQDGHCNNKPIQPFGCHGCTU$WV
JCXKPICPCTTQYDCEMITQWPFECPNGCFVQUQOGJKIJN[
WPFGUKTCDNG EQPUGSWGPEGU (QT GZCORNG + TGEGPVN[
OGVCUEKGPVKUVHTQO+PFKCYJQYCUYQTMKPIVQIGPGV
KECNN[ GPIKPGGT CP GPFCPIGTGF UJ UQ VJCV KV OKIJV
(#1n6JGUVCVG
DGVVGTVQNGTCVGYCVGTUVJCVJCFDGEQOGKPVGPUGN[RQN
NWVGFYKVJJGCX[OGVCNU9KVJLWUVCNKVVNGVTCKPKPIKP
GEQNQI[ VJKU OQNGEWNCT DKQNQIKUV YQWNF NKMGN[ JCXG
TGEQIPK\GFVJGHQQNKUJPGUUQHJKUTGUGCTEJCODKVKQP
CHVGT CNN JCXKPI QPG URGEKGU QH UJ VQNGTCVG JGCX[
OGVCNU YQWNF QPN[ OGCP VJQUG OGVCNU EQWNF DG
CEEWOWNCVGFCPFRCUUGFWRVJGHQQFEJCKPRQUUKDN[
GXGP VQ JWOCPU 6JG PGGF HQT DTGCFVJ KP DKQNQIKECN
VTCKPKPIUKORN[ECPPQVDGQXGTUVCVGF5CFN[=e?VJG
GFU
ICRDGVYGGPVJGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUOCFGKPVJG'5#
RQUKVKQPRCRGTCPFTGCNKV[KUJWIGoJVVRYYYVYP
UKFGQTI UIVKVNGUGTXKEGJVO 
GF (QQF +PE *QY KPFWUVTKCN HQQF KU OCMKPI WU
 JVVRYYYVCMGRCTVEQOHQQFKPE 

 n9J[6QOCVQGUVTCXGNMOVJTQWIJ'WTQRGCPF
#HTKECPU CTG FTCYP VQ VJG TKEJ PQTVJGTP EQWPVTKGU
CPFQWTXGIGVCDNGUGPFWRQP#HTKECoUOCTMGVUo
 'In$GUVFQEWOGPVCT[o6JG)WKNFQH)GTOCP
#TV *QWUG %KPGOCU
NCTIGUVUWEJCUUQEKCVKQPKP)GTOCP[
 JVVRYYYUVQP[GNFEQO 
 JVVRYYYRQN[HCEGHCTOUEQO 
References
$KQUEKGPEG 4GUQWTEG 2TQLGEV  n6JG CIGPFC ICR KP UEK
GPEGo (GDTWCT[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
YYYDKQUEKGPEGTGUQWTEGQTIEQOOGPVCTKGUCTVKENG
RJR!KF 
%QPVTQN )/ ETQR TGUGCTEJ!o #WIWUV CEEGUUGF 
/CTEJ  JVVRYYYUEKGPVKECOGTKECPEQO
CTVKENGEHO!KFFQUGGFEQORCPKGUEQPVTQNIOETQR
TGUGCTEJ 
'V\MQYKV\ *  n6JG TKUG QH VJG GPVTGRTGPGWTKCN WPK
XGTUKV[o +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH %QPVGORQTCT[ 5QEK
QNQI[XQNRR
(QQFCPF#ITKEWNVWTG1TICPKUCVKQP
QH HQQF KPUGEWTKV[ KP VJG YQTNF 'EQPQOKE ETKUGU
s KORCEVU CPF NGUUQPU NGCTPGFo 4QOG CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYGGQGFCEWMRQUV
ITCFWCVG/5EGPXFGXKPVFGXNGU(#1AHQQFAUGEW
TKV[ARFH 
(WUUGNN $  6JG UVQT[ QH EQTP 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY
/GZKEQ2TGUU#NDWSWGTSWG
+##56&)NQDCN4GRQTVn#ITKEWNVWTGCVC%TQUUTQCFUo$
/E+PV[TG**GTTGP,9CMJWPIW469CVUQP
-GPPGT 4  n'ZRNQTKPI VJG EQTRQTCVG RQYGT DGJKPF
VJGYC[YGGCVVJGOCMKPIQH(QQF+PEoKP-9GDGT
UKEMGT HCVVGT CPF RQQTGT CPF YJCV [QW ECP FQ CDQWV
 KVCRCTVKEKRCPVIWKFG2CTVKEKRCPV/GFKC0GY;QTM ,QJPU*QRMKPU7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU$CNVKOQTG/&

Angelika Hilbeck
-TKOUM[ 5  5EKGPEG KP VJG RTKXCVG KPVGTGUV *CU VJG 5PQY###PFQY&#)GRVU2*CNNGTOCP'/2QYGT
NWTGQHRTQVUEQTTWRVGFDKQOGFKECNTGUGCTEJ!4QYOCP #6KGFLG,/9QNHGPDCTIGT..n)GPGVKECNN[
.KVVNGGNF.CPJCO/& GPIKPGGTGFQTICPKUOUCPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV%WTTGPV
.CE[5
GF/CRRKPIVJGVGTTCKP0GYIGPTGRWDNKE UVCVWUCPFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUo'EQNQIKECN#RRNKECVKQPU
CTV$C[2TGUU5GCVVNG9#R XQNRR
.QVVGT & C n6JG IGPGVKE GPIKPGGTKPI QH HQQF CPF 9CNV\'Cn)/ETQRU$CVVNGGNFo0CVWTGXQN
VJGHCKNWTGQHUEKGPEGs2CTV6JGFGXGNQROGPVQHC RR
CYGF GPVGTRTKUGo +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH 5QEKQNQI[ 9CNV\'Dn7PFGTYTCRUo0CVWTG$KQVGEJPQNQI[XQN
QH#ITKEWNVWTG(QQFXQNRR RR
.QVVGT&Dn6JGIGPGVKEGPIKPGGTKPIQHHQQFCPFVJG 9GNUJ4)NGPPC.n%QPUKFGTKPIVJGTQNGQHVJG
HCKNWTG QH UEKGPEG s 2CTV  #ECFGOKE ECRKVCNKUO CPF WPKXGTUKV[KPEQPFWEVKPITGUGCTEJQPCITKDKQVGEJPQN
VJG NQUU QH UEKGPVKE KPVGITKV[o +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QIKGUo5QEKCN5VWFKGUQH5EKGPEGXQNRR
QH 5QEKQNQI[ QH #ITKEWNVWTG  (QQF XQN  RR  s

/KEJCGNU&&QWDVKUVJGKTRTQFWEV1ZHQTF7PKXGT
UKV[ 2TGUU CNUQ KP 5EKGPVKE #OGTKECP XQN  ,WPG
 CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ JVVRYYYUEK
GPVKHKECOGTKECPEQOCTVKENGEHO!KFFQWDVKUV JGKT
RTQFWEV 
0GUVNG/(QQF2QNKVKEU*QYVJGHQQFKPFWUVT[KPW
GPEGU PWVTKVKQP CPF JGCNVJ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC
2TGUU.QPFQP7-
2CVGN 4  5VWHHGF  UVCTXGF 6JG JKFFGP DCVVNG HQT VJG
YQTNF HQQF U[UVGO  GFP /GNXKNNG *QWUG 2WD
NKUJKPI0GY;QTM
2QNNCEM #  n%TQR UEKGPVKUVU UC[ DKQVGEJPQNQI[ UGGF
EQORCPKGU CTG VJYCTVKPI TGUGCTEJo 0GY ;QTM 6KOGU
RWDN(GDTWCT[CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVR
YYYP[VKOGUEQODWUKPGUUETQR
JVON 
2QNNCP/+PFGHGPUGQHHQQF2GPIWKP0GY;QTM
5CKV /9  'PICIKPI VJG RWDNKE &KCNQIKECN CTV CPF
HTCOGYQTMU VQ EQNNCDQTCVKXG GPXKTQPOGPVU /QOGP
VCTKWO CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
OQOGPVCTKWOQTITGUGCTEJEQNNCDQTCVKQPRFH 
5NCWIJVGT54JQCFGU)#ECFGOKEECRKVCNKUOCPF
PGY GEQPQO[ /CTMGVU UVCVG CPF JKIJGT GFWECVKQP


 H E AT : A R T , P E O PLE & CLIMATE CHANGE
Jill Orr
6JGRTGOKUGQHVJGRGTHQTOCPEGYQTMCPFVJKUGUUC[KUVJCVVJTQWIJCYCTG
PGUUQHJKUVQTKEEWNVWTCNCPFNQECNTGNCVKQPUVQCP[IKXGPRNCEGNKGVJGUGGFU
QH JWOCP UVGYCTFUJKR VJCV + DGNKGXG KU CP KORQTVCPV KPITGFKGPV HQT UQEKCN
EJCPIGTGICTFKPIENKOCVGEJCPIGUQNWVKQPU
6JKU GUUC[ TGGEVU QP O[ YQTM CU C RGTHQTOCPEG
CTVKUVYJQGPICIGUYKVJVJGETQUUEWNVWTCNTGNCVKQPU
KP URGEKE UKVGU CU C OGCPU VQ CFFTGUU VJG DGJCX
KQWTCN UJKHVU KORNKEKV YKVJKP UQNWVKQPU VQ ENKOCVG
EJCPIG+JCXGETGCVGFUQEKQRQGVKEGPXKTQPOGPVCN
RGTHQTOCPEGKPUVCNNCVKQPRJQVQITCRJKECPFXKFGQ
TGURQPUGU VQ OCP[ FKHHGTGPV RGTHQTOCPEG RTQLGEVU
VJCVGPICIGKPUKVGUYKVJKP8KEVQTKC#WUVTCNKC
+VKUYKVJKPVJKUUEQRGVJCVO[YQTMECPOQUVGHHGE
VKXGN[EQPVTKDWVGVQVJGKPVGTHCEGDGVYGGPCTVUEK
GPEGCPFVJGEQOOWPKV[
6JGWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHDQVJVJGKUUWGUQHENKOCVG
EJCPIGCPFRQVGPVKCNUQNWVKQPUVJTQWIJCYCTGPGUU
CPFCEVKQPECPDGUGGPCUCPKPVGTHCEGDGVYGGPVJG
CEEGUUKDKNKV[ QH UEKGPEG CPF VJG KFGC QH GORQYGT
OGPVVJTQWIJCEVKQP6JGHGOKPKUVRJTCUGnVJGRGT
UQPCN KU RQNKVKECNo JCU TGUQPCPEG JGTG DGECWUG VJG
ITQWPFUYGNNQHCEVKXGKPXQNXGOGPVKPYJCVGXGTGNF
JQNFURGTUQPCNCVVTCEVKQPKUOQTGNKMGN[VQGPFWTG
CPF FGXGNQR NQECN UQNWVKQPU UJCTGF D[ INQDCN PGV
YQTMU2CTVQHVJKURTQEGUUKUCFFTGUUKPIDNQEMCIGU
VJCV RTQJKDKV KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP RGQRNG 5QOG
DNQEMCIGUOCPKHGUVKPJKUVQTKECNNQPIUVCPFKPICVVK
4WFF
VWFGUTGICTFKPIRGQRNGCPFRNCEGYJGTGUGXGTGFKU
CFXCPVCIG VJTQWIJ TCEKUO RQXGTV[ IGPQEKFG CPF
NCEMQHGFWECVKQPCTGHGNVCUVTCWOC
6JGKFGPVKV[QH+PFKIGPQWURGQRNGECPPQVDGUGRC
TCVGF HTQO VJGKT CPEGUVTCN NCPF 6JGKT EJCNNGPIG
JCU UKPEG EQNQPKUCVKQP DGGP QPG QH UQEKGVCN TGE
QIPKVKQP QH VJGKT URKTKVWCN TGNCVKQPU VQ NCPF 6JG
EQWPVT[ QH #WUVTCNKC UKPEG UGVVNGOGPV JCU DGGP
KTTGXQECDN[VTCPUHQTOGFHTQODWUJNCPFKPVQHCTO
NCPF CPF QYPGF D[ PQP+PFKIGPQWU HCTOGTU CPF
IQXGTPOGPVU 6JG +PFKIGPQWU UVTWIING HQT EWNVWTCN
CEMPQYNGFIGOGPV CPF NCPF TKIJVU JCXG KP VJG NCUV
UGXGTCN[GCTUUGGPUQOGUWEEGUUGU'CEJENCKOOWUV
FGOQPUVTCVG WPDTQMGP CPEGUVTCN NKPMU VQ VJG NCPF
KP SWGUVKQP 6JGUG TKIJVU GPCDNG EQOOWPKVKGU VQ
RTCEVKEGEGTGOQPKCNCPFEWNVWTCNVTCFKVKQPUQPVJCV
NCPFCUVJG[CVVGORVUWUVCKPCDKNKV[KPCPGEQPQOKE
CPFEWNVWTCNUGPUG6JGUGEQOOWPKVKGUHCEGWTIGPV
KUUWGU QH JGCNVJ GFWECVKQP CPF GORNQ[OGPV 6JG
UVTWIINGUHQTTGEQIPKVKQPCPFVJGCEMPQYNGFIGOGPV
QHCVTQEKVKGUKPVJGJCPFUQHYJKVGUQEKGV[JCXGDGGP
CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ VJG 4WFF )QXGTPOGPV KP VJG
U[ODQNKECEVQHCPCRQNQI[KP

6JG RTQEGUU CPF VJG UECTU QH KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN
CNKGPCVKQPHTQOVJGKTEQWPVT[KORCEVGFHWTVJGTD[
VJG UVQNGP IGPGTCVKQPU YJGTG IQXGTPOGPVU VQQM
EJKNFTGP HQTEKDN[ HTQO VJGKT HCOKNKGU CTG UVKNN HGNV
6JGNCUVKPEKFGPEGQHHQTEGFTGOQXCNYCUQHEKCNN[KP
.CODGTI
JQYGXGTWPQHEKCNN[VJGRTCEVKEGEQPVKPWGF
OWEJCHVGTVJKUJVVRTGEQPEKNKCEVKQPQTICW 6JG
VTCWOCCUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJKURTCEVKEGKUYKVJKPNKXKPI
OGOQT[ CPF UVKNN KORCEVU CNN +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
6JG TCVG QH UWKEKFG KPECTEGTCVKQP CPF UWDUVCPEG
CDWUGKUYGNNFQEWOGPVGFCPFCVVTKDWVGFKPRCTVVQ
VJG UVQNGP IGPGTCVKQPU KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN VTCWOC
*WOCP 4KIJVU CPF 'SWCN 1RRQTVWPKV[ %QOOKU
UKQP 4GRQTV  #ICKPUV VJKU DCEMITQWPF 6JG
#WUVTCNKC  5WOOKV 6JG (WVWTG QH 4WTCN CPF
4GIKQPCN #WUVTCNKC
#WUVTCNKC  5WOOKV  EJCNNGPIGCPFYGCNNECPEQPVTKDWVGQPCNQECNNGXGN
CNUQTGEQIPKUGUVJCV+PFKIGPQWU#WUVTCNKCPUOCPCIG
QPGHVJQHVJGNCPFKP#WUVTCNKC$[EQPVTCUVVJGTG
KU CP WPUWDUVCPVKCVGF WTDCP O[VJ VJCV UQOG #WU
VTCNKCPUHGGNCPGPXKTQPOGPVCNUCXKQWTKPVJGJCPFU
QH+PFKIGPQWUNCPFECTG+VKUXKVCNN[KORQTVCPVVJCV
+PFKIGPQWU MPQYNGFIG KU NKUVGPGF VQ CPF KPENWFGF
YKVJKPUWUVCKPCDNGUQNWVKQPU*QYGXGTKVKUCPQVJGT
SWGUVKQPVQVJKPMVJCV+PFKIGPQWUEQOOWPKVKGUECP
ECTT[VJKUTGURQPUKDKNKV[HQTVJGGPVKTGEQWPVT[6JG
EQORNGZ FQWDNG RCTCFQZ KU RCTV QH C EWNVWTCN EQP
UVTWEVKQPRNC[GFQWVD[CIWKNV[OCKPUVTGCOYJQUG
TQOCPEGQHVGPHWGNUCURGEVUQHCSWKEMZVQENKOCVG
EJCPIGD[KPXQMKPIVJGTQOCPVKEEQNQPKCNKUVKOCIG
QHVJGnPQDNGUCXCIGoKPVWPGYKVJVJGNCPF
%% .CODGTI-CTNQXUM[ &KTGEVQT QH VJG 2GCDQF[
/WUGWO QH #TEJCGQNQI[ CPF 'VJPQNQI[ *CTXCTF
7PKXGTUKV[YTKVGU NCPF YJKEJ JCU HQTOGF CPF KPHQTOGF KFGPVKVKGU
n+H RCUV KOCIGU YJGVJGT YTKVVGP QT RJQVQITCRJGF
YGTG RGTOGCVGF D[ CVVKVWFGU QH EQNQPKCNKUV UWRGTK
QTKV[ TCEKUO QT VJG KFGCNKUGF PQVKQP QH VJG KPPCVG

PQDKNKV[ QH VJG pUCXCIGq YJCV VJGP QH QWT RTGUGPV
RGTURGEVKXG!=e?
6JGUGOC[DGPQOQTGVJCPQWTYKUJHWNRTQLGEVKQPU
QPVQQVJGTRGQRNGURCUVCPFRTGUGPVKPCPGHHQTVVQ
COGNKQTCVGVJGRTQDNGOUQHQWTQYPFC[o
-CTNQXUM[
9GPGGFVQTGOCKPCNGTVVQVJGHCEVVJCV+PFKIGPQWU
EQOOWPKVKGUJCXGJCFTGEGPVIQXGTPOGPVKPVGTXGP
VKQPKPVJGIWKUGQHEJKNFRTQVGEVKQPCICKPUVUGZWCN
CDWUG 6JG VTQWDNKPI NCEM QH GFWECVKQP CPF JGCNVJ
UGTXKEGU UWKEKFGU CPF WPGORNQ[OGPV RWV C TGCNKV[
VQCP[TQOCPEGVJCV+PFKIGPQWUNCPFOCPCIGOGPV
ECP UCXG WU CNN 'CEJ NQECNG KU FKHHGTGPV YKVJ KVU
URGEKE GPXKTQPOGPVCN CVVTKDWVGU 9G CNN HCEG VJKU
YKVJKPQWTKOOGFKCVGGPXKTQPOGPV
5WUVCKPCDKNKV[ KU CV VJG EQTG QH VJGUG EWNVWTCN OKU
EQPEGRVKQPU *QYGXGT CYCTGPGUU CPF CEMPQYN
GFIOGPV QH FKHEWNV JKUVQTKECN VTWVJU OWUV QEEWT
DGHQTG CPFQT UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ YKVJ YQTM QP
GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ KH YG CTG VQ UWEEGGF
KP CEJKGXKPI UQNWVKQPU 6JGUG RTQEGUUGU CTG NQPI
WPFGTYC[ [GV VJG JWTV CPF JKUVQT[ TWP FGGR CPF
VJKUKUYJGTGVTCPUFKUEQWTUGKUCXKVCNCRRTQCEJ0QV
QPGRGTUQPITQWRVTKDGRNCEGEQORCP[RQNKVKECN
RCTV[ QT EQWPVT[ ECP GHHGEVKXGN[ GODTCEG CNN VJGTG
KUVQMPQYQTHQTOQPGUKPINGKPRWV6JGRTQEGUUKU
OWNVKHCEGVGFOWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[CPFKPENWUKXG
$QVJ +PFKIGPQWU CPF UOCNN VQYP UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ KU
KORNKECVGFD[KPCPFVJTQWIJVJGTGNCVKQPUVQVJG
6JGUGFKHHGTGPVEWNVWTCNTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUQHVGPQEEWT
KPVJGUCOGNQECVKQPCPFCTGVJGUWDLGEVQHUGXGTCN
YQTMUVJCVGZRNQTGEWNVWTCNCURGEVUQHUWUVCKPCDKNKV[
6JG YQTMU + YKNN FKUEWUU CTG 6JG %TQUUKPI 6JG
5QWVJGTP%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNF(CKVJKPCHCKVJ
NGUUNCPFCPF6JG)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV#VVJG
JGCTVQHGCEJYQTMKUVJGEJCNNGPIGHCEGFCPFRCVJ
YC[U VJCV CTG QRGPGF VJTQWIJ VJG RTQEGUU QH RGT
HQTOCPEG
#NN CURGEVU QH NKHG CTG QP VJG VCDNG CU VJG %QRGP
JCIGP /GGVKPI QP %NKOCVG %JCPIG KP &GEGODGT
 FGOQPUVTCVGF 6JG #HTKECP CPF QVJGT FGXGN
QRKPIPCVKQPUJCXGENGCTN[FGOQPUVTCVGFVJCVVJGKT
EQWPVTKGUYKNNDGCHHGEVGFTUVD[KPETGCUGUKPINQDCN
VGORGTCVWTG CPF VJG[ TGSWKTG GSWCN EQPUKFGTCVKQP
CPFCUUKUVCPEG;XQFG$QGT'ZGEWVKXG5GETGVCT[QH
VJG7PKVGF0CVKQPU(TCOGYQTM%QPXGPVKQPQP%NK
OCVG %JCPIG JCU UCKF n2QNKVKECNN[ VJGTG KU C JKIJ
FGITGG QH OKUVTWUV DGVYGGP FGXGNQRGF CPF FGXGN
QRKPI EQWPVTKGU ;GV ENKOCVG EJCPIG ECPPQV DG
VCEMNGFYKVJCNCEMQHVTWUVo
FG$QGT HQT OCP[ +PFKIGPQWU VTKDGU RCUUKPI 0QTVJ 5QWVJ
6JG KUUWG QH VTWUV KU VGUVGF KP VJG ETGCVKQP QH 6JG
%TQUUKPIYJKEJKUCOKETQXGTUKQPQHVJGGPQTOKV[
VJCV HCEGU KPVGTPCVKQPCN TGNCVKQPU KP FGCNKPI YKVJ
ENKOCVGEJCPIGUQNWVKQPUQPCINQDCNNGXGN
The Crossing
+ CO CP QWVUKFGT C XKUKVKPI CTVKUV CPF CNVJQWIJ +
JCXG GOQVKQPCN CPF URKTKVWCN VKGU VQ /KNFWTC C
TGIKQPCN EKV[ YJQUG CPEKGPV /WTTC[ 4KXGT HTCOGU
VJG VQYP O[ KFGC FKF TGSWKTG KOOGPUG EQPUWN
VCVKQP + YCU KPURKTGF D[ .QEM +UNCPF  C RCTVKCNN[
CTVKEKCNKUNCPFKPVJG/WTTC[4KXGTVQETGCVGVJG
RGTHQTOCPEG GXGPV 6JG %TQUUKPI
UGG %QNQWT RNCVG VJKU YCU C HTCWIJV TGNCVKQPUJKR 6JG RGTHQTOCPEG
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6JG /WTTC[ 4KXGT KU FKUVTGUUGF /WEJ QH KVU YCVGT
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JCU DGGP QXGT CNNQECVGF VQ KTTKICVQTU YJQ JCXG
ITQYPOQUVQHVJGPCVKQPoUHQQF2CTCFKUGYCUETG
CVGFHTQOVJGFGUGTVD[EQPVTQNNKPIVJGTKXGTUQY
UKPEGVJGNCVGGKIJVGGPJWPFTGFU%WTTGPVN[WRCPF
FQYP UVTGCO QH VJG NQEM U[UVGO VJG YCVGT NGXGNU
CTGNQYKORCEVKPIGPVKTGGEQNQIKGU6JGRQNKVKEUQH
YCVGT KU FGNKECVG CU OCP[ ITQYGTU NGCXG VJG NCPF
YJKEJSWKEMN[TGVWTPUVQVJGTGFGCTVJGFFGUGTV+V
KUYKVJKPVJKUEQPVGZVVJCV6JG%TQUUKPIVCMGURNCEG
6JG TKXGT KU KORQTVCPV VQ VJG OCP[ +PFKIGPQWU
VTKDGUYJKEJYGTGCDWPFCPVDGHQTG9JKVGUGV
VNGOGPV DTQWIJV YKVJ KV UOCNNRQZ VJCV FGEKOCVGF
VJQWUCPFU QH #DQTKIKPGU YJQ YGTG CNUQ FKURNCEGF
VJTQWIJNCPFENGCTCPEGCPFQXGTJWPVKPI6JG(KTUV
0CVKQPU RGQRNGU CPF VJGKT NCPFU EJCPIGF KTTGXQ
ECDN[6JKUKUVJGJKUVQTKEUKVGQHVJGTKXGTETQUUKPI
'CUVCPF9GUVQHVJGTG6JGPCOG-QQTKGTGHGTUVQ
CNN +PFKIGPQWU #WUVTCNKCPU VJCV VTCFKVKQPCNN[ QEEW
RKGF8KEVQTKCCPF0GY5QWVJ9CNGU9KVJKP-QQTKG
KFGPVKECVKQP VJGTG CTG OCP[ FKHHGTGPV VTKDGU 6JG
.CVEJG.CVEJGCPFVJG$CTMKPFLKVTKDGUYJQNKXGQP
DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG /WTTC[ 4KXGT YGTG KPXQNXGF KP
VJGRGTHQTOCPEG
6JG YQTM KU KPURKTGF D[ NQECN UVQTKGU CDQWV ETQUU
EWNVWTCN TGNCVKQPU VQ RNCEG CPF KPEQTRQTCVGU GCTN[
EQNQPKCN KPUVKVWVKQPCN EJCTCEVGTU VJCV JCF FKTGEV
EQPPGEVKQPUYKVJVJG+PFKIGPQWURQRWNCVKQPUWEJ
CU VJG OKUUKQPCTKGU YJQ GUVCDNKUJGF UGXGTCN OKU
UKQPU KP VJG TGIKQP 6JG[ RTQXKFGF HQQF UJGNVGT
CPF GFWECVKQP KP TGVWTP HQT UCNXCVKQP #V VKOGU
EJCTCEVGTU TGRTGUGPVKPI VJKU CTG VJG PWP CPF VJG
OKUUKQPCT[6JGDWUJPWTUGUCTTKXGFKP#WUVTCNKCKP
VJG NCVG GKIJVGGP JWPFTGFU CPF YQTMGF COQPIUV

DQVJ YJKVG UGVVNGTU CPF +PFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU
6JGKTOKFYKHGT[UCYVJGDKTVJUQHPWOGTQWU+PFKI
GPQWUDCDKGUQPVJGGCTVJQQTUQHVJGOQDKNGVGPV
JQURKVCNU6JGKTTQNGYCUHGNVPGEGUUCT[D[VJGUVCVG
DGECWUGOCP[QHVJG#DQTKIKPCNDKTVJKPIRTCEVKEGU
TGSWKTGFCEEGUUVQVJGKTNCPF6JG.CVEJG.CVEJGCPF
$CTMKPFLKHGOCNGGNFGTUYKVJYJQO+URQMGCTGVGU
VCOGPVVQVJKU
6JG%TQUUKPINGCFUCWFKGPEGUCETQUUVKOGVQKPENWFG
VJGEQPVGORQTCT[n.QUV/CNC[UKCPoYJQKUPGKVJGT
EQNQPKUGTPQTEQNQPKUGF*KUFKUUQEKCVKQPKUJKUNCEM
QHEQPPGEVKQPVQVJKURNCEGCU[ORVQOQHINQDCNKUC
VKQPCPFKOOKITCVKQP2GTHQTOGFD[6QP[;CRYJQ
KUC/CNC[UKCPVTCPEGFCPEGOCUVGTVJGFCPEGHQTO
KU GCTVJGF CPF [GV FTCYU QP CP GPGTIGVKE VTCPUHGT
FWTKPI VJG RGTHQTOCVKXG RTQEGUU 6JGTG KU CNUQ C
EQPVGORQTCT[nYJKVGVTGGURKTKVoYJQKUCPCOCNICO
QHO[QYPEJKNFJQQF%GNVKEHCKTKGUCPF#WUVTCNKCP
DWUJURKTKVUVTCPUNCVGFD[VJGFCPEGT'OOC5VTCRRU
'OOC KU VTCKPGF KP $WVQJ FCPEG YJKEJ UKOKNCTN[
FTCYUQPCUVTQPIGCTVJGFEQPPGEVKQP
6JGRTGUGPVTGCNKV[KUVJG-QQTKGEJKNFTGPYJQFCPEG
VJGKTCPEKGPV4KXGTFCPEGKPVJGRNCEGQHVJGKTCPEGU
VQTU 6JG FCPEG KU RGTHQTOGF KP UJQTV TGRGVKVKQPU
VJCVDWKNFQPCXKDTCVQT[ECNNHTQOVJGGCTVJVJTQWIJ
VJGHGGVVQCDUQTDTGNGCUGCPFEQPPGEVVJTQWIJVJG
RTGUGPV VQ VJGKT CPEGUVTCN URKTKVU 'CEJ FCPEG HQTO
KU FKHHGTGPV [GV EQPPGEVGF VJTQWIJ C ETQUUEWNVWTCN
KPVGPVKQP QH WPKH[KPI VJG DQF[ OKPF CPF URKTKV VQ
VJGRNCEG+YCUOQUVKPVGTGUVGFVQRNCEGVJGUGFCPEG
HQTOU VQIGVJGT CU C U[ODQNKE CEV QH EQGZKUVGPEG
YJGTGGCEJEQPVTKDWVGUVQVJGQXGTCNNYQTMYKVJQWV
EQORTQOKUG 6JKU KU U[ODQNKE QH VJG DTQCFGT UQEKCN
EJCNNGPIGVQYCTFUKPENWUKXGEQNNCDQTCVKQPVJCVTGSWKTGU
VTWUVYQTVJ[CPFTGURGEVHWNTGEQIPKVKQPQHFKHHGTGPEG
CUVJGTUVDCUGVQYCTFUUQEKQGEQNQIKECNEJCPIG

The collaborative structure may
hold a key
%QNNCDQTCVKQPU YKVJ #WUVTCNKCP +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG
TGSWKTG ITGCV VTCPURCTGPE[ QH KPVGPVKQP ENCTKV[ QH
QYPGTUJKRTGURGEVQH+PFKIGPQWUEWNVWTCNJGTKVCIG
CPF ENGCT OGVJQFU HQT ETGCVKPI KP VJKU KPUVCPEG
VJG EQNNCDQTCVKXG RGTHQTOCPEG GXGPV )KXGP VJCV
VJGYQTMCNUQKPENWFGFQVJGTRGTHQTOGTUHTQOPQP
+PFKIGPQWU DCEMITQWPFU + YQTMGF YKVJ VJG KFGC
QH ETGCVKPI UOCNN RGTHQTOCPEG ECOGQU YJGTG VJG
RGTHQTOGTU OCFG YQTMU VQ URGEKE DTKGHU 6JKU KU
YGNNWPFGTUVQQFKPVJGEQPVGORQTCT[RGTHQTOCPEG
NCPIWCIGDWVKVYCUCTUVHQTVJG/KNFWTC-QQTKGU
9JKNGURGCMKPIYKVJVJG.CVEJG.CVEJGFCPEGOCP
JGTGXGCNGFVJCVJGYCUKNNKVGTCVGUQCNNQHO[RTKQT
EQTTGURQPFGPEG YCU PQV WPFGTUVQQF *CXKPI UCKF
VJCVJGYCUCOCUVGTQHKORTQXKUCVKQPCPFQWTEQO
OWPKECVKQPYCUNCTIGN[HGNV6TWUVYCUXKVCNCPFVJKU
GPCDNGFCPGZVTCQTFKPCT[QRRQTVWPKV[HQTU[ODQNKE
JGCNKPIVQQEEWT+YKNNGNCDQTCVGQPVJKUUJQTVN[
6JG /KNFWTC -QQTKGoU VCUM YCU VQ FGUKIP CPF RGT
HQTOVJGKTUGEVKQPUYKVJPQKPVGTHGTGPEGD[OG+P
VJKU YC[ C ENGCT URCEG YCU OCFG CPF VJG[ EJQUG
JQY VQ TGRTGUGPV VJGOUGNXGU VJWU IKXKPI TGURGEV
HQTVJGKTCTVKUVKEKPVGITKV[6JKUYCUCETWEKCNHCEVQT
+V FGOQPUVTCVGF VTWUV CPF O[ QYP EQOOKVOGPV
VQ C UKPEGTG EQNNCDQTCVKQP 9G CNUQ FKUEWUUGF VJG
EQPVGZV KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG QVJGT RGTHQTOGTU 6JKU
RTKPEKRCN + DGNKGXG KU C XGJKENG HQT FGXGNQRKPI
VTCPUFKUEQWTUGQPCFGGRNGXGNVJCVECPEQPVTKDWVG
VQJWOCPUVGYCTFUJKR%TGCVKXGRTQEGUUGUYJGVJGT
KP VJG CTVU KPFWUVT[ UEKGPEG CPF EQOOWPKV[ RTQ
EGGF YJGP VTWUV KU HGNV 6JKU OGVJQF YQTMGF CPF
GPCDNGFKPVWKVKXGKORTQXKUCVKQPVQFGXGNQR
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#WFKGPEGU GPEQWPVGT VJG DWUJ PWTUG YJQ VGNNU
UVQTKGU QH DKTVJU CPF FGCVJU DQVJ +PFKIGPQWU CPF
PQP+PFKIGPQWU6JGCWFKGPEGGPEQWPVGTUVJGOKU
UKQPCT[ YJQ JCU UWPM KPVQ C FGNWUKQPCN TCIG YKVJ
JKU HQTUCMGP )QF *KU OKUUKQP VQ EQPXGTV VJG JGC
VJGPUKUEQPUVCPVN[YKVPGUUGFD[VJG.CVEJG.CVEJG
GNFGT YJQ KU CP GXGTRTGUGPV UJCFQY 6JKU FCPEG
OCP ECNNGF JKU TQNG VJG nDNCEM UJCFQYo *G MPGY
VJKUEQPEGRVPQVHTQOVJGQT[DWVHTQONKHGGZRGTK
GPEG
6JGTGKUVJGEQNQPKCNYQOCPCPFJGTEJKNFTGPYJQ
CEVCUIWKFGUHQTVJGCWFKGPEG
6JG EQPXGTIKPI FCPEG UEGPG YJGTG VJG [QWPI
-QQTKGFCPEGTURGTHQTOVJGKTVQVGOFCPEGUCEEQO
RCPKGFD[VJGFKFIGTKFQQRNC[GFD[C.CVEJG.CVEJG
OWUKEKCPYCUEGPVTCNVQVJGRGTHQTOCPEG'PVGTKPI
VJKU UEGPG KU VJG YJKVG VTGG URKTKV HQNNQYGF D[ VJG
.QUV /CNC[UKCP FCPEKPI JKU VTCPUHQTOCVKQP 6JG
OKUUKQPCT[TWFGN[DWTUVUQPVQVJGUEGPGYJGTGJG
DNCURJGOGU CDWUGU CPF RQWPFU JKU DKDNG CPF KU
CDTWRVN[UVQRRGFD[VJGPWPYJQVJTQYUCDWEMGV
QH YCVGT QXGT JKO UGPFKPI VJG OKUUKQPCT[ VQ VJG
ITQWPF6JGFCPEGOCPYCUCUKNGPVOCUVGTQHEGT
GOQP[YJQUYKHVN[CPFYKVJUVGCNVJU[ODQNKECNN[
FGECRKVCVGUCNNKPVTWFGTU
6JKU nRWPEVWO OQOGPVo
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KUVJKU
9JCVYQWNFJCRRGPKHEQNQPKUCVKQPFKFPQVQEEWT!
+YCUVGUVGFJGTGVJTQWIJVJGOQOGPVQHKORTQXKUC
VKQP9QWNF+
YGGPCDNGVJKUCEVKQP!;GU'PGTIGV VKQPQH/KVTG.CMG6JGYQTMUCTGKPWGPEGFD[VJG
KECNN[URGCMKPIVJKUOQOGPVQHVTWVJVJGOQOGPV
VQURGCMJCFJCRRGPGF2QYGTHWNKPVJCVOKPWVGU
Jill Orr
RTKQTYCUVJGTGUWNVQH[GCTUQHEQNQPKUCVKQP+V
UVQRRGF6JGCEVQHTGVTKDWVKQPKPCOQOGPVQHRGT
HQTOCPEG U[ODQNKUO YCU HGNV D[ C NCTIGN[ -QQTKG
CWFKGPEG 5KIJU CPF NCWIJVGT QH FGGR CRRTGEKCVKQP
TKRRNGF VJTQWIJQWV 6JG JGCNKPI DGVYGGP DNCEM
CPFYJKVG+PFKIGPQWUCPFPQP+PFKIGPQWUQEEWTU
YJGPVJGVTWVJQHJKUVQT[KUCEMPQYNGFIGF%NKOCVG
EJCPIG UQNWVKQPU CPF EWNVWTCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP CTG
RCTV QH VJG UCOG EJCNNGPIG YJGTG FKHHGTGPEG KU CP
KPENWUKXGCPFCEVKXGKPITGFKGPV
6JG RCVJYC[ VJTQWIJ RCTVKEKRCVQT[ CIGPE[ KU FKH
EWNVVQCUUGUU+PVJGOQOGPVVJGTGYCUCHGGNKPI
QHGPVJWUKCUVKECRRTGEKCVKQPJQYGXGTCUQWTFCKN[
NKXGUTGUWOGCPFVJGUVCTMFKHHGTGPEGUKPRTKXKNGIG
CTG GZRGTKGPEGF + CO NGHV JQRKPI VJCV VJG RCTVKEK
RCVKPI EJKNFTGP CPF CWFKGPEG OC[ JCXG GZRGTK
GPEGF VJG EQNNCDQTCVKQP RQUKVKXGN[ 2GTJCRU KV YCU
QPN[ O[UGNH CPF VJG PQP+PFKIGPQWU RGTHQTOGTU
YJQ ICKPGF KPXCNWCDNG KPUKIJVU KPVQ QWT FKHHGT
GPEGU+YKNNPGXGTMPQYIKXGPVJCVGXCNWCVKQPUCTG
YTKVVGP TGRQTVU CPF CP[ TGCN TGURQPUG KU EQWEJGF
KPGHEKGPVVGTOU6JGUEJQQNUCPFCFWNVUKPXQNXGF
FKFTGURQPFGPVJWUKCUVKECNN[KPRGTUQPCPFKPITCPV
CESWKVVCNTGRQTVUJQYGXGTVJGFGRVJQHGZRGTKGPEG
YKNN VCMG VKOG 5WEEGUU YKNN DG CP +PFKIGPQWU EWN
VWTGVJCVKUEWNVWTCNN[CPFGEQPQOKECNN[UWUVCKPCDNG
CPFYJKEJYQTMUGSWCNN[YKVJKPVJGDTQCFGT#WU
Socio - poetic Images
6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNFCPF(CKVJKP
C HCKVJNGUU NCPF CTG DQVJ NOGF KP VJG UCOG NQEC
UCOGNQECNJKUVQT[DWVVYQFKUVKPEVEJCTCEVGTUVJG

OKUUKQPCT[ QH (CKVJ KP C HCKVJNGUU NCPF CPF O[UGNH
KPCYJKVGFTGUUEQCVKP6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUVQDGCT
CPFDGJQNFRQTVTC[VJGVYQYQTMU6JGTGUWNVUCPF
KORNKECVKQPUCTGSWKVGFKHHGTGPVDGECWUGVJGKPVGP
VKQPDGJKPFVJGOKUUKQPCT[KUKODWGFYKVJJKUVQT[
CU KV TGUQWPFU KP C EQPVGORQTCT[ EQPVGZV /[UGNH
CUCPCODKIWQWUN[EQUVWOGFEQPVGORQTCT[IWTG
FTCYU QP VJG RTGUGPV UQEKQGPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCN
NGPIGU $QVJ YQTMU KORN[ VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF
EWNVWTCN QXGTNC[U CV /KVTG .CMG &GPKI TGHGTU VQ
$TWEG %JCVYKPoU 5QPINKPGU CPF SWQVGU n5VTGVEJKPI
CETQUUVJGEQPVKPGPVUCPFCIGUVJCVYJGTGXGTOGP
JCXGVTQFFGPVJG[JCXGNGHVCVTCKNQHUQPICPFVJCV
VJGUGVTCKNUOWUVTGCEJDCEMCPFHQTVJKPVKOGCPF
URCEGo
%JCVYKPKP&GPKIR YKVJVJGWPKXGTUGo
(GTTKU
&GPKI FGUETKDGU 9GUVGTP 'CUVGTP CPF +PFKI
GPQWUOGVCPCTTCVKXGUCUUQPINKPGUYJGTGOGOQT[
VTCEGU CPF QTCN VTCFKVKQPU EQPXGTIG KPVGTUGEV CPF
RCTVCVFKHHGTGPVRQKPVUKPVKOGCETQUUVJGCIGU
6JGYGNNFQEWOGPVGFJKUVQTKECNEQPPGEVKQPDGVYGGP
VJG UVCT HQTOCVKQPU QH VJG 5QWVJGTP %TQUU CU VJG
PCXKICVKQPCN VQQN VJCV IWKFGF VJG VCNN UJKRU KPVQ
VJG5QWVJGTP*GOKURJGTGCPFWNVKOCVGN[QPVQVJG
#WUVTCNKCPUJQTGUJCUCETWEKCNEQPPGEVKQPVQDQVJ
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZK(KI
YQTMU 6JG RCTCFQZ VJCV NKGU DGVYGGP VJG VTCEGU
VJCV QXGTNC[ +PFKIGPQWU CPEGUVTCN NKHG QP VJG NCPF
CTGYTKVVGPQXGTD[EQNQPKCNUGVVNGOGPVVJCVKUCICKP
YTKVVGPQXGTD[VJGEWTTGPVGPXKTQPOGPVCNFKUVTGUU
U[ODQNKUGFCV/KVTG.CMG
6QEQPUKFGTVJGGHHGEVQHQWTNCDQWTKPVJGRQUK
VKXG CPF PGICVKXG CURGEVU CPF DGJQNF VJG KPPKVG
DGCWV[QHPCVWTGTGOKPFUOGVJCVYGCTGXGT[UOCNN
UVCPFKPI DGPGCVJ VJG PKIJV UM[ 6JG QDUGTXCVKQPU
QHVJGPKIJVUM[CTGPCXKICVGFHTQOVJGGCTNKGUVUGZ
VCPVU VQ OCUUKXG VGNGUEQRGU CPF HTQO UCVGNNKVGU VQ
DTCKPYCXG UECPU 6JGUG CTG OGFKCVGF VGEJPQNQIKGU
VJCV GPCDNG RCUV FKUEQXGTKGU CPF RTGUGPV FGUKTG VQ

RTQRGNHWVWTGMPQYNGFIG6JGKORGVWUECPDGUGGP
CUCFWGVQHKOCIKPCVKQPCPFFGUKTGRTQRGNNKPIHQT
YCTFCEVKQP
n3WCPVWO RJ[UKEU QDNKIGU WU VQ VCMG UGTKQWUN[ YJCV
JCUDGGPCOQTGRWTGN[RJKNQUQRJKECNEQPUKFGTCVKQP
VJCV YG FQ PQV UGG VJKPIU KP VJGOUGNXGU DWV QPN[
CURGEVUQHVJKPIU9JCVYGUGGKUCPGNGEVTQPRCVJKP
CDWDDNGEJCODGTPQVCPGNGEVTQPCPFYJCVYGUGG
KPVJGUMKGUCTGPQVUVCTUCP[OQTGVJCPCTGEQTFKPI
QH %CTWUQoU XQKEG KU PQV %CTWUQ $[ TGXGCNKPI VJCV
VJG QDUGTXGT RNC[U C TQNG KP VJG QDUGTXGF SWCPVWO
RJ[UKEUFKFHQTRJ[UKEUYJCV&CTYKPJCFFQPGHQTVJG
NKHGUEKGPEGUKVVQTGFQYPYCNNUTGWPKVKPIVJGYQTNF
/GFKCVGF GPXKTQPOGPVU NCPFUECRGU CPF GEQNQ
IKGUCTGPQVCEVWCNRNCEGU6JG[CTGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPU
HTCOGFD[CRRCTCVWUGUCPFKPVGTRTGVGFCPFTGPGF
VJTQWIJ VJG CUUKUVCPEG QH VGEJPQNQI[ 9KVJ VJKU
KPOKPFVJGEWNVWTCNEQPVGZVCNUQKPHQTOUYJCVKU
HTCOGFCPFOGFKCVGF/[FKTGEVKQPQHVJGECOGTCoU
XKGYPFGT HTCOGU CPF ECRVWTGU VJG UQEKQRQGVKE
KOCIGUQH(CKVJKPC(CKVJNGUU.CPFCPF6JG5QWVJGTP
%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNF
'  ( 6JG TGUWNVKPI KOCIGU CTG KPHQTOGF D[ VJG
RJ[UKECNKV[ QH /KVTG .CMG CU + UVTWIING CETQUU VJG
QQ\[ UWTHCEG GODQF[KPI VJG JKUVQTKE CPF EWNVWTCN
QXGTNC[U
+JCXGGORNQ[GFCPQVJGTOGVJQFQNQI[KPETGCVKPI
VJGUG YQTMU 'UUGPVKCNN[ VJG RJQVQITCRJU CTG FQE
WOGPVKPI O[ RGTHQTOCPEGU HQT VJG ECOGTC 6JG
KPVKOCVG EQNNCDQTCVKQP JGTG KU VJG GORNQ[OGPV QH
CRJQVQITCRJGT+ECPPQVVTWUVVJGUWNRJWTQWUOWF
CPFKPVGPUKV[QHVJGCOGVQCUJWVVGTTGNGCUGECDNG
DWV+FQJCXGHWNNEQPFGPEGKPVJGRJQVQITCRJGT
0CQOK *GT\QI VQ ECRVWTG YJCV + RTGUGPV + JCXG
YKVPGUUGFVJGYQTFnGPXKTQPOGPVoEJCPIGHTQOCP
GNKVGNGHVYKPIEQPEGRVKPHQTOGFD[EQWTCIGQWUUEK
GPEG KP VJG U CPF U VQ C JQWUGJQNF YQTF
KP6JKUJCUQEEWTTGFDGECWUGVJKTV[[GCTUQH
FKUEWUUKQP CEVKQP CPF RQNKVKUCVKQP JCU CHHGEVGF C
RCTCFKIOUJKHV/QTGEJCPIGKUUVKNNPGEGUUCT[6JG
GPXKTQPOGPV KU OGFKCVGF 6JG GPXKTQPOGPV JCU
DGEQOGVJGUWDLGEVQHVTCPUFKUEQWTUG
*QYGXGTVJGNQECNGPXKTQPOGPVKUVJGRNCEGYJGTG
[QWVTKRQXGTCPFUMKP[QWTMPGGUYJGTG[QWUPGCM
VJGTUVMKUUYKVJITCUU[GXKFGPEGQP[QWTLWORGT
YJGTGVJGQNFOCPYKVJTCDDKVUKPCUCEQPJKUDCEM
KUTGCNN[CDCD[UPCVEJGTQWVVQIGV[QW
#XGT[U VJGVGUVQHVJGKTQYPHCKVJDGCTKPIVJG%TQUUQH%JTKU
KOCIG6JKUGPXKTQPOGPVKUKODWGFYKVJOGOQT[
CPF EQTRQTGCNKV[ +V NKXGU 6JCV HQT OG KU C ETWEKCN
NKPMDGVYGGPRGQRNGCPFRNCEGVJCVKUVJGEQPFWKV
DGVYGGPUEKGPEGEWNVWTGCPFVTCPUFKUEQWTUG6JKUKU
CNQECNGZRGTKGPEGVJCVOWUVRWNUGYKVJKOOGFKCVG
TGNGXCPEGYKVJKPGCEJNQECNGVQRGPGVTCVGVJGINQUU
QHOGFKCVGFUVCVGUCPFVJGCEVWCNUEKGPEG
The Southern Cross - to bear and
behold and Faith in a faithless land.
n6JGTG KU PGXGT QPG OQOGPV YJGP RCUV FKUUQNXGU
EQORNGVGN[ NGCXKPI C PGY NCPFUECRG KP KVU YCMGo
/E-GPPCR OCTEJ VQYCTFU RTQITGUU CPF GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ
/KVTG.CMGUKVUCVVJGDCUGQH/KVTG4QEMVJCVKURCTV
QH/QWPV#TCRGNKUKP9GUVGTP%GPVTCN8KEVQTKC+VKU
VJGVTKDCNJQOGVQVJGHGYTGOCKPKPI&LWTKF$CNWI
RGQRNG QH VJG 9QVLQDCNWM 6TKDG + CEMPQYNGFIG
VJGKTQYPGTUJKR6JKUNCPFUECRGKUDQVJCPCPEKGPV
VJGCVTG YKVJKP YJKEJ VJG JWOCP FTCOC WPHQNFU
CPFKUKPTGCNKV[CJCTUJDQVVQONGUUFGRQUKVQHQQ\[
DNCEMENC[EQXGTGFD[CUCNV[ETWUVCEGQWUUWTHCEG+V
KUUWNRJWTKECPFNWOKPQWUCPFJCUDGGPOKPGFHQT
Jill Orr
KVUUCNVKPVJGRCUV/KVTG.CMGFQGUTGUGODNGJWP
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EJCPIKPIURGGFETGCVKPIOWNVKRNGCPFQXGTNCRRKPI
%COGTC.WEKFCVTCPUND[4*QYCTF
RGTURGEVKXGU 6JG KOCIGU YGTG GXQECVKXG CPF PQV
TGCNKUVKEKPCP[YC[
Summary
Jill Orr
+PEQPENWUKQPVJGPCVWTGQHGCEJYQTMFKUEWUUGFKU
EQNNCDQTCVKXGETQUUFKUEKRNKPCT[CPFEQPVTKDWVGUVQ
VJG DTQCFGT VTCPUFKUEQWTUG QP OGFKCVGF GPXKTQP
OGPVU6JGKOCIGUETGCVGFCUVJGNCUVKPITGUWNVUQH
VJGRGTHQTOCPEGGZRGTKGPEGJCXGVJGKTQYPnCWTCo
YJGTG GPICIGOGPV KU FKHHGTGPV CPF [GV GUUGPVKCNN[
VJGUCOGCUVJGNKXGGZRGTKGPEG8KGYGTUVCMGCYC[
VJG KOCIGU CU OGOQT[ CPF KUUWGU CU RQKPVU QH
FGDCVG6JGEQPVKPWGFRTGUGPEGQPNKPGCUCPKPVGT
CEVKXG GPXKTQPOGPV CFFU VQ VJG GZKUVKPI KPVGTPC
VKQPCNHQTWOUVJTQWIJKPFKXKFWCNITQWRCPFKPVGT
FKUEKRNKPCT[ETQUUNKPMCIGU
6JG%TQUUKPI6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUVQDGCTCPFDGJQNF
(CKVJKPCHCKVJNGUUNCPFCPF6JG)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV
CTGGZCORNGUQHOGFKCCTVEQPVTKDWVKPIVQUWUVCKP
CDNG FGXGNQROGPV VJTQWIJ UQEKQRQGVKE KUUWGU
(CEVU ECP QPN[ UC[ UQ OWEJ DGHQTG VJG[ DGEQOG
CNKGPCVKPI FT[ UVCVKUVKEU *WOCPKV[ VJTKXGU QP VJG
KOCIKPCT[ YJGTG UVQTKGU PCTTCVKXGU CPF UJCTGF
EWNVWTCNGZRTGUUKQPECPDGVJGURCTMVJCVGPGTIK\GU
OWNVKRNGHQTOUQHETGCVKXGOCPKHGUVCVKQP
References
#WUVTCNKC  5WOOKV  6JG (WVWTG 1H 4WTCN #PF
4GIKQPCN #WUVTCNKC #RTKN CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ 
JVVRYYYCWUVTCNKCIQXCWVQRKEUTWTCNEHO 
$CTVJGU4
8KPVCIG%NCUUKEU4CPFQO*QWUG.QPFQP
FG $QGT ;  'ZGEWVKXG 5GETGVCT[ 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU
(TCOGYQTM%QPXGPVKQPQP%NKOCVG%JCPIG9JCVECP
CPF OWUV DG CEJKGXGF CV %QRGPJCIGP CFFTGUU VQ VJG
0GY;QTM$CT#UUQEKCVKQPTF5GRVGODGTCEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRWPHEEEKPVNGURTGUUPGYUA

 TQQOUVCVGOGPVUCRRNKECVKQPRFHAURGGEJA
PGYA[QTMRFH 
&GPKI)n5QPINKPGUCPF5GCYC[UoKP2GTHQTOCPEGU
/GNDQWTPG7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU8KEVQTKC#WUVTCNKC
(GTTKU6%QOKPIQH#IGKPVJG/KNM[9C[/QTTQY
0GY;QTM)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV#$%CTVUQPNKPG
 ,CPWCT[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
CDEPGVCWCTVUUVQTKGUUJVO 
*WOCP4KIJVUCPF'SWCN1RRQTVWPKV[%QOOKUUKQP4GRQTV
 $TKPIKPI VJGO *QOG  4GRQTV QH VJG 0CVKQPCN
+PSWKT[ KPVQ VJG 5GRCTCVKQP QH #DQTKIKPCN CPF 6QTTGU
5VTCKV+UNCPFGT%JKNFTGPHTQO6JGKT(COKNKGU#RTKN
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYJTGQEIQXCW
UQEKCNALWUVKEGDVJATGRQTVTGRQTVEJARCTVJVON 
,GPPKPIU/$GPLCOKP96JGYQTMQHCTVKPVJGCIG
QH VGEJPQNQIKECN TGRTQFWEKDKNKV[ CPF QVJGT YTKVKPIU QP
OGFKC ,GPPKPIU /9 &QJGTV[ $  .GXKP 6;
GFU
$GNMPCR 2TGUU QH *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU %CO
DTKFIG/#
.CODGTI-CTNQUM[ %%  (QTGYQTF GZJKDKVKQP ECVC
NQIWG (TQO 5KVG VQ 5KIJV #PVJTQRQNQI[ 2JQVQITCRJ[
CPF 2QYGT QH +OCIGT[ 2GCDQF[ /WUGWO QH #TEJCG
QNQI[CPF'VJPQNQI[CPFVJG&GRCTVOGPVQH#PVJTQ
RQNQI[ *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ $CPVC / 2GCDQF[
/WUGWO2TGUU%CODTKFIG/#
/E-GPPC/.QQMKPIHQT$NCEMHGNNCU2QKPV#P#WU
VTCNKCP*KUVQT[QH2NCEG70592TGUU5[FPG[059
1TT, ,KNN1TT#WUVTCNKCPXKFGQCTVCTEJKXG
CXCC
JVVRYYYXKFGQCTVEJKXGQTICWLQTT 
4GEQPEKNK#%6+10 0GVYQTM  5VQNGP IGPGTCVKQPU HCEV
UJGGV  ,WN[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRTGE
QPEKNKCEVKQPQTICWPUYGFWECVKQPMKVUVQNGPIGPGTC
VKQPU 
4WFF )  #RQNQI[ 6Q #WUVTCNKCoU +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU
 /CTEJ  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
YYYCRJIQXCWJQWUG4WFFA5RGGEJRFH 
8QKEGU QH URKTKV 5 6[NGT9CNVGTU #DQWV 6TCPEG YYY
XQKEGUQHURKTKVEQWMRCIGUCDQWVVTCPEGJVO 


 S O UT H A F R I C A N URBAN SPACE: A MEDIATED
E N VI R O N M E N T

Therese Steffen

+XCP8NCFKUNCXKoU2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF

n9G CTG UVQTKGU +VoU C PQVKQP UQ UKORNG GXGP C EJKNF EQWNF WPFGTUVCPF KV
9QWNFVJCVKVGPFGFVJGTG$WVYGCTGUVQTKGUYKVJKPUVQTKGU5VQTKGUYKVJKP
UVQTKGU YKVJKP UVQTKGU 9G TGEGFG GPFNGUUN[ HTCOGF CPF TGHTCOGF WPVKN YG
CTGWPTGCFCDNGVQQWTUGNXGUo

n+CONQQMKPIHQTYCTFVQUGGKPI,QoDWTIHTQOVJGCKT#UVJGCKTETCHVNKHVU[QW
QWVQHKVCDQXGKVoKVDGEQOGUHQTCOQOGPVEQOHQTVKPIN[GZRNKECDNGo
+XCP
8NCFKUNCXK2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF

7TDCP NKVGTCT[ CPF XKUWCN EWNVWTG KU C EQPFGPUGF
CTVKUVKE YC[ QH DQVJ CFFTGUUKPI CPF UV[NKUVKECNN[
GZRTGUUKPIUQEKQJKUVQTKECNHCEVUCPFUQEKGVCNEJCPIG
.KVGTCT[CPFXKUWCNCTVKP5QWVJ#HTKECKUPQGZEGR
VKQPVQVJKUTWNG#TCPIGQHEWNVWTCNVGZVUETKVKECNN[
CPFCGUVJGVKECNN[TGGEVWTDCPK\CVKQPCNRTQEGUUGUKP
5QWVJ #HTKEC UKPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG
'PINKUJ ETGCVKXG RTQEGUUGU CPF VJGKT OGFKCNKV[ KP +XCP
NKVGTCT[ VTCFKVKQP KP VJG U $[ VJG DGIKPPKPI
QHVJGUVEGPVWT[CDWTIGQPKPICTVKUVKECVVGPVKQP
JCUDGGPRCKFVQVJGEKV[KP5QWVJ#HTKEC%QPVGO
0WVVCNN/DGODG#RQN[EGP
RQTCT[ 5QWVJ #HTKECP CWVJQTU CPF CTVKUVU COQPI
VJGO YTKVGTU +XCP 8NCFKUNCXK QT 2JCUYCPG /RG
CPF CTVKUVU 9KNNKCO -GPVTKFIG QT 9KNNGO $QUJQHH
TGURQPF VQ VJG VTGOGPFQWU OQXG VQYCTF VJG EKV[
CUDQVJUGVVKPICPFUWDLGEVVJCVJCUQEEWTTGFUKPEG
VJGFGOKUGQHCRCTVJGKFDQWPFCTKGUCHVGT
6JKU EQPVTKDWVKQP UGGMU VQ CPCN[\G VJG RTQNKE
8NCFKUNCXKoUNKVGTCT[VGZVUYKVJCHQEWUQPVJGEKV[
QH IQNF VJG nFKUQTFGTN[o nGNWUKXGo OGVTQRQNKU QH
,QJCPPGUDWTI
VTKECPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNEKV[YKVJCJ[DTKFJKUVQT[VJCV
EQPVKPWCNN[ RGTOGCVGU VJG RTGUGPV ,QJCPPGUDWTI


,QoDWTIQT,Q\KJCUDGEQOGCRNCEGQHKPVGTOKPINKPI
CPF KORTQXKUCVKQP C EKV[ VJCV KU HCUV FGXGNQRKPI
KVU QYP DTCPF QH EQUOQRQNKVCP EWNVWTG KP
5QWVJ
#HTKEC $GHQTG FGNXKPI KPVQ +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKoU 2QT
VTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF
CUQEKQJKUVQTKEEQPVGZVYKNNUGVVJGITQWPF
HQTCOQTGKPHQTOGFWPFGTUVCPFKPIQH8NCFKUNCXKoU
VGZVCUnOGFKCVGFoGPXKTQPOGPV
South African urbanity as text and
context to creativity and mediality
7TDCPK\CVKQP KU C YQTNFYKFG RJGPQOGPQP VJCV
CHHGEVUVJGHWVWTGQHCP[RQRWNCVKQPKPKVUGEQPQOKE
RQNKVKECN UQEKGVCN CPF EWNVWTCN FGXGNQROGPV 6JKU
TCRKF RTQITGUU QH C INQDCN WTDCPK\CVKQP DGICP
CNTGCF[KPVJGVJEGPVWT[YKVJCITQYVJQH
VJG WTDCP RQRWNCVKQP D[  VQ CRRTQZKOCVGN[
D[VQCNOQUVD[6QFC[OQTG
VJCPQH'WTQRGoU0QTVJCPF5QWVJCOGTKECoU
RQRWNCVKQPNKXGUKPCPWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVKP#UKC
CPF#HTKECPWODGTUJCXGTKUGPVQTGURGEVKXGN[
$[OQTGVJCPVYQVJKTFUQHVJGUQECNNGF
6JKTF 9QTNF RQRWNCVKQP YKNN DG NKXKPI KP WTDCP
CTGCU#HTKECKUPQGZEGRVKQPVQVJGTWNGSWKVGVJG
TGXGTUG6JG#HTKECP%QPVKPGPVHGCVWTGUVJGHCUVGUV
KPETGCUG KP WTDCPK\CVKQP $[ VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG
UVEGPVWT[TWTCNNKHGUV[NGUJCXGKPETGCUKPIN[NQUV
QWVVQWTDCPCVVTCEVKQPCPFUQRJKUVKECVKQP6JWUVJG
EKV[ GXGP VJG OGVTQRQNKU QT VJG OGICNQRQNKU KP
VJG ECUG QH %CKTQ &CMCT .CIQU QT ,QJCPPGUDWTI
JCU EJCPIGF VJG YC[ QH NKHG VJTQWIJQWV #HTKEC
#EEQTFKPIVQRQNKVKEKCPUCPFTGUGCTEJGTUCNKMGVJGUG

WTDCPK\CVKQPRTQEGUUGUYKVJVJGKTRQUKVKXGCPFPGI
CVKXGUKFGGHHGEVUYKNNDGVJGOQUVEJCNNGPIKPIVCUMU
VQ DG OCUVGTGF KP VJG HWVWTG 6JGKT JCPFNKPI YKNN
FGVGTOKPGJQYVJG%QPVKPGPVCVNCTIGFGXGNQRU
%H KVU RCUV 9JKNG ,QoDWTI WPEQPVTQNNCDN[ ITQYU QP

n.KXKPIVJG%KV[o%GPVGTQH%QORGVGPEGKP#HTKECP
5VWFKGU7PKXGTUKV[QH$CUGN
0GZV VQ GEQPQOKE UQEKQNQIKECN JKUVQTKECN QT
CPVJTQRQNQIKECNUVWFKGUEVKQPCPFCTVsKGKOCI
KPCT[ RTQEGUUGU CV NCTIG s CPCN[\G NKXGU CPF NKXKPI
EQPFKVKQPU CU VJG[ CTG QT UJQWNF DG 6JG JWOCP
JWOCPG EQPFKVKQP CNKMG (KEVKQP RCTVKEWNCTN[
TGGEVUWRQPKPFKXKFWCNCPFRWDNKEEQPKEVUQHVJG
RCUVCPFRTGUGPVETGCVGUCPFOGFKCVGUCPGPXKTQP
OGPVHWNNQHFTGCOUFGHGTTGFQTTCTGN[HWNNNGFCPF
FGXGNQRUWVQRKCPUQNWVKQPUVQFGCFNQEMUKVWCVKQPU
+P HCEV EWNVWTCN VGZVU ETKVKECNN[ CPF CGUVJGVKECNN[
TGURQPFVQWTDCPK\CVKQPRTQEGUUGUKP5QWVJ#HTKEC
UKPEG VJG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ CITKEWNVWTCN CPF OKPKPI
EQWPVT[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ JCU DGEQOG KPFWU
VTKCNK\GF CPF WTDCPK\GF CVVTCEVKPI TWTCN KPJCDKV
CPVUsDQVJDNCEMCPFYJKVGsVQEKVKGURQTVUCPF
OCPWHCEVWTKPIEGPVGTU$[TGICTFKPICNNPQPYJKVGU
CUDWVVGORQTCT[EKV[FYGNNGTUVJGPCVKQPCN#RCTV
JGKFIQXGTPOGPVVTKGFHTQOVQVQUVGO
VJG VKFG QH TWTCN FGRQRWNCVKQP 6JQWIJ VJG 5QWVJ
#HTKECP#RCTVJGKFTGIKOGKORNQFGFCNOQUVVYGPV[
[GCTU CIQ KP  VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI UVKNN
UJQYUVJGVTCEMUCPFUECTUQHTCEKCNUQEKCNCPFURC
VKCN UGITGICVKQP 6JG OGVTQRQNKU ,QoDWTI CV NCTIG
VJTKXGU QP KVU OWNVKEWNVWTCN JGTKVCIG [GV UQEKCNN[
CPF GVJPKECNN[ FGPGF URCEGU CPF DQWPFCTKGU
TGOCKP OQTG QT NGUU KPVCEV 9JKNG YGCNVJ UGGMU
UGEWTKV[ KP HQTVTGUUNKMG ICVGF EQOOWPKVKGU RQX
GTV[ RQRWNCVGU VJG OCTIKPU QH VJG WTDCP URTCYN
+P UJQTV $NCEM CPF 9JKVG JCXG PQV [GV DTKFIGF
VJG ICR n,QoDWTI 0QY $CWUVGNNG 5FCHTKMCo CP
GZJKDKVKQP CV VJG 9KGPGT #TEJKVGMVWT\GPVTWO
#WIWUV s  5GRVGODGT  PQ ECVCNQIWG FKF
JKIJNKIJV DQVJ VJG ITGCV RQVGPVKCN QH VJG EKV[ CU
YGNN CU VJG PWOGTQWU FKHEWNVKGU KPJGTKVGF YKVJ
KVURGTKRJGT[FGRQRWNCVGFnFGCFoDWUKPGUUFKUVTKEVU
FGPGVJGKPPGTEKV[7TDCPRUGWFQUQRJKUVKECVKQP
RQUKPIKPVCNN&KUPG[YQTNFOKOKET[EQPHTQPVCPF
EQPVTQN VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VQYPUJKRU 6JQUG UVKNN
NKXG QP VJGKT ETCHV QH KOCIKPCVKQP TGE[ENKPI CPF
KORTQXKUCVKQP 5KPEG  JQYGXGT PGY WTDCP
RNCPPKPI JCU UQWIJV VQ VTCPUITGUU UWEJ VTCFKVKQPCN
DQWPFCTKGU +H VJG FGPUGN[ RQRWNCVGF DQTQWIJ QH
)#22 #TEJKVGEVU 
UGG %QNQWT
#NGZCPFTCNKGUCFLCEGPVVQVJGNWZWTKQWUPGYDWUK
PGUUFKUVTKEVQH5CPFVQPKPVJGUJCTRGUVQHRQUUKDNG
EQPVTCUVU EWTTGPV JQWUKPI RTQLGEVU VT[ VQ CNNGXKCVG
VJKU ENCUU VGPUKQP YKVJ PGY DWKNFKPIU EQPUVTWEVGF
ENQUG D[ QP VJG NGUU CHWGPV UKFG 5QEKCN JQWUKPI
CTGCU CTG CNUQ DWKNV VQ GPNKXGP VJG KPPGT EKV[UECRG
CPFVQTGFWEGCPGXGTKPETGCUKPIETKOGTCVG6JWU
VTCFKVKQPCN VQYPUJKRU NKMG 5QYGVQ CTG KPETGCUKPIN[
NKPMGF YKVJ VJG EKV[oU WTDCP KPHTCUVTWEVWTG VQFC[
0GZVVQVJGUGCDUQNWVGPGEGUUKVKGUKPRQUVCRCTVJGKF
WTDCPRNCPPKPICNUQXKUKQPUQHCDGVVGTHWVWTGPF
VJGKTCTVKUVKEGZRTGUUKQPKPVJGTGQTPGYFGUKIPQH
RCTMUCPFRWDNKEUSWCTGU6JG9CNVGT5KUWNW5SWCTG
GIURGCMUVJGNCPIWCIGQHVJGn(TGGFQO%JCTVGTo
5VWFKQ /#5 YJGTGCU VJG 5QYGVQPGKIJDQWT
JQQF -NKRVQYP HGCVWTGU C OQPWOGPV U[ODQNK\KPI
GSWCNKV[HTGGFQOCPFQRGPPGUUCUCPKFGPVKV[HWT
VJGTKPI CTEJKVGEVWTCN FGXKEG # UKOKNCT RQNKE[ IQX
GTPU VJG PGYN[ EQPUVTWEVGF RTGOKUGU QP %QPUVKVW
VKQP*KNNYJKEJKU NQECVGF DGVYGGP VJG FQYPVQYP
CTGC CPF VJG FGPUGN[ RQRWNCVGF IJGVVQ *KNNDTQY
1P%QPUVKVWVKQP*KNN1//&GUKIPFGXGNQRGFVJG
0CVKQPoU %QPUVKVWVKQPCN %QWTV VQ GODQF[ VJG PGY
URKTKVQH5QWVJ#HTKECPFGOQETCE['XGPVJGITCPF
VTKCNJCNNKUMGRVVTCPURCTGPV*GPEG,QJCPPGUDWTI
EQPVKPWGU VQ NKXG QP CPF YKVJ KVU UVCTM EQPVTCUVU
+V KU C UGGVJKPI ECWNFTQP QH VJG QNF CPF PGY VJG
TKEJCPFRQQTVJGDNCEMCPFYJKVGRNWUGXGT[VJKPI
ETGCVKXG CPF VJTKXKPI KPDGVYGGP CU YGNN #TVKUVU
COQPI QVJGTU FGUKIPGT #VJK2CVTC 4WIC GZRNQTG
CPF RGTHQTO KP VJGUG FGVGTTKVQTKCNK\GF PQOCPoU
Therese Steffen
NCPFU CPF KODWG FKNCRKFCVGF KPPGT EKV[ FKUVTKEVU
YKVJPGYCTVKUVKEOGCPKPIKPCPCEVQHEWNVWTCNTG
VGTTKVQTKCNK\CVKQP
6YQRCTVKEWNCTDWKNFKPIUUJQWNFGZGORNKH[CEWTTGPV
n,QoDWTIoVGPUKQP)QNF4GGH%KV[CPFVJG/WUGWO
QH #RCTVJGKF
RNCVGZZKK(KI#
9JKNG )QNF 4GGH %KV[ CNNQYU VJG XKUKVQT VQ GZRGTK
GPEGVJGFKHHGTGPVJKUVQTKECNUVCVKQPUQH5QWVJ#HTKEC
 IQNF FKIIKPI JGTG JCU FGIGPGTCVGF KPVQ C VQWT
KUVKECOWUGOGPVPGZVVQC%CUKPQVJG/WUGWOQH
#RCTVJGKFEQORNGVGFKPTGRTGUGPVUVJGKR
UKFGQHVJGIQNFGP4CPF9KVJKVURTKUQPNKMGJKIJ
YJKVGYCNNUVJGOWUGWOU[ODQNK\GUUVCTMEQPPG
OGPV CPF FGVGPVKQP QP DQVJ UKFGU 2CTCFQZKECNN[
C YJKVG EWDG RTGUGTXGU VJG FCTMGUV RCTV QH 5QWVJ
#HTKECoUJKUVQT[KPCUOCNNURCVKCNUNQV6JQWIJEQP
PGF PQY CRCTVJGKF KU VJWU ECWUGF VQ NKXG QP KP
RWDNKE OGOQT[ ,QJCPPGUDWTIoU EWTTGPV UVTWIINGU
VQOQXGDG[QPFCRCTVJGKFoUFWCNUVTCVGIKGUCTGDGUV
UWOOCTK\GFD[#EJKNNG/DGODG
n9KVJ VJG GPF QH NGICNN[ UCPEVKQPGF UGITGICVKQP
,QJCPPGUDWTI KU PQYCFC[U C OGVTQRQNKU KPETGCU
KPIN[HQTEGFVQEQPUVTWEVKVUGNHQWVQHJGVGTQIGPGQWU
HTCIOGPVU CPF HQTVWKVQWU LWZVCRQUKVKQPU QH KOCIGU
OGOQTKGU EKVCVKQPU CPF CNNWUKQPU FTCYP HTQO KVU
URNKPVGTGF JKUVQTKGU 5QOG QH KVU HTCIOGPVU UGGO VQ
TGECNNVJGRQUVEQNQPKCNEKV[HQTOKP#HTKEC6JGNCVVGT
KUEJCTCEVGTK\GFPQVUQOWEJD[FGEC[CUD[VJGEQGZ
KUVGPEG QH FKXGTIGPV GNGOGPVU QH FKHHGTGPV QTKIKPU
DTQWIJV VQIGVJGT KP C URCEG YJQUG NKOKVU CTG EQP
UVCPVN[ OCFG CPF TGOCFG .KHG JGTG KU NKXGF WPFGT
XQNCVKNGEQPFKVKQPU=e?+VKURQUUKDNGVQQDUGTXGUWEJ
FGXGNQROGPVU KP RTGUGPVFC[ EGPVTCN ,QJCPPGUDWTI

 QTKP*KNNDTQY(QTVJGOQUVRCTVVJGYJKVGRQRWNC QHHGTU JKIJURGGF CEEGUU VQ VJG +PVGTPGV $WKNFKPIU
VKQP JCU CDCPFQPGF VJGUG CTGCU NGCXKPI DGJKPF CP DCUGOGPVU CPF RWDNKE URCEGU JCXG DGGP URGEKCNN[
KPHTCUVTWEVWTG PQY QEEWRKGF KPJCDKVGF QT WUGF D[ FGUKIPGFHQTJKIJEGNNWNCTTGEGRVKQP6JKUVGEJPQNQI
DNCEMUKPYC[UUQOGVKOGUTCFKECNN[FKHHGTGPVHTQOKVU KECNUQRJKUVKECVKQPGZVGPFUVQUGEWTKV[9JGPKVUVJTGG
QTKIKPCNRWTRQUGUo
R RCTV UGEWTKV[ U[UVGO TQNNQWV KU EQORNGVGF /GNTQUG
#TEJYKNNDGRTQVGEVGFD[CVQVCNQHQPGVJQWUCPFECO
,QJCPPGUDWTINQUGUKVUQTKIKPCNEQPVQWTUKUTGFWEGF GTCUQHYJKEJVJGTGYKNNDGVYGPV[PKPG&KIKVCN5RTKVG
VQ CP GORV[ UGV QT RCTCFQZKECNN[ ICKPU FGRVJ OWNVKRNGZGTU  ECOGTCU RNWU HVGGP JKIJ URGGF
$[ HQTEKPI VJG EKV[ VQ QRGP WR VJKU RTQEGUU QH FQOGU  KPRWV OCVTKZGU XG YQTMUVCVKQPU CPF
FGHTCOKPI CPF GPHTCOKPI JCU UGV FKHHGTGPV TGRGT C UWRGTXKUQT UVCVKQPo YYYFGFKECVGFOKETQUEQO 
VQKTGUQHURCVKCNKOCIKPCVKQPUCPFRTCEVKEGUKPVQEQN
NKUKQP

UGG%QNQWTRNCVGUZZKKZZKKK +PCPCEVQHRCTCFKIOCVKEURCVKCNVTCPUKVKQPNWZWT[
EQOOWPKVKGUUWEJCU/GNTQUG#TEJQT/QPVGECUKPQ
6JWU,QJCPPGUDWTITGUGODNGUQVJGT#HTKECPEKVKGU CTG FKURNCEGF HTQO VJG QNF EKV[ EGPVGT VQ VJG QWV
KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH FGEQNQPK\CVKQP VJG OQUV UMKTVU0QNQPIGTEGPVTCNDWVOCTIKPCN/GNTQUG#TEJ
OQFGTPCPFHQTOCNEQORGVGYKVJTWTCNKPHQTOCNKV[ QT/QPVGECUKPQJCXGVJWUVWTPGFKPVQGORV[RNCEG
TGRTGUGPVKPI C EQORQUKVKQPCN RTQEGUU OCTMGF D[ JQNFGTUHQTVJGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHYJKVGUWRTGOCE[
RQN[RJQPKE FKUUQPCPEGU
/DGODG   GTQFGF D[ VKOG TCVJGT VJCP TGOGODGTGF D[ KV
+PFGGFEQPVGORQTCT[,QJCPPGUDWTIKUWPFGTIQKPI 6JCV KU YJ[ VJG[ CTG NCTIGN[ VJG OCPKHGUVCVKQP QH
C OCUUKXG URCVKCN TGUVTWEVWTKPI PQV WPNKMG VJG QPG VJG HCKNWTG QH VJG TCEKCN EKV[ VQ CUUKOKNCVG VJG RCU
VJCVQEEWTTGFWPFGTCRCTVJGKF+PVJGEGPVTCNDWUK UCIGQHVKOG6JGKTUKUCPCTEJKVGEVWTGPQNQPIGTQH
PGUU FKUVTKEV YQTPQWV UVTWEVWTGU CTG EQORGVKPI
'FYCTFKCPQTOQFGTPKUVOKOKET[DWVQHnJ[UVGTKCo
YKVJ IQXGTPOGPVURQPUQTGF DWKNFKPI RTQLGEVU CU /CTFGT UQ CRVN[ UCKF WPFGTUVQQF CU C HQTO QH
'NUGYJGTGITQYVJKUHWGNNGFD[RTKXCVGECRKVCNHQT UWHHGTKPIHTQOnTGOKPKUEGPEGUTGRTGUUGFOGOQTKGU
OKFFNG CPF WRRGTKPEQOG TGUKFGPVU KPUWTCPEG VJCVHCKNVQDGKPVGITCVGFKPVQVJGRU[EJGo
/CTFGT
EQORCPKGU DCPMU CPF EQTRQTCVKQPU
/DGODG KP /DGODG  +P VJG RTQEGUU VJG[ FGXGNQR C
1PGQHVJGUGGZCORNGUCNWZWT[VQYP HQTOQHnTGITGUUKXGHQTIGVVKPIoKVUGNHCPCVVGORVVQ
UJKR KP VJG ITGGP UWDWTDU QH 0QTVJGTP ,QJCPPGU YCTFQHHVJGOQXGOGPVQHVKOG
DWTI /GNTQUG #TEJ KU C RTKXCVG FGXGNQROGPV D[
VJG 5GPVKPGNU /KPKPI +PFWUVT[ 4GVKTGOGPV (WPF
+V KU CP GKIJVGGPJGEVCTG QHEG TGVCKN TGUKFGPVKCN South African urbanity unlocked by
CPF TGETGCVKQPCN EQORNGZ PGCT VJG OGICOCNNU QH Ivan Vladislavi: the premises
5CPFVQP CPF 4QUGDCPM /GNTQUG #TEJ KU C PGY
WRUECNG EKV[ YKVJKP VJG EKV[ C ENGCP YGNN NKIJVGF 6JG EVKQP QH QPG QH 5QWVJ #HTKECoU OQUV UVKOW
RNCEG
KDKF#EEQTFKPIVQTGNGXCPVCFXGTVKUG NCVKPI YTKVGTU VQ GOGTIG HTQO VJG VTCPUPCVKQPCN
OGPVUKVUUGEWTKV[DGNVKUQWVUVCPFKPI RGTKQF +XCP 8NCFKUNCXK UJQYU C MGGP CYCTGPGUU
QHVJGUGFKNGOOCUKPJGTGPVKPVJGRTQEGUUQHIKXKPI
n/GNTQUG#TEJKUUWTTQWPFGFD[CDGTQRVKETKPIVJCV URCVKCN QT EQPETGVG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP VQ VJG VTCPUK


GPEGQHOGOQT[+PJGEQGFKVGFYKVJ*KNVQP HQNNQYUKPJKUHCVJGToUHQQVUVGRU#NTGCF[JGYCUCP

Therese Steffen
,WFKP $NCPM #TEJKVGEVWTG #RCTVJGKF CPF #HVGT C CTFGPVEKV[OCRRGTCUVJGCWVJQTTGECNNUJKUWTDCP
MCNGKFQUEQRKE XKGY QP CTEJKVGEVWTG KP 5QWVJ #HTK WRDTKPIKPIKP2TGVQTKC
ECoU EJCPIKPI EKV[UECRG CU CP GEQPQOKE UQEKQEWN
VWTCNCPFCGUVJGVKEUKIPKGT*KUEQPEGTPYKVJURCEG n9JGP + YCU + EJKNF O[ HCVJGT C EKV[ OCP VJTQWIJ
CPFURCVKCNFKOGPUKQPUCVNCTIGRGTOGCVGUJKUGPVKTG CPF VJTQWIJ C NQXGT QH YCNMKPI CPF FTKXKPI PGN[
QGWXTGUQHCTDWVTGOCKPUWPFGTGXCNWCVGF CVVWPGF VQ EJCPIG KP VJG YQTNF CTQWPF JKO CPF
VJGTGHQTGCDNGVQIKXGFKTGEVKQPUYKVJETGCVKXKV[CPF
8NCFKUNCXKoUECTGGTCUCEVKQPYTKVGTDGICPKP RTGEKUKQP VCWIJV OG VJCV KV PGXGT JCTOGF CP[QPG
YKVJVJGRWDNKECVKQPQHCEQNNGEVKQPQHUJQTVUVQTKGU VQ JCXG C OCR KP JCPF =e? 5KPEG VJGP GZRGTKGPEG
GPVKVNGF/KUUKPI2GTUQPU*KUTGRWVCVKQPITGYYKVJ JCU VCWIJV OG =e? VJCV IGVVKPI NQUV KU PQV CNYC[U C
JKU TUV PQXGN 6JG (QNN[
 +P VJG RQUVCRCTV DCF VJKPI 1PG OKIJV GXGP EQPUKFGT OKUFKTGEVKPI C
JGKF GTC JG JCU RWDNKUJGF 2TQRCICPFC D[ /QPW UVTCPIGTHQTJKUQYPIQQFo
2QTVTCKVYKVJ-G[U
OGPVUCPF1VJGT5VQTKGU
*KUUGEQPFPQXGN
6JG 4GUVNGUU 5WRGTOCTMGV
 YCU HQNNQYGF + YKNN CTIWG VJCV +XCP 8NCFKUNCXK KU C OQUV ECTGHWN
D[ JKU VJKTF QPG 6JG 'ZRNQFGF 8KGY
 CPF QDUGTXGTYKVJCPCVWTCNKUVQTnUQEKCNTGCNKUVoUoG[GKP
6JG /QFGN /GP
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KPCPF2QTVTCKVYKVJ-G[U6JG%KV[QH,QJCP VKQPCNRTQEGUU;GVCVVJGUCOGVKOGJGCNUQTGOCKPU
PGUDWTI7PNQEMGFKP+HYGEQPUKFGTVJGVKOG EQOOKVVGFVQVJGnUQEKCNECWUGoQPN[VJGRCTCOGVGTU
HTCOGKPYJKEJ+XCP8NCFKUNCXKoUYTKVKPIECTGGTJCU VJCV FGPG VJG nUQEKCN ECWUGo JCXG EJCPIGF UKPEG
DGGP VCMKPI UJCRG  WPVKN RTGUGPV YG PQVKEG #NVJQWIJJKUQDUGTXKPICPFTGCUQPKPIKUCVKVU
VJCVKVGZCEVN[URCPUYJCVJCUGCTNKGTDGGPTGHGTTGF EQTGCOQTCNQPGJKUTGCUQPKPIKUDCUGFQPHTCIOGP
VQ CU VJG RGTKQF QH nQHEKCNo VTCPUKVKQP
HTQO  VCT[ EQPVKPIGPV PQVKQPU QH OQTCNKV[ +V KU FGTKXGF
VQCPFKVUPQVNGUUVTCPUKVKQPCNCHVGTOCVJVJCV HTQO C OQTCNKV[ VJCV CEMPQYNGFIGU VJG NKOKVU QH
GZVGPFUVJGVTCPUKVKQPCPFUQEKGVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQP VJGPQVKQPUKVKUDCUGFWRQPUWEJCUTCEGEWNVWTG
*GPEG +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKoU YQTM KU FGGRN[ KODWGF ENCUUIGPFGTFKUVKPEVKQPUCPFJGPEGCNUQCEMPQYN
YKVJVJGRTQEGUUQHWTDCPURCEGCUnOGFKCVGFoGPXK GFIGUKVUQYPNKOKVU(QTVJGUGTGCUQPUVJGCWVJQToU
TQPOGPV RGTURGEVKXGU QP VJG EKV[UECRG UJKHV EQPUVCPVN[
9JKNG DQVJ 8NCFKUNCXK CPF JKU RTQVCIQPKUVU UGGO
+XCP 8NCFKUNCXK QH %TQCVKCP QTKIKP YCU DQTP KP VQDGOCRRKPI,QoDWTITWPPKPIGTTCPFUQDUGTXKPI
2TGVQTKC KP  CPF JCU NKXGF KP ,QJCPPGUDWTI OGGVKPIITGGVKPICXQKFKPIRGQRNGVJKUEQPVKPWKV[
UKPEG  *G KU VJG RCTCFKIOCVKE WTDCP G[GYKV QHCPKVKPGTCT[KUEWVYKNNKPIN[D[VJGECOGTC+G[G
PGUU QH EKVKUECRGUo VTCPUKVKQP TQCOKPI VJG WPGCU[ +P EJCPIKPI KVU XKGY RQKPVU CPF EWNVWTCN RGTURGE
CTGCUQHCNCTOUGNGEVTKEHGPEGUCPFUGEWTKV[IWCTFU VKXGU QHVGP CV VKOGU CDTWRVN[ KP UGNGEVKPI TGRTG
GZRNQTKPIVJGEQPVGUVGFDQWPFCTKGUDGVYGGPVJQUG UGPVCVKXGUEGPGUCPFUGVVKPIUQHEJCPIGVTCPUKVKQP
YJQNQEMVJGOUGNXGUCYC[CPFVJQUGYJQTGOCKP YCUVG CPF FGEC[ VJG ECOGTC +G[G FQGU PQV QPN[
QWVUKFG ;GV KP EQPUKUVGPVN[ NKXKPI YCNMKPI CPF FKUEQXGT CPF WPEQXGT VJG JKFFGP VJG WPUGGP DWV
YTKVKPI KPDGVYGGP UVGTGQV[RKECN FKEJQVQOKGU JG CNUQ EQOOGPV CPF ETKVKEK\G FGXGNQROGPVU HTQO C


ETKVKECN FKUVCPEG 6JWU JKIJNKIJVGF CPF LWZVCRQUGF
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QT NQPIGT UPCRUJQVU KG PWODGTGF RCTCITCRJU QH
XCT[KPINGPIVJICKPCJKIJNGXGNQHURKTKVGFXKUWCN
CPFXGTDCNETGFKDKNKV[
2YM*KUUMKNNCVJCPFNKPI
Johannesburgs urbanity unlocked:
Ivan Vladislavis Portrait with keys
 JGEWVUCPFRCUVGUMG[RCUUCIGUQTUPCRUJQVUHTQO
5Q HCT VJG OQUV KPENWUKXG EKV[UGSWGPEG D[ +XCP
8NCFKUNCXK YCU RWDNKUJGF WPFGT VJG VKVNG 2QTVTCKV
YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF KP
,WPGCPCTEJKXGQHYTKVKPIUQPCUGIOGPVQH
,QJCPPGUDWTIVJCVJCUDGGPYCNMGFQDUGTXGFCPF
TGGEVGFWRQPQXGTVJG[GCTUCPFRCTVN[RWDNKUJGF
KPUOCNNGTE[ENGUGCTNKGT2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[
QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF  EQPUKUVU QH 
PWODGTGF UJQTV VGZVUUPCRUJQVU GCEJ CFFTGUUKPI
NKHGCPFCTEJKVGEVWTGKPVTCPUKVKQPKP,QJCPPGUDWTI
6JGVKOGHTCOGUVTGVEJGUHTQOTGEQNNGEVKQPUQHVJG
NCVGUVQVJGKOOGFKCVGRTGUGPV6JGRTQVCIQ
PKUVKUKPOQUVKPUVCPEGU+XCP8NCFKUNCXKJKOUGNH
CNVJQWIJVJGTGCTGFQ\GPUQHQVJGTEJCTCEVGTUYKVJ
YJQOJGUJCTGUGPEQWPVGTUCPFKPVGTCEVKQPU

2QTVTCKV YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI
WPNQEMGF s 8NCFKUNCXKoU RGTURGEVKXGU QP VJG EKV[
UECRG CNYC[U UJKHV s EQORTKUGU VYQ RCTVU 2QKPV #
. n#TVKUVUo DQQM
/ n$GIICTU
EKPCVKQP YKVJ CTEJKVGEVWTG KP VTCPUKVKQP KG VJG
RNCEGU RGQRNG EJQQUG VQ NKXG CPF VJG VJKPIU VJG[
UGGMVQETGCVGn'XGT[FC[+VTCYNCNQPIO[JCDKVWCN
TQWVGUTGCF[VQDGUVCTVNGFD[UQOGVJKPIGNUG+JCXG
OKUUGFWPVKNPQYo
UWDVNG UQEKCN EQOOGPVCT[ HTQO UOCNN FGVCKNU CPF
NCTIGTEKV[UECRGUCUYGNNKUGXKFGPVVJTQWIJQWVJKU
QGWXTG *G KU CNUQ C JKIJN[ KPPQXCVKXG OQPVCIG
VGEJPKEKCPKPOQFGTPKUVCPFRQUVOQFGTPKUVYC[UCU
QPGUJQTVUVQT[E[ENGVQCPQVJGTHTQOCPQXGNDCEM
VQ C UJQTV UVQT[ CPF XKEG XGTUC 6JWU VJG TGCFGT
KU VCMGP CNQPI QP XCTKQWU KVKPGTCTKGU [GV XKC TGR
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YKVJKPEQPVKPIGPE[
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RTQVCIQPKUVoU KVKPGTCT[KGU VJTQWIJ ,QJCPPGUDWTI
VJG UJCTRN[ EWV CPF LWZVCRQUGF UEGPGU CNNQY VJG
TGCFGT VQ HQTO VJGKT QYP TGOQTUGNGUUN[ CEEWTCVG
GPICIGFCPFFGVCEJGFKPFKXKFWCNUVQRUKPCEKV[KP
VTCPUKVKQP 6JG OGUUCIG KU ENGCT ,QoDWTI ECPPQV
DGRGTEGKXGFQVJGTVJCPCUCMCNGKFQUEQRKERCPQR
VKEWO%QPUGSWGPVN[2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH
,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGFENQUGUYKVJCPKPFGZQHXCT
KQWUn+VKPGTCTKGUoVJGTGCFGTECPEJQQUGHTQO
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55JQTV CPF QHHGT VJG HQNNQYKPI n+VKPGTCTKGUo n#P
CEEKFGPVCN KUNCPFo

UPCRUJQVU  CPF 2QKPV $

UPCRUJQVU  CPFUGNNGTUo
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/
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. n%NQUGT VQIGVJGTo
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.
VQ ,QJCPPGUDWTI 6JG URCVKCN CPF VGORQTCN ICR n+PUGEWTKV[o
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DGVYGGP UWIIGUVU DQVJ ENQUGPGUU VQ CPF FKUVCPEG
/ n/GOQTKCNUo
/ n1DLGEV NGUUQPUo
. n1NF
HTQOJQOG[GVVJGUPCRUJQVUEQPVKPWGKPVJGUCOG NKXGUo
5 n2CKPVGF YCNNUo
5 UGG CNUQ 9CNNU n5CHG
XGKPKP2QKPV$6JG[CTGPGN[ETCHVGFKPVGTNKPMGF CPF UQWPFo
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.
UJQTVGTQTNQPIGTVGZVUVJCVTGXGCN8NCFKUNCXKoUHCU n5VTGGVCFFTGUUGU,QJCPPGUDWTIo
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. n7PFGTITQWPFo
5 n9CNMKPIo
. n9CNNUo
5 GTPKUV 6JWU 8NCFKUNCXK ETGCVGU CPF TGETGCVGU JKU
n9CVGTo
5n9TKVGTUoDQQMo
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/ QYP XKXKF OKOGUKU QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI KP VTCPUKVKQP
+XCP 8NCFKUNCXKoU KPURKTCVKQP HQT JKU VJGOCVKE
KPFGZKPI KU *WORJTG[ ,GPPKPIoU ITGCV EQORGP
FKWO QH TGCFKPIU 2CPFGOQPKWO  6JG
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1DUGTXGTU 2CPFGOQPKWO JQYGXGT KP ,QJP /KN
VQPoU 2CTCFKUG .QUV C YQTF YJKEJ /KNVQP EQKPGF
HTQOVJG.CVKPRCP
CNNCPFFGOQPKWO
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VJGECRKVCNQH*GNNNKVGTCNN[VJGRNCEGQHCNNFGOQPU

9KVJVJGRCUUCIGQHVKOGVJGYQTFECOGVQOGCP
CP[ RNCEG QH YKNF FKUQTFGT PQKUG CPF EQPHWUKQP
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6JKUKFGCKUUWDVN[GORJCUK\GFYKVJ/KNVQPoUEJQKEG
2YM
QH/WNEKDGTCUVJGCTEJKVGEV/WNEKDGTYCUCPQVJGT
PCOGHQT*GRJCGUVWUVJG)TGGM)QFQHVJG(QTIG

n,QoDWTIo +P CPCN[\KPI UGNGEVGF UPCR
YJQYCUVQUUGFHTQO1N[ORWUD[CFTWPMGP<GWU
/WNEKDGTKUEQPUGSWGPVN[CIWTGQHUQOGTKFKEWNG
CPFPQVVJGOQUVNKMGN[CTEJKVGEVVQDWKNFCNCUVKPI
EKV[1PGQVJGTCURGEVQHVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPQH2CPFG
OQPKWOsCPFRCTVKEWNCTN[KPXKGYQH,QJCPPGUDWTI
sKUYQTVJEQPUKFGTCVKQP/COOQPCPFVJGQVJGT
FGXKNU PF OKPGTCN TGUQWTEGU KPENWFKPI IGOUVQPGU
KPVJGKTUGCTEJHQTDWKNFKPIOCVGTKCNU6JKUFKUEQXGT[
QHTGUQWTEGUUWIIGUVUVJCVVJG*GNN/KNVQPJCUKOCI
2YMNGCXGUPQFQWDV+PVJKUURTCYNKPI
KPGFKUCOWNVKHCEGVGFCPFVKOGNGUURNCEGVJCVOKIJV
CU YGNN TGHGT VQ ,QJCPPGUDWTI'IQNK VJG RNCEG QH
IQNF CPF FKCOQPFU
%H ,QJP /KNVQP 2CTCFKUG GPXKTQPOGPV [QWT URQTVU ENWD GXGP [QWT RWDNKE
.QUV $QQM  NKPGU  HH ;GV +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKoU
WPKSWG OQPVCIG VGEJPKSWG QH KPVGTVGZVWCN GEJQGU
QHEWVVKPICPFRCUVKPIKFGPVKECNUPCRUJQVUQTGPVKTG
E[ENGUKPPGYVJGOCVKEUVTKPIUKUFKUVKPEVN[JKUQYP
%H #WVJQToU 0QVG 2QTVTCKV YKVJ -G[U 
0QV QPN[ FQGU JG CEJKGXG EQJGUKQP XKC TGEQIPK
VKQP CPF TGKVGTCVKQP DWV KP FQKPI UQ JG CNUQ RCT
CNNGNU CPF TGRTQFWEGU VJG EKV[UECRGoU CTEJKVGEVWTCN
OKOKET[ s GXGT[ EQNQPKCN VQYP KOKVCVGU HQTOGT
CTEJKVGEVWTCN UV[NGU HTQO 'FYCTFKCP VQ JKIJ OQF
Therese Steffen
XKCJKUTGE[ENKPIEWVCPFRCUVGUV[NGQHJKUVGZVUn$[
pOKOGUKUq YG UJQWNF s CEEQTFKPI VQ 5VGRJGP *CN
NKYGNNWPFGTUVCPFCECRCEKV[VQKFGPVKH[QPGUGNHQT
GUVCDNKUJUKOKNCTKVKGUYKVJUQOGVJKPIGNUGYJKNGCV
VJGUCOGVKOGKPXGPVKPIUQOGVJKPIQTKIKPCNo
.GVWUVWTPVQCnOGFKWOLQWTPG[oCPKVKPGTCT[
QH O[ QYP UGNGEVKQP 6JG PWODGTGF UPCRUJQVU
HWNN[ GFKVGF E[ENG n,QoDWTIo HQT )4#06#
CTG CNUQ KPVGITCVGF KP 2QTVTCKV YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[
QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF
DGTUDGNQYTGHGTGKVJGTVQVJKUNCVVGTGFKVKQP
QT VQ n,QoDWTIo VJG E[ENG RWDNKUJGF KP )4#06#
UJQVU YG UJCNN VTCEG VJG RTQVCIQPKUVoU EQPEGTPU
VJGRNCEGUKPVTCPUKVKQPXKUKVGFTGXKUKVGFCPFWNVK
OCVGN[EJCPIGFVJGUCHGV[OGCUWTGUKPXQNXGFVJG
EQPVGPVKQP DGVYGGP RTKXCVG CPF RWDNKE URCEG HGNV
CPFGPFWTGFKPUJQTVJKUGPXKTQPOGPVnOGFKCVGFo
KP C UGTKGU QH NKVGTCT[ UPCRUJQVU UQ XKUWCN CPF RTG
EKUGVJCVVJG[HWPEVKQPCNOQUVCUCRKEVWTGICNNGT[
6JGQRGPKPIUPCRUJQVQH+XCP8NCFKUNCXKoU2QTVTCKV
YKVJ-G[U
5QWVJ#HTKECPOGVTQRQNKU[QWCTGGKVJGTKPQTQWV
KPQTQWVQH[QWTRTGOKUGU[QWTYQTMKPIQTNGKUWTG
NKDTCT[ 6JKU EWVVKPI CPF WPTGOKVVKPI DQWPFCT[
FTCYKPIFKXKFGUVJGCKTCUUJCTRN[CUVJGQRGPKPIQT
ENQUKPI QH C DCPM UCHG 0Q KOCIKPCT[ nVJKTFURCEGo
DGVYKZVKPPGTCPFQWVGTURCEGCNNQYUHQTOWUKPIU
VJQWIJVU QT VCTFKPGUU 8CNWCDNG KVGOU KPENWFKPI
[QWT DQF[ OWUV DG RTQVGEVGF D[ CNN OGCPU CU VJG
QRGPKPINKPGUUVCVGYKVJWVOQUVENCTKV[
n9JGPCJQWUGJCUDGGPCNCTOGFKVDGEQOGUGZRNQ
UKXG +V OWUV DG CTOGF CPF FKUCTOGF UGXGTCN VKOGU

 C FC[ 9JGP KV KU CTOGF D[ VJG VQWEJKPI QH MG[U
WRQP C RCF KV GOKVU C YJKPG VJCV UGPFU VJG QEEW
RCPVU TWUJKPI QWV DCPIKPI VJG FQQT DGJKPF VJGO
6JGTG CTG PQ NGKUWTGN[ FGRCTVWTGU VJGTG KU PQ VKOG
HQTUGEQPFVJQWIJVUHQTVCMKPICUECTHHTQOVJGJQQM
DGJKPF VJG FQQT HQT EJGEMKPI VJCV VJG CPUYGTKPI
OCEJKPGKUQPHQTCPCNNQQMKPVJGOKTTQTQPVJG
YC[ VJTQWIJ VJG JCNNYC[ 6JGTG CTG PQ UCXQWTGF
JQOGEQOKPIUGKVJGT[QWFQPQVWPYKPFKPVQUWEJC
JQWUGMKEMKPIQHH[QWTUJQGUDTGCVJKPIVJGHCOKNKCT
CKT 'XGT[ FGRCTVWTG KU RTGEKRKVCVG GXGT[ CTTKXCN KU
C UETCRKPIKP +P CP CNCTOGF JQWUG [QW CYCMG KP
VJG UOCNN JQWTU VQ PF VJG TQQO WPPCVWTCNN[ NKIJV
6JG MG[U QP VJG VQWEJ RCF CTG CINQY YKVJ C NWOK
PQWU ENKPKECN ITGGP NKMG C PKIJV NKIJV HQT C EJKNF
YJQoU CHTCKF QH VJG FCTMo
2YM UPCRUJQV   RCVVGTP KU VQ MPQEM VJKPIU CV CPF UVCTV CNN QXGTo
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV2YMUPCRUJQV
6JG WPCPKOQWU RTQEGFWTG QH NQEMKPIWPNQEMKPI KU
UVKNNVJGGPVTCPEGVKEMGVVQCEKV[KPVJGXKEKPKV[QH
VJG 9KVYCVGTUTCPF YKVJ KVU WPKXGTUKV[ KVU JKUVQT[
QH IQNF CPF FKCOQPFU KVU DWUKPGUUGU &QWDVNGUUN[
VJGNGICE[QHCUQEKQRQNKVKECNN[FKUEGTPKPIU[UVGO
DGHQTG FWTKPI CPF GXGP CHVGT  UVKNN IQXGTPU
VJGJCXGCPFJCXGPQVU
+XCP 8NCFKUNCXK FQGU PQV QPN[ FKUUGEV VJG NKXGU QH
JKU EQPVGORQTCT[ n,QoDWTIJGTUo YKVJKP VJGKT RTQ
VGEVKXGYCNNUJGQDUGTXGUVJGEKV[oUXKUWCNEJCPIGU
KP VJGKT QRGPKPI CPF ENQUKPI U[UVGOU CV NCTIG *G
MGGRU OCRRKPI DQVJ VJG JQTK\QPVCN CPF XGTVKECN
URCEGU CPF RNCEGU KP VJGKT OCMKPI CPF DTGCMKPI
6JG JKUVQT[ QH VJG %CTNVQP %GPVGT KP VJG HQTOGT
DWUKPGUU FKUVTKEV *KNNDTQY KU C UVTKMKPI GZCORNG QH
C NCPFOCTM KP FGEC[
2YM  6JWU VJG RTK JCU DGGP NNGF KP # ICTFGP RCVJ NGCFU VQ C HGPEG
XCVG CPF VJG RWDNKE URCEGU CTG PQV QPN[ GZRNQTGF
DWV EJCPIG DGEQOGU QDXKQWU KP VJG GXGT[FC[RGT
n,QoDWTIo
HQTOCPEG QT ENQUWTG QH ,QJCPPGUDWTIoU DWKNFKPIU
UVKNN VJG EQWPVT[oU PCPEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE EGPVGT

.KHG JQYGXGT KP CNCTOGF RTGOKUGU UGGOU VQ DG
WPPCVWTCN6JGICVGFKPPQEGPEGQHCYJKVGCHWGPV
EQOOWPKV[CRRGCTUFKON[CPFENKPKECNN[NKIJVGFCU
KH VJKU KPPQEGPEG PGGFGF VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH C DGNN
LCT CHTCKF QH VJG FCTMGT TGCNOU QH GZRGTKGPEG QWV
UKFG+VKUCUKHYJKVGRGQRNGCTGHQTEGFVQJKDGTPCVG
KP UVTCPIGN[ YGNNNKV RNCEGU #P KPETGCUKPI CPZKGV[
OCPKHGUVUKVUGNHKPKPETGCUKPIUCHGV[OGCUWTGU

n,QJCPPGUDWTIKUCHTQPVKGTEKV[CRNCEGQHEQPVGUVGF
DQWPFCTKGU6GTTKVQT[OWUVDGUGEWTGFCPFFGHGPFGF
QTKVYKNNDGNQUV6QFC[VJGEQPVGUVKUGTEGCPFUQVJG
FGHGPEGU OWNVKRN[ 9CNNU TGRNCEG HGPEGU JKIJ YCNNU
TGRNCEG NQY QPGU VJG JKIJGUV YCNNU CESWKTG GNGEVTK
GF YKTGU CPF URKMGU +P VJG YGCNVJKGT UWDWTDU VJG
n#TQWPFJGTGRGQRNGOCMGVJGOQUVQHYJCVVJG[oXG
IQV VJG YCNNU VGPF VQ ITQY D[ KPETGOGPVU # UVQPG
YCNN KU JGKIJVGPGF YKVJ RTGHCD RCPGNU C RTGHCD YCNN
KU JGKIJVGPGF HWTVJGT YKVJ UVGGN RCNKUCFGU VJG RCNK
UCFGU CTG VQRRGF YKVJ TC\QT YKTG 9QQFGP RKEMGVU
QP VQR QH DTKEM QTPCVG YTQWIJVKTQP RCPGNU QP VQR
QHRNCUVGTDNCFGYKTGQPVQRQHURNKVRQNGU6JGUGnRKI
I[DCEM YCNNUo CTG PGCTN[ CNYC[U WIN[ $WV UQOGVKOGU
VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG CEJKGXGU C FGITGG QH GNCDQTC
VKQP VJCV DGEQOGU DGCWVKHWN CICKP NKMG C RCIG KP VJG
*QOGOCMGToU (CKT ECVCNQIWG =e? 6JG VQOCUQP QH
CEEGUU KU QWT URGEKCNV[ 6JGTG CTG XCPKUJGF ICVGYC[U
GXGT[YJGTG 1P CP[ UVTGGV [QW OC[ PF C RCPGN
KP C YCNN YJGTG VJG DTKEMU CTG C FKHHGTGPV EQNQWT QT
VJG EQWTUGU RQQTN[ CNKIPGF KPFKECVKPI VJCV C ICR
TCVJGT VJCP C ICVG =e? 6JG OQUV EQOOQP VQOCUQP
QH CEEGUU D[ HCT KU VJG OGVCN JKPIGo
UPCRUJQV   2YM UPCRUJQV  
1PG QH VJG EJKGH UKIPKGTU QH WTDCP EJCPIG KU VJG
nVQOCUQPoCUOCNNVQMGP TCVJGTPGEGUUKV[HQTCNCTIGRCTVQHVJGRQRWNCVKQP
n6JG VGTO pVQOCUQPq YCU EQKPGF D[ )GPRGK
#MCUGICYC VQ FGUETKDG C RWTRQUGNGUU QDLGEV HQWPF
QPCEKV[UVTGGV*GJCUVTCEMGFCPFVCIIGFJWPFTGFU
QH VJGO KP ,CRCP CPF QVJGT RCTVU QH VJG YQTNF #
VQOCUQP KU C VJKPI VJCV JCU DGEQOG FGVCEJGF HTQO
KVU QTKIKPCN RWTRQUG 5QOGVKOGU VJKU FGVCEJOGPV
OC[ DG UQ EQORNGVG VJCV VJG QDLGEV KU VWTPGF KPVQ
CP GPKIOCVKE RW\\NG CNVGTPCVKXGN[ VJG QTKIKPCN RWT
RQUGQHVJGQDLGEVOC[DGSWKVGCRRCTGPVCPFKVUEWT
TGPV WUGNGUUPGUU VQWEJKPI CPF COWUKPI 6QOCUQPU
VJTKXG KP VJG OCPOCFG YQTNF KP URCEGU VJCV CTG
EQPUVCPVN[ DGKPI TGOCFG CPF TGFGUKIPGF HQT QVJGT
RWTRQUGU YJGTG VJG HWPEVKQP QH C VJKPI VJCV YCU
WUGHWNCPFPGEGUUCT[OC[DGUYGRVCYC[KPCVKFGQH
EJCPIGQTYCUJGFQHHNKMGCNCDGN6JG[CTGETGCVWTGU
QHVJGDQWPFCT[VJG[ITCXKVCVGVQYCNNUCPFHGPEGU
VQGPVTCPEGUCPFGZKVUo
2YMUPCRUJQV 2TGUUKPI VJG UYKVEJ ECWUGF VJG FTCYGT VQ URTKPI
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV
,QoDWTIYCUCPFUVKNNKUCIQNFFKIIKPIUGVVNGOGPV
5KPEG  C IQNF FKIIKPI OGPVCNKV[ JCU UWTXKXGF
XCTKQWU RGTKQFU QH VTCPUKGPEG +P 8NCFKUNCXKoU
YQTFU VQ YJQO VJG RTQVCIQPKUV ICXG HQQF KP JKU CRCTV
n)QNF YCU FKUEQXGTGF QP VJG 9KVYCVGTUTCPF KP
VJG YKPVGT QH  =e? %QOOKUUKQPGT 5VTGGV VJG
DCEMDQPG QH VJG EKV[ HQNNQYU VJG QNF YCIQP VTCEM
DGVYGGPVYQQHVJGTUVOKPKPIECORUHTQO,GRRGU
VQYPKPVJGGCUVVQ(GTTGKTCUFQTRKPVJGYGUV5QVJG
EKV[oUURKPGYCUHWUGFVQVJG/CKP4GGHVJGUWDVGT
KDKF
TCPGCP IQNF FGRQUKV VJCV ECNNGF KV KPVQ NKHG 6QFC[
IQKPI FQYP %QOOKUUKQPGT KPVQ VJG JKIJTKUG JGCTV
QH #HTKECoU TKEJGUV EKV[ + CO TGOKPFGF VJCV JGTG YG
CTGCNNUVKNNRTQURGEVQTUYKVJCFKIIGToUENCKOQPVJG
GCTVJ DGPGCVJ QWT HGGVo
n,QoDWTIo UPCRUJQV   VJGRQPFCV4JQFGURCTMQT$TWOC.CMG9KVJQWV
)QNF FKIIKPI TGOCKPU VJG IQXGTPKPI OGPVCNKV[ QT
Therese Steffen
VJCVNGCFUVQVJGUVGCNKPICPFWNVKOCVGFGUVTWEVKQP
QHCEJCTOKPIJGKTNQQOECUMGVHWNNQHNCRGNDCFIGU
nDCFIGU QH KFGPVKV[o CPF nUKORNG OCTMGTU QH C NKHG
UVQT[oJCPFGFFQYPVQVJGRTQVCIQPKUVD[JKUITCPF
HCVJGTVQHCVJGTVQUQPCPFVJGPIQPG6JKUYJKVG
NKPGQHKFGPVKECVKQPKUFGPKVGN[DTQMGP+PVTKIWKPI
KU VJG UGETGV NQEM QH VJKU ECUMGV VJG RQCEJGTU NCVGT
EQWNFPQVQRGP
ne C YQQFGP ECUMGV JCNH VJG UK\G QH C RGPEKN ECUG
FGEQTCVGFYKVJHQTGUVUEGPGUOCFGQHKPNCKFUGIOGPVU
QH UVCKPGF YQQF PQY HCFGF VQ C RGTRGVWCN CWVWOP
6JGTG YCU C UGETGV OGEJCPKUO HQT QRGPKPI VJG
FTCYGTCYQQFGPUYKVEJEQPEGCNGFDGPGCVJCUOCNN
VKNGVJCVEQWNFDGUNKFCUKFGKVVVGFUQRGTHGEVN[[QW
EQWNF PQV GXGP KPUGTV C PIGTPCKN KPVQ C ETCEM [QW
JCFVQOQKUVGPVJGVKRQH[QWTPIGTCPFRWNNIGPVN[
QRGPo
6JQWIJVJGECUMGVTGECNNUVJGUGETGVOGEJCPKUOUQH
CPCNCTOGFJQWUGKVIQVUVQNGPD[VJGVYQRQCEJGTU
OGPVCUVTQPICPFRCKPHWNOQOGPVQHTGEQIPKVKQP
CPFVTCPUKVKQP#VGGPCIGTCPFJKU[QWPIGTDTQVJGT
DQVJKPTCIUITCDDGFYJCVVJG[EQWNFKPJKUCRCTV
OGPV YJKNG JG YCU HGVEJKPI HQQF HQT VJGO .CVGT
JG HQWPF DWV URNKPVGTU QH VJG DQZ PGCTD[ n(TWU
VTCVGFD[VJGKTKPCDKNKV[VQQRGPVJGDQZVJG[JCF
UOCUJGFKVo
(TQO VJKU RGTUQPCN TGCNO QH NQUU CPF HTWUVTCVKQP
VJG UGSWGPEG OQXGU QP VQ ,QoDWTIoU RWDNKE RNCEGU
KPVTCPUKVKQPVJGEKV[oURCTMUCPFUEGPKEYCVGTYC[U
FQWDV VJGUG nYJKVGU QPN[o FC[U URGPV KP n$GTGC

2CTMoQTn1RRGPJGKOGT2CTMoHWNNQHCTVKEKCNNCPF
UECRKPICFLWUVGFVQYJKVGVCUVGUCTGCNUQIQPGHQT
GXGT8NCFKUNCXKUVTGUUGUXCTKQWUCURGEVQHEQNQPKCN
OKOKET[
n+P,QJCPPGUDWTIVJGDCEMFTQRKUCNYC[UCOCPOCFG
QPG9GJCXGRNCPVGFCHQTGUVVJGDKTFUGPFQTUG(QT
JKNNU YG JCXG OKPG FWORU EQXGTGF YKVJ ITCUU 9G
FQ PQV YCKV HQT VKOG CPF VJG GNGOGPVU VQ YGCVJGT
WU YG EJCPIG VJG UEGPGT[ QWTUGNXGU VQ UWKV QWT
OQQFU 0CVWTG KU HQT QVJGT RGQRNG KP QVJGT RNCEGUo
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV 1RRGPJGKOGT 2CTM CNVJQWIJ VJGUG CPKOCNU YGTG
n,QoDWTIo
n9GCTGJCRR[VCMKPIVJGCKTQPVJG4CPFDWTI9CVGT
HTQPV YKVJ KVU RCUVGDQCTF YJCTXGU CPF OCUVU QT
YCVEJKPIVJGRNCUVKEFWEMUDQDKPVJGUVTGCOCV/QP
VGECUKPQQTGCVKPIUWTHoPoVWTHQP%NGQRCVTCoU$CTIG
n,QoDWTIo
KPVJGOKFFNGQH%CGUCToUo
KDKF
9KVJ JKU ITGCV UGPUG QH KTQP[ VJG CWVJQT HWTVJGT
NKPMU nYKNFNKHGo KP VJG RCTMU YKVJ VJG PGY nYKNF
NKHGo QH VJG OGVCN JWPVGTU QT UETCR FGCNGTU CU VJG[
n,QoDWTIo*GKUCUVQPKUJKPIN[RKEM[
RQCEJ VJG OQPWOGPVU QH YJKVG UWRTGOCE[ RKGEG
D[RKGEG
n,QJCPPGUDWTIJCUCPCDWPFCPEGQHYKNFNKHGCPFVJG
RQCEJGTUJCXGVCMGPHWNNCFXCPVCIGQHVJGQRGPUGCUQP
6JG[oXG DCIIGF C DTQP\G UVGGPDQM HTQO 9KVU 7PK
XGTUKV[CJQTUGHTQOQWVUKFGVJGNKDTCT[KP5CPFVQP
TUVFQEMKPIVJGDGCUVVQUGGKHCP[QPGYQWNFOKPF
CPFVJGPJCEMKPIQHHKVUJGCFNKMG/CQUKCRCKTQH
n,QoDWTIo UPCRUJQV  
GCINGUPGUVKPIPGCTVJG5VQEM'ZEJCPIGCPFCPQVJGT
UVGGPDQM KP VJG $QVCPKECN )CTFGPU CV 'OOGTGPVKC
=e?1HEQWTUGWTDCPRQCEJGTUCTGPQVLWUVJWPIT[HQT
JQTUGGUJCP[QNFKTQPYKNNFQ6JG[CTGGURGEKCNN[
HQPF QH VJG EQXGTU QP OCPJQNGU CPF YCVGT OCKPUo
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV EQNQWTQHJKUEJCTCEVGTUKPXQNXGF;GVCHVGTVJKURCT

6JGUGWTDCPRQCEJGTUPQVQPN[NKVGTCNN[FGEQPUVTWEV
YJKVG OQPWOGPVU KP RWDNKE URCEGU VJG[ CNUQ CEV
CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG nIQNF FKIIKPI OGPVCNKV[o QH VJG
,QoDWTIQH4QWIJN[QPGJWPFTGF[GCTUNCVGT
VJG[ FKI CPF RQCEJ PQ NQPIGT IQNF KP VJG OKPGU
WPFGTPGCVJDWVVJGYJKVGRKQPGGTUoJKUVQTKEOQPW
OGPVU 0KIJVN[ DTKICFGU FGEQPUVTWEV VJG VJGOG
RCTE QH UWRTGOCVKUV PQUVCNIKC CPF KP QTFGT VQ UGNN
VJG OGVCN QP VJG DNCEM OCTMGV GXGP *GTOCP
9CNFoU.GCRKPI+ORCNCVJGnGKIJVGGPCPKOCNUKPHWNN
KIJVoIQVEJQRRGFQHHRKGEGD[RKGEGQWVQH'TPGUV
nUGV VQ UWTXKXG VJG EGPVWT[ WPUECVJGFo
29-UPCRUJQV9JCVKUNGHVCTG
GORV[ RGFGUVCNU 6JG RTQVCIQPKUVoU NCEQPKE EQO
OGPVQPVJKUVJKUKUnIGVVJGLWORQPVJGRQCEJGTU
D[UGNNKPIVJGDQQV[[QWTUGNHo
0GZVVQVJGPKIJVN[RQCEJGTUCTGVJGFCKN[DGIICTU
COQPI VJGO n6JG OCP YJQ RCEGU WR CPF FQYP
QWVUKFG VJG )GO 5WRGTOCTMGV NKMG C ETGCVWTG KP
ECRVKXKV[o
YJGP
ne VJG YQOCP GORVKGF VJG EJCPIG HTQO JGT RWTUG
KPVQ JKU RCNO *G GZCOKPGF JGT QHHGTKPI EWTK
QWUN[ $GHQTG UJG EQWNF YCNM QHH JG DGICP VQ RKEM
VJTQWIJ KV CPF IKXG VJG UOCNNGT FGPQOKPCVKQPU
DCEMVQJGT#HVGTCOQOGPVoURW\\NGOGPVUJGJGNF
JGT JCPF VQ CEEGRV VJG TGLGEVU 5JG UGGOGF HCUEK
PCVGF D[ VJG GZEJCPIGo
9CUJGWPITCVGHWNGXGPKPUWNVKPIQTLWUVVGCEJKPI
CNGUUQPVQVJGCHWGPVDW[GTUYJQEQWNFDGOQTG
IGPGTQWU!+VKUKORQTVCPVVQPQVGVJCV8NCFKUNCXKoU
PCTTCVQTPGKVJGTLWFIGUPQTGXGTOGPVKQPUVJGUMKP
VKEWNCT OQOGPV QH TGLGEVKQP QH RTGUWOCDN[ YJKVG
IGPGTQUKV[VJGUGSWGPEGVWTPUVQKVUEGPVTCNRKGEG
VJCVQHHGTUCOQFKEWOQHRGCEGCPFIQQFJQRGHQT
VJQUGGPHQNFGF
n#UVQGRKP)QQF*QRG5VTGGV6JGFGGRDNWGICTFGP
YCNNJQNFUCRTGEKUGOGCUWTGQHVJGVYKNKIJVUVKNN=e?
9GJCXGDGGPVCNMKPICPFNCWIJKPIHQTJQWTURWVVKPI
QWTRTGFKECOGPVUKPVJGKTRNCEGPFKPIYC[UVQMGGR
QWTDCNCPEGKPCVKFGQHEJCPIG9GEQWNFHGVEJHTGUJ
DGGT INCUUGU HTQO VJG FQQT QH VJG HTKFIG DWV VJGUG
YCTO QPGU UVKEMKN[ PIGTRTKPVGF CPF UOGNNKPI QH
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV
[GCUVUWKVVJKUUCVKCVGFEQPXGTUCVKQPDGVVGT9GURGCM
VJGUCOGNCPIWCIGo
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV #VVJG2WDNKE.KDTCT[VJGQDXKQWUTGXGTUCNKUTGHTGUJ
6JKUKUQDXKQWUN[CYJKVGYQTNFKPYJKEJQPGOC[
TGVTGCVHTQOVJGEKV[UECRGKPVTCPUKVKQPCPFKVUEJCN
NGPIKPIOQOGPVU#VNCTIGVJGRTQVCIQPKUVUENCKO ICTFGPUQTICVJGTKPVJGITCPFNQDD[VQIKIINGCPF
n6JKU KU QWT ENKOCVG 9G JCXG ITQYP WR KP VJKU CKT
VJKUNKIJVCPFYGITCURKVQPVJGUMKPYJGTGKVITCURU
WU9GMPQYVJKUGCTVJVJKUITCUUVJKURQNKUJGFTGF
UVQPG YKVJ VJG UQNGU QH QWT HGGV 9G YKNN PGXGT DG
QWTUGNXGUCP[YJGTGGNUG*CRRKGTRGTJCRUJGCNVJKGT
NGUU DWTFGPGF OQTG UGEWTG $WV YG YKNN PGXGT DG
ENQUGT VQ YJQ YG CTG VJCP VJKUo
n,QoDWTIo KDKF UETCRGToUFGEC[KU,QoDWTIoUOQUVVGNNKPIOQPWOGPV
1PG FC[ VJG RTQVCIQPKUV XKUKVU VJG ,QJCPPGUDWTI
2WDNKE .KDTCT[ VQ TGCF WR QP /CZ VJG )QTKNNC VJG
\QQoU OQUV HCOQWU TGUKFGPV s JG ECWIJV CPF DKV
RQCEJGTU CPF RQNKEGOGP CNKMG s CPF KU KPUVGCF
CDUQTDGF KP VJG VTKXKCN O[UVGT[ QH C UVTKMG IQKPI
QP $WV DGHQTG YG ECP GPVGT VJG .KDTCT[ YG OWUV
CEEQORCP[ VJG XKUKVQT VJTQWIJ CP WPFGTYQTNF QH
nUCHGV[RCTMKPIoKPITGCVVTCPUKVKQP
n5VGRRKPI WR HTQO VJG *CTT[ *QHOG[T 2CTMKPI
)CTCIG6JKUXCUVDCUGOGPVYJGTGKPVJG[GCTURCUV
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV
[QWoFJCXGDGGPNWEM[VQPFCDC[KUCNNDWVGORV[
=e?'XGT[PGYDWKNFKPIKP,QJCPPGUDWTIJCUUGEWTG
Therese Steffen
EQPVTQNNGF XGJKENGHTKGPFN[ GPVTCPEGU CPF GZKVU 6JG
YGNNJGGNGFsYJQPCVWTCNN[CTGCNUQVJGYGNNYJGGNGF
sUJQWNFDGCDNGVQTGCEJRQKPV$YKVJQWVUGVVKPIHQQV
KP VJG UVTGGV 6JG OCNNU CTG JGOOGF KP D[ RCTMKPI
ICTCIGU%QORNGZGUQHCRRCTGPVN[KPFGRGPFGPVDWKNF
KPIU FGUKIPGF VQ UKOWNCVG VJG PGKIJDQWTJQQFU QH C
EQPXGPVKQPCN EKV[ CTG WPFGTOKPGF D[ JWIG WPKVCT[
ICTCIGU VJCV FGUVTQ[ VJG KNNWUKQP 5WRGTDCUGOGPVU
1NFGT DWKNFKPIU JCXG VQ CFCRV VQ VJG PGY TGSWKTG
OGPVUo
KPIN[ KPIGPKQWU YJKNG VJG DNCEM UEJQQNEJKNFTGP
YJQ CTG PQY VJG OCKP WUGTU QH VJG HCEKNKV[ UVTQNN
CTOKPCTOWRVJGDTQCFUVCKTECUGHTQOVJGNKDTCT[
YJKURGTVJGHGYYJKVGUWDWTDCPKVGUYJQUVKNNXGP
VWTGJGTGRCTMWPFGTITQWPFCPFUNKRKPWRVJGDCEM
UVCKTU
#NQPIGTUPCRUJQVFGXQVGFVQVJG%CTNVQP%GPVGTKU
C UYCP UQPI QP ,QoDWTIoU DKI OQPWOGPV QH OQF
GTPKUVCTEJKVGEVWTG$WKNVKPVJGGCTN[UVJGUM[
QHVTCPUKVKQP
n'XGT[OQPVJHQTVJGRCUVHVGGP[GCTUQPVJGUGEQPF
6JWTUFC[ QH VJG OQPVJ + JCXG OGV O[ DTQVJGT
$TCPMQ HQT EQHHGG CV VJG %CTNVQP %GPVTG + EQWNF
EJCTVVJGNKHGCPFFGCVJQHVJKUITGCVEQORNGZD[VJG
UGSWGPEGQHEQHHGGUJQRUYJKEJECOGVQUGTXGCUQWT
TGIWNCT OGGVKPIRNCEG QXGT VJG [GCTU HTQO VJG -QH
GJWKU YJGTG VJG YCKVTGUUGU YGTG IQV WR CU &WVEJ
FCKT[OCKFU KP ENQIU CPF NCEG ECRU VQ VJG $TC\KNKCP
%QHHGG5JQRYJGTGVJGEWRUCPFUCWEGTUCTTKXGFCPF
FGRCTVGFQPCEQPXG[QTDGNV
 6JGP KP VJG OKF0KPGVKGU VJG ECT RCTM DGICP

 VQUJTKPM6JGFGOCPFHQTRCTMKPIHGNNNGXGND[NGXGN
NKMG C DCTQOGVGT QH EJCPIG KP VJG EKV[ EGPVTG 6JG
RGQRNGYKVJECTUYGTGENGCTN[IQKPIGNUGYJGTG=e?+P
/C[YJGP+VWTPGFKPVQ/CKP5VTGGVVJGTGYCU
CEJCKPUNWPICETQUUO[WUWCNGPVTCPEG=e?
*16'. URGEKCN MPQYNGFIG VWTPGF VJGO KPVQ VJG RTKXKNGIGF
%.15'&=e?9JGP+TGUWTHCEGFKPVQVJGEJKNN[CKTC
NKVVNGNCVGTCGTEGYJKVGNKIJVECWIJVO[G[G9GNFGTU
KPQXGTCNNUYGTGUGCNKPIQHHVJGECPQRKGFGPVTCPEGQH
VJG%CTNVQP*QVGNDGJKPFCRCNKUCFGHGPEGo
n,QoDWTIo RCTVKEKRCVGo
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV
UPCRUJQV  
2YM UPCRUJQVU  
6JG HQNNQYKPI UPCRUJQV KU CNUQ FGFKECVGF VQ VJG
VQRKE QH RGQRNG OGGVKPI FQYPVQYP .QWKUG C
HTKGPF PQY VGCEJKPI CV VJG 6YKNKIJV %JKNFTGPoU
5JGNVGTCPFVJGRTQVCIQPKUVMPGYGCEJQVJGTCUGFK
VQTUCV4CXCP2TGUUKP1o4GKNN[4QCF[6JG[YQWNF
n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV2YMUPCRUJQV
OGGV CV VJG (NQTKCP KP *KNNDTQY 6JKU 8GPGVKCP
EQHHGG JQWUG QHHGTGF 'PINKUJ DQCTFKPIJQWUG HCTG
+VKUVJGF[KPI.QWKUGYJQKPVTQFWEGUVJGRTQVCIQ
PKUVVQUQOGVJKPIWPGZRGEVGFCDQWVVJGYQTNFVJCV
CNYC[UNNGFJGTYKVJCPKPHGEVKQWUYQPFGT1PEG
UJGVWIIGFJKOQXGTVQVJGDCNEQP[CVVJG(NQTKCP
VQRQKPVQWVVJGKTQPEQXGTUQPVJGYCVGTOCKPUUGV
KPVQVJGRCXGOGPVU GTCTKGUnUCHGV[oCPFnUGEWTKV[o+VKUCRVN[RQUKVKQPGF
n&KF+MPQYVJGUGURCEGUDGNQYVJGUGEQXGTUYJGTG
VJG OGVGTU YGTG JQWUGF! 9GNN VJG RQQT RGQRNG QH
,QoDWTIVJGUVTGGVRGQRNGYGFKFPQVECNNVJGOnVJG
JQOGNGUUoKPVJQUGFC[UVJGVTCORUECTRCTMGTUCPF
WTEJKPU WUGF VJGO CU EWRDQCTFU 6JG[ UVQTGF VJGKT
YKPVGT YCTFTQDGU VJGTG CPF VJG TCIU QH DGFFKPI
VJG[ WUGF CV PKIJV VJG[ RTGUGTXGF VJGKT UETCRU QH
HQQF VJGKT RGTKUJCDNGU KP EQQN UJCFG VJG[ DCPMGF
VJG GORV[ DQVVNGU VJG[ EQNNGEVGF HQT VJG FGRQUKVU
+V VKEMNGF JGT s UJG NCWIJGF QWV NQWF LWUV CU KH VJG
KFGCJCFRQMGFJGTKPVJGTKDUsVJCVUWEJWVKNKVCTKCP
URCEGU UJQWNF JCXG DGGP CRRTQRTKCVGF CPF FQOGUVK
ECVGF VTCPUHQTOGF KPVQ TGRQUKVQTKGU QH RTKXCE[ HQT

VJQUGEQORGNNGFVQNKXGVJGKTNKXGUKPRWDNKE
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YJQ NKXGF KP JQWUGU YKVJ YCTFTQDGU CPF EJGUVU QH
FTCYGTUCPFCVGVJTGGUSWCTGOGCNUCFC[EQWNFPQV
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VJG[ JCXG VQ UVQTG VJGKT DGNQPIKPIU KP JQNGU KP VJG
ITQWPFon0QKVoUPQV+VoURCVJGVKEYJGPRGQRNGFQPoV
ECTG CDQWV VJGOUGNXGU YJGP VJG[ IKXG WR 6JGUG
RGQRNG CTG TGUQWTEGHWN VJG[oTG OCMKPI C NKHG QWV QH
PQVJKPIo

6JKU KU QPG QH VJG VQWEJKPI RCUUCIGU YJGP FWG
JQOCIGKUDGKPIRCKFVQVJGTGUQWTEGHWNPGUUQHCP
KPXKUKDNGITQWRQHRGQRNGYJGPEJCPIGCPFVTCPUK
VKQPCTGOGCUWTGFKPFKHHGTGPVYC[U6JGPGZVUPCR
UJQVTGRGCVGFKPXCTKQWUE[ENGUDGNQPIUVQVJGKVKP
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QH VJG RTQVCIQPKUV CPF JKU YKHG /KPM[ 7RQP VJKU
QEECUKQPUGEWTKV[KUOQTGKORQTVCPVVJCPHQQFCPF
VJG IWGUVNKUV *GTG KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH CP KORTGU
UKXGNKUVQHNQEMUCPFUCHGV[OGCUWTGU
n6JGTCPIGQHUVGGTKPINQEMUCXCKNCDNGKP5QWVJ#HTKEC
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D[;CNGVJG%JCNNGPIGT=e?#NNVJGUGNQEMUYQTMQP
VJGUCOGRTKPEKRNGVJG[CTGCVVCEJGFVQVJGUVGGTKPI
YJGGNCPFKOOQDKNK\GVJGXGJKENGD[RTGXGPVKPIVJG
YJGGN HTQO DGKPI VWTPGF 6JG NQEMU CNUQ JCXG VJG
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6JGPCNUPCRUJQVKPO[KVKPGTCT[GPVKVNGFn/GFK
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TKPIKPI CPF DCPIKPI KP VJG GCTN[ OQTPKPI JQWTU
9KVJCENQEMNKMGTGIWNCTKV[CDNCEMHCEGMGGRURQR
RKPI WR DGJKPF VJG DCTU WPVKN VJG YJKVG RGTUQP
FTCYU VJG DGFTQQO EWTVCKPU ICVJGTU VJG UOCNN
EJCPIG FGUVKPGF VQ TGCEJ VJG QVJGT UKFG +P VJG
DGIKPPKPIQHVJKUFCKN[TKVWCNQHGZEJCPIGVJGDGI
IKPIHCEGUJQYGFWRNKMGCDTKGHKFGPVKV[OCTMGTC
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CP KPFKXKFWCN TCVJGT VJCP C TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG
OCP[ PGGF[ 6JG TKVWCN JCU CV NCUV VYQ JWOCP
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OQPG[ HCNN KPVQ JKU EWRRGF RCNO *G USWKPVU CV OG
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QHWUUC[CYQTF9GJCXGDGGPTGFWEGFVQCUKORNG
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VJQUGQDLGEVUsYQTFUCPFYQTNFUVJCVECPDGEQN
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YKNNDGEJCPIGFHQTGXGT;GV8NCFKUNCXKoUTGPFKVKQP
CPFNKUVKPIQHURGEKEQDLGEVUKUPQVCPCEVQHFKUGP
ICIGOGPVHTQOVJGYKFGTRQNKVKECNTGCNKV[SWKVGVJG
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PGUDWTI (WTVJGT JG GUVCDNKUJGU C VTCPUFKUEQWTUG
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References
+PSWKT[XQNPQYKPVGTRR
8KNLQGP*8CPFGT/GTXG%0
GFU5VQT[UECRGU
$CTPCTF 4  #RCTVJGKF CPF DG[QPF 5QWVJ #HTKECP
5QWVJ#HTKECPRGTURGEVKXGUQP NKVGTCVWTG URCEG 
YTKVGTU CPF VJG RQNKVKEU QH RNCEG 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[
KFGPVKV[2GVGT.CPI0GY;QTM
2TGUU0GY;QTM.QPFQP
8NCFKUNCXK +  n5VTGGV #FFTGUUGU ,QJCPPGUDWTIo
$QPF )%  )KDUQP 0%
GFU  %QPVGUVGF VGTTCKPU
+ 8NCFKUNCXK  * ,WFKP
GFU $NCPM #TEJKVGEVWTG
CPF EQPUVTWEVGF ECVGIQTKGU %QPVGORQTCT[ #HTKEC KP
CRCTVJGKFCPFCHVGT0#+2WDNKUJGTU4QVVGTFCO
HQEWU9GUVXKGY2TGUU$QWNFGT%1
8NCFKUNCXK +  n+PVGTXKGY YKVJ +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKo D[
)C[NCTF )  #HVGT EQNQPKCNKUO #HTKECP RQUVOQF
%JTKUVQRJGT 9CTPGU /QFGTP (KEVKQP 5VWFKGU /(5
GTPKUO CPF OCIKECN TGCNKUO 9KVU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
XQNPQURTKPIRRR
,QJCPPGUDWTI
8NCFKUNCXK +  n,QoDWTIo )TCPVC  6JG XKGY HTQO
)TCJCO 5  n/GOQT[ OGOQTKCNK\CVKQP CPF VJG
#HTKEC+,CEM
GF)TCPVC.QPFQPRR
VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKoU
8NCFKUNCXK+2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCP
6JG 4GUVNGUU 5WRGTOCTMGV CPF 2TQRCICPFC D[ /QP
PGUDWTIWPNQEMGF2QTVQDGNNQ.QPFQP
WOGPVUo /QFGTP (KEVKQP 5VWFKGU XQN  PQ 
5RTKPIRR
*CNNKYGNN 5  6JG #GUVJGVKEU QH OKOGUKU #PEKGPV
VGZVU CPF OQFGTP RTQDNGOU 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[
2TGUU2TKPEGVQP0,
/DGODG#n#GUVJGVKEUQHUWRGTWKV[o2WDNKE%WN
VWTGXQNPQRR
/DGODG #  0WVVCNN 5  n9TKVKPI VJG YQTNF HTQO
CP#HTKECPOGVTQRQNKUo2WDNKE%WNVWTGXQNPQ
RR
/KNVQP,
2CTCFKUG.QUV$-.GYCNUMK
GF
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/QTRJGV64GXKGYQH+XCP8NCFKUNCXKn2TQRCICPFC
D[/QPWOGPVUCPF1VJGT5VQTKGUo9QTNF.KVGTCVWTG
6QFC[XQNPQRR
0WVVCNN 5  n%KV[ HQTOU CPF YTKVKPI VJG p0QYq KP
5QWVJ #HTKECo ,QWTPCN QH 5QWVJGTP #HTKECP 5VWFKGU
XQN&GEGODGTRR
0WVVCNN 5  'PVCPINGOGPV .KVGTCT[ CPF EWNVWTCN
TGGEVKQPUQPRQUVCRCTVJGKF9KVU7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU
,QJCPPGUDWTI
0WVVCNN5/DGODG#
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 L U MI N O U S G R E E N

Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

.WOKPQWU )TGGP KU C UGTKGU QH ICVJGTKPIU CDQWV RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU CDQWV C
JWOCPYQTNFVJCVKUGPNKIJVGPGFKOCIKPCVKXGGNGEVTKGFCPFOQUVKORQT
VCPVN[sNKXKPIKPCHGTVKNGU[ODKQUKUYKVJVJGRNCPGV.WOKPQWU)TGGPGPEQWT
CIGUVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[FKUEWUUKQPUCPFEQNNCDQTCVKQPUDGVYGGPRGQRNGHTQOCNN
YCNMUQHNKHGKPENWFKPICTVKUVUFGUKIPGTUCECFGOKEUCEVKXKUVUUQEKCNGPVTG
RTGPGWTUGEQPQOKUVUCPFRQNKE[OCMGTU6JGQDLGEVKXGKUVQURCYPKPURKTKPI
EQPXGTUCVKQPU EQPVCEVU CPF RTQRQUKVKQPU WUKPI JQNKUVKE OGVJQFU HQT NQQM
KPI DG[QPF
CPF DGPGCVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ 'XGT[QPG YJQ
DGEQOGUKPXQNXGFKPVJGUGICVJGTKPIUKUKPVGTGUVGFKPOCMKPIVJGKTYQTMCPF
NKHGCPGZCORNGQHTGUKNKGPEGKPPQXCVKQPCPFKPURKTCVKQP

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%WTTGPV NQECN VTCPUNQECN CPF INQDCN EQOOWPKEC
VKQP RCVVGTPU UGGO VQ DG TGGEVKPI VJG VWTDWNGPV
EQPFKVKQPU QH QWT GEQNQIKECN GEQPQOKE CPF UQEKCN
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JCDKVCVU 6JG OGFKC KP VJGKT O[TKCF UJCRGU CPF
HQTOU RTQXKFG XCTKQWUN[ EQNQWTGF NGPUGU VJTQWIJ
YJKEJVQYCVEJVJKUVWTDWNGPEG/CUUOGFKCYKVJ
VJGKTHQEWUQPGCUKN[FKIGUVKDNGUQWPFDKVGUQHKPHQT
KH CP[ VJQWIJV IQGU KPVQ EQPUKFGTKPI
OCVKQP QHVGP QXGTUKORNKH[ VJG KPVGTTGNCVGFPGUU
DGVYGGPKUUWGUKPCPCVVGORVCVENCTKV[+PHQTOCVKQP
HQWPFQPVJGKPVGTPGVECPDGTKEJCPFXCTKGFQHVGP
TGSWKTKPI C JGCNVJ[ FQUG QH UEGRVKEKUO EQPEGTPKPI
VJGVCPINGFRCVJUQHKPVGTRTGVCVKQPCPFVTCPUNCVKQP
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OWPKECVKQPCPFRNGPV[QHCEVKQPCFFKPICFFKVKQPCN
UVTCPIG CVVTCEVQTU VQ GZKUVKPI EJCQVKE UKVWCVKQPU #
NGKVOQVKH VJTQWIJQWV VJG XCTKQWU EQOOWPKECVKQP
EJCPPGNU KU C
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HQTOQHVJGHCNNCE[n9GOWUVFQUQOGVJKPI6JKUKU
UQOGVJKPI6JGTGHQTGYGOWUVFQKVo+VKUPQVENGCT
JQY OWEJ
VJG YKFG TCPIG QH CPUYGTU VQ VJG OQTG KPXQNXGF
SWGUVKQPUUWEJCUsYJCVECPDGFQPGYJCVECPDG
FQPGPQYYJCVECPDGFQPGPQYVJCVKUTGNGXCPV
YJCVECPDGFQPGPQYVJCVYKNNUGVVJGHQWPFCVKQP
HQT HWVWTG KORTQXGOGPVU CPF OQUV KORQTVCPVN[
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s KP  D[  KP   QT  [GCTU s VJKPIU
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CEEQTFKPIVQPGQNKDGTCN #PQVJGT NGPU HTGSWGPVN[ WUGF VQ GZCOKPG EQPVGO
QRVKOKUOQTHQTVJGYQTUG
CEEQTFKPIVQUQOGUEK RQTCT[ KUUWGU KU VJCV QH VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[ 6JG
GPVKE RTQLGEVKQPU QT FGGR ITGGP RGUUKOKUO +P
VJG OGCP VKOG VJG HWVWTG JCU CTTKXGF CPF DGIWP
VQWPTCXGNKPVQVJGRCUVSWKGVN[CPFWPPQVKEGF+P
VJGTWUJVQRTGFKEVQTEJCPIGVJGHWVWTGYGCNNVQQ
GCUKN[ PGINGEV VJG RTGUGPV VJG QPN[ VKOG KP YJKEJ
YGECPCEVWCNN[KPWGPEGCPFGZGTEKUGQWTRQUUKDNG
HWVWTGU $[ DGEQOKPI OQTG EQPUEKQWUN[ RTGUGPV KP
VJGnJGTGCPFPQYoYGECPDGIKPVQFKUEGTPCEQP
VKPWQWU UVTKPI QH RTGUGPV OQOGPVU UVTGVEJKPI KPVQ
VJG O[VJKECN nNQPI VGTOo 9G ECPPQV UCETKEG VJG
RTGUGPV HQT CP WPCVVCKPCDNG HWVWTG [GV YG ECPPQV
TGVTGCV KPVQ CP nKPPQEGPVo RCUV YJKEJ URCYPGF QWT
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ECP YG FQ VQ NKXG OQTG HWNN[ KP VJG RTGUGPV YQTM
VQYCTF C OQTG NWOKPQWU HWVWTG YJKNG FTCYKPI
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Capitalism and technological
optimism
1WTRTGUGPVKUVGEJPQNQIKECNN[FTKXGPCPFVJWUYG
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TQPOGPVCN KUUWGU VJTQWIJ C VGEJPQNQIKECN NGPU
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JWOCP YKNN FGUKTG QT KPVGTGUV #P[ VGEJPQNQIKECN
NGPU PGGFU VQ DG HQEWUGF D[ nGPNKIJVGPGFo KPVGP
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YJKEJKUCDKI
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YGNGCXGQWTnDNWGDCNNQHCJQOGo
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CDNGHWVWTG
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QWT GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN RTQDNGOU JCU DGGP
FCORGPGFUQOGYJCVD[VJGPCPEKCNETKUKUQH
DWV KV UVKNN UVTQPIN[ EQNQWTU VJG XKGY 6JG PCPEKCN
ETKUKU FGOQPUVTCVGF KP FGXCUVCVKPIN[ WPRTGFKEVCDNG
HCUJKQPVJCVINQDCNU[UVGOKEHCKNWTGUECPQEEWTGXGP
KP VJG JGCTV QH VJG UGEVQT VJCV KU DWKNV CU C OCTMGV
nQP KVU QYP VGTOUo 6JKU UJQWNF RTQXKFG C FQWDNG
GFIGFYCTPKPICDQWVINQDCNOCTMGVUHQTDQVJVJQUG
YJQ CTG SWKEM VQ FGHGPF CPF VJQUG YJQ CTG GXGP
SWKEMGT VQ FGPQWPEG 1P QPG JCPF YG ECPPQV NGV
UQOGVJKPI GUUGPVKCN VQ QWT UWTXKXCN UQOGVJKPI UQ
WPKSWGN[ RTGEKQWU CU QWT QPN[ NKHG UWRRQTV U[UVGO
DGFTKXGPD[OCTMGVHQTEGUYJKEJCTGDCTGN[WPFGT
UVQQF CPF HTGSWGPVN[ GZRNQKVGF # YQTT[KPI CURGEV
QH CRRN[KPI GEQPQOKE OQFGNU VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV
QTUQEKGV[CVNCTIGKUVJCVVJGUGOQFGNUQHVGPKIPQTG
RCTVU QH CP GZEJCPIG VJCV CTG FKHEWNV VQ OGCUWTG
QTFKTGEVN[SWCPVKH[CUnGZVGTPCNKVKGUoVJKPIUGZKUVKPI
QWVUKFG QH C VTCPUCEVKQP +P C ENQUGF U[UVGO UWEJ
CU QWT UGNHTGIWNCVKPI UGNHUWHEKGPV DKQURJGTG
VJGTG ECP DG PQ GZVGTPCNKVKGU 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF
VJGPCPEKCNETKUKUCNUQFGOQPUVTCVGFJQYKPVGTEQP
PGEVGFKPVGTFGRGPFGPVCPFINQDCNQWTVGEJPQNQIKECN
U[UVGOU HQT XCNWKPI CPF CNNQECVKPI TGUQWTEGU JCXG
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JCXG KPUVKICVGF VJGO CNTGCF[ *QYGXGT VJG RQNKV
KECN CPF UQEKCN U[UVGOU VJCV CTG UVTWIINKPI VQ EQP
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QTCP[QVJGTJWOCP
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VKQPUoUVKNNNGHVCXCKNCDNGVQWUEQNNGEVKXGN[CTGIQKPI
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CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPEG DGVYGGP VJGO &GXGNQRKPI
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TCVJGT VJCP UVTKXKPI VQ RGTHGEV C UKPING QPG YJKEJ
OKIJVYQTMKPUQOGKPFGPKVGHWVWTG6JGTGD[YG
PQV QPN[ URTGCF VJG TKUM DWV CNUQ QRGP WR RQUUK
DKNKVKGU VQ WPGZRGEVGF CPF RTGXKQWUN[ WPKOCIKPGF
QWVEQOGU
DCEVGTKC [GCUVU QT VKUUWGU KP
2GTOCEWNVWTG
*QNOITGP  RTQXKFGU C CTVKEKCNEQPFKVKQPUDWVOQUVEQOOQPN[YJGPYG
EQORGNNKPI GZCORNG QH JQY VQ UWEEGUUHWNN[ CRRN[
CP nGEQNQI[ QH UQNWVKQPUo VQ ITQYKPI HQQF CPF
KPETGCUKPI DKQFKXGTUKV[ +P KVU UKORNGUV HQTO RGT
EQNNGEVKXG EQP
OCEWNVWTG RTQXKFGU C OGVJQF QH ICTFGPKPI VJCV
HQEWUGUPQVQPN[QPVJGFGUKTGFETQRDWVPQWTKUJGU
VJGGEQU[UVGOQPYJKEJKVFGRGPFU6JGTGUWNVKPI
ICTFGPU
CNUQMPQYPCUnHQQFHQTGUVUoFGXGNQRKPVQ RGQRNG +P RGTOCEWNVWTG
CU YGNN CU QVJGT JQNKUVKE
TQDWUV UGNHUWUVCKPKPI U[UVGOU CDNG VQ RTQXKFG CP
CDWPFCPEGQHHQQFHQTJWOCPUCPKOCNUCPFRNCPVU
YJKNGTGSWKTKPICOKPKOWOQHKPRWVUQXGTVJGNQPI
VGTO9JKNGVJGTGKUQPIQKPIFKUEWUUKQPQXGTJQY
YKFGN[ VJGUG RTKPEKRNGU ECP DG CRRNKGF
Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic
 VJG 2GTOCEWNVWTG FGUKIP RTKPEKRNGU VJCV
IWKFG VJKU V[RG QH HCTOKPI CTG C TGEWTTKPI KPURK
TCVKQP VQ RGQRNG HTQO CNN YCNMU QH NKHG KPVGTGUVGF
KP CRRTQCEJKPI VQFC[oU EJCNNGPIGU HTQO C nYJQNG
U[UVGOUo RGTURGEVKXG 7UKPI RGTOCEWNVWTG RTKPEK
RNGUYGECPCRRTQCEJFGUKIP
GPFGCXQWTCUCYJQNGU[UVGOYJGTGGCEJGNGOGPV
EQPVTKDWVGU VQ VJG YJQNG 6JG TQNG QH JWOCPU KP
VJKU U[UVGO KU VQ EQPVKPWCNN[ QDUGTXG VJG YJQNG
QWTUGNXGU CPF EQPUKFGT QWT CEVKQPU YJKEJ KPW
GPEG KPFKXKFWCN GNGOGPVU YJKNG EQPVTKDWVKPI VQ C
INQDCN F[PCOKE DCNCPEG +P VJG YQTFU QH VJG PCV
WTCN HCTOGT CPF HQTOGT OKETQDKQNQIKUV /CUCPQDW
(WMWQMC nVJG WNVKOCVG IQCN QH HCTOKPI KU PQV VJG
ITQYKPIQHETQRUDWVVJGEWNVKXCVKQPCPFRGTHGEVKQP
QHJWOCPDGKPIUo
Culture and Cultivation
6JGVGTOEWNVKXCVKQPKUCVVJGTQQVQHVJGYQTFnEWN
VWTGoKPOCP[+PFQ'WTQRGCPNCPIWCIGU%WNVWTKPI
UVKNN TGHGTU VQ VJG ITQYKPI ETQRU QT EWNVKXCVKPI
DKQNQIKECN OCVGTKCNU
VCNMCDQWVEWNVWTGYGVCNMCDQWVVJGEWNVKXCVKQPQH
JWOCPDGKPIUsQWTVJQWIJVUDGJCXKQWTUCEVKQPU
EQOOWPKVKGU CPF WNVKOCVGN[ QWT
UEKQWUPGUU 6JG CTVU UEKGPEGU CPF URKTKVWCN VTCFK
VKQPU ECP CNN DG EQPUKFGTGF VGEJPQNQIKGU QH EWNVK
XCVKQP HWGNNGF D[ EQNNCDQTCVKQP DGVYGGP FKHHGTGPV
CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG YQTNF EWNVKXCVKQP QH VJG GPXK
TQPOGPV CPF VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH EWNVWTG CTG CEVKXG
CPF EQPVKPWQWU KPVGTTGNCVGF RTQEGUUGU YKVJKP VJG
UCOGU[UVGO7PFQWDVGFN[VJGEWNVKXCVKQPQHGPXK

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UQOGVKOGU EQPVTCFKEVQT[ CRRTQCEJGU s C EQPEQE
VKQP QH VGEJPQNQIKECN GEQPQOKE GPXKTQPOGPVCN
CPF EWNVWTCN KPITGFKGPVU KP XCTKQWU OGCUWTGU
$TKPIKPIVQIGVJGTCRNGVJQTCQHFKXGTUGCRRTQCEJGU
YKNNTGSWKTGEQORTQOKUGUVQDGOCFGXGUVGFKPVGT
QTUKORN[
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CPFPGYnWPJQN[oCNNKCPEGUYKNNPGGFVQDGHQTOGF
CPFKHYGRNC[QWTECTFUTKIJVCRJQGPKZOC[TKUG
HTQOVJGCUJGU
GEQNQIKECN CPF C JWOCP
RGTUQPCN UECNG
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EQPEGTPGFYKVJQPN[QPGQTCPQVJGTQHKVURCTVU6Q
VJGGZVGPVVJCVVJGEQPUEKQWUPGUUQHGXGT[QPGKUPQV
HWPFCOGPVCNN[VTCPUHQTOGFRQNNWVKQPYKNNPQVEGCUGo
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#PQVJGT KORQTVCPV NGUUQP HTQO RGTOCEWNVWTG KU
VJCV EWNVKXCVKQP DGIKPU YKVJ VJG KOOGFKCVG UWT
TQWPFKPIU QH VJG JWOCP FYGNNKPI s UVCTVKPI KP
VJG MKVEJGP YKVJ VJG JGTDU QP VJG YKPFQYUKNN
URTGCFKPI KPVQ OKZGF RCVEJGU YJGTG XGIGVCDNGU
HTWKV CPF nYGGFUo CTG ITQYP KP IWKNFU
*QNOITGP UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ EQORWVGT GPVJWUKCUVU CTG RWVVKPI
(TQOVJGGFIGUQHVJGUGRCVEJGUNCTIGTVTGGU
ITQYVQHQTOHWNNDNQYPHQTGUVUKPYJQUGRTQVGEVKXG
UJCFGCXCTKGV[QHUJTWDUETGGRGTUCPFJGTDCEGQWU
RNCPVU ECP PF C JQOG 'XGP VJQWIJ EWNVKXCVKQP
QHVJGYJQNGHQTGUVKUVJGIQCNVJGTUVn\QPGo
VJG XGPVKPIRTQFWEVUCUUWUVCKPCDNGUGTXKEGUKPFWUVTKCN
JQOGKPYJKEJJWOCPUURGPFOQUVQHVJGKTVKOG
CPF GHHQTV KU VJG \QPG VJG ENQUGUV VQ QWT GXGT[FC[
NKHG 5KOKNCTN[ HQT OQUV RGQRNG INQDCN VWTDWNGPEG
QPN[ DGEQOGU CRRCTGPV YJGP KV CFXGTUGN[ CHHGEVU
QWT FCKN[ NKXGU s YJGVJGT KV KU QPIQKPI FTQWIJVU
QQFGF DCUGOGPVU ZGPQRJQDKC ETGFKV ETWPEJ
JGCVYCXGUWPGORNQ[OGPVQTHQQFKPUGEWTKV[

Guild Culturing
9JKNG VJG EQORNGZKV[ CPF VJG XCUVPGUU QH INQDCN
KUUWGU OC[ TGOCKP CU CDUVTCEV IWTGU CPF VJTGCVU
YKVJQEECUKQPCNPGYUTGRQTVUQHFKUCUVGTUKPHCTQHH
NCPFUYGTGOCKPEQNNGEVKXGN[RCTCN[UGF
CRCVJGVKE +P QTFGT VQ OCMG PGEGUUCT[ EJCPIGU
EWNVKXCVKPICOQTGKNNWOKPCVGFEWNVWTGVJGXCTKQWU
ETKUGU PGGF VQ DG FGCNV YKVJ UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ QP C
INQDCN
%JCPIKPI EWNVWTGU TGSWKTGU PFKPI CRRTQRTKCVG
NGXGNU CV YJKEJ KPFKXKFWCN EQPVTKDWVKQPU ECP DG
OQUV GHHGEVKXG 6Q HWTVJGT VJG EQORCTKUQP YKVJ
RGTOCEWNVWTG YG PGGF VQ PF UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN
GSWKXCNGPVUQHIWKNFICTFGPKPIsYJGTGYJKNGUWU
HWPEVKQPUVJCVCNUQEQPVTKDWVGVQVJGFGXGNQROGPV
QHVJGIWKNFCUCYJQNG
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CPF UQEKCN GPVTGRTGPGWTUJKR FGUKIPGTU CTG TGKP
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UWRRN[ EJCKP WUKPI OGVJQFU KPURKTGF D[ 1RGP
5QWTEG9JKNGCNNQHVJGUGCTGNCWFCDNGRWTUWKVUPQV
QPGEQWNFUWEEGGFKPKUQNCVKQP#ETQUUEWNVWTGUCPF
FKUEKRNKPGUYGNGCTPCPFDQTTQYHTQOGCEJQVJGT
TGPG CFCRV CPF VTCPUHQTO UQNWVKQPU CU TGSWKTGF
9GECPVJGPCRRN[VJGOKPFQOCKPUVJCVCTGENQUG
VQWUVJCVYGGZRGTKGPEGQPCFCKN[DCUKUCPFVJCV
YG ECP YQTM YKVJ QP C UECNG VJCV KU OQUV CRRTQ
RTKCVG VQ QWT QYP UKVWCVKQP +P QVJGT YQTFU VJG[

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5KPICRQTG
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TGFWEGFCPFTGE[ENGFVJTQWIJFKTGEVJWOCPGZRGTK
GPEGUDGEQOKPIOQTGTQDWUVCPFTGUKNKGPVVJTQWIJ
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Luminous Green
%QWNFKVDGVJCVVJGUGGFUHQTCOQTGnKNNWOKPCVGFo
EWNVWTG ECP CNTGCF[ DG HQWPF KP GZKUVKPI JWOCP
WPFGTVCMKPIU DWV VJCV VJG nOGFKWOo
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UQEKGV[VGEJPQNQI[GVEKPYJKEJVJGUGUGGFUECP
ITQY PGGFU VQ DG DGVVGT FGXGNQRGF! 5VCTVKPI YKVJ
VJKURTGOKUG(Q#/KPKVKCVGFCUGTKGUQHICVJGTKPIU
WPFGT VJG PCOG n.WOKPQWU )TGGPo 9G FGEKFGF
VQ UGGM QWV OQVKXCVGF EWTKQWU CPF QRGPOKPFGF
NGCFKPIVQOCP[QPOCP[EQPXGTUCVKQP
RGQRNGCPFDTKPIVJGOVQIGVJGTYKVJGSWCNN[OQVK
XCVGFRGQRNGHTQOQVJGTGNFUCPFEWNVWTGU2GQRNG
YJQECTGCDQWVVJGYQTNFCUCYJQNGYJQCTGMGGP
VQRNC[CPCEVKXGRCTVKPKVUGXQNWVKQPCTGQRGPVQ
EQPUVTWEVKXGETKVKEKUOEWTKQWUCDQWVPGYRGTURGE
CPFWPEQOOQPITQWPFEJCN
VKXGU CPF YKNNKPI VQ UJCTG VJGKT MPQYNGFIG CPF
TGUQWTEGU .WOKPQWU )TGGP DTKPIU VJGUG RGQRNG
VQIGVJGT KP CP GPXKTQPOGPV YJGTG VJG[ CTG TUV
Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic
(KI1P0QP*WOCP#IGPE[.WOKPQWU)TGGP5KPICRQTG
CPFHQTGOQUVTGSWKTGFVQDGVJGOUGNXGUsKPURKTKPI
CPF KPURKTGF KPFKXKFWCNU YKVJ C OWNVKVWFG QH UVQ
TKGUCPFGZRGTKGPEGU6JGICVJGTKPIUCTGPQPJKGT
CTEJKECNRCTVKEKRCVQT[UKVWCVKQPUVJCVCTGFGUKIPGF
VQ DTKPI CDQWV WPGZRGEVGF EQPPGEVKQPU DGVYGGP
RGQRNGYJQOC[QVJGTYKUGPGXGTEQOGKPEQPVCEV
YKVJGCEJQVJGT
$[NGCXKPIVJGEWNVWTCNN[CUUKIPGFnTQNGUoDGJKPFKV
KUKORQTVCPVVJCVVJG.WOKPQWU)TGGPRCTVKEKRCPVU
RQNKVKECNCHNKCVKQPUsVJCVVJG[OGGVGCEJQVJGTCU
HGNNQYJWOCPDGKPIUECTT[KPICOKZGFDCIQHQRKP
KQPUVCDQQUJCDKVUCPFQVJGTEWTKQUC9GDGNKGXG
VJCV RGTUQPCN FKCNQIWGU GPICIGF QPGQPQPG EQP
XGTUCVKQPU
ECP KPHQTO C YKFGT ENGCTGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG
EQORNGZKVKGUYKVJKPYJKEJYGNKXG6JTQWIJXCTKQWU
UGUUKQPUCPFGZRGTKOGPVUYGYCPVVQGPEQWTCIGVJG
RCTVKEKRCPVUVQUJCTGVJGKTUVQTKGUKPURKTCVKQPUCPF
IQCNUPFEQOOQP
NGPIGUVGTGQV[RGUCPFRTGUWORVKQPU9TKVGTUCEVKX
KUVU RQNKVKEKCPU GEQPQOKUVU KPXGPVQTU KPXGUVQTU
UEKGPVKUVU FGUKIPGTU CTVKUVU DGGMGGRGTU HCTOGTU

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YGNEQOG VQ SWGUVKQP EQPHTQPV CPF UWRRQTV GCEJ
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GPNKIJVGPKPI FKUEWUUKQP CTQUG YJGP HQWT RGQRNG
CP CTVKUV DKQNQIKUV RQNKE[ OCMGT CPF CP CEVKXKUV
VQWEJGF QP VJG VQRKE QH )/ ETQRU +P VJG DGIKP
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CITGG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT DWV CU VJG[ VQWEJGF WRQP
URGEKEECUGUCPFVJGKTEQORNGZKVKGUVJGFKUEWUUKQP
DTQWIJVWRUGXGTCNQRRQUKPIXKGYUYJKEJFKFPoVV
PGCVN[ KPVQ VJGKT GZKVKPI WPFGTUVCPFKPIU $GECWUG
VJG[ JCF CNTGCF[ GUVCDNKUJGF C YCTO TGNCVKQPUJKR
YKVJGCEJQVJGTFWTKPIVJGRTGXKQWUGXGPKPIGXG
T[QPG YCU OQTG YKNNKPI VQ NKUVGP CPF RQUVRQPG
LWFIGOGPV 6JWU VJG EQPXGTUCVKQP GPCDNGF VJGO
GCEJ VQ NGCTP UQOGVJKPI PGY $[ UGGKPI VJG VQRKE
KP C FKHHGTGPV NKIJV
HTQO QVJGT RGQRNGoU RGTURGE VJG TGNGPVNGUU EQPUWORVKQP QH PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU
VKXGJCXKPICOWEJTKEJGTWPFGTUVCPFKPIPQVLWUV
QH )/ ETQRU DWV QH VQRKEU VJG[ JCF RTGXKQWUN[
VJQWIJVWPKORQTVCPVHQTVJGKTQYPRTCEVKEGUUWEJ
CUVTCFGTGNCVKQPUEQPVTQNNGFGZRGTKOGPVUYGCVJGT
RCVVGTPUQTDKQCTV

(KI2TQRQUKPIUGUUKQPVQRKEU.WOKPQWU)TGGP$GNIKWO
Imagining, greening and illuminat-
ing possible worlds
6JG.WOKPQWU)TGGPRJKNQUQRJ[KUITQWPFGFKPVJG
DGNKGHVJCVVJGYQTNFCUCYJQNGCPFCNNKVURCTVUECP
DGEQOGOQTGNWOKPQWUsKNNWOKPCVGFGNGEVTKGFCPF
KOCIKPCVKXG YJKNG PQWTKUJKPI C NWUJ HGTVKNG ITGGP
GPXKTQPOGPV 9G TGHWVG VJG PKJKNKUVKE CPF HCVCNKUVKE
XKGY QH FGGR GEQNQI[ QT VJCV QH TGNKIKQWU TWRVWTG
RTGCEJKPIRCUUKXKV[DGECWUGKVoUCNNQWVQHQWTJCPFU
CP[YC[9GFKUCITGGYKVJVJGnJCKTUJKTVoITGGPRQNCT
QRRQUKVKQP QH EQPUWOGTKUO VJCV NGIKVKOKUGU UWH
HGTKPI FGPKCN CPF UCETKEG [GV PGKVJGT CEEGRV VJG
UJQTVUKIJVGFECRKVCNKUVCRRTQCEJQHEQPVKPWKPInDWUK
PGUU CU WUWCNo 5WEJ DWUKPGUU CU WUWCN YKNN ETGCVG C
HWVWTGHQTVJQUGYJQECPCHHQTFKVYJKNGEQPVKPWKPI
HQT FKURQUCDNG YCUVGHWN NKHGUV[NGU *QYGXGT .WOK
PQWU)TGGPECPPFKPVGTGUVKPIUGGFUKPCNNQHVJGUG
CRRTQCEJGUUQTCVJGTVJCPUKFKPIYKVJQPGQTCPQVJGT
FQIOC KV UGGMU VQ HQTO nWPJQN[ CNNKCPEGUo DGVYGGP
VJG GNGOGPVU VJCV CTG OQUV XKDTCPV CPF RQVGPVKCNN[
NKHGIKXKPI 9G DGNKGXG VJCV VJG EQOOWPKVKGU DGUV

(KI5JQLKP4[QTKNWPEJUGUUKQPJQUVGFD['PUQ-KVEJGP.WOK
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GSWKRRGF VQ FGCN YKVJ EWTTGPV KPUVCDKNKVKGU YKNN DG
HQWPFGF VJTQWIJ WPGZRGEVGF EQWRNKPIU QH RGQRNG
YKVJFKXGTIGPVKPVGTGUVU
VJCVOC[JCXGVGORQTCTKN[ 6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV EQPFKVKQP QH VJG .WOKPQWU
EQPXGTIGF CDNG VQ YQTM CU GSWCN RCTVPGTU TGICTF
NGUU QH VJGKT URGEKE EWNVWTCN RTQHGUUKQPCN QT UQEKCN
DCEMITQWPFU .WOKPQWU )TGGP KU QPG QH VJG RNCEGU
KPYJKEJYGJQRGUWEJEQPPGEVKQPUECPDGHQTOGF
#V RTGXKQWU ICVJGTKPIU CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUV
CPF C NKDGTCN GEQPQOKUV HQWPF PGY RGTURGEVKXGU QP
FKURCTCVGKUUWGUYJKNGEJCVVKPICDQWVVJGKTEQOOQP
RCUUKQPHQTOQWPVCKPENKODKPICPCTVKUVCPFCPGPIK
PGGTGZEJCPIGFCRRTQCEJGUVQEJKNFTGCTKPICUEKGP
VKUVCPFCHCTOGTEQORCTGFPQVGUQPVKUUWGEWNVWTKPI
'CEJ QH VJGUG RGQRNG VQQM VJGKT PGY KPUKIJVU CYC[
YKVJVJGOVQHQUVGTCPFUJCTGHWTVJGT
+PQTFGTVQGPEQWTCIGVJGUGEQPPGEVKQPUVQDG
HQTOGF KP C ICVJGTKPI QH NKOKVGF FWTCVKQP YG CTG
EQPVKPWQWUN[ GZRGTKOGPVKPI YKVJ FKHHGTGPV HQTOU
QHRCTVKEKRCVQT[NGCTPKPICPFUJCTKPI9GDGICPD[
FTCYKPI QP n1RGP 5RCEG 6GEJPQNQI[o  GPTKEJKPI

VJGFT[nOCTMGVRNCEGoRNCPPKPIYKVJCEVKXGUVQT[
VGNNKPI VGEJPKSWGU HTQO CNVGTPCVG TGCNKV[ ICOKPI
GPICIGF FKCNQIWGU HTQO CRRTGEKCVKXG KPSWKT[ XKU
Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic
(KI%QPUVTWEVKPIVJG4GR4CRs#5GNH4GRNKECVKPI4CRKF2TQVQ
V[RGT(Q#/
WCNKUCVKQP OGVJQFU HTQO ITCRJ VJGQT[ CPF OQUV
KORQTVCPVN[ TGOGODGTKPI VQ DG YGNEQOKPI JQUVU
)TGGP GXGPVU KU VJCV GXGT[QPG HGGNU VJCV VJG[ CTG
VJG TKIJV RGQRNG CV VJG TKIJV RNCEG CPF VJCV YJCV
GXGT JCRRGPU GCEJ QH VJGO CTG TGURQPUKDNG HQT
OCMKPI KV JCRRGP 9G YCPV VQ OQXG VJG ITQWRU
CPF VJG GXGPVU HTQO RCUUKXG EQPUWORVKQP QH RTG
GZKUVKPI MPQYNGFIG VQ CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCVKQP KP KVU
ETGCVKQPCPFTGGEVKQP+HVJKUEQPFKVKQPKUHWNNNGF
CNN VJQUG KPXQNXGF ETGCVG CP GPXKTQPOGPV YJGTG
VJGnCIGPFCoKUQRGPGPQWIJVQDTKPIDWTPKPIKUUWGU
VQVJGHQTGKPRTQFWEVKXGFKUEWUUKQPUGZGTEKUGUQT
GZRGTKOGPVU 5QEKCN CPF CGUVJGVKE CURGEVU QH VJG
ICVJGTKPI CTG ETWEKCN RCTVU QH VJG RTQITCOOG VQ
JGNR VGPUKQPU CPF CTIWOGPVU VQ DG FKUUKRCVGF 9G
JCXG UVTKXGP VQ OCMG .WOKPQWU )TGGP C PQPEQP
HTQPVCVKQPCNGPXKTQPOGPVVJCVGPCDNGUGPEQWTCIKPI
FKHHGTGPEGCPFEQPKEVKPIQRKPKQPUVQEQGZKUVYJKNG
FKUUGPVCPFRNC[CTGGPEQWTCIGFVQCXQKFVJGVTCRU
QH nITQWRVJKPMo 5JCTKPI OGCNU KU CU KORQTVCPV
CU UJCTKPI KFGCU &CPEKPI FQKPI JCPFUVCPFU QT
QHHGTKPIOCUUCIGUECPDGKPVGTURGTUGFYKVJJCPFU

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WUKPIRGTOCEWNVWTGRTKPEKRNGU(Q#/

QPVWVQTKCNUCDQWV&+;RJQVQXQNVCKEUQTVJGQTGVKECN YQTMCDNG EQPENWUKQPU HQT VJGKT QYP EQPVGZVU +P

UGUUKQPUQPVQRKETCPIKPIHTQO$KQOKOKET[
$GP[WU QTFGT VQ RWV VJGUG EQPENWUKQPU KPVQ RTCEVKEG VJG
CPF%CTDQPVTCFKPIVQ(TWICNKV[
UGG%QNQWT RCTVKEKRCPVU CTG CNYC[U C OKZVWTG QH RGQRNG HTQO
RNCVGZZX(KI% VJG ETGCVKXG UGEVQT CECFGOKC RQNKE[ CPF DWUK
PGUU9JKNGVJGNCVVGTCTGGPICIGFKPOCP[FGDCVGU
# .WOKPQWU )TGGP ICVJGTKPI KU PGKVJGT C TCFKECN CDQWV GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN KPUVCDKNKVKGU KV KU
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUV ECOR PQT C INKV\[ UGNHEQPITCV TCTG VJCV CTVKUVU CPF FGUKIPGTU CTG KPXKVGF VQ EQP
WNCVQT[ ITGGPIQNF DWUKPGUU GXGPV +V KU CP GFIG VTKDWVG VQ VJG nUGTKQWUo UQNWVKQPU
CNVJQWIJ VJKU KU
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DCUGFGEQU[UVGOUOGGVCHGTVKNGCPFFKXGTUG[GV CDNG VJCV VJG XGT[ RGQRNG YJQ CTG CDNG VQ KPW
QHVGP EQPVTCFKEVQT[ URCEG QH KPEQPUKUVGPEKGU CP GPEG EWNVWTG CTG QHVGP QXGTNQQMGF CU C RCTV QH VJG
GPVCPINGF RTQFWEVKXG EJCQU FGUKIPGF CU UWEJ VQ UQNWVKQP 6JG ETGCVKXG UGEVQT UJCRGU RWDNKE URCEGU
RTQXQMG FKUEWUUKQPU CPF SWGUVKQPU VJCV QVJGTYKUG CPF GXGPVU FGUKIPU OCVGTKCNU RTQEGUUGU U[UVGOU
TCTGN[ IGV TCKUGF 6JG UGNGEVGF RCTVKEKRCPVU TCTGN[ CPFUKVWCVKQPUYKVJKPCECFGOKCKPFWUVT[CPFEKXKN
OKZ KP VJGKT FCKN[ NKXGU CPF YG FQPoV GZRGEV GXG UQEKGV[2GQRNGYQTMKPIKPETGCVKXGGNFUCTGWUGF
T[QPG VQ CITGG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT DWV C TGURGEVHWN VQ VCEMNKPI EQORNGZ KUUWGU VJCV CTG QHVGP FKHEWNV
SWGUVKQPKPIQHGCEJQVJGToURTCEVKEGUCPFDGNKGHUKU VQ OGCUWTG CPF SWCPVKH[ s EWNVWTCN XCNWGU ETGC
C JGCNVJ[ VJKPI VQ FQ s KV ECP FKUUQNXG CTTQICPEG VKXG RTQEGUUGU QT JWOCP GZRGTKGPEG 5WEJ KUUWGU
KUQNCVKQPKUOCPFZGPQRJQDKC ECP PQV DG GCUKN[ TGFWEGF VQ UVCVKUVKEU QT GCUKN[
&WTKPI VJG .WOKPQWU )TGGP ICVJGTKPIU YG OCRRGF VQ GSWCVKQPU KP C ECTDQP ECNEWNCVQT JQY
CURKTG VQ ITCUR YJCV MKPFU QH DGJCXKQWTU CPF EWN GXGT VJG[ OWUV DG EQPUKFGTGF KP QTFGT VQ KPEKVG
VWTGU ECP DG DTQWIJV HQTVJ HTQO C HGTVKNG EJCQU PGEGUUCT[ EJCPIGU KP JWOCP DGJCXKQWT &WTKPI
YKVJQWV C RTGFGPGF UEJGFWNG QT QWVEQOG 9G .WOKPQWU )TGGP YG TGEQIPKUGF VJCV VJGTG CTG CV
EQWPV QP VJG KPXGPVKXGPGUU QH VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU NGCUVVJTGGKORQTVCPVVJKPIUVJCVVJGETGCVKXGUGEVQT
VQ VTCPUNCVG VJG FKUEWUUKQPU CPF GZRGTKOGPVU KPVQ ECPEQPVTKDWVGVQRQUUKDNGUQNWVKQPUCPKPVGITCVGF


CRRTQCEJ VQ WPYKGNF[ RTQDNGOU GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ
RCTVKEKRCVQT[ RTQEGUUGU VJCV ECP DTKPI HQTVJ WPGZ
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VJKPIU
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 UWEJ CU 6KO $TQYP $TWEG /CW ,QJP 6JCEMCTC
Integrated approach to complex
issues
9GYQWNFCTIWGVJCVKVKUPQVRQUUKDNGVQVCEMNGCP[
KPENWFKPI YJQNG NKHGE[ENG CPCN
QPG QH VJG EWTTGPVN[ ETKVKECN KUUWGU KP KUQNCVKQP 
VJG[CNNHQTORCTVQHVJGUCOGNCTIGTRTQDNGOVJCV
YG JCXG ETGCVGF CP GZKUVGPVKCNN[ WPUVCDNG HTCIKNG
U[UVGO 6JKU RTQDNGO ECP DG VCEMNGF OQTG GHHGE
VKXGN[KHYGCRRTQCEJKVHTQOOWNVKRNGRGTURGEVKXGU
UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ CPF U[UVGOCVKECNN[ WUKPI KPVG
ITCVGFJQNKUVKECRRTQCEJGU6QRCTCRJTCUG'KPUVGKP
YGECPPQVUQNXGCRTQDNGOWUKPIVJGUCOGMKPFQH
VJKPMKPIVJCVECWUGFKV9JCVYGPGGFCTGPQVKPFK
XKFWCN TGOGFKGU HQT QPN[ VJG OQUV WTIGPV KUUWGU
DWVHWPFCOGPVCNDGJCXKQWTCNCPFEWNVWTCNEJCPIGU
CETQUUVJGDQCTFVJTQWIJCNNUQEKCNUVTWEVWTGUCPF
QHVGPKPVTCPUFKU
GEQPQOKE UVTCVC 1P C FCKN[ DCUKU VJGTG CTG OCP[
KUUWGU VJCV TGSWKTG QWT KOOGFKCVG CVVGPVKQP UWEJ
CU RTQXKFKPI EQPFKVKQPU HQT C FKIPKGF NKHG HQT
GXGT[QPG KP C INQDCN UQEKGV[ VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP QH
HQQF HWGN CPF QVJGT PCVWTCN TGUQWTEGU GPUWTKPI
C RJ[UKECN UQEKCN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN YGNNDGKPI QH
QWT EQOOWPKVKGU TGUVQTKPI CPF OCKPVCKPKPI CP
EH $KQ
GEQNQIKECN DCNCPEG CPF UQ QP 6JGUG EJCNNGPIGU
EHnHQQFRCKTKPIo4CFK
ECPPQV DG UQNXGF WUKPI CPCN[VKECN OGVJQFU CNQPG
EHn4CFKQ#UVTQPQO[oQT2TQLGEV#61.
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6JG[TGSWKTGETGCVKXGNGCRUJGWTKUVKEVTKCNCPFGTTQT
CNQPIYKVJQVJGTOGVJQFUWUGFKPFGUKIPTGUGCTEJ
CU YGNN CU UQNKF RWDNKE GZRGTKOGPVU VQ GPUWTG VJG
HGCUKDKNKV[CPFFWTCDKNKV[QHVJGRTQRQUCNU#NNVJGUG
VGEJPKSWGU HQTO RCTV QH VJG ETGCVKXG RTQEGUU CPF
CTG RTCEVKUGF D[ CTVKUVU FGUKIPGTU CTEJKVGEVU CPF
QVJGTUQPCFCKN[DCUKU
#RRN[KPI OGVJQFU CPF VGEJPKSWGU HTQO ETGCVKXG
Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic
RTQEGUUGUVQCP[EWTTGPVN[ETKVKECNKUUWGECPJGNRWU
nVJKPM QWV QH VJG DQZo CPF RGTJCRU PF UQNWVKQPU
1NCHWT 'NKCUUQP QT $TWEG 5VGTNKPI CTG YQTMKPI
YKVJ KPFWUVT[ CPF RQNKE[OCMGTU KP VJKU QPIQKPI
UGCTEJ6JGKTYQTMUJCXGCNTGCF[RTQXGPVJGXCNWG
QH KPXQNXKPI FGUKIPGTU KP TGVJKPMKPI VJG UWRRN[
EJCKP RTQEGUUGU
[UKUTCRKFRTQVQV[RKPIKVGTCVKXGFGXGNQROGPVGVE
%TGCVKXGRTCEVKVKQPGTUCTGPQVWUWCNN[RCTCN[UGFD[
EQORNGZRTQDNGOUsVJG[CTGUGGPCUKPURKTCVKQPU
QRRQTVWPKVKGUHQTRQUKVKXGEJCPIG$[YQTMKPIYKVJ
EQORNGZKV[ YG OC[ UWTRTKUG QWTUGNXGU CPF UQNXG
OWNVKRNG RTQDNGOU RTQFWEG YQTM YKVJ OWNVKRNG
DGPGVU s HQT GZCORNG D[ FGUKIPKPI QPG URGEKE
nUWUVCKPCDNGo VQWTKUVKE GZRGTKGPEG YG PGEGUUCTKN[
VQWEJQPVTCPURQTVCPFVTCXGNHQQFRTQFWEVKQPCPF
FKUVTKDWVKQPRTGUGTXCVKQPQHPCVWTCNDGCWV[CPFEWN
VWTCNJGTKVCIGJGCNVJGVE6JGEWOWNCVKXGGHHGEVQH
YQTMKPIYKVJEQORNGZRTQDNGOU
EKRNKPCT[VGCOUUJQWNFJGNROCMGVJGYQTMUOQTG
KPENWUKXGU[UVGOKECPFJQNKUVKEKPEQTRQTCVKPIDQVJ
SWCPVKVCVKXG CPF SWCNKVCVKXG OGVJQFU YKVJ PQ
nGZVGTPCNKVKGUoCPFPQnCYC[Uo
6TCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ CTVKUVU UEKGPVKUVU CPF EQNNGEVKXGU
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RGTOGCVKPI DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP VTCFKVKQPCN FKUEK
RNKPGU #V (Q#/ YG GPEQWTCIG VJG FGXGNQROGPV
QH VJKU EQOOWPKV[ QH IGPGTCNKUVU NQQMKPI VQ U[P
VJGUKUG MPQYNGFIG HTQO C XCTKGV[ QH FQOCKPU +P
QWT QRKPKQP VJKU ECP DG C UNQY NQPI CPF QHVGP
HTWUVTCVKPI RTQEGUU +V VQQM EGPVWTKGU VQ HTCIOGPV

MPQYNGFIGKPVQCO[TKCFQHWUGHWNURGEKCNKUCVKQPU
UQ YG GZRGEV KV YKNN VCMG C YJKNG VQ TGEQPPGEV VJG
YGCXG *QYGXGT YG UWIIGUV VJCV VJKU RTQEGUU KU
KPXCNWCDNG HQT ETGCVKPI OQTG JQNKUVKE UWUVCKPCDNG
JWOCPEWNVWTGUCDNGVQNKXGYKVJEQORNGZKV[YJKNG
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+P $TWEG 5VGTNKPIoU OCPKHGUVN[ ITCPFKQUG GURQWUCN
QH VJG IWKFKPI RTKPEKRNGU HQT VJG 8KTKFKCP &GUKIP
/QXGOGPV VJGTG KU C UKPING UCNKGPV n8KTKFKCP
4GUGCTEJ 2TKPEKRNGo VJCV GPEQWTCIGU 8KTKFKCPU VQ
n9CNM6JTQWIJVJG9CNNUQH-PQYNGFIG)WKNFUs6JG
DQWPFCTKGUVJCVUGRCTCVGCTVUEKGPEGOGFKEKPGNKV
GTCVWTGEQORWVCVKQPGPIKPGGTKPICPFFGUKIPCPF
ETCHV IGPGTCNN[ CTG PQV FKXKPG 6JGUG DQWPFCTKGU
CTGUQEKCNN[IGPGTCVGF4GUGCTEJVGEJPKSWGUCTGPQV
KFGPVKECNPQTCTGTGUWNVUCNNGSWCNN[XCNKFWPFGTCNN
GI (WVWTG (CTOGTU $NCUV
EKTEWOUVCPEGUSWCPVWORJ[UKEUKUPoVQRGTC6JGTG
GZKUVU C UGPUKDKNKV[ VJCV ECP VTCPUEGPF KPVGNNGEVWCN
GI $QQ %JCRRNG #TCDGUEJK FK .CVVG
VWTH YCT YKVJ PQ NQUU QH TKIQWT +H [QW EJQQUG VQ
GI5KZVQUVCTV6CNGQH6CNGUKPVGTCEVKXG
FQKV[QWECPUVGRQWVUKFGVJGDQWPFCTKGUJKUVQT[
GI 6KOGoU 7R (Q#/ CPF EQO
OCMGUHQT[QW;QWECPYCNMVJTQWIJYCNNUo
5VGT OWPKV[ YQTMUJQRU CPF HGUVKXCNU
GI %QPUVCPV
NKPI %KV[/KPGF &GUKIP JCU DGEQOG KPUVTWOGPVCN KP
Participatory culture
GI
1PGQHVJGPQVCDNGFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPVJGGPXKTQP
OGPVCNOQXGOGPVUKPVJGUCPFVQFC[KUVJCV
GI 'NGRJCPV &GUKIP 4GRTCR
YG CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJCV RTGUETKDKPI
WPKXGTUCN UQNWVKQPU CPF VGNNKPI RGQRNG YJCV VQ FQ
FQGUPoVYQTM6JGTGOC[DGCUOCP[CRRTQCEJGUVQ
GI 6KPMGTKV $TKEQNCDU OCVGTKCNU CPF UVTWEVWTGU
RTQDNGO UQNXKPI CU VJGTG CTG RTQDNGOU 9JCV YG
CTGNQQMKPIHQTVQFC[CTGYC[UKPYJKEJGXGT[QPG
GI .QQRRJ 6GZVKNG (WVWTGU 'CEJ QH
ECP DGEQOG CP CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCPV CPF YQTM QP
PFKPIURGEKEUQNWVKQPU#P[QPGUJQWNFDGYKNNKPI
VQRTQCEVKXGN[VJKPMCPFGPICIGsGXGT[QPGoUJGNR
KUPGGFGFsHTQOVJQUGKPCECFGOKCKPFWUVT[QTVJG

RTQHGUUKQPUVQGPVJWUKCUVKECOCVGWTUYKVJCFQKV
[QWTUGNH CRRTQCEJ 6JGTG KU CP QXGTNQCF QH KPHQT
OCVKQP QWV VJGTG CPF YJKNG CEEGUU VQ KV DGEQOGU
GCUKGTVJGTGKUUVKNNCPGGFVQDGCDNGVQEWVVJTQWIJ
VJGLWPINGQHPQPUGPUGVQDWKNFMPQYNGFIGTGNGXCPV
VQ QWT QYP NKXGU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVU 4CVJGT VJCP
n6JG5QNWVKQPoYGUJQWNFDGNQQMKPIHQTGEQNQIKGU
QHUQNWVKQPUKPVGTFGRGPFGPVCPFTQDWUVPQWTKUJGF
D[ NQECN EQPFKVKQPU YKVJ UVTQPI VTCPUNQECN VKGU
CDNGVQGXQNXGVJTQWIJEQNNCDQTCVKQPCPFVTWUV
6JG ETGCVKXG UGEVQT JCU GZVGPUKXG GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ
RCTVKEKRCVQT[HQTOUQHEWNVWTG+PRCTVKEWNCTOGFKC
CPF GNGEVTQPKE CTVU JCXG OQXGF VQYCTF GPICIKPI
CWFKGPEGU CU EQCWVJQTU WUKPI C YKFG TCPIG QH
OGVJQFUCPFHQTOCVUHTQORGTHQTOCVKXGKPVGTXGP
VKQPU KP RWDNKE URCEGU
6JGQT[ CPF JCRRGPKPIU HQEWUKPI QP TGNCVKQPCN
CGUVJGVKEU
VQICOGU
GPXKTQPOGPVU
GPICIKPI nGPFWUGTUo CU RCTVKEKRCPVU KP VJG FGUKIP
RTQEGUU KVUGNH HTQO DGKPI RCUUKXG EQPUWOGTU VQ
DGEQOKPI CEVKXG RTQFWEGTU 5QEKCN FGUKIP GPICIGU
EQOOWPKVKGU VQ TGVJKPM VJGKT FCKN[ JCDKVU
2CTVKEKRNG RTQFWEV FGUKIP DGEQOGU C TGNCVKQPCN
UGTXKEG KPFWUVT[
VJG DNCEM DQZGU QH FKIKVCN VQQNU CTG DTQMGP QRGP
CPFRNCEGFCUVQQNMKVUKPVQVJGJCPFUQHVJGKTWUGTU
CTG DGEQOKPI CFCRVKXG CPF TGURQPUKXG VQ GZVGTPCN
UVKOWNK
VJGUG GZCORNGU TGURQPF VQ C RTGUGPV PGGF YJKNG
CNUQYQTMKPIVQEJCPIGRGQRNGoUCVVKVWFGUVQYCTFU
EWNVWTGsHTQORCUUKXGVQCEVKXGHTQOEQPUWOKPIVQ
GZRGTKGPEKPI #TGPoV VJGUG RTGEKUGN[ VJG CVVKVWFGU
PGGFGFVQCFFTGUUUQOGQHVJGOQUVRTGUUKPIRTQD HQTGEWNVWTCNEJCPIG#ICKPKVKUVJGETGCVKXGUGEVQT

Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

NGOUQHQWTVKOGU!
Beautiful things, delightful stories
1PG QH VJG EWNVWTCN EJCNNGPIGU HQT VJG PGCT HWVWTG
KU C FGENWVVGTKPI QH VJG YQTNF HTQO WPPGEGUUCT[
nUVWHHo s VJKPIU YG FQPoV YCPV
UWEJ CU GYCUVG NCTIGTo VQ VJG EQPVKPWWO QH DGCWVKHWN CPF O[UVG
QT //6%&'U  DWV CNUQ OCP[ QH VJG VJKPIU YG

DGNKGXG YG YCPV
NKMG ECTU GNGEVTQPKE ICFIGVU TKCN 9KVJQWV CGUVJGVKE GZRGTKGPEGU CP[ URGEKE
VJTQY CYC[ EWRU QT EJGCR DTGCMCDNG HWTPKVWTG
*QY OWEJ QH VJKU UVWHH KU VTWN[ HWNNNKPI C PGGF
GPJCPEKPI QWT GZRGTKGPEGU KORTQXKPI NKXKPI EQP
FKVKQPU!*QYFQYGUGNGEVYJCVVQOCMGYJCVVQ
WPOCMG CPF YJCV PQV VQ OCMG KP VJG TUV RNCEG!
*QY ECP YG KPWGPEG VJGUG FGEKUKQPU YJGP VJG[
CTGOCFGQPCINQDCNUECNGKPWGPEGFD[NCTIGOCT
MGVKPIOCEJKPGUCPFUKPINGKUUWGNQDD[ITQWRU!+P
VJG PCN 8KTKFKCP PQVG $TWEG 5VGTNKPI RTQRQUGU C
UGV QH ETKVGTKC HQT nWPENWVVGTKPIo QWT UWTTQWPFKPIU
D[CRTQEGUUQHECVGIQTKUCVKQPCPFGNKOKPCVKQP
 CDQWV DGCWV[ + QPN[ VJKPM CDQWV JQY VQ UQNXG VJG
n$GCWVKHWN VJKPIUo CDNG VQ NN [QWT NKHG CPF VJG NKHG
QHQVJGTUYKVJOGCPKPIHWNCGUVJGVKEGZRGTKGPEG
 PQVDGCWVKHWN+MPQYKVKUYTQPIo
n'OQVKQPCNN[ KORQTVCPV VJKPIUo YJQUG UVQT[ [QW
YCPV VQ TGOGODGT KP QTFGT VQ UJCTG YKVJ QVJGTU
VJCVJCUGZVGPUKXGGZRGTKGPEGYKVJVJGUGFQOCKPU
9GOCMGVJKPIUVJCVRGQRNGYCPVVQEQPUWOGUWT
TQWPF VJGOUGNXGU YKVJ CPF KOOGTUG VJGOUGNXGU
KP$GCWVKHWNVJKPIUKPCNNVJGKTUQWPFUEQNQWTUVGZ
VWTGU VCUVGU UOGNNU CPF OQXGOGPVU ECP HQEWU WU
HWNN[ QP GZRGTKGPEKPI VJG RTGUGPV OQOGPV YJKNG
UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ HGGNKPI EQPPGEVGF VQ nUQOGVJKPI
TKQWUVJKPIUVJCVUVTGVEJGUVJTQWIJVKOGKOOGOQ
UQNWVKQPU VQ VQFC[oU RTQDNGOU YKNN TGOCKP KP VJG
URJGTGQHVJGHWPEVKQPCNCPFYKNNGZRKTGQXGTVKOG
+HCUQNWVKQPKUDGCWVKHWNCUYGNNCUHWPEVKQPCNKHKV
VQWEJGURGQRNGPQVQPN[KPVGNNGEVWCNN[DWVCNUQQP
GOQVKQPCNCPFGXGPURKTKVWCNNGXGNUKVJCUCEJCPEG
QHOQTGRTQHQWPFN[KPWGPEKPIRGQRNGoUVJQWIJVU
DGJCXKQWTU CPF EWNVWTGU +P $WEMOKPUVGT (WNNGToU
YQTFU
n9JGP + CO YQTMKPI QP C RTQDNGO + PGXGT VJKPM
RTQDNGO$WVYJGP+JCXGPKUJGFKHVJGUQNWVKQPKU

,WUV CU VGEJPQNQI[ CNQPG YQPoV UWHEG DGCWV[ QP

 n6QQNU FGXKEGU CPF CRRNKCPEGU VJCV GHEKGPVN[ KVU QYP KUPoV GPQWIJ $GCWVKHWN VJKPIU ECP ENWVVGT
RGTHQTO C WUGHWN HWPEVKQPo
 n'XGT[VJKPI GNUGo VJGYQTNFKPOCP[PGYCPFGZEKVKPIYC[UDWVQPN[
-GGRKORTQXGQTCESWKTGVJKPIUKPECVGIQTKGU UQOGQHVJGUGVJKPIUYKNNGPFWRDGEQOKPIEWNVWT
CPFIGVTKFQHGXGT[VJKPI
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ECVGIQT[
5VGTNKPI VJG[DGEQOGWUGFUJCTGFCPFKPVGITCVGFKPVQVJG
UQEKCNHCDTKECUUVQTKGUIKHVUQTGZRGTKGPEGU'XGPVW
6QQNUCPFVGEJPQNQI[CTGQHVGPQPVJGCIGPFCCPF CNN[ VJKU nUVWHHo DGEQOGU YJQNN[ EQPUWOGF YQTP
UKPEG YG CTG VQQNWUKPI CPKOCNU YKNN PGEGUUCTKN[ QWV VJTQWIJ GZVGPUKXG
TGWUG VTCPUHQTOGF CPF
HQTO C RCTV QH QWT CRRTQCEJ VQ RTQDNGO UQNXKPI TGRWTRQUGFTKRRGFCRCTVVQDGEQOGnEQORQUVoHQT
#GUVJGVKEU CPF UVQT[VGNNKPI RQR WR NGUU HTGSWGPVN[ PGY UVQTKGU CPF GZRGTKGPEGU nEQPUWOCDNGo KU VJG
KPGPXKTQPOGPVCNCPFRQNKE[FGDCVGUDWVVJG[CTG VTWGUVUGPUGQHVJGYQTFsEQPUWOGFWPVKNOCVVGT
MG[EQORQPGPVUQHEWNVWTCNGZRGTKGPEGU
CPFVJGTG FKUUQNXGUCDUQTDGFKPVQCUVQT[VJCVGPFWTGU


 n6JGRTQEGUUQHWPHQNFKPIIQGUUVGRD[UVGRQPGRCVVGTP
CVCVKOG'CEJUVGRDTKPIULWUVQPGRCVVGTPVQNKHGCPF
VJGKPVGPUKV[QHVJGTGUWNVFGRGPFUQPVJGKPVGPUKV[QH
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#NGZCPFGT VJQUG YJQ OC[ JCXG HQTIQVVGP VJCV YG GZKUV 9G
Looking inward
6JGTG KU OWEJ VJCV ETGCVKXG RTCEVKEGU ECP QHHGT VQ
VJGYQTNFDWVVJGTGKUCNUQOWEJYQTMVQDGFQPG
VQ OCMG EWTTGPV RTCEVKEGU OQTG GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[
CPFGVJKECNN[UWUVCKPCDNG1PVJGUKORNGUVNGXGNVJKU
OGCPUTGPKPIVJGOCVGTKCNEQPFKVKQPUKPYJKEJYG
YQTMEJQQUKPIPQPVQZKEOCVGTKCNUWUKPITGPGY
CDNG GPGTI[ UQWTEGU CPF ECTGHWNN[ GZCOKPKPI QWT
UWRRN[EJCKP6JKUKUPQFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGTGURQP
UKDKNKV[QHGXGT[QVJGTRGTUQPQPVJGRNCPGV/QTG
URGEKECNN[YGECPNQQMCVJQYVJGRTCEVKEGKVUGNH
PGGFU VQ DG VTCPUHQTOGF VQ KPJCDKV CPF GODQF[
UQOG QH VJG KFGQNQIKGU VJCV YG RTQRQUG 6JKU
KPXQNXGU SWGUVKQPKPI QWT OGVJQFU HQTOCVU CPF
CTVGHCEVUCNQPIYKVJGZCOKPKPIVJGKPVGITKV[QHQWT
QYPGXGT[FC[NKXGU6JGETGCVKXGUGEVQTECPDGEQOG
CNCDQTCVQT[HQTRQUUKDNGHWVWTGUKPYJKEJYGECP
GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ FKHHGTGPV OQFGNU QH YQTMKPI
NKXKPI CPF UJCTKPI /QXKPI DG[QPF ETKVKSWKPI
CPF EQOOGPVKPI QP VJG UQTT[ UVCVG QH VJG YQTNF
VQ IGPGTCVKPI FKHHGTGPV TGCNKVKGU UVCTVKPI YKVJ QWT
QYP YQTMURCEGU UVWFKQU QT NKXKPI TQQOU 0CVCNKG
,GTGOKLGPMQ
EH n'PXKTQPOGPVCN *GCNVJ %NKPKEo YGDGEQOGCYCTGQHYJCVoUTGCNN[CVUVCMGCPFYJCV
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EHn/CMTQNCDo-CVG4KEJ
EHn(GTCN TQNGYGECPRNC[#EEQTFKPIVQ/CUCPQDW(WMWQMC
6TCFGoCPF*GCVJ$WPVKPI
EHn6JG5VCVWU2TQLGEVo nYG JCXG EQOG VQ VJG RQKPV CV YJKEJ VJGTG KU PQ
HQT GZCORNG RTQXKFG C TCPIG QH ETGCVKXG CEVKXKVKGU
YJKEJGPEQWTCIGWUVQGODCTMWRQPVJGNQPILQWT
(WMWQMC  6JGP HTQO VJG
PG[U VQYCTFU PGY TGCNKVKGU .WOKPQWU )TGGP CKOU
VQ DG C VGORQTCT[ RQKPV QH GZEJCPIG YJGTG UWEJ
RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU ECP DG NGCTPGF GZCOKPGF UWR
RQTVGFQTETKVKSWGF9GYCPVVQGPEQWTCIGRGQRNG

VQ EQODKPG GZKUVKPI GHHQTVU UJCTG MPQYNGFIG CPF
DWPFNG TGUQWTEGU 6Q KPXQNXG RGQRNG QRGTCVKPI QP
VJG QWVUMKTVU QH VJG ETGCVKXG UGEVQTU CU YGNN CU
CKOVQKPVGITCVGTCVJGTVJCPUGRCTCVGENCTKH[TCVJGT
VJCPTGFWEGYQTMKPIVQYCTFUCUJCTGFCDWPFCPEG
TCVJGTVJCPGPHQTEGFUECTEKV[
Inconclusion
.WOKPQWU)TGGPICVJGTKPIUCTGEQPEGKXGFCUEQO
RNGVG GZRGTKGPEGU YJGTG YG CKO VQ UVKOWNCVG VJG
RCTVKEKRCPVU KPVGNNGEVWCNN[ CPF GOQVKQPCNN[ KP
DQVJOCVGTKCNCPFURKTKVWCNURJGTGU1WTIQCNKUVQ
KOOGTUGQWTUGNXGUKPCPKOCIKPCVKXGRTGUGPVVQDG
CDNG VQ GPXKUCIG RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU 9G FQPoV VT[ VQ
HQTEG CP[ RCTVKEWNCT HWVWTG PQT EQPENWFG YKVJ C
XGRQKPVCEVKQPRNCP6JGTGCNQWVEQOGUQH.WOK
PQWU)TGGPCTGVJGNCUVKPIKORTGUUKQPUQPVJGRCT
VKEKRCPVUoNKXGUsYJGVJGTVJTQWIJCPGYEQNNCDQTC
VKQPKPURKTKPIFKTGEVKQPUCPGZEKVKPITGNCVKQPUJKR
QTUQOGVJKPIGNUGVJCVPQPGQHWUGZRGEVGF0QPG
QH VJKU ECP DG FGUKIPGF KPVQ VJG RTQITCOOG DWV
YJCVFQGUJGNRKUCECTGHWNN[RTGRCTGFEQPVGZVCP
KPURKTKPI UGVVKPI C HTKGPFN[ ITQWR QH RGQRNG CPF
C IQQF FQUG QH CVVGPVKQP 'XGT[QPG CV .WOKPQWU
)TGGPKUGPEQWTCIGFVQDGEQORNGVGN[RTGUGPVCPF
EQOOKVVGFVQVJGGZRGTKGPEG9JGPVJKUJCRRGPU
QVJGTYC[VJCPVQDTKPICDQWVCOQXGOGPVVQDTKPI
PQVJKPI CDQWVo
EGPVTG QH PQVJKPIPGUU YG ECP DGIKP VQ UGG OQTG
ENGCTN[ YJCV KV KU VJCV YG ECP FQ VQ DGEQOG OQTG
NWOKPQWU
Acknowledgements References

.WOKPQWU )TGGP JVVRNWOKPQWUITGGPQTI  CPF #NGZCPFGT %  6JG VKOGNGUU YC[ QH DWKNFKPI 1ZHQTF
ITQ9QTNF JVVRHQCOITQYQTNF  YGTG KPKVKCVGF 7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU0GY;QTM
D[(Q#/JVVRHQCO QTICPKUGFKPEQNNCDQTCVKQP $GP[WU ,/  $KQOKOKET[ +PPQXCVKQP KPURKTGF D[
YKVJVJG)WKNFHQT4GCNKV[+PVGITCVQTUCPF)GPGTC PCVWTG9KNNKCO/QTTQY%Q0GY;QTM
VQTU JVVRITKIKPHQ  UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG (NGOKUJ (WMWQMC /  6JG QPGUVTCY TGXQNWVKQP #P KPVTQFWE
#WVJQTKVKGU8#(&GUKIP5KPICRQTG+5'#CPF VKQPVQPCVWTCNHCTOKPI4QFCNG'OOCWU2#
VJG%WNVWTG(TCOGYQTMQHVJG'WTQRGCP%QO *QNOITGP&2GTOCEWNVWTG2TKPEKRNGUCPFRCVJYC[U
OKUUKQP1WTVJCPMUIQGUVQVJGPWOGTQWUKPFKXKF DG[QPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ *QNOITGP &GUKIP 5GTXKEGU
WCNUCPFQTICPKUCVKQPUCTQWPFVJGINQDGYJQJCXG *GRDWTP#WUVTCNKC
OCFGVJGUGKPKVKCVKXGURQUUKDNG *QTXKV\4n9JQNGGCTVJEWNVWTGoCTVKENGQTKIKPCNN[
YTKVVGP HQT VJG EQPHGTGPEG &KXQKPC LCMQ HGPQOP
KPVGITNP MWNVWT[
9KNFGTPGUU CU C RJGPQOGPQP QH
Notes KPVGITCNEWNVWTG-NGPQX%\GEJ4GRWDNKEs/C[
CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYJQNGGCTVJEQO
 2GTOCEWNVWTGFGUKIPRTKPEKRNGU
*QNOITGP JKUVQT[YJQNGGCTVJEWNVWTGRJR 
  =?1DUGTXGCPFKPVGTCEV 1YGP*1RGP5RCEG6GEJPQNQI[#WUGToUIWKFGTF
  =?%CVEJCPFUVQTGGPGTI[ GFP$GTTGVV-QGJNGT5CP(TCPEKUEQ
  =?1DVCKPC[KGNF 5VGTNKPI $  n6JG XKTKFKCP RTKPEKRNGUo 9JQNG
  =?&GUKIPHTQORCVVGTPUVQFGVCKNU 'CTVJ 5WOOGT CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR
  =?+PVGITCVGTCVJGTVJCPUGITGICVG YYYYJQNGGCTV JEQOKUUWGGNGEVTQPKEGFKV KQP
  =?7UGUOCNNCPFUNQYUQNWVKQPU RJR!KUU 
  =?7UGCPFXCNWGFKXGTUKV[ 5VGTNKPI $  n6JG NCUV XKTKFKCP PQVGo 8KTKFKCPFGUKIP
  =?7UGGFIGUCPFXCNWGVJGOCTIKPCN
YGDUKVG CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY
  =?%TGCVKXGN[WUGCPFTGURQPFVQEJCPIG XKTKFKCPFGUKIPQTIPQVGUVJGANCUVAXKTKFKCPA
 (TQO.CVKPEWNVWTC
ITQYKPIEWNVKXCVKQPCPFEQNGTG PQVGJVON 

VQVGPFEWNVKXCVG 6CNGD006JG$NCEM5YCP6JGKORCEVQHVJGJKIJN[
 5GGJVVRYYYQRGPURCEGYQTNFQTI CNUQMPQYP KORTQDCDNG4CPFQO*QWUG0GY;QTM
CU7PEQPHGTGPEGQT(QQ%COR 9KNUQP 2.  9GKPDGTI $
GFU  #XCPV ICTFGPKPI
 /KNNKQP/GVTKE6QPUQH%CTDQP&KQZKFG'SWKXCNGPVU 'EQNQIKECN UVTWIING KP VJG EKV[  VJG YQTNF #WVQPQO
GFKC$TQQMN[P0;


 E M ER G E N C Y D E S I GN NEW SEMIOTIC ORDERS
O F U R B A N S U R V I VAL

Yana Milev

6JGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPFTCYUVQIGVJGTXCTKQWUFGUKIPOGFKCCPF
UQEKQEWNVWTCN RJGPQOGPC TUV QDUGTXGF KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ OCTIKPCNK\GF
NKXKPIURCEGUCUUWEJKVJCUDGEQOGCOCVVGTQHITQYKPIRWDNKEFGDCVG

Introduction VJG n(KTUV +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5[ORQUKWO QP 'OGTIGPE[

&GUKIPoVQQMRNCEGCV<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU
+P+NCWPEJGFVJGTGUGCTEJRTQLGEV'OGTIGPE[
<*F- KP  VJG RTQEGGFKPIU YGTG RWDNKUJGF
&GUKIP s &GUKIP 5VTCVGIKGU KP <QPGU QH #PQOKG 6JKU D[5RTKPIGT
9KGP0GY;QTMYJQCNUQRWDNKUJGF
UQQPFGXGNQRGFKPVQCNQPIVGTOTGUGCTEJRNCVHQTO VJGTUVQHCHQWTXQNWOGUGTKGUGPVKVNGF'OGTIGPE[
HQEWUKPIQPHQWTFKUVKPEVCTGCUUVCVGUQHGOGTIGPE[ 'ORKTG'OGTIGPE[&GUKIPKP#OWUGQNQIKECN
ECVCUVTQRJGU EQPEGRVU QH GOGTIGPEG CPF FGUKIPU UGTKGU nVCNMU KPDGVYGGP GOGTIGPEKGUo JCU OGCP
HQT UWTXKXCN 6JG TQQVU QH VJKU 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU YJKNG DGGP UGV WR KP EQQRGTCVKQP YKVJ VJG %GPVGT
2TQLGEV IQ DCEM VQ VJG GPF QH VJG %QNF 9CT CPF HQT #TV CPF /GFKC -CTNUTWJG 6JG RTGUGPV GUUC[
VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH RQNKVKECN RQUVOQFGTPKUO C CKOU VQ RTQXKFG C EQPETGVG UWTXG[ QH GOGTIGPE[
VKOGYJGPOCP[QHVJGKUUWGUPQYEQPHTQPVKPIWU FGUKIP FGPKPI KNNWUVTCVKPI CPF FKUEWUUKPI XG
DGICP VQ ET[UVCNNK\G PGY V[RGU QH
CU[OOGVTKECN PGY UGOKQVKE URCEGU QH WTDCP UWTXKXCN CPF NKXKPI
YCT GEQPQOKE ETKUGU PCVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJGU KP VJG
UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZXKZZXKK(KI#.
YCMGQHINQDCNENKOCVGEJCPIGPGYQTFGTUQHRTG
ECTKQWUPGUUsPQOCFKUOJWOCPUWRGTWKV[RQX
GTV[sCPFPGYUVTCVGIKGUKPVJGOGFKCCPFRTQVGUV Perspectives
OQXGOGPVU $GJKPF VJGUG RJGPQOGPC NC[ HWTVJGT
FGXGNQROGPVU VJG YCT QP VGTTQT FCVC EQPVTQN %KXKNNCYsGOGTIGPE[CUCUVCVGQHGZEGRVKQP
EQNNCRUKPI PCPEKCN OCTMGVU VJG URTGCF QH EQTRQ 6JGFKEVKQPCT[FGPKVKQPQHnGOGTIGPE[osCPGQNQ
TQETCVKE DWUKPGUU VJG GZVGPUKQP QH PGY GEQPQOKE IKUO FGTKXGF HTQO VJG .CVKP GOGTIGTG
VQ CTKUG QT
\QPGU KP VJG HQTO QH YCT \QPGU GVE 9JCV VJKU DTKPIVQNKIJVsKUnCUGTKQWUWPGZRGEVGFCPFQHVGP
COQWPVGFVQKPVGTOUQHRWDNKECYCTGPGUUCPFFKU FCPIGTQWU UKVWCVKQP TGSWKTKPI KOOGFKCVG CEVKQPo
EQWTUGYCUCPGYV[RGQHWTDCPECVCUVTQRJG
0GY 1ZHQTF  #RRNKGF VQ EKXKN UQEKGV[ VJG
6JG 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU 2TQLGEV JCU HQWPF RQNKVKECNEQPEGRVQHCUVCVGQHGOGTIGPE[KUOQFGTP
GZRTGUUKQPKPCPWODGTQHGXGPVUCPFRWDNKECVKQPU CTKUKPIQPN[CHVGTVJGGPFQHVJG5GEQPF9QTNF9CT


KVFGPQVGUPQVVJGUKVWCVKQPKVUGNHDWVVJGTGXQECVKQP
QHVJGNCYUJKVJGTVQIQXGTPKPICUQEKGV[CPFVJGKT
TGRNCEGOGPVYKVJURGEKCNnGOGTIGPE[oNGIKUNCVKQPVQ
EQWPVGT VJG UKVWCVKQP 6JG CWVJQTKV[ VQ FGENCTG C
UVCVGQHGOGTIGPE[KPUKVWCVKQPUQHYCTEKXKNECVCU
VTQRJGQTVJGNKMGCPFVQKORQUGUWEJLWTKUFKEVKQP
KUDCUGFQPVJGEQPEGRVQHPCVKQPCNUQXGTGKIPV[KV
KORNKGU VJG TKIJV VQ UWURGPF VJG EQPUVKVWVKQP CPF
GHHGEVKXGN[ETGCVGYJCV)KQTIKQ#ICODGPJCUECNNGF
n\QPGU QH CPQOKGo UVCVGU QH GZEGRVKQP VJCV KP %CTN
5EJOKVVoU VGTOKPQNQI[ CTG nDG[QPF VJG NKPGo (QT
5EJOKVV VJG UWFFGP CPF KOOGFKCVG KPEWTUKQP QH
UWEJCUVCVGKORNKGUCUQXGTGKIPCTDKVTCTKPGUUKPVJG
FGVGTOKPCVKQP CPF CRRNKECVKQP QH WNVKOC TCVKQ s C
EQPEGRVYJKEJKPEQPUVKVWVKQPCNNCYKUWUGFQHVJG
FGENCTCVKQPQHYCT
KWUCFDGNNWOQTVJGNGICNK\KPI 6JGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[VJWUCRRNKGUVQKPUG
QHCPGZKUVKPIEQPKEVYKVJCNNVJGOGCPUTGSWKTGF
VQRWTUWGKVGXGPDG[QPFVJGRWTXKGYQHKPVGTPC
VKQPCN NCY #ICKPUV VJG DCEMITQWPF QH VJG V[RG QH
RQUVOQFGTPYCTVJCVJCUGOGTIGFUKPEGVJGU
UWDLGEVKXG URCEG KPJCDKVGF D[ C RGTUQP PGVYQTM
VJG EQPEGRV QH WNVKOC TCVKQ JCU DGGP GZVGPFGF VQ
EQXGT CP KPETGCUKPIN[ YKFG TCPIG QH ECVCUVTQRJGU
ETKUGU TKUMU CPF RTGXGPVKXG CEVKQPU CU YGNN CU
VJG EKXKN RQNKVKECN GEQPQOKE CPF OGFKC EQPVGZVU
YJGVJGTHCEVWCNQTEVKQPCNKPYJKEJVJGUGKORCEV
UQEKGV[KOCIGUQHCPGPGO[QTCFXGTUCT[CTGCECUG
KPRQKPV
6JG GZVGPUKQP QH VJG LWTKFKECN UVCVG QH GOGT
IGPE[HTQOVJGGNFQHEQPUVKVWVKQPCNVQVJCVQHEKXKN
 KPFGGF VJG YJQNG ICOWV
NCYCOQWPVUVQCTGFGPKVKQPQHKVUENCKOTQQVGFKP
VJG RU[EJQRQNKVKECN RCTCFKIO QH UJQEM QT VTCWOC
KP KVU OQFGTP HQTO KPENWFKPI VGTTQT FQOGUVKE QT
HQTGKIPDTGCMFQYPCPFFGVGTTGPEG#UUWEJKVJCU
DGEQOGUCDCUKERCVVGTPQHTGCEVKQPCRRNKGFVQRTG
ECTKQWUQTOCTIKPCNK\GFURCEGUCPFVJGKTEQOOWPK
ECVKQPKPVJGOGFKC0QRGTUQPQTRNCVHQTOECPDG
C RTKQTK GZENWFGF HTQO KVU UEQRG YJKEJ GODTCEGU
DQVJXKEVKOCPFCIITGUUQT

'OGTIGPEKGU CTG QP VJG QPG JCPF YCTU CPF ECVCU
VTQRJGU EQPUWOGF KP TGCN VKOG QP QWT VGNGXKUKQP
UETGGPUVJGUWKEKFGDQODKPIURNCPGETCUJGUGZRNQ
UKQPU GZGEWVKQPU CEEKFGPVU CPF ENKOCVKE FGXCUVC
VKQPVJCVsCDQXGCNNUKPEGVJGGPFQHVJG%QNF9CT
s RTKOCTKN[ EQPUVKVWVG PGYU #V C OQTG KPFKXKFWCN
CPFNQECNNGXGNVJGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[GZVGPFU
VQLQDNQUUUQEKCNKORQXGTKUJOGPVYCXGTKPIRTQU
RGEVU DKQNQIKECNN[ FKOKPKUJKPI GORNQ[CDKNKV[ CPF
VJG OCTIKPCNK\KPI QH YJQNG ENCUUGU QH VJG RQRWNC
VKQPCNQPIYKVJVJGKTNKXKPIURCEGU1PVQRQHVJKU
VJG RGTOCPGPV QUEKNNCVKQP QH VJG RCTCOGVGTU QH
UQEKCN KPENWUKQP VJG PG NKPG DGVYGGP VJKU VKOGoU
XKEVKOUCPFVJKUVKOGoUPCTTQYN[GUECRGFHTWUVTCVGU
VJGXGT[EQPEGRVQHCUVCDNGPQTO
EWTKV[QHYJCVGXGTMKPFsHTQOPCVWTCNECVCUVTQRJG
VQ YCT HTQO PCVKQPCN FGDV VJTQWIJ FGOQETCVKE
KPVGTXGPVKQP VQ UQEKCN FGENKPG s VJCV RNWPIGU VJG
QT EQTRQTCVG GPVKV[ KPVQ C UVCVG QH GZEGRVKQP YKVJ
HWPFCOGPVCNKORCEVQPUWEJKPUVKVWVKQPUCPFXCNWGU
QHFCKN[NKHGCULWUVKEGETKOGCPFVJGOCTMGV
5QEKQNQI[sGOGTIGPE[CUCPGYV[RGQH
WTDCPECVCUVTQRJG
'OGTIGPEKGUVJGTGHQTGGODTCEGYJCV.CTU%NCWUGP
JCU ECNNGF nETCUU UQEKCN EJCPIGo CPF nCDJQTTGPV
UQEKCN RTQEGUUGUo
QH PCVWTCN UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN FKUCUVGTU ECWUGF D[
FGRQTVCVKQP OKITCVKQP JQOGNGUUPGUU HCOKPG
FTQWIJVUJQTVCIGQHYCVGTQTNCEMQHQVJGTGUUGP
VKCNTGUQWTEGUVJCVKPQWTRQUVYQTNFYGDWPFNG
WPFGT VJG JGCFKPI QH EWNVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJG +P VJKU
TGURGEVVJGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[JCUVCMGPQPPGY
RQUVRQNKVKECN CPF RQUVKPUVKVWVKQPCN OGCPKPI EQO
RNGOGPVKPIKVUKORNKECVKQPUHQTEKXKNNCY
 +P JKU TGEGPV DQQM 2NCPGV QH 5NWOU
 CU /GFKCVJGQT[sGOGTIGPE[CUVJGFKUEQWTUG
YGNNCUKPJKUVYQGCTNKGTYQTMU'EQNQI[QHHGCT.QU
#PIGNGU CPF VJG KOCIKPCVKQP QH FKUCUVGT
 CPF 6JG XQECDWNCT[ QH GOGTIGPE[ UWTXKXCN UVCVGU QH
.CVG 8KEVQTKCP JQNQECWUVU 'N 0KQ HCOKPGU CPF VJG
OCMKPIQHVJGVJKTFYQTNF
/KMG&CXKUIKXGU PQVQPN[QHRQNKVKECNUEKGPEGCPFUQEKQNQI[DWVCNUQ
VJKU PGY V[RG QH WTDCP ECVCUVTQRJG C NQECN JCDKVC
VKQPCPFCPCOGVTCPUNCVKPIVJGETKVKECNFKUEQWTUGQH
UWEJQRRQPGPVUQHINQDCNK\CVKQPCU0QCO%JQOUM[
0CQOK -NGKP 'NOCT #NVXCVGT CPF 5CUMKC 5CUUGP VQ
VJGEQPETGVGNGXGNQHWTDCPCPQOKGTGRTGUGPVGFKP
VJGUVTWIINGHQTUWTXKXCNVJGUNWOUCPFVJGJQOG
NGUUPGUUQHOQFGTPOGICEKV[RGTKRJGTKGU#HWTVJGT
QTYJCV
EQPVGORQTCT[ EQPVGZV QH GOGTIGPE[ CTKUGU CV VJG
 FGNKP
KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP VJG PGY YCT VJGQTKGU QH 4/#
4GXQNWVKQP KP /KNKVCT[ #HHCKTU YKVJ KVU EQPEGRVU
QHEQNNCVGTCNFCOCIGQPVJGQPGJCPFCPFHCNUGCI
.Y  KU GHHGEVGF KP VGTOU
QRGTCVKQPU YKVJ C JWOCP HCEG QP VJG QVJGT
GI QH VJG DKQRQNKVKECN GZENWUKXGPGUU CPF GZENWUKQP
EQXGTV YGCRQPU VGUVKPI CPF OQPG[ VTCPUHGTU CPF
VJG ITQYKPI PWODGT QH EKXKNKCP XKEVKOU QP VJG
RGTKRJGT[QHVJGUCOGOGICEKVKGU6JGTGUGCTEJCPF
RWDNKECVKQP RTQLGEV 'OGTIGPE[ 'ORKTG'OGTIGPE[
&GUKIPGZCOKPGUVJGUGEQPVGZVUQHEKXKNECVCUVTQRJG
HTQOCUQEKQNQIKECNRQKPVQHXKGY
CPFQTOKNKVCPVQRGT
(KI2QUVGTHTQO)GTOCPUVWFGPVYCNMQWV
Yana Milev
QHCPQOKG
GZEGRVKQPCPFCPQOKGJCURGPGVTCVGFVJGFKUEQWTUG
QHEWNVWTCNCPFOGFKCUVWFKGUCPFVJGKTRJKNQUQRJ[
#ICKPUVCDCEMITQWPFQHPGQNKDGTCNOCTMGVUINQDCN
DWUKPGUU CPF VJG XKQNCVKQP QH JWOCP CPF EQPUVK
VWVKQPCN TKIJVU VJGUG EQPEGRVU UGTXG CU UKIPRQUVU
KPVJGPGYFKUEQWTUGQHGVGTPCNYCTHCTGVJCVEJCT
CEVGTK\GU CP CFXCPEGF RQUVYCT GTC QH UQEKGV[ 6JG
DQCTFTQQOUQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQTRQTCVKQPU
,QJP 2GTMKPU ECNNU nEQTRQTCVQETCEKGUo
GCVG CPF UVKIOCVK\G RWDNKE URCEG FGUKIPKPI ICVGF
\QPGU VJCV CTG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ \QPGU QH CPQOKG
YJQUG nURCEKPIo
EQOOWPKECVGF D[ EQTRQTCVG FGUKIP CPF EQTRQTCVG
KFGPVKV[ 6JGUG URCEGU JCXG KP VJG RCUV VYQ FGE
CFGUGZRGTKGPEGFVJGVTCPUHQTOCVKQPQTFKUUQNWVKQP
QH VJG ENCUUKECNN[ FKHHGTGPVKCVGF HQWTHQNF UVTWEVWTG
QH RTKXCVG CPF RWDNKE CTGCU RNWU UWDWTDKC CPF VJG
RGTKRJGTCN\QPGUQHOKNKVCT[
CVKQPnDG[QPFVJGNKPGo7TDCPURCEGJCUDGIWPVQ
FGPG KVUGNH CPGY CU C OWUGWO CP QTFGT FGPGF
D[RWTEJCUKPIRQYGTCPFJGPEGQPCRCTYKVJRTK
XCVGURCEGDWVD[VJGUCOGVQMGPKVKUCNUQCOCT
IKPCNK\GFURCEGHQTVJQUGGZENWFGFHTQORWTEJCUKPI
RQYGT CPF CEEGUU C ENCPFGUVKPG TGCNO JQOG VQ
ETKOKPCNN[ ETGCVKXG HQTEGU VJCV JCTDQWT VJG RQVGP
VKCN HQT OKNKVCPVOKNKVCT[ QRGTCVKQPU QH VGTTQT CPF
EQWPVGTVGTTQT CV CNN RQKPVU QH VJG RWDNKERTKXCVG
URGEVTWO +P VJG FKUEQWTUG QH OGFKC CPF FGUKIP
UQEKQNQI[ VJG PGY UVTWEVWTCN OWNVKRNKEKV[ QH WTDCP
URCEG KU TGPFGTGF XKUKDNG CPF GZRGTKGPVKCNN[ CEEGU
UKDNG

9JQ FQGU RWDNKE URCEG DGNQPI VQ! 5RCEG FGPQVGU C
FGPGF KPVGTKQT C OCTMGV ETGCVGF D[ VJG VYKP
5NQVGTFKLM  R  1P VJG
FGPKPIHQTEGUQHFQOGUVKERWTEJCUKPIRQYGTCPF
IQXGTPOGPVCNKOOGTUKQP2WDNKEURCEGKUCEQTTKFQT
YJGTG DTCPFU CPF DTCPFKPI RTQENCKO QYPGTUJKR
CPF FKXGTUG WPKHQTOU HTQO #TOCPK VQ <CTC YKVJ
VJG EJKR ECTFU EQPEGCNGF YKVJKP VJGO GXKPEG VJG
TKIJV VQ CEEGUU CPF RCTVKEKRCVKQP 6JKU KU VJG RTG
UGTXG QH C PGY EQODCVKXG RJCNCPZ VJG KPJCDKV
CPVUQHVJGNKXKPIOCEJKPGRQUUGUUQTUQHVJGDCPM
CEEQWPVUVJCVHQT2GVGT5NQVGTFKLM
nRTQXKFGCEEGUUVQRNCEGURGTUQPUIQQFUCPFFCVCs
QRRQTVWPKVKGU FGTKXGF UQNGN[ HTQO VJG HCEV VJCV VJG
UVCPFCTFHQTOQHUWDLGEVKXKV[YKVJKPVJGITCPFKPUVCN
NCVKQPKUFGVGTOKPGFD[VJGCXCKNCDKNKV[QHRWTEJCUKPI
RQYGTo
R UWRGTWKV[o
8QIGNR
+VKUCVVJKURQKPVVJCVVJGRTQDNGOQHURCVKCNUQXGT
GKIPV[KORCEVUFGUKIPXKCVJGDKQRQNKVKEUQHOGFKC
KEQPQITCRJ[KPVJGOWNVKRNGFKOGPUKQPUQHNKXKPI
FTGUU RJ[UKECN CRRGCTCPEG DGCTKPI CPF KPVKOCE[
s CP KEQPQITCRJ[ VJCV KU CV VJG UCOG VKOG QPG QH
UGRCTCVKQP HTQO VJG TGCNO QH VJG QVJGT VJG RTG
ECTKQWUUWRGTWQWUCPFFKURGPUCDNGVJGOKITCPVU
CPF YCVEJGTU HTQO DG[QPF VJG HGPEG 6JG YQTNFU
QHRQNKVKECNCPFGEQPQOKEVGEJPQNQIKECNCPFOGFKC
KOOGTUKQP CTG FGUKIPGT YQTNFU QH UQEKCN RQNCTK\C
VKQPYJGTGVJGGZENWUKXGPGUUQHVJGNKXKPIOCEJKPG
VJG WTDUFQOWU CIITGICVG KRUQ HCEVQ IGPGTCVGU
VJG OCTIKPCNK\CVKQP QH VJG GZENWFGF VJG RU[EJQ
RQNKVKECN GOGTIGPE[ QH EWNVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJG CPF KVU
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CPFRQXGTV[9JCVKUVTWGQHFQOGUVKEURCEGJQNFU
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nCP KIPQTCPEG OCEJKPG =e? CP KPVGITCN KPUVTWOGPV
QH FGHGPEG YJGTG VJG DCUKE TKIJV QH PQPTGURGEV

VQYCTFU VJG GZVGTKQT YQTNF =JCU? HQWPF KVU CTEJK
VGEVQPKE RKNNCTo
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GZENWUKXGPGUUVJGET[UVCNRCNCEGUQHVJGICVGFEQO
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VJG XCUV NKXKPI OCEJKPGU QH UNWO IJGVVQ CPF UWD
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VGPV EKV[ CPF HCXGNC #ETQUU CNN QH KV NKGU VJG UOQI
QH UKFGNKPKPI CPF DWTPQWV HQT n=V?JG ECUG QH VJG
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PCIIKPIVQTOGPVKPIUGNHFGUVTWEVKXGHGGNKPIQHPQV
DGKPICDNGVQMGGRWRKPCYQTNFQHYQTMKPIVQGCTP
CPF GCTPKPI HQT CHWGPEG QH DGKPI WPTGRTGUGPVGF
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QPVJGQPGJCPFCPFVJQUGQHRU[EJQRQNKVKECNFKU
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CPF OCTMGVKPI UVTCVGIKGU 9KVJKP VJKU HTCOGYQTM
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KPYJKEJPQVKQPUQHYCTCPFGEQPQOKEUKPVGTCEVCPF
QUEKNNCVGCRTQEGUUVJCVJCUNQPIUKPEGQXGTVJTQYP
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CPFQT OGFKC KPURKTGF YCTU QH ,QJP 2GTMKPUo EQT
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RQNKVKECN UQEKQRQNKVKECN CPF FGUKIP FKOGPUKQPU QH
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VJQUGQHHTGGXUnUJCFQYoVTCFG+VKUKPETGCUKPIN[C
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VJG OGFKC GXKFGPV KP VJG EQPVTCUVKPI EWNVWTGU QH
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6JG ITQYKPI OGFKCNK\CVKQP QH UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN
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VJGCTEJKVGEVWTGQHUCHGV[CPFUGENWUKQPYJGTGXKVCN
QYKPI FGUKIP ECP GPICIG KP UWDXGTUKXG OCPQGW
XTGU6JKUKUCMG[VQVJGGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPRTQLGEV
YJKEJ UGGU UWEJ ETKVKECN URCVKQF[PCOKE TGNCVKQPU
CUCVVKPIUQEKQNQIKECNTGURQPUGVQVJGUQXGTGKIPV[
QH VJG EQTRQTCVGOGFKC EQPLWPEVKQP VJCV KU CHVGT
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VTQRJGKPVJGTUVRNCEG$WVKVKUPQVLWUVCOCVVGT
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COQPIQVJGTUQHOKITCPVNCDQWTGTUFGRQT
IGPE[VJG\QPGUQHCPQOKGKUVJGRTGEQPFKVKQPHQT
VJG IGPGUKU QH C PGY KPPQXCVKXG UQEKCN URCEG VJG
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QHGOGTIGPE[CPFVJGGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPVJCVOCU
VGTUKVDQVJICKPVJGKTKORCEVHTQOVJGKTEQPVKIWKV[
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6JG RTKPEKRCN HQEWU QH GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP NKGU
VJGTGHQTG QP VJG KPXGUVKICVKQP QH VJG KPVGTHCEG
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DGVYGGPRQYGTURCEGCPFDQF[KPVJGFGUKIPEQPVGZV
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RTKPEKRNG VQ VJG XCTKQWU NGXGNU QH EQPKEV
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EWNVWTCNKOOWPKV[CPFTGUKNKGPEGKVGPVCKNUOKIJVKVKU
JQRGF HCEKNKVCVG VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH C OGVJQF DGP
QH VJG HQTGIQKPI CPCN[UKU VJG KPPGT NQIKE QH GOGT
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Emergency design: new semiotic
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%WNVWTGUQHTGUKUVCPEGRTQVGUVTGHWUCN
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VJGJQOGNGUUCUYGNNCUCTVKUVUCECFGOKEUCPFHTGG
NCPEGTU KP IGPGTCN 6JG UQEKQNQIKUVU 'XG %JKCRGNNQ
CPF .WE $QNVCPUMK CTIWG KP 6JG 0GY 5RKTKV QH %CRK
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JCXGPQVQPN[HCEGFWRVQCPFCEEGRVGFVJGCPQOKE
EQPFKVKQPU QH VJG NCDQWT OCTMGV
EQPUVCPVN[ XCT[KPI RTQNGU CPF EQORGVGPEKGU

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RTQLGEVDCUGF VGORQTCT[ RQUKVKQPU GVE DWV JCXG TKNNCIJVGTUDGCEEQTFGF219UVCVWUKPVJGGXGPV
ETGCVGFQWVQHVJGOCPGYV[RGQHPQOCFKUOVJG QH ECRVWTG 1VJGTYKUG VJG[ EQWPV CU WPNCYHWN QT
PQOCFKUOQHVJGNCDQWTOCTMGVCPFVJGTGFKUVTKDW WPRTKXKNGIGF EQODCVCPVU CPF TGOCKP QWVUKFG VJG
VKQPQHECRKVCN6JGUGCTGVTKDCNFGUKIPUQHOWNVKRNG TGOKVQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNNCY
TCRKFN[ EJCPIKPI UWTHCEGU DTQWIJV KPVQ EKTEWNCVKQP
CUWPCFCRVGFECRKVCNEWTTGPE[KPTGURQPUGVQPQXGN +P JKU  NGEVWTGU QP VJG 6JGQT[ QH VJG 2CTVKUCP
UKVWCVKQPUsYJKEJKUVJGXGT[TGCUQPVJG[CTGCDNG
VJG)GTOCPNGICNRJKNQUQRJGT%CTN5EJOKVV
VQ ETGCVG PGY EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN 6JKU ECRKVCN IGPGT FGXGNQRGFVJGUGKUUWGUQPVJGDCUKUQH5RCKPoUIWGT
CVGF QWV QH VJG RTGECTKQWUPGUU QH VJG UKVWCVKQP D[ TKNNCYCTQH*GUCYVJGURGEKCNUVCVWUQH
VJG PQOCFKE RJCNCPZ KU FGPGF OQTG ENQUGN[ KP RCTVKUCPYCTHCTGKVUKTTGIWNCTKV[CPFKOOGFKCE[CU
VJGTUVHQWTQTFGTUQHGOGTIGPE[FGUKIP TGNCVGFCVCVJGQTGVKECNNGXGNVQVJGEQPEGRVQHVGTTQT
DQVJ KP KVU OQFGTP HQTO CPF KP VJCV QH VJG TGKIP
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YJGPKVUGVUQWVVQTGUKUVCEEQOOQFCVKQPKPFKURQU CFFTGUUVQVJG%QPXGPVKQP
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FGVGTOKPGUCPFGZRQWPFUVJGEQPUGSWGPEGUYJGP
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CTV CPF FGUKIP CU ECRKVCN EWTTGPE[ D[ CPF QP VJG
OCTMGV s CPF PQV LWUV VJG CTV OCTMGV s OGCPU VJG
CEEGRVCPEGQHDGNNKIGTGPVUQEKCNCEVKXKUO

6JGRTQDNGOQHDGNNKIGTGPEGKUEQPPGEVGFYKVJVJG
LWTKFKECN CPF RQNKVKECN CEEGRVCPEG QH IWGTTKNNC YCT
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OGPV QH IWGTTKNNC CPF EQPXGPVKQPCN HQTEGU $GNNKI
GTGPEG CU UWEJ s KG VJG TGEQIPKVKQP QH C UVCVG QH ,WTKUVUJCXGCNYC[UECTGHWNN[FKUVKPIWKUJGFDGVYGGP
YCT s KU QPN[ GUVCDNKUJGF KP UWEJ C EQPVGZV YJGP VGTTQTRCTVKUCPCEVKQPCPFIWGTTKNNCYCTHCTG*QY
VJGRQNKVKECNUVCVWUSWQKUHQTEGFVQCEEGRVVJGIWGT GXGTCNNVJTGGUJCTGEGTVCKPEWNVWTCNRQNKVKECNVTCKVU
TKNNC OQXGOGPV CU C RCTV[ VQ PGIQVKCVKQPU 6JKU CWVQPQO[
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EGPVTCN CKO CPF DGNNKIGTGPEG
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EGPVTCN HQWPFCVKQP 6JGUG HGCVWTGU CTG TGGEVGF
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CU ECP DG UGGP KP VJG FGDCVG CDQWV TGEQIPKVKQP QH &GTKX
CUYGNNCUKP/KEJGNFG%GTVGCWoUCPF


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DGVYGGP CTV CPF CEVKXKUO
nCTV QH CEVKQPo VJGQT[ KU JGTG VJCV VJG XG QTFGTU QH GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP
YJKEJ UGTXGF CU C NCWPEJKPI RCF HQT VJG FTKXG VQ JCXGVJGKTQTKIKP
OGNFRQNKVKECNNGICNOGFKCCTVKUVKEVJGQTGVKECNCPF
UQEKQNQIKECNUVTCVGIKGUKPVQCPGYRQNKVKECNCPFUQEK 'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPCURTGECTKQWUPQOCFKE
QNQIKECNFGUKIPKORGTCVKXG6JKUQWVGFKVUGNHCVVJG CFCRVCVKQPQHNKXKPIURCEGKPXGQTFGTU
VWTP QH VJG OKNNGPPKWO CU VJG RTCEVKEG QH EWNVWTCN
JCEMKPI
&NNQ  .KGDN  # HWTVJGT VTGPF KP 'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPTGRTGUGPVUCHQTOQHUQEKGV[CU
EQPVGORQTCT[FKUEQWTUGJKIJNKIJVKPIUQEKCNCEVKQP CTV
$GW[U+VWPFGTUVCPFUKVUGNHCU
KP DQVJ VJGQT[ CPF FGUKIP CPF FKUOCPVNKPI VJG r CTVNGUUCTV
DQWPFCTKGUDGVYGGPCTVCPFIWGTTKNNCCEVKXKV[NGCFU r PQPCTVKEKCNQTICPKENKXKPI
VQCUKOKNCTCEVKXKUVVJGQT[PGVYQTMKPICEVKXKUOCTV r CRTGECTKQWUPQOCFKECRRTQCEJVQNKXKPIURCEG
CPF VJG GOGTIKPI EQOOWPKV[ WPFGT VJG JGCFKPI r VJG PQPCGUVJGVKEK\KPI RTQFWEVKQP QH QDLGEVU
QHnVTCPUPCVKQPCNIWGTTKNNCo
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#ICODGP JCU CNUQ YTKVVGP TGEGPVN[ QP VJG U[ODK r CPVKFGUKIPKPOCTMGVKPICPFCFXGTVKUKPI
QUKU QH CTV CPF VGTTQTKUO KPFGGF JKU CTVKENG n6GT r FGVCEJGFHTQOVJGGEQPQOKEUCPFFKUVTKDWVKQP
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ECPDGTGCFCUCECNN RCTCOGVGTUQHVJGCTVOCTMGV
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UGVV$TP\GNUCEVKQP VTKDWVKQPUVTWEVWTGUQHVJGCTVOCTMGV
r VTKIIGTKPIETKUGUYKVJKPVJGNQIKUVKEUQHOCTMGVU
+PEQPVTCUVVQOQFGTPIWGTTKNNCITQWRU
HTQOVJGVGT CPFKPUVKVWVKQPU
TGWTQHVJG(TGPEJ4GXQNWVKQPVQVJGWTDCPCEVKXKUO r VTCPUHQTOCVKQPCNCEVKQPDG[QPFOCTMGVKPICPF
QH VJG 4GF #TO[ (CEVKQP KP U )GTOCP[ CPF VJGEWNVWTGCTVKPFWUVTKGU
CHVGT RQUVOQFGTP EQOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTTKNNC r RQUVFGOQETCVKERQUVRQNKVKECNRQUVGEQPQOKE
CEVKXKV[FKURGPUGUYKVJVJGVTCKVUQHTGXQNWVKQPCPF RQUVTGNKIKQWURQUVUQXGTGKIP
DGNNKIGTGPEG KP HCXQWT QH ENCPFGUVKPG VTKDCN UVTCVG r KPXCUKXG QH RQNKVKEU OCTMGVU KPUVKVWVKQPU
IKGU QH EWNVWTCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP #U UWEJ KV HWNNU C GEQPQOKGUKPFWUVTKGU
EGPVTCN FGOCPF QH $GW[Uo GZVGPFGF EQPEGRV QH CTV r PGYEWNVWTCNECRKVCNVJGEWTTGPE[QHETKUKUECR
CUnUQEKCNUEWNRVWTGo
UQ\KCNG2NCUVKM6QFC[YGJCXG KVCN
CFFGFCHWTVJGTFKOGPUKQPQHFGUKIPVQVJKUCPVJTQ r SWGGTSWGGTKPISWGT[KPIVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCTKV[KP
RQNQIKECN EQPEGRV GPVCKNKPI VJG HWUKQP QH UQEKCN SWGGTGEQPQOKEUSWGGTRQNKVKEUSWGGTVJGQT[
CEVKQPKPVJGQT[UGOKQVKEUCPFOGFKCRTCEVKEGKPVQ r TGUQWTEGDCUGF EQTGGPGTIGVKE GOQVKQPCN
CP CTVHQTO QH UQEKGV[ KP YJKEJ VJG FKUUQNWVKQP QH KPVGTPGWTQRJ[UKQNQIKECN MKPUCKCGUVJGVKE
DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV RQNKVKEU DQF[DCUGFCWVQGPGTIGVKEOQXGOGPV
CTVFGUKIPUQEKCNYQTMVJGQT[TGRTGUGPVCVKQPCPF r CP WPVQWEJCDNG KPXKPEKDNG PQPGZRNQKVCDNG
VJGOCTMGVNGCFUVQCTGXCNWCVKQPCPFTGRQUKVKQPKPI OKETQVQRG CP KOOWPG URCEG QH GZEGRVKQP
QH PQOCFKUO 0GY HQTOU QH EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN PGY COKFUVKPFWEGFUVCVGUQHGZEGRVKQP
EWTTGPEKGU CTG IGTOKPCVKPI KP VJG FGEQPUVTWEVKXG


(KTUVQTFGTUWTXKXCNURCEGNKXKPIURCEG
6JGKPETGCUGKPRJGPQOGPCCUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJGTUV
QTFGTQHGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPYJKEJYGJCXGFGPGF
R
CUWTDCPUGOKQVKEFGUKIPUQHUWTXKXCNCPFNKXKPIKU
FKTGEVN[FWGVQVJGINQDCNK\CVKQPCPFWTDCPK\CVKQP
QHRTGECTKQWUPGUURQXGTV[GZENWUKQPOCTIKPCNK\C
VKQPCPFJWOCPUWRGTWKV[VJCVIQGUJCPFKPJCPF
YKVJ VJG INQDCNK\CVKQP CPF WTDCPK\CVKQP QH RTK
XCVG CPF RTQV KPVGTGUVU 6JKU HCEV KP VWTP KORCEVU
CPF OWNVKRNKGU VJG UVCVKUVKEU QH INQDCN RQRWNCVKQP
ITQYVJ QH VJG FCKN[ NQCF CFFGF VQ VJG OQWPVCKP
QH ICTDCIG CPF VQZKE YCUVG VQ VJG JQWUKPI UJQTV
HCNNVQVJQUGDCTTGFHTQOVJGUCVKUHCEVKQPQHDCUKE
PGGFUVQEJGCRRTQFWEVUCPFOGFKCVTCUJVQGZENW
UKQP HTQO C RWDNKE URCEG YJQUG GXGPVU CTG GKVJGT
EQFGF QT QXGTRTKEGF VQ VJG FGCTVJ QH TGUQWTEGU
IGQRQNKVKECNOKITCVKQPWTDCPGZRCPUKQPVJGGZRNQ
UKQP QH WTDCP RQRWNCVKQPU VJG GZVGPUKQP QH HTGG
OCTMGVUGVE6JGEQPUGSWGPEGUUVCPFKPVJGEJCRVGT
JGCFKPIU QH ETKVKECN FKUEQWTUG KP 2GVGT 5NQVGTFKLMoU
nINQDCN UGC QH RQXGTV[o
 CPF /KMG &CXKUoU USWCVVKPI 6JG PGY EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN VJG EWTTGPE[
2NCPGVQH5NWOUn#EEQTFKPIVQVJGEQPUGTXCVKXGECN
EWNCVKQPUQHVJGTGRQTV=QHVJG70*CDKVCVQTICPK\C
VKQP? C DKNNKQP RGQRNG EWTTGPVN[ NKXG KP UNWOU CPF
OQTGVJCPCDKNNKQPUVTWIINGHQTUWTXKXCNKPKTTGIWNCT
GORNQ[OGPVEQPFKVKQPU6JGURGEVTWOTCPIGUHTQO
UVTGGVVTCFGTUVJTQWIJECUWCNNCDQWTGTUEJKNFECTGTU
CPFRTQUVKVWVGUVQRGQRNGYJQUGNNVJGKTQYPQTICPU
HQTVTCPURNCPVCVKQP6JGUGCTGUJQEMKPIIWTGUCNN
VJGOQTGWPUGVVNKPIHQTVJGHCEVVJCVQWTQYPEJKN
FTGP CPF ITCPFEJKNFTGP YKNN GZRGTKGPEG JWOCPKV[
CVKVUSWCPVKVCVKXGRGCM5QOGVKOGCTQWPFQT
VJGJWOCPRQRWNCVKQPQHVJG'CTVJYKNNTGCEJ
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JCNH DKNNKQPU 6JKU IWTG KU CFOKVVGFN[ YGNN DGNQY
VJGCRQECN[RVKERTQRJGEKGUQHVJGRCUVDWVPQNGUU
VJCP  RGTEGPV QH VJKU ITQYVJ YKNN VCMG RNCEG KP
VJGEKVKGUQHVJGUQWVJ6JKUOGCPUVJCVVJGGPVKTG

HWVWTG ITQYVJ QH VJG JWOCP TCEG YKNN QEEWT KP
EKVKGURTGFQOKPCPVN[KPRQQTEKVKGUCPFVQCITGCV
GZVGPVKPUNWOUo
6JG INQDCN GORNQ[OGPV CPF JQWUKPI ETKUKU UQ
KORTGUUKXGN[ CPF EQPUKUVGPVN[ RTGUGPVGF D[ /KMG
&CXKUTGRTGUGPVUCUKVYGTGCPGOGTIGPE[VJCVKP
CUQEKQNQIKECNRGTURGEVKXGECPDGUGGPCUVJGTGUWNV
QH PGQNKDGTCN KPFWUVTKCNK\CVKQP (WTVJGT EQPVGO
RQTCT[ GOGTIGPEKGU CTG ENKOCVKE EJCPIG YKVJ KVU
KPETGCUKPIN[ ECVCUVTQRJKE UEGPCTKQU PGY CU[OOGV
TKECNYCTUCPFJ[RGTKPFWUVTKCNRTQZ[YCTUCUYGNN
CU UGTXKEG UGEVQT YCTU WPFGT VJG EQXGT QH 70 CKF
QTICPK\CVKQPUCPF70GOGTIGPE[HQTEGU
6JG RJGPQOGPC QH GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP KP VJKU TUV
QTFGT EQPUKUVGPVN[ TGXGCN VGEJPKSWGU QH UWTXKXCN
OCPCIGOGPVKPEQPFKVKQPUQHFKTGEVKORCEVVJTQWIJ
VJGGOGTIGPEKGUQHnETCUUUQEKCNEJCPIGoCPFnCDJQT
TGPV UQEKCN RTQEGUUo UWEJ CU ICTDCIG JQWUKPI QT
QH VJKU UKVWCVKQP KU TUV CPF HQTGOQUV VJG KOOW
PKV[ VJCV ITCPVU TGUKNKGPEG /GFKECN UQEKQNQI[ UGGU
TGUKNKGPEGCUVJGCDKNKV[VQTGCEVGZKDN[VQEJCPIKPI
EQPVGZVU CPF VQ EQRG YKVJ UVTGUUHWN HTWUVTCVKPI
VTCWOCVKE FKHEWNV CPF QVJGTYKUG EJCTIGF UKVWC
VKQPU YKVJQWV OCLQT RU[EJQNQIKECN FCOCIG (TQO
C RGTURGEVKXG QH CHWGPEG VJG UVTCVGIKGU FGXGN
QRGF D[ UQEKCN U[UVGOU YJQUG OGODGTU EQPUKUV
GPVN[ UWHHGT HTQO CEWVG FGRTKXCVKQP YKVJ TGURGEV
VQJQWUKPIJ[IKGPGPWVTKVKQPRTKXCE[GVETGOCKP
C OCVVGT QH CUVQPKUJOGPV 6JG UWTXKXCN GEQPQOKGU
QH VJKU TUV QTFGT CTG UNWO GEQPQOKGU KPJCDKVKPI
CPF VTCPUHQTOKPI VJG GZENWUKXG VTCUJ QH VJG EKVKGU
VQ GPIGPFGT VJG CPVJTQRQNQIKECN JWOWU QH RNCPGV
'CTVJ
5GEQPFQTFGTNGICNURCEGTGUQWTEGUURCEG
6JG
JWOCP TKIJVU URCEG UWHHGTKPI EQNNCVGTCN DWTI+PUVKVWVHT5Q\KCNHQTUEJWPICPFCWVJQTQH
FCOCIG KU PQV LWUV C HQEWU HQT GEQPQOKUVU CPF
RQNKVKECN UEKGPVKUVU DWV CNUQ HQT RQNKVKECN CEVKX
KUVU QP C YQTNFYKFG UECNG 1TICPK\GF KP DNQIU
RTQLGEVU CPF RNCVHQTOU VJG OQUV YGNN MPQYP
HTQOVJKUITQWRCTG*WOCP4KIJVU9CVEJ)TGGP
RGCEGCVVCE#8##<CPF#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN
5QEKCN GZENWUKQP RQXGTV[ CPF JWOCP TKIJVU
CDWUGU UWEJ CU KNNGICN CTTGUVU UWTXGKNNCPEG CPF
VQTVWTG FGRQTVCVKQP FTCOCU OKITCVKQP FTCOCU
GPXKTQPOGPVCN ECVCUVTQRJGU UWEJ CU %1 GOKU
UKQPUCPFVJGKTEQPUGSWGPEGUKPOGNVKPIINCEKGTU
CPF RQNCT ECRU YQTNFYKFG YCVGT CPF ICTDCIG
FKUCUVGTU CU YGNN CU FKUETKOKPCVKQP QH YQOGP
HGOCNG EKTEWOEKUKQP HQTEGF RTQUVKVWVKQP UVQP
KPIQHYQOGPPQRWPKUJOGPVHQTOCTKVCNCDWUG
QHYQOGPGVECTGCNNVJGQDLGEVCPFVJGTGCUQP
HQT'OGTIGPE[&GUKIPoUPF1TFGT
#U C FKTGEV TGCEVKQP VQ TCPFQO CDWUG QH TKIJVU
CPF TGUQWTEGU ECWUGF CDQXG CNN D[ UVCVGU IQX
GTPOGPVCN CIGPEKGU CPF DWUKPGUU EQTRQTCVKQPU
CEVKXKUVU TGCEV YQTNFYKFG YKVJ C FKHHGTGPVKCVGF
PGVYQTMQHKPUVTWOGPVUUWEJCUDQ[EQVVUUVTKMGU
CPFOGFKCYQTM(NCUJOQDGXGPVUHQTGZCORNG
VJG OQUV TGEGPV QPG D[ #8##< n%NKOCVG 9CMG
7R %CNNo QP 5GRVGODGT UV  DWV CNUQ NO
RTQFWEVKQPU HQT GZCORNG VJG UGPUCVKQPCN RTQ
FWEVKQP9CKVKPIHQTVJG)WCTFUD[/CTE*CYMGT
CPF+UJDGN9JKVCMGTEQOOKUUKQPGFD[#OPGUV[
+PVGTPCVKQPCNCTGCRCTVQHVJKURJGPQOGPQP
6JGDQTFGTUDGVYGGPRQNKVKEUVJGQT[UVTGGVCTV
RTQVGUV CPF UVTKMGU UWEJ CU VJG USWCVVKPI GXGPV
D[ VJG n'PHCPVU FW &QP 3WKEJQVVGo  KP 2CTKU

 DGVYGGP RQNKVKECN ECORCKIPU PGV
CEVKXKUO CPF VJG OGFKC CPF PCTTCVKXG KPVGTXGP
VKQPKUOQH%WNVWTG*CEMGTUCTGQHVGPWPENGCT
2WDNKUJKPIOGFKCNK\CVKQPCPFGPNKIJVGPOGPVIQ
JCPFKPJCPF*GKP\$WFGRTQHGUUQTCVVJG*CO
Yana Milev
VJG VYQ DQQMU 'ZMNWUKQP CPF &KG #WUIGUEJNQUU
GPGP  PQV QPN[ FGNKXGTU VJG EWTTGPV UVCVWU SWQ
HQT UQEKQNQIKECN FKUEQWTUG DWV CNUQ HQT CEVKXKUO
KPVJGUQEKCNRQNKVKECNGNF
+PCUKOKNCTYC[VJGYQTNFYKFGRTQDNGOQHJCDK
VCVU CPF JWOCP TKIJVU KU CFFTGUUGF KP &CU $KNF
FGT/GPUEJGPTGEJVGYJKEJKUVJGEWTTGPVUVCPF
CTF TGHGTGPEG YQTM HQT CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF FGUKIP
CEVKXKUVU
(KI+OCIGD[#ODGT(TKF,KOGPG\/+6
6JG NKXGN[ EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP RQNKVKECN UQEKQN
QI[ CPF RQNKVKECN RTCEVKEG KP VJG UQEKCN URCEG CU
YGNN CU YKVJKP VJG RQUVYCT KPUVKVWVKQPU ICKPU
CP KORTGUUKXG RTQVCIQPKUV KP VJG (TGPEJ UQEK
QNQIKUV2KGTTG$QWTFKGW*KUUQNKFCTKV[YKVJTCKN
YC[YQTMGTUQPUVTKMGsXQKEGFCVCOGGVKPIKP
&GEGODGT  s KU YGNN MPQYP +P  JG
UWRRQTVGFVJGOQXGOGPVHQTVJGWPGORNQ[GFKP
(TCPEGYCUEQHQWPFGTQHVJGETKVKEUQHINQDCNK
\CVKQPCVVCECPFKP/C[JGYCUGPICIGFKP
HQTOKPICPGVYQTMHQTUQEKCNOQXGOGPVUCICKPUV
PGQNKDGTCNKUO n5QEKQNQI[ KU C OCTVKCN CTVo YCU
VJG RQN[UGOKE UNQICP HQT C $QWTFKGW RQUKVKQP
VJCV UJKHVGF DGVYGGP TGUGCTEJ UQNKFCTKV[ CPF
OGFKCVKQP

6JKTFQTFGTFCVCURCEGDTCPFURCEG)TKF
JCEMKPIEWNVWTGLCOOKPI
6JGVJKTFQTFGTQHGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPKUUWOOGFWR
KP 4QNCPF $CTVJGUo SWGUVKQP n+UPoV VJG DGUV HQTO
QH UWDXGTUKQP VJG FKUVQTVKQP QH EQFGU TCVJGT VJCP
VJGKTFGUVTWEVKQP!o
$CTVJGU.KMG/CTVKP-KR NKEKV[CPF24RTQFWEVKQPUOGFKCCPFCFXGTVKUKPIKP
RGPDGTIGToU UNQICP n6JG CKO QH FGUKIP KU VQ FGPG
URCEGo CPF *GPM 1QUVGTNKPIoU n&GUKIP KU &CUGKP
=DGKPIRTGUGPEG?o $CTVJGUo CRJQTKUO JKIJNKIJVU
VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQPCN SWCNKV[ QH UQEKCNN[ KOOCPGPV
FGUKIP +P EQPVTCUV VQ VJG RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE
VTGPFQHTGEGPVFGECFGUYJKEJJCUDGGPVQUGGMC
UGEWTGHQQVJQNFKPVJGKPPGTYQTNFQHECRKVCNKPVJG
NKXKPIOCEJKPGUQHEQOHQTVCPFEQPUWORVKQPETKUKU
ECRKVCNKUVJGPGYEWTTGPE[VJCVQRGPUVJGFQQTVQ
VJG U[UVGOU CPF EWNVWTGU QH ETKUKU s C VJGUKU CPF C
RGTURGEVKXG VJCV VWTPU VJG FKUEQWTUG QH CEEGUU CPF
QRRQTVWPKV[ JKVJGTVQ OQPQRQNK\GF D[ RWTEJCUKPI
RQYGTQPKVUJGCF'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPKUVJGVTCPU
HQTOCVKQP QH ECRKVCN QP VJG DCUKU QH ETKUKU GEQPQ
OKGU EQPETGVGN[ GHHGEVGF KP VJG RGTHQTOCVKXG NKPM
DGVYGGP VJG EWTTGPEKGU QH GUVCDNKUJGF ECRKVCN CPF
ETKUKUECRKVCN*GTGPGYURCEKPIU
QTURCVKCNRTQFWE IWGTTKNNCSWCNKV[#UUWEJVJG[CTGCUKVYGTGVJKTF
VKQPUCTKUGVJCVWPGSWKXQECNN[KPEQTRQTCVGCVTCPU
HQTOCVKQP QH VJG GUVCDNKUJGF EWTTGPEKGU QH TCPM
OQPG[ KOCIG RWTEJCUKPI RQYGT EQPUWORVKQP
CEEGUUVQQRRQTVWPKV[RTGUVKIGDGCWV[MPQYNGFIG
UGEWTKV[GVECUYGNNCUCUJKHVKPVJGUECNGQHRQYGT
CPF U[UVGOCVKE FQOKPCPEG VJCV TGUWNVU HTQO VJCV
WRJGCXCN'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPUCTGVQDGHQWPFVQC
UKIPKECPV FGITGG KP GOGTIKPI U[UVGOU PGVYQTMU
RNCVHQTOUCPFFQOCKPU0GYVQRQNQIKGUQHCTVCTG
PGY VQRQNQIKGU QH EWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP CPF CV VJG
UCOG VKOG PGY URCEGU HQT VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH
TCFKQ(41(QTRCTCUKVKEUVTCVGIKGU
EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN 6JG[ HWPEVKQP SWGGTN[ CU ETKVKECN
OKETQVQRGU QH VJG KPDGVYGGP SWGGTKPI CPF SWG
T[KPI OGFKC FKUEKRNKPGU RQNKVKEU GEQPQOKEU CPF
UGOKQVKEU

%WNVWTG*CEMKPIITCUUTQQVUECRKVCNKUOEQO
OWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNC
$KNNKQPU CTG URGPV GXGT[ [GCT URGEKECNN[ KP VJG
'WTQRGCPEQWPVTKGUQHVJG5EJGPIGP#ITGGOGPVQP
KPVGTKQTFGUKIPCPFTGNCVGFGXGPVUVTCFGHCKTURWD
IGPGTCN s CNN QH KV FGXQVGF UQNGN[ VQ VJG OCTMGVKPI
QHGZENWUKXGPGUUKPVGTOUQHCFXCPEGFCPFKPPQXC
VKXGYQTMYQTNFUCPFUWTHCEGU0QTKUKVKPPQXCVKQP
CPF ETGCVKXKV[ VJCV CTG DGKPI OCTMGVGF JGTG DWV
RQYGTCPFFQOKPCPEG*GTGRCTCUKVKEUVTCVGIKGUCTG
GORNQ[GFD[YJCVKUVGTOGFCnRQQToENKGPVGNGsQP
VJGCPCNQI[QHCUJOQDCPFUOCTVOQDEQPEGRVU
s VQ KPVGTTWRV CPF UWDXGTV VJG IQCNU CPF OGVJQFU
QHRTQURGTQWUEQORGVKPIOCTMGVEWTTGPVU2CTCUKVKE
UVTCVGIKGUCTGWPCPPQWPEGFCPFWPRTGRCTGFRCTVKE
KRCVKQPU KP GZRGPUKXGN[ RTQFWEGF GXGPVU CPF KPVG
TKQTUCPFVJGCRRTQRTKCVKQPQHVJGUGHQTCFKXGTIGPV
EQWPVGTOGUUCIG6JG[FKHHGTHTQOTGE[ENKPIUVTCVG
IKGU KP PQV FGPKPI VJG URGEKE VTCEMU QH OCTMGV
EKTEWNCVKQPVJG[DTGCMQRGPHQTDWUKPGUUCPFVJGKT
RTQZKOKV[ VQ ENCPFGUVKPG VGEJPKSWGU IKXGU VJGO C
QTFGT GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU CPF JGPEG UVTCVGIKGU QH
EKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEG
%KXKN FKUQDGFKGPEG KU C YGCRQP 9JKNUV VJG UVCVG
FQGUCNNKVECPVQPKRRTQVGUVKPVJGDWFVJGFKUQDG
FKGPVCTGCEQPUVCPVKTTKVCPVQWVUKFGVJGHTCOGYQTM
QH VJG NCY 9JGVJGT DNQEMCFKPI UVTGGVU CV VJG )
UWOOKV QT IGPGVKECNN[ OCPKRWNCVGF OCK\G GNFU CV
JCTXGUVVKOGEKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEGECPDGTGNKGFWRQP
VQIGPGTCVGURGEVCEWNCTRKEVWTGUCPFCP[COQWPVQH
RQNGOKEU
CTGTUVCPFHQTGOQUVFGUKIPUQHTGUKUVCPEGKPRWDNKE
URCEG CPVKFGUKIP CPVKRWDNKEKV[ EQPUWORVKQP
ETKVKECN ETKVKECN QH GZKUVKPI RQNKEKGU QH CU[NWO CPF
FGRQTVCVKQPQHVJG9QTNF'EQPQOKE(QTWOCPF)
5WOOKV QH UVCVG PCPEKCN RCEMCIGU HQT DCPMU QH QTKGPVCVKQPU QH VJGKT QYP 6JWU EWNVWTCN JCEMKPI KU

VJGUCETKEGQHNCTIGVTCEVUQHNCPFVQWTDCPK\CVKQP
CPFKVUCEEQORCP[KPIKPHTCUVTWEVWTGQHOQVQTYC[U
.KGDN&NNQ
CPFCKTRQTVU#PFDGECWUGVJG[CEVHTQOCPKORWNUG
QH RTQVGUV DGECWUG VJG[ UGGM VQ DTGCM VJTQWIJ QT
WPFGTOKPGGUVCDNKUJGFUVTCVGIKGUQHRQYGTDGECWUG
VJG[CTGOQWNFGFVQCURGEKEUKVWCVKQPCPFWPKP
JKDKVGFN[OGNFCTVCPFRQNKVKEUKPVJGKTGZRTGUUKQP
sHQTCNNVJGUGTGCUQPUVJG[CTGGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPU
QHVJGVJKTFQTFGT
2CTCUKVKECPFEKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEGUVTCVGIKGUGPIGPFGT
PGYFKUEQWTUGCPFPGYRWDNKECVKQPUsHQTGZCORNG
%WNVWTG*CEMKPI
D[(TCP\.KGDNCPF6JQOCU IWGTTKNNCoCEQPEGRVKPVTQFWEGFD[)GTCNF4CWPKICV
&NNQ -QPUWO )WGTTKNNC D[ &KGFTKEJ &KGFGTKEJUGP
Yana Milev
VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ TGCNK\CVKQP QH VJG CTV QH CEVKQP CU
CFXQECVGFD[/KEJGNFG%GTVGCW
%WNVWTCN JCEMKPI KU RTCEVKUGF KP OCP[ FKHHGTGPV
CTGCU CPF EQPVGZVU CPF KPEQTRQTCVGU C PGVYQTM
QH FGUKIPGTU CTVKUVU OCPCIGTU CEVKXKUVU CPF CEC
FGOKEU.KGDNCPF&NNQRNQVVJGOQXGOGPVoUUVTC
VGIKE CTUGPCN YKVJ PGY EQPEGRVU UWEJ CU nRNCEGDQ
RTQFWEVUo nWPKHQTOGF DTCPF EQOOWPKECVKQPo
nVGTTQTKUV CRRTQRTKCVKQPo nEQQNPGUU EQORGVGPE[o
nFGEQPEGRVWCN EQFKPIo nJ[UVGTKCDCUGF OCTMGV UGI
OGPVCVKQPoCPFnDTCPFJCEMKPIon%QOOWPKECVKQPU
VJGGPFQHVJGUKPVJGEQPVGZVQHVJG'WTQRGCP

4KEJCTF  4WJN  0GV\MWNVWTGP

 D[ +PUVKVWVG HQT 2TQITGUUKXG %WNVWTCN 2QNKEKGUo
GKRER
+PMG #TPU 9KT PGPPGP GU #TDGKV
 D[ *QNO n6TCPUXGTUCNo RTQITCO UVCPFU HQT C EWNVWTCN VGEJ
(TKGDGCPF5CUEJC.QDQ*CPFDWEJFGT-QOOWPKMC PKSWGUJCTRN[FKUVKPEVHTQOVJGRQNKVKECNCEVKQPKUO
VKQPUIWGTTKNNC
 D[ .WVJGT $NKUUGV CPF 5QPLC QHVJGUCPFU*GTGCTVCPFRQNKVKEUOGTIGKP
$TP\GNU #PVK&GUKIP
 CPF %WNVWTG ,COOKPI CP CEVKQP U[UVGO QH RTQVGUV EWNVWTG VJCV CKOU VQ
s &CU /CPKHGUV FGT #PVK9GTDWPI
 D[ -CNNG EQODKPG RQNKVKECN CEVKQP YKVJ RGTHQTOCVKXG UGOK
.CUPsCPFHQTOWNCVGGCEJKPVJGKTQYPYC[UWD QVKEPCTTCVKXGCPFOGFKCKPVGTXGPVKQPU6JGKPVGT
XGTUKXG OQFGNU QH CEVKQP CPF OCPQGWXTKPI KP TGCN RNC[QHTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUKFGPVKVKGUCPFRQYGTUVTCV
NKXKPIURCEG GIKGU IKXGU TKUG VQ CDUWTF RCTCFQZKECN CPF J[DTKF
EQPUVTWEVU VJCV GZRNKEKVN[ TGLGEV VJG GRKVJGV nCTV
%WNVWTCNJCEMKPIKUCEQPEGRVVJCVNKPMUCPFFGXGNQRU KPCEVKQPo VJQWIJ VJGKT RWDNKE RGTHQTOCPEG QHVGP
VJGVGEJPKSWGUQH%WNVWTG,COOKPI
.CUPUKV KPXQNXGU CTVKUVU ;GV nKP VJG DWUKPGUU YQTNF QH CTV
WCVKQPKUO CPF KVU FGTKXCVKXGU CPF CFDWUVKPI 6JG VJCVKUUECTEGN[RQUUKDNGo
GFKVQTUQH%WNVWTG*CEMKPI(TCP\.KGDNCPF6JQOCU
&NNQYTKVGCUHQNNQYUKPVJGKTHQTGYQTF 6JGXGT[EQPEGRVQHCTVHWPEVKQPUCUCNWDTKECPVGPC
DNKPIVJGCWFKGPEGVQKPIGUVVJGOQUVDNCVCPVRTQXQ
%WNVWTCN JCEMKPI VJG CTV QH UVTCVGIKE CEVKQP KNNWU ECVKQP YKVJQWV EJQMKPI 4CFKECN QDNQSW[ FKTGEVGF
VTCVGUVJGQRRQTVWPKVKGUHQTEWNVWTCNKPPQXCVKQPCXCKN CV VJG GUVCDNKUJGF CTV UEGPG HQT GZCORNG JCU NQPI
CDNGVQFC[(TQO&CFCVJTQWIJUKVWCVKQPKUOVQRWPM DGGPECPQPK\GFCPFPGWVTCNK\GFD[VJGCTVKUVKECXCPV
CFKTGEVNKPGQHFGXGNQROGPVNGCFUVQEWTTGPVHQTOUQH ICTFG 6JG UVQTO QH UKIPU CPF KOCIGU NCWPEJGF D[
UWDXGTUKXGUVTCVGI[6JGUGHQNNQYVJGJCEMGTNQIKEQH VJG OGTG GORNQ[OGPV QH CTVKUVKE VGEJPKSWGU ETGCVGU
RGPGVTCVKPICNKGPU[UVGOUITCURKPIVJGKTHTCOGUQHTGH VGPUKQP QPN[ YJGP KV JCU NGHV VJG KPVGITCVKXG HTCOG
GTGPEGCPFUWRRNCPVKPIVJGUGYKVJPGYCPFUWTRTKUKPI YQTM QH VJG CTV YQTNF DGJKPF
4CWPKI  R 


+PVJKUUGPUGEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCECPTCPMCU ENCUUKECNEQPEGRVQHCTVVJGCTVOCTMGVCPFVJGFKE
C PGY J[DTKF HQTO QH RTQVGUV EWNVWTG DGECWUG CPF VCVKQPQHCTVKUVKETGRWVCVKQPD[KPVGTPCVKQPCNECRKVCN
KPCUOWEJ CU KVU IWGTKNNGTCU KPJCDKV QTFKPCT[ YQTM HQTNKMGQVJGTJKIJN[SWCNKGFCPFGZKDNG
WPGO
YQTNFU CPF KPUVKVWVKQPU HTQO YJKEJ VJG[ FQ PQV RNQ[GFHTGGNCPEGTUVJG[QHVGPNKXGKPEQPFKVKQPUQH
UGGMVQFKUVCPEGVJGOUGNXGUOKNKVCPVN[ OKPKOWOUGEWTKV[YJGTGVJG[PGXGTVJGNGUU
QTHQT
VJCVXGT[TGCUQPIGPGTCVGJKIJN[ETGCVKXGOKETQRQ
(QT EQOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTTKNNCU KV KU PQV GPQWIJ VQ NKVKECNU[UVGOUQHUWTXKXCN
MPQY VJGKT GPGO[ VJG[ OWUV VJGOUGNXGU OCUVGT
VJGHQTOUCPFUKIPUVJCVEQPUVKVWVGUQVQURGCMVJG
NCPIWCIGQHRQYGT%QOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTKNNGT"UCTG
PGKVJGT URKGU PQT WPFGTEQXGT CIGPVU KP VJG YQTNFU
QHYQTMCPFDQWTIGQKUEQPUGPV#VCPGXGT[FC[NGXGN
VJG[CTGQHVGPRCTVQHDQVJYQTNFUVJG[CEEGRVTQNGU
CU VGCEJGTU EQNNGCIWGU EQNGIKVKOCVGU CPF CUUWOG
HWPEVKQPUYKVJKPVJGECRKVCNKUVU[UVGO+VKUVJKUVJCV
OCMGU VJG QUEKNNCVKQP DGVYGGP TCFKECN ETKVKSWG CPF
ECOQWCIGRQUUKDNG
4CWPKIR

'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU QH VJKU UQTV CTG RTQFWEGF KP

EQOOWPKECVKXGOKETQVQRGUQHFGNKOKVCVKQPGZRTQ
RTKCVKQPCPFQXGTKFGPVKECVKQP6JGVJKTFQTFGTQH (KI.QIQQH4'+0+)70)5)'5'..5%*#(6

GOGTIGPE[FGUKIPKUGZJKDKVGFEQPETGVGN[KPGZCO /CTVKP-GKN*GPTKM/C[GT

RNGUQHEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCCEVKXKVKGUEWNVWTCN
JCEMKPI%WNVWTG,COOKPICPFCFDWUVKPI
(QWTVJQTFGTOGFKCURCEGXKGYKPIURCEG
CTEJKVGEVWTGUJGNVGTJQWUKPICFXGTVKUKPICTV
'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU QH VJG HQWTVJ QTFGT CTG HQTOU
QH EWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP YJKEJ NKMG VJQUG QH VJG
EQOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTTKNNC CNUQ ETGCVG PGY KPVGT
XGPVKQPKUV OKETQVQRGU KP UQEKCN URCEG VJG FKHHGT
GPEG DGKPI VJCV VJG[ TGRTGUGPV CTV HQTOU CU HQTOU
QH UQEKGV[ #FOKVVGFN[ VJG FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP CTV
CPFVJGCEVKXKVKGUQHCEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCKU
CPGQPGPQVNGCUVDGECWUGCTVKUVUVQQDGNQPIVQ
VJGTCPMUQHVJGRTGECTKQWUCPFQHRTQVGUVsKPVJGKT
ECUG FKTGEVGF CICKPUV VJG CTV OCTMGV CPF KPFWUVT[
/CP[ CTVKUVU JCXG NKDGTCVGF VJGOUGNXGU HTQO VJG
0QYQPFGTCTVKUVUQHVJKUMKPFRTGHGTVQECNNVJGO
UGNXGU CEVKXKUVU CU UWEJ VJG[ CTG TGRTGUGPVGF KP
XCTKQWUTQNGUQPOCP[RNCVHQTOUCPFKVKUKPUWEJ
EQPVGZVUsKPVJGHQTOUCPFF[PCOKEUQHCNVGTPCVKXG
CPFCPVKCTVsVJCVQPGUJQWNFNQQMHQTHQWTVJQTFGT
GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP $CPMU[ HQT KPUVCPEG GZGORNK
GU VJG VGEJPKSWGU QH %WNVWTG *CEMKPI CPF %WNVWTG
,COOKPI s CPF CNUQ VJGKT UCPEVKQPKPI D[ VJG CTV
OCTMGV*KUJKIJRTQNGCEVKQPUJCXGDTQWIJVJKO
RWDNKE PQVKEG QVJGTU CTG TUV PQVKEGF D[ HGNNQY
CTVKUVU QH VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV s GKVJGT QWV QH IGP
WKPG U[ORCVJ[ QT QWV QH EQSWGVT[ YKVJ VJG OQTG
RQYGTHWNN[FTKXGPUEGPGUQHRTQVGUVUVTGGVCTVCPF
JCEMKPI 'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIP CU CP CTV HQTO ECP DG
WPFGTUVQQF KP VJGUG ECUGU CU CP CPUYGT VQ GOGT


IGPE[FGUKIPCUVJGURCEGQHUWTXKXCNFGPGFKPVJG
TUVQTFGT
0GYKUUWGUKPCTVCTEJKVGEVWTGCPFCFXGTVKUKPI
CTG HTGSWGPVN[ DCUGF QP TGUGCTEJ KPVQ UQEKCN CPF
RQNKVKECN F[PCOKEU KP VJG ETKVKECN OGFKC 6JWU C
TGEGPVVQRKEVQUYGGRVJGCTVUEGPGYCUUGEWTKV[s
GXKFGPEGF KP VJG $GTNKP GZJKDKVKQP QP n'ODGFFGF
#TVo s YJGTGCU JCDKVCV UWTXKXCN CPF YCT CTG TGNC
VKXGN[ UVCDNG CPF TGEWTTGPV CURGEVU QH VJCV UEGPG
$WV VJG OCTMGV KU CNUQ KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG ITCUU
TQQVU UEGPG CPF JGTG VJG HQWTVJ QTFGT QH GOGT
IGPE[FGUKIPRTGUWRRQUGUCEGTVCKPOKOKET[QHVJG
GZKUVGPVKCNKUV QTFGTU  YKVJ C XKGY VQ CUUGTVKPI
KVU QYP PQXGNV[ QP VJG OCTMGV ;GV VJG URCEG HQT
OQXGOGPVDGVYGGPPGYFKTGEVKQPUKPVGTXGPVKQPU
CFCRVCVKQPU CPPGZCVKQPU QT KPFGGF EQNQPKCNK\C
VKQPU KU QHVGP UOCNN 0QT UJQWNF QPG HQTIGV VJCV
VJG/CTEQ2QNQU[PFTQOGVJGOCVK\GFD[%CVJGTKPG
&CXKFTGOCKPUETKVKECNKPVJGCTVUsKPENWFKPICTEJK
VGEVWTG CFXGTVKUKPI CPF NO +P C TGIKQP QH UWEJ
TCRKFN[QYKPIDQTFGTUVJGSWGUVKQPUn9JGPKUCTV
ETKVKECN!on9JGPKUKVU[PEJTQPQWUYKVJEQOOWPKEC
VKQPUIWGTTKNNCCEVKQP!on9JGPFQGUKVUWDLGEVFGR
TKXCVKQPCPFPGGFVQKVUQYPETC\GHQTKPPQXCVKQP!o
CTG JCTF VQ CPUYGT #HVGT CNN VJG RTQDNGOCVKE QH
DNQIU HGUVKXCNU CPF EQP
UWEJ VTCPUHQTOCVKQPCN CEVKXKV[ TGCEJGU CETQUU VJG
DQTFGTU QH CGUVJGVKE UQEKQNQIKECN CPF GEQNQIKECN
ECVGIQTKGUKPCUOWEJCUKVUMG[EQPEGRVUsRTGECTK
QWUPGUUECRKVCNEWTTGPE[TGFKUVTKDWVKQPQHEWNVWTCN
ECRKVCNGVEsCTGQPVJGQPGJCPFUQEKQNQIKECNVQRQK
CPFQPVJGQVJGTHCEVQTUKORCEVKPIEWNVWTCNUVTCVGI[
RTGFQOKPCPVN[CUVGEJPKSWGUCPFHQTOUQHUWTXKXCN
QPVJGNCDQWTOCTMGV
(KHVJQTFGTMPQYNGFIGURCEGRTQITCOURCEG
6JG HVJ QTFGT QH GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP EQPUKUVU QH
VJG EWNVWTG CPF FGUKIP GEQPQOKGU VJCV IGPGTCVG
CPF OCPCIG ETKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QH VJG RQUVKPUVK
VWVKQPCN RQUVRQNKVKECN CPF RQUVGEQPQOKE YQTNF
Yana Milev
5KIPKECPVEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHUWEJOKETQVQRGUCTGKP
VJG TUV RNCEG VJG CEVKXG FKUTWRVKQP QH GUVCDNKUJGF
RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE WTDCP OCKPUVTGCOU CPF
VJGKTFKXGTUKQPCPFWVKNK\CVKQPHQTVJGUQEKCNKPVGN
NGEVWCN OGFKC CPF GPGTI[ KPVGTGUVU QH VJG OKETQ
VQRG # HWTVJGT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KU VJG GZKUVGPEG KP
UWEJ OKETQVQRGU QH CIITGICVGU QH TGUKUVCPEG CPF
TGHWUCN KP VGTOU QH EWNVWTG CPF FGUKIP TGUGCTEJ
%QPETGVGN[ VJKU OGCPU VJCV VJG RTQFWEVKQP UGI
OGPVU QH VJG PGY ETKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QRGTCVG PQV
QPN[YKVJOCP[FGUKIPUVTCVGIKGUHTQOGOGTIGPE[
QTFGTU  DWV CNUQ NGCF VQ PGY V[RGU QH HWUKQP
CPF VQ PGY RNCVHQTOU RTQITCOU CPF KPUVKVWVGU QH
EWNVWTGCPFFGUKIPTGUGCTEJCUYGNNCUEWNVWTGCPF
OGFKCCEVKXKUO
%TKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QH VJKU V[RG KPEQTRQTCVG HQT
GZCORNG FGUKIP UVTCVGIKGU HQT VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP
QH EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN HQT %WNVWTG *CEMKPI CPF %WNVWTG
,COOKPIKPFGGFHQTFGUKIPCPFOGFKCCPCTEJ[KP
VJG YKFGUV UGPUG s KPENWFKPI USWCVVKPI DNCEMURQV
RJKNQUQRJ[ EWNVWTG CPF OGFKC VJGQT[ CPF DTCPF
OCPCIGOGPV KP HTGGNCDGN UVQTGU s CU YGNN CU HQT
RWDNKECVKQPU RNCVHQTOU
HGTGPEGU(QTKPVJGWTDCPURCEGQHINQDCNOGVTQR
QNKU CPF OGICRQNKU C PGY GZKDNG OKITCVQT[ CPF
PQOCFKE OCTMGV U[UVGO JCU GOGTIGF &KXQTEGF
HTQO VJG OQFGTP KPUVKVWVKQPU QH VJG CECFGO[ CTV
OCTMGV CPF HTGG OCTMGV KP IGPGTCN KV KU C ITCUU
TQQVU OQXGOGPV YJQUG F[PCOKEU IGPGTCVG VJG
DNCEMURQV\QPGU+JCXGECNNGFOKETQVQRGUsCPCOG
VJCVTGGEVUVJGKTEQORNGZQTICPKEUVTWEVWTG*GTG
UVQTGU CPF UJQYTQQOU FKUUGOKPCVG VQIGVJGT YKVJ
VJGKTNCDGNUCPFRTQFWEVUVJGRQUVRQNKVKECNVJGQTKGU
CPFDNCEMURQVRJKNQUQRJKGUQH%WNVWTG*CEMKPIITKF
JCEMKPI CPF VJGKT FGTKXCVKXGU CPF DGJKPF VJGO
CTGYJQNGUEGPGUVJCVPQVQPN[EQPURKEWQWUN[YGCT

CPVKHCUJKQP DWV CNUQ QTICPK\G EQPHGTGPEGU RTQ
FWEGUQWPFUCPFGZJKDKVCTVSWKVGCRCTVHTQOITCVK
H[KPIVJGKTOGODGTUoCRRGVKVGUHQTFWORUVGTYCTG
$GJKPF VJG XKUKDNG UJQYTQQOU CPF NCDGN UVQTGU KP
VJGEKVKGUVJGKTCEVKQPURCEGUsYJQUGNQIQUQHVGP
TGRTGUGPV QPN[ C YYYFQOCKP s CTG TGURQPUKDNG
HQT PGVYQTM RNCVHQTOU DNQIU CPF RJ[UKECN USWCVU
TCXGU CPF PQKUG RCTVKGU DWV CNUQ HQT NKXKPI QHEG
CPF UVWFKQ URCEG CU YGNN CU KPFGRGPFGPV KPUVKVWVG
NQECVGF UQWVJ QH
RNCVHQTOU +P VJKU GPXKTQPOGPV WTDCP OCUU CIITG
ICVGU CTG JCEMGF CETQUU VJG DQCTF HTQO VJG RC[
EJGEM UVTGCO QH EQPUWOGTU CPF DTCPFUJQRRGTU
nVJG /QVJGTo QP VJG
VJTQWIJ VJG KPHQTOCVKQP QQF QH RQR CPF VTCUJ
EQPUWOGTUVQVJGCURJCNVTKXGTQHGORNQ[GGUPKPG
VQXG QHEG YQTMGTU ITCEKPI VJG UVTGGVU KP EQO
RCP[ECTUCPFEKV[UWKVU
6JG IQCN KU HQWTHQNF KPFGRGPFGPV WTDCP URCEG
USWCVVKPIKPFGRGPFGPVFCVCURCEG
ITKFJCEMKPI RCVKQP CPF RQUUGUUKQP QH WPQYPGF NCPF
KP QVJGT
KPFGRGPFGPVMPQYNGFIGURCEGCPFQHEQWTUGNQEC
VKQPKPFGRGPFGPEGCPFYKVJKVVJGQRRQTVWPKV[HQT
NCDGNCFGSWCVG PGVYQTMKPI 6JG HQNNQYKPI RNCV
HQTOURTQITCOUHGUVKXCNUCPFKPUVKVWVGUTGRTGUGPV
VJGUQTVQHETKVKECNOKETQVQRG+OGCP
Conclusion
/KETQVQRGUsPGY\QPGUQHIGQGPGTI[
NQECNCPFINQDCN OCPCIGCDNGRGQRNG8KGYGFIGQRQNKVKECNN[KV
#PGZCORNGQHCOKETQVQRGCUCPGY\QPGQHIGQ
GPGTI[ CV VJG NQECN NGXGN KU VJG RTGOKUGU QH VJG
QNF EQVVQP OKNN KP .GKR\KI KP KVU KPKVKCN CXCVCT CU C
USWCVVKPI GPVGTRTKUG s C UGNHIQXGTPKPI DNCEMURQV
\QPG KPFGRGPFGPV QH VJG CECFGOKGU CPF KPUVKVW
VKQPU FGXQVGF VQ U[ODKQVKE OKETQVQRKE EWNVWTCN
RTQFWEVKQP &KUEQXGTGF CPF RWTEJCUGF CV C URGE
VCEWNCTN[ NQY RTKEG D[ CP GPVTGRTGPGWT HTQO VJG
)GTOCP UVCVG QH .QYGT 5CZQP[ CV VJG GPF QH VJG
HQWPFGF  ECP CNTGCF[ NQQM DCEM

UKVUUSOYGTGNGVCVGXGPNQYGTRTKEGU
VQ CTVKUVU CTEJKVGEVU +6 URGEKCNKUVU ETCHVURGQRNG
FGUKIPGTU CPF VJGQTGVKEKCPU +PKVKCNN[ XGUVGF CU C
UQTV QH VTWUV KV RTQXGF C UWUVCKPCDNG OQFGN HQT C
PGY U[ODKQVKE EWNVWTCN GEQPQO[ CPF GXGPVWCNN[
DTQCFGPGF QWV KPVQ DGKPI C OGFKC OQFGN HQT VJG
GPVKTGEWNVWTGKPFWUVT[
#V C INQDCN NGXGN #WTQXKNNG
%JGPPCK KP VJG +PFKCP UVCVG QH 6COKN 0CFW GZGO
RNKGU VJG PGY OKETQVQRKE \QPGU QH IGQGPGTI[
(QWPFGF D[ /KTTC #NHCUUC
DCUKUQHVJGUQEKCNVJGQT[QHVJG+PFKCPRJKNQUQRJGT
CPF[QIK5TK#WTQDKPFQKVKURNCPPGFCUCWPKXGTUCN
EKV[CRNCPGVCT[JCDKVCVsPQVKPVJGUGPUGQHWTDCP
QTCTEJKVGEVQPKERNCPPKPINGVCNQPGQHVJGKPVGTPC
VKQPCNEQPUVTWEVKQPDWUKPGUUDWVCUVJGHTGGQEEW
YQTFUUSWCVVKPI+PUVGCFQHNKHGUV[NGCPFEQPUWOR
VKQP QT KPUVKVWVKQPCN ECTGGTKUO CPF RTKXCVG QYP
GTUJKR VJKU OKETQVQRG KU FGFKECVGF VQ URKTKVWCN
RTCEVKEGCPFFGXGNQROGPV6JWUVJGTGCTGCUOCP[
FKHHGTGPVV[RGUQHJQWUGCPFDWKNFKPIVJGTGCUVJGTG
CTG RGQRNG s CPF VJGUG TCPIG HTQO CTVKUVU ETCHVU
RGQRNG +6 URGEKCNKUVU FGUKIPGTU CPF VJGQTGVKEKCPU
VQTGUGCTEJKPUVKVWVGU6JGVQYPJCUITQYPQTICPK
ECNN[KPVJGHQTOQHCURKTCNDWVPQVQPGFGUKIPGF
QP VJG FTCYKPI DQCTF %WTTGPVN[ KV KU JQOG VQ C
KUCPCWVQPQOQWUGPENCXGKPYJKEJCOKFCINQDCN
UGC QH RQXGTV[ INQDCNK\CVKQP RTQVGGTU OWNVKPC
VKQPCNU FKEVCVQTUJKRU FGUKIPGT YCTU FGOQETCEKGU
CPF VCZJCXGPU C PGY UQEKQNQIKECN UGOKQNQIKECN
CPFOGFKQNQIKECNRTQLGEVKUGOGTIKPI
9JKNUV KP EQORCTKUQP YKVJ QVJGT GZRGTKOGPVU
QDUGTXGF D[ VJG 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU 2TQLGEV
#WTQXKNNG
QP C EQPUKFGTCDNG JKUVQT[ VJGTG KU CPQVJGT OKETQ
VQRG+UJQWNFNKMGVQOGPVKQPJGTGCNUQIGPGTCVGF
D[ C U[ODKQVKE EWNVWTCN GEQPQO[ VJCV KU QH OQTG
TGEGPV FCVG 6JG 7TDCP 6[RJQQP RTQLGEV C VTCXGN
NKPIFGUKIPHQTWONQECVGFNCUV[GCTKP&JCTCXKPGCT
GFU 8GTNCI .KDGTVTG #UUQ\KC
/WODCKKPXGUVKICVGUVJGHWVWTGQHCNVGTPCVKXGUQEK
GVCN HQTOU OGTIKPI TUV CPF HQWTVJ QTFGT GOGT
IGPE[FGUKIPU
GFU6JG0GY5RKTKVQH
Notes
GFU'ZMNWUKQP&KG&GDCVVG
 .GU GPHCPVU FG &QP 3WKEJQVVG
&QP 3WKLQVGoU %JKN DGTFKGDGTUUKIGP5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
FTGPYCUVJGPCOGQHVJGCUUQEKCVKQPVJCVITQWRGF
GFU'PVUGV
QXGT  JQOGNGUU KP VJKU WPWUWCN FGOQPUVTCVKQP
6JG KFGC QTKIKPCVGF KP CP CTV RTQLGEV +P VJG HCNN QH
VJGCEVQT#WIWUVKP.GITCPFEQPUVCPVN[CEEQO
RCPKGF D[ ECOGTCU URGPV VJTGG OQPVJU COQPI VJG
5&(
VJG(TGPEJVGTOHQTVJGJQOGNGUUnUCPUFQOK
EKNGZGo9KGPGT<GKVWPI5CVWTFC[/CTEJ
 *GKP\$WFG#PFTGCU9KNNKUEJ
*II'ZMNWUKQP&KG &CXKU/2NCPGVQHUNWOU7TDCPKPXQNWVKQPCPFVJG
&GDCVVG DGT FKG bDGTUUKIGPo 5WJTMCOR (TCPM
HWTV/CKP
 *GKP\ $WFG &KG #WUIGUEJNQUUGPGP &CU 'PFG
XQO 6TCWO GKPGT IGTGEJVGP )GUGNNUEJCHV *CPUGT
/PEJGP
References
#ICOCDGP )  n6GTTQTKUO QT 6TCIKEQOGF[!o TUV
RWDNKUJGFKP.KDTCVKQP0QXGODGT
#TPU +  0GV\MWNVWTGP '8# 'WTQRKUEJG 8GTNCIUCP
UVCNV*CODWTI
$CTVJGU 4  5CFG (QWTTKGT .Q[QNC 5WJTMCOR
(TCPMHWTV/
$GW[U ,  -7056  -#2+6#. #EJDGTIGT 8QTVTIG
VGZVQHNGEVWTGUCPFFKUEWUUKQPCVVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN
%WNVWTCN%GPVGT#EJDGTICPF(+78GTNCI
9CPIGP#NNIW
$NKUUGVV .  $TP\GNU 5  *CPFDWEJ FGT -QOOW
PKMCVKQPUIWGTTKNNC YKG JGNHG KEJ OKT UGNDUV CWVQPQOG
CHTKMCITWRRG
VKQPGP WPF 5EJYCT\G4KUUG4QVG 5VTCUUG *CODWTI
$GTNKP)VVKPIGP
$QNVCPUMK.%JKCRGNNQ'
%CRKVCNKUO8GTUQ.QPFQP
$WFG*&KG#WUIGUEJNQUUGPGP&CU'PFGXQO6TCWO
GKPGTIGTGEJVGP)GUGNNUEJCHV*CPUGT/WPKEJ
$WFG*9KNNKUEJ#
%NCWUGP.)GGPGP'//CECOQ'
\NKEJG UQ\KCNG 2TQ\GUUG 6JGQTKG WPF 'ORKTKG FGT -CVCU
VTQRJGP.KVGTCVWT8GTNCI/PUVGT
&CXKU/'EQNQI[QHHGCT.QU#PIGNGUCPFVJGKOCIKPC
VKQPQHFKUCUVGT/GVTQRQNKVCPDQQMU0GY;QTM
&CXKU/.CVG8KEVQTKCPJQNQECWUVU'N0KQHCOKPGU
CPFVJGOCMKPIQHVJGVJKTFYQTNF8GTUQ.QPFQP
KPHQTOCNYQTMKPIENCUU8GTUQ.QPFQP
&CXKU /  n&QUUKGT /GICUVFVGo KP 2NCPGV FGT
5NWOU 7TDCPKUKGTWPI QJPG 7TDCPKVV R  CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYDRDFGVJGOGP
5$/2NCPGVAFGTA5NWOUJVON 
&NNQ6.KGDN(%WNVWTCN*CEMKPI-WPUVFGUUVTCV
GIKUEJGP*CPFGNPU5RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTM
GKRER 'WTQRGCP +PUVKVWVG HQT 2TQITGUUKXG %WNVWTCN 2QNKEKGU
6TCPUXGTUCN RTQITCO 8KGPPC CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ
JVVRGKRERPGV 
(TKGDG*.QDQ59KTPGPPGPGU#TDGKV&KGFKIKVCNG
$QJOGQFGT+PVGNNKIGPVGU.GDGPLGPUGKVUFGT(GUVCPUVGN
NWPI*G[PG8GTNCI/PEJGP
-CUVPGT,6TCPUPCVKQPCNG)WGTTKNNC#MVKXKUOWU-WPUV
WPFFKGMQOOGPFG)GOGKPUEJCHV7PTCUV8GTNCI/PUVGT

-KRRGPDGTIGT/KPKPVGTXKGYYKVJ;/KNGXCEEGUUGF #WUITGP\WPIo KP * $WFG  # 9KNNKUEJ
GFU 'ZMNW
/CTEJ  JVVRYYYCQDDOGEQORTGUUG'&A UKQP'KPG&GDCVVGDGTFKGbDGTUUKIGPo5WJTMCOR
+06'48+'9A/AXA.WRKPRFH  (TCPMHWTV/
.CUP -  %WNVWTCN ,COOKPI &CU /CPKHGUV FGT #PVK
9GTDWPI1TCPIG2TGUU(TGKDWTI
.CUP-#PVK&GUKIP1TCPIG2TGUU(TGKDWTI
.KGDN(&NNQ6%WNVWTG*CEMKPIs&KG-WPUVFGU
UVTCVGIKUEJGP*CPFGNPU5RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTM
.Y/4CWOUQ\KQNQIKG5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
/G[GT 6  /GFKQMTCVKG &KG -QNQPKUKGTWPI FGT 2QNKVKM
FWTEJFKG/GFKGP5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
0GY 1ZHQTF &KEVKQPCT[ QH 'PINKUJ  %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU
1ZHQTF
1QUVGTNKPI**GPM1QUVGTNKPIYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
JVVRYYYJGPMQQUVGTNKPIPN
2GTMKPU ,  %QPHGUUKQPU QH CP GEQPQOKE JKV OCP $GT
TGVV-QGJNGT5CP(TCPEKUEQ
TCFKQ (41  o<KXKNGT 7PIGJQTUCO 6GKN o (41\GPG
/QPCVUUEJYGTRWPMVUGPFWPI/CKCEEGUUGF/CTEJ
JVVRYYYHTQCVCTVKENGRJR!KF 
4CWPKI)
GFn6TCPUXGTUCNKVVKO#NNVCI!oKP6TCPU
XGTUCN -WPUV WPF )NQDCNKUKGTWPIUMTKVKM 6WTKC  -CPV
8KGPPCCEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYTGRWD
NKECTVPGVFKUECTVUCDQVCIGCHTKMCITWRRGAFGRFH 
4KEJCTF $  4WJN #
GFU  -QPUWO )WGTTKNNC
9KFGTUVCPF IGIGP /CUUGPMWNVWT! %CORWU 8GTNCI
(TCPMHWTV/0GY;QTM
4QDGURKGTTG/1PVJG2TKPEKRNGUQH2QNKVKECN/QTCNKV[
CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYHQTFJCOGFW
JCNUCNNOQFTQDGURKGTTGJVON
5EJOKVV %  6JGQTKG FGU 2CTVKUCPGP <YKUEJGPDG
OGTMWPI\WO$GITKHHFGU2QNKVKUEJGP&WPEMGT*WO
DQNV$GTNKP
5NQVGTFKLM 2  +O 9GNVKPPGPTCWO FGU -CRKVCNU
5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
5NQVGTFKLM25RJTGP+++5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/
8QIGN $  nDGTUUKIG KP FGT DGTWUUIGUGNNU
EJCHV! 5GEJU #POGTMWPIGP \WT 'ORKTKG UQ\KCNGT


 T H E A R T I N W A S TE

Denise Scott Brown

+PVJGUCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH2GPPU[NXCPKCO[UVWFGPVUCPF+YCVEJGF
C NGEVWTG KP NCPFUECRG CTEJKVGEVWTG YJGTG VJG ITQYVJ QH TQUGU YCU FGOQP
UVTCVGFVJTQWIJVKOGNCRUGRJQVQITCRJ[9GGPLQ[GFVJGDGCWV[QHVJGOQXG
OGPVHTQODWFVQDNQQOVYKEGVJTGGVKOGUsVJGP+TGCNKUGFVJCVYGYGTG
UGGKPIQPN[JCNHVJGRCVVGTP#HVGTDNQQOEQOGUDNKIJVVJGTQUGYKNVUYKVJGTU
CPFFKGU$WVQWTUGSWGPEGUGPFGFYKVJHWNNQYGTU6JG[QOKVVGFVJGYCUV
KPIVJCVHQNNQYGF

Wilting, withering and dying
6JG E[ENG QH PCVWTG KU UGGF DWF DNQQO DNKIJV
FGCVJTGDKTVJCPFCPQVJGTE[ENG6JKUIWTGUKPCNN
NKHG CPF CNN O[VJQNQI[ CPF UJQWNF DG VJG EQPVGZV
HQTFKUEWUUKQPQHJWOCPRTQEGUUGUKPENWFKPIVJQUG
QH WTDCP NKHG &WTKPI VJG U WTDCPKUVU YJQ
YCVEJGF#OGTKECPEKV[EGPVTGUFGVGTKQTCVGCUVJGKT
QEEWRCPVU NGHV HQT VJG UWDWTDU VQQM C EWG HTQO
PCVWTG CPF ECNNGF VJKU YCUVCIG nDNKIJVo 9JGP KV
URTGCFUQOGWTDCPVJKPMGTUDGICPVQTGCUUGUUVJGKT
PQVKQPU QH EJCPIG VQ EQPUKFGT YJGVJGT FGENKPG
EQWNF PQV DG RCTV QH VJG E[ENG QH NKHG KP EKVKGU #
XKGYQHYCUVKPICURCTVQHVJKUE[ENGKUDCEMITQWPF
VQO[VJQWIJVUQPVJGCTVKPYCUVG
&GPKPIYCUVG
*WOCP DGKPIU UGG YCUVG RCTVKEWNCTN[ YGV YCUVG
CU FKTV[ &WUV KU FT[ CPF TGNCVKXGN[ ENGCP DWV ICT
DCIG KU FCOR ENKPIKPI CPF UOGNN[ 9G PF KV
FKUIWUVKPI (QT VJKU TGCUQP C RWTUWKV QH NKPMU
DGVYGGP CTV CPF YCUVG OC[ NGCF FQYP RCVJU VJCV
RGQRNGPFKPFGNKECVGGURGEKCNN[YJGPVJGGPSWKT[
IQGU VQ JWOCP DCUKEU +OCIKPG C DCD[ YJQ JCU
GUECRGF HTQO C FKCRGT QH HCGEGU +H UJG JCU VJG
EJCPEG UJG YKNN RNC[ YKVJ VJGO 6JG[ CTG RCTV QH
JGT CPF UJG NQXGU VJGO $WV VJG OQVJGT YKNN PQV
UWTXKXG 0QT YKNN VJG UQEKGV[ 9G OWUV FGCN YKVJ
VJGUG HCGEGU DGECWUG VJG[ ECP DTKPI FKUGCUG ;GV
YJGPVJGEJKNFKUEQPVTQNNGFVQQOWEJCPFYKVJQWV
VCEV QT MPQYNGFIG VJG TGUWNV OC[ DG KPJKDKVKQP
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Denise Scott Brown
DGECWUG KP GEQPQOKE CPF UQEKCN VGTOU VJG[ YGTG
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+ JCF EQOG VQ VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU DGECWUG + YCPVGF
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CTEJKVGEVU KP 'WTQRG FWTKPI VJG [GCTU QH RQUVYCT
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4QDGTV5EQVV$TQYPCPF+JCFCHWTVJGTTGCUQPYG
YGTGIQKPIJQOGVQYQTMHQTCDGVVGT#HTKEC
6JGP2GVGT5OKVJUQPTGEQOOGPFGFVJCVYGCVVGPF
VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2GPPU[NXCPKC YJGTG .QWKU -CJP
VCWIJV9JGPYGCTTKXGFYGYGTGCOC\GFVQFKU
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WTIGF WU VQ UVC[ QDUGTXKPI VJCV 2GPPoU KPVGTFKUEK
RNKPCT[ CRRTQCEJ VQ WTDCPKUO YQWNF JGNR WU HCEG
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UGOGUVGT YG UVWFKGF EKV[ RNCPPKPI JKUVQT[ CPF
VJGQT[WTDCPUQEKQNQI[WTDCPGEQPQOKEUJQWUKPI
GEQPQOKEU CPF UVCVKUVKEU s PQ UVWFKQ .KUVGF CU
TGCFKPI HQT QWT UQEKQNQI[ EQWTUG YCU VJG .QPFQP
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CPF UWIIGUVGF UVTCVGIKGU HQT CEJKGXKPI VJG CEVKXG
UQEKQRNCUVKEUVJCVJCFGUECRGFVJG5OKVJUQPU
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WTDCP TGPGYCN UQ JKIJN[ YGNEQOGF D[ CTEJKVGEVU
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KP RCTV HTQO YJCV CTEJKVGEVU JCF FGUKIPGF 9JGP
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+ JCF CUMGF VJG UCOG SWGUVKQP QH O[ RTQHGUUQT QH
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CTG[QWFQKPICDQWVKV!o*KUSWGUVKQPJCUTGOCKPGF
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8KNNG 4CFKGWUG PQV KP KVUGNH CP WPYQTVJ[ CEVKXKV[
DWVHGYGZCOKPGFCURGEVUQHVJGEKV[CTQWPFVJGO
VJCV YGTG PQV QH CTEJKVGEVWTCN KPVGTGUV QT TGCF KP
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HTQORNCPPKPIUEJQQNVQEQPUKFGTVJGnKUoQHVJGEKV[
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VJGUQEKQNQI[QHENCUUUVTWEVWTGKP#OGTKEC+VTKGF
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RTQHGUUQTCVVJG###TVJWT-QTP
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UKFGTGFVJGOUGNXGUGZRGTVUKPWTDCPRJ[UKECNRNCP
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CPF FKF PQV WPFGTUVCPF VJCV CU RNCPPGTU VJG[
UJQWNF TGURGEV QVJGT RGQRNGoU VCUVGU CPF XCNWGU
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WPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGKTPGGFUCUVJG[UCYVJGO!2NCP
PGTUKPCFGOQETCE[UJQWNFNGCTPVJGXKGYUQHVJG
OCP[RGQRNGQHFKXGTUGEWNVWTGUYJQNKXGVQIGVJGT
KP C EKV[ 2GPPoU UQEKCN RNCPPKPI RTQHGUUQTU TGE
QOOGPFGF VJCV YG CTEJKVGEVU XKUKV EKVKGU QH VJG
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VT[VQWPFGTUVCPFYJCVRGQRNGNQXGFKPVJGUGRNCEGU
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Denise Scott Brown
UVWF[KPI.CU8GICUCPF.GXKVVQYP
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HTQOVJGXKGYRQKPVQHTWTCNHCOKNKGUQEMKPIVJGTG
VQYQTM6JGUGOKITCPVUYQWNFFGRGPFHQTUJGNVGT
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CPF FTCKPGF NCPF +P C OQPUQQP ENKOCVG FTCKPCIG
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CPF IQXGTPOGPV YQWNF EQPVTKDWVG WVKNKVKGU EQO
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JCRU OKFYC[ DGVYGGP JKIJ CPF NQY RTQLGEVKQPU
$WV C UQNWVKQP HQT QPG RQKPV YKNN DG YTQPI HQT CNN
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YKVJQWV RTGFKEVKPI YJCV HQTO KV YQWNF VCMG 1PG
YCU VQ NGCXG GPQWIJ TQQO HQT FKHHGTGPV CEVKXKVKGU


UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZZ(KI%$WVFWTKPI
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7PKXGTUKV[QH2GPPU[NXCPKC
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RTQXKFGUCITKFQHFTCKPCIGTQCFUCPFHCEKNKVKGUYJKEJGUVCDNKUJGU
C HTCOGYQTM HQT JQWUKPI FGXGNQROGPV D[ NQYKPEQOG OKITCPVU
WUKPIUETQWPIGFOCVGTKCNCPFHQWPFQDLGEVUn&QPoVEQPHWUGRTG
FKEVKQP TGEQOOGPFCVKQP CPF FGUKIPo UC[ VJG RNCPPGTU nCPF
TGOGODGT VJCV [QW ECPoV FGUKIP VJG YJQNG EKV[o
&GPKUG 5EQVV
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%KV[o UQNWVKQP # DWKNFKPI FGUKIPGF YKVJ CORNG
UVTWEVWTCN UWRRQTV CPF EQNWOP DC[U YKFG GPQWIJ
VQCEEQOOQFCVGCDTQCFTCPIGQHCEVKXKVKGUYQWNF
DG RTCEVKECN HQT OCP[ RWTRQUGU +H CU YGNN UVTWE
VWTCNCPFOGEJCPKECNGNGOGPVUYGTGUGRCTCVGFHTQO
CEVKXKV[ URCEGU CPF YKPFQYU YGTG UGV GXGPN[ CPF
HTGSWGPVN[ KP RGTKOGVGT YCNNU VJGP HWVWTG EJCPIG
YQWNFPQVDGKORGFGFD[GZKUVKPIDWKNFKPIU[UVGOU
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KP DWKNFKPI HQT EJCPIG +P RQXGTV[ CTGCU YQTNF
YKFG WTDCPKUKPI OKITCPVU UETQWPIG HQT UJGNVGT
UGGMKPI KORGTOCPGPV QT FKUECTFGF OCVGTKCNU HQT
UJCPVKGUVJCVYKNNDGCHHQTFCDNGKPVJGUJQTVTWPCPF
ECP DG WRITCFGF CU VJGKT GEQPQOKE EKTEWOUVCPEGU
KORTQXG
VJGUUQEKCNRNCPPGTUUCYVJGTGNGXCPEGQHVJKU
CRRTQCEJVQ#OGTKECPWTDCPRQXGTV[CPFKPUWDUG
SWGPV FGECFGU nGPVGTRTKUGo \QPGU YGTG RKPRQKPVGF
KP EKV[ ITG[ CTGCU *GTG UQOG DWKNFKPI CPF QVJGT
TGIWNCVKQPU YGTG NKHVGF VQ JGNR NQYKPEQOG GPVTG
RTGPGWTU QT YQTMGTU ICKP C HQQVJQNF KP VJG WTDCP
GEQPQO[
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VJG EKV[ CU C UGV QH U[UVGOU WUKPI CFCRVGF OKNK
VCT[ EQORWVGTU CPF VGEJPQNQIKGU 6JGUG YGTG TUV
CRRNKGF VQ UVWFKGU VJCV EQODKPGF WTDCP TGIKQPCN
GEQPQOKEU CPF VTCPURQTVCVKQP DQVJ UWDLGEVU VJCV
NGPV VJGOUGNXGU VQ UVCVKUVKECN CPCN[UKU + CVVGPFGF
UGXGTCNEQWTUGUQPEQORWVGTUCPFEQORWVGTDCUGF
WTDCP VJGQT[ CV VJCV VKOG DGECWUG + HGNV VJGKT
GXQNXKPI OCVJGOCVKECN OQFGNU EQWNF QHHGT RNCP
PGTU C OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG EKV[
CU C UGV QH EQORNGZN[ QXGTNCKF U[UVGOU #NVJQWIJ
VJGKTXKGYRQKPVYCUFKHHGTGPVHTQOQWTUVJGOQFGN
OCMGTU CVVGORVGF NKMG CTEJKVGEVU VQ DG JQNKUVKE
KP VJGKT EQPEGTPU CPF VQ CXQKF WPKFKUEKRNKPCT[
VJKPMKPI#UCFGUKIPGT+UCYKPVJGKTDGCWVKHWNCPF
GXQECVKXG WTDCP OCRU CPF FKCITCOU CP GZCORNG
QHJQYUEKGPEGEQWNFDGOWUGVQCTV*QYGXGTVJG
TGIKQPCNVTCPURQTVCVKQPUVWFKGUYGTGITQYKPIEQO
RNGZCPFOCKPHTCOGEQORWVGTUQHVJCVVKOGYGTG
PGKVJGT WPFGTUVCPFCDNG PQT WUGT HTKGPFN[ VQ RNCP
PGTU 5Q YJGP TGUGCTEJGTU CU VJG[ YQTMGF OCFG
CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV WTDCPKUO VJCV YGTG CV NGCUV CU
QXGTUKORNKGFCUVJQUGQHCTEJKVGEVUHGYRNCPPGTU
VTCKPGF KP VTCFKVKQPCN OGVJQFU YGTG CDNG VQ URQV
VJGKTOKUVCMGU1PGQHVJGYQTUVYCUVJCVCP[HCEVQT
VJCVEQWNFPQVDGOGCUWTGFEQWNFDGKIPQTGF
'FWECVGFCPFETGCVKXGU[UVGOURGQRNGNKMG9CNVGT
+UCTF VJG TGIKQPCN UEKGPVKUV
 YGTG YGNN VTQWXU *GPT[ /QQTG NQQMGF VQ RTKOKVKXG UEWNR
CYCTG QH VJG KORQTVCPEG QH KPENWFKPI RJGPQOGPC
VJCV YGTGPoV OCPCIGCDNG D[ VJGKT VGEJPKSWGU CPF
WPFGTUVQQF VJG XCNWG QH JWOCP LWFIGOGPV CPF
GZRGTKGPEGCPFVJGCRRNKECDKNKV[QHQNFUEJQQNRNCP
PKPI UMKNNU $WV + YQTTKGF CDQWV VJG EQORWVGToU
\GCNQWU PGQRJ[VGU O[ UVWFGPVU + JQRGF VQ NGCTP
VQ FGVGEV VJGKT UVWRKF TUV CUUWORVKQPU -G[ HQT
FGUKIPGTU CPF JWOCPKUVU KP RNCPPKPI + HGNV YCU
VJCVYGQRGPOKPFGFN[YGNEQOGVJGEQORWVGTHQT
YJCVKVEQWNFFQDWVPQVNQUGQWTLWFIGOGPVKPHCEG
QHKV#ETGCVKXGTQNGHQTWUEQWNFDGVQFGTKXGCTV
KUVT[ HTQO VJG LWZVCRQUKVKQPU QH U[UVGOU HQEWUKPI
RGTJCRU QP VJQUG RNCEGU YJGTG VJG[ EQNNKFG 6JKU
XKGYJGNRGFOGVQCRRN[O[KPVGTGUVKPOCPPGTKUO
VQVJGEKV[+HOCPPGTKUOKUCYC[QHDTGCMKPICTEJK
VGEVWTGoU TWNGU EQWNF KV KP WTDCP FGUKIP EQPEGTP
 KU RQGVKE
DTGCMKPIVJGTWNGUQHWTDCPU[UVGOU!6JKUYCUWPC
XQKFCDNG IKXGP VJG EKV[oU O[TKCF U[UVGOU GCEJ
YKVJKVUQYPTWNGUCPFVJGOCP[EQPKEVUDGVYGGP
VJGO ,WZVCRQUKVKQPU GXGP EQPKEVU COQPI U[U
VGOUECPDGDGCWVKHWNCPFVJGYCUVGVJG[ETGCVGs
KTTGEQPEKNCDNGLWPEVKQPUDGVYGGPTQCFTCKNVQRQI
TCRJ[CPFUGVVNGOGPVUUNKXGTUQHNCPFYKVJFKHEWNV
FKOGPUKQPU CPF PQ ENGCT RWTRQUG s ECP DG RNCEGU
QH HTGGFQO CPF EJCNNGPIG HQT WTDCP RQRWNCVKQPU
7TDCPCTVKUVUUJQWNFQRGTCVGFGHVN[QPUWEJRQKPVU
#PF YJGTG DTGCMFQYP KU ITGCVGUV QT PGGF OQUV
FKTGJKIJGUVKOCIKPCVKQPKUECNNGFHQT
9JGP4QDGTV8GPVWTKCPF+OGVKPYGUJCTGF
CP GPVJWUKCUO HQT OCPPGTKUO CPF JG UQQP ECOG
VQ UJCTG O[ HCUEKPCVKQP YKVJ RQRWNCT EWNVWTG CPF
VJGGXGT[FC[NCPFUECRG9GYCVEJGFYKVJKPVGTGUV
CU 2QR #TV DGICP VQ RWV nYCUVGo KP C PGY EQPVGZV
VQ RNCEG C %CORDGNNoU UQWR ECP KP C OWUGWO 6JG
2QRCTVKUVUFKUEQXGTGFPGYnHQWPFQDLGEVUo/QFGTP
Denise Scott Brown
CTVKUVU QH VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ JCF VJGKT QDLGVU
VWTG CPF YCVGTYQTP RGDDNGU CPF GCTN[ /QFGTP
CTEJKVGEVU UEQWTGF KPFWUVTKCN NQHVU CPF UKNQU VQ PF
VJGEWDKUVUJCRGUVJG[NKMGF5Q$QDCPF+JCFDGGP
VCWIJVD[VJG/QFGTPKUVUVQNQQMCPFNGCTPKPWPW
UWCNRNCEGUDWVYGVWTPGFCYC[HTQOVJGKTRNCEGU
9KVJJGNRHTQOVJG$TWVCNKUVUVJG2QRCTVKUVUUGX
GTCNCTVCPFCTEJKVGEVWTCNJKUVQTKCPUCPFUQOGUQEKCN
VJKPMGTUYGHQWPFQWTKPURKTCVKQPKPVJGJKUVQTKECN
EKV[ CPF VJG EQOOGTEKCN CPF TGUKFGPVKCN GPXKTQP
OGPVU QH URTCYN 4QOG VJG .CU 8GICU 5VTKR CPF
.GXKVVQYPYGTGQWTHQWPFQDLGEVU
Wasting Well
.[PEJoU NCUV DQQM 9CUVKPI #YC[
CPF RJKNQUQRJKECN *G VCNMU CDQWV YCUVG QP OCP[
NGXGNU WUKPI YQTFU WPWUWCN KP UEJQNCTN[ YTKVKPI
CPFEGTVCKPN[IGVVKPIQWTCVVGPVKQP*GTGHGTUVQVJG
PGGFVQnYCUVGYGNNo(QTOGVJKUKORNKGUE[ENGUQH
DKTVJ CPF FGCVJ VJG EQPEGRV QH TGE[ENKPI CPF KVU
CRRNKECVKQP KP VJG nCFCRVKXG TGWUGo QH DWKNFKPIU
6JG RTGUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV KU RQRWNCT VQFC[ DWV
CTUVSWGUVKQPUJQWNFDGVQRTGUGTXGQTPQV!8GP
VWTKRQKPVUQWVVJCVPQ4GPCKUUCPEGRCNCEGYCUDWKNV
QP C RCTMKPI NQV /CP[ YGTG GTGEVGF QP VJG UKVGU
QHFGUVTQ[GFOGFKGXCNDWKNFKPIU#VVKOGUYGOWUV
FGUVTQ[ CV QVJGTU UCXG FGRGPFKPI QP VJG UKVWC
VKQPDWVFGUVTWEVKQPOWUVDGHQTIQQFTGCUQP#PF
YJGPRTGUGTXKPIYGOWUVFGEKFGQPVJGRGTKQFVQ
DG HCXQWTGF 4GVWTPKPI VQ C OGFKGXCN DGIKPPKPI
KP'WTQRGQTCPVJEGPVWT[QPGKP#OGTKECOC[
FGUVTQ[ C DGCWVKHWN U QT U CFFKVKQP 5Q
VJGEJQKEGQHCVKOGRGTKQFQTRGTKQFUVQRTGUGTXG
UJQWNF DG C UKVWCVKQPKUV QPG 6CMKPI VQQ RWTKUV CP

CRRTQCEJYKNNNC[YCUVGWPPGEGUUCTKN[CPFRTQFWEG
CFWNNCPFNKOKVKPIGPXKTQPOGPVnRTGUGTXGFDG[QPF
TGRCKToQPGUJWPPGFD[CTVKUVUCPFVJGRWDNKE6JKU
KTQPKECNN[YKNNKPFWEGPGGFHQTHWTVJGTEJCPIG
UGG
(KI
#NKXKPIEKV[TGOCKPUHQTGXGTUWDLGEVVQRTGUUWTGUHQT
CFCRVCVKQP9JGPVJGUGITQYVQQITGCVHQTVJGJKU
VQTKECNHCDTKEGTUCV\RTGUGTXCVKQPOC[TGUWNVYJGTG
VJGUGODNCPEGQHJKUVQT[KUOCKPVCKPGFDWVPQVKVU
OGCPKPI(QTVJGUGTGCUQPU$CTDCTC%CRKVOCPVJG
ITGCV RTGUGTXGT QH VJG /KCOK $GCEJ &GEQ &KUVTKEV
WUGFVQUC[nRTGUGTXCVKQPKUUQVGORQTCT[o
6JGTGKUCNUQVJGTGWUGQHQNFKFGCU#RCNKORUGUVKUC
VGZVVJCVEQXGTUCPGCTNKGTVGZV)QDGPGCVJVJGTUV
CPF [QW PF VJG UGEQPF #TEJKVGEVU DGHQTG EQO
RWVGTUMPGYUQOGRCNKORUGUVUYGNN6JG[YGTGQWT
YQTMKPIFTCYKPIUFQPGKPRGPEKNQPXGNWORCRGT
+H C FGUKIP FGVCKN EJCPIGF YG GTCUGF CPF TGXKUGF
VJGFTCYKPICPFKHKVEJCPIGFCICKPYGFTGYQXGT
QPEG OQTG 6JG NKUV QH TGXKUKQPU CRRGCTGF KP VJG
VKVNG DNQEM CPF GCEJ GTCUWTG TGXGCNGF YJKVG NKPGU
GVEJGF YJGTG FTCYKPI JCF DGGP 6JGTG CTG CNUQ
WTDCP RCNKORUGUVU 7PFGT 4GPCKUUCPEG 4QOG KU
/CVV
OGFKGXCN4QOGCPFWPFGTVJCV'CTN[%JTKUVKCPCPF
%NCUUKECN 4QOG 6TCEGU QH CNN 4QOGU NKG KP OQFGTP
4QOG #NVJQWIJ QP VJG .CU 8GICU 5VTKR KP VJG
U VJGTG YCU QPN[ VJG TGEGPV EQOOGTEKCN XGT
PCEWNCT CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF VJG FGUGTV KP OQUV EKVKGU
YG NKXG QP RCNKORUGUVU CPF VJG RCNKORUGUV EQWNF
DGUGGPCUCOGVCRJQTHQTVJGRTQEGUUGUQHTGE[ENKPI
QHKFGCUCPFKPWGPEGKPCTV
#PF VJGTG CTG QNF OGVJQFU n2CNCGQVGEJPQNQI[o
2CRCPGMTGHGTUVQVJGWUGQHGCTNKGTQTOQTG
RTKOKVKXG DWV UVKNN CRRTQRTKCVG VGEJPQNQIKGU QNF
ECTVKTGUHQTUJQGUHQTGZCORNG6JKUKUEQOOQPKP

(KI  2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVQN DWKNFKPI 6QWNQWUG (TCPEG  6JKU
IQXGTPOGPVCNEQORNGZUKVUQPVJG%CPCNFW/KFKDGUKFGCPCTVG
TKCN JKIJYC[ KP C DWU[ DWV KPVKOCVG NQYGTOKFFNG ENCUU PGKIJ
DQWTJQQF 1PN[ FWTKPI EQPUVTWEVKQP FKF YG NGCTP VJCV YG JCF
TGGUVCDNKUJGF CP CPEKGPV TQCF C RCNKORUGUV XKUKDNG QP JKUVQTKE
OCRU DWV FGOQNKUJGF DGHQTG YG UVCTVGF YQTM 6JKU HQTOU VJG
OCKP RGFGUVTKCP CEEGUU VQ QWT RTQLGEV CPF EQPVKPWGU VQ UGTXG KVU
JKUVQTKE TQNG QH NKPMKPI VYQ CTGCU QH VJG EKV[ 1VJGT RCNKORUGUVU
VJGHCECFGUQHVJGEQORNGZEQPVCKPCNNWUKQPUVQVJGJKUVQTKEUV[NGU
CPF TGF DTKEM QH 6QWNQWUG CPF VQ C RCKT QH EQNWOPU DGUKFG VJG
UKVGVJCVQPEGJGTCNFGFVJGGPVTCPEGVQVJGCTGC6JGRJQVQITCRJU
YGTGVCMGPVQUJQYJQYCUVTWEVWTGVJCVEQODKPGUVJGUECNGUQH
WTDCPYCVGTYC[UCPFDTKFIGUEKXKEDWKNFKPIUCPFRTKXCVGJQWUGU
ECPPFKVURNCEGKPCPKPVKOCVGCPFOWNVKNC[GTGFEQPVGZV
9CTIQ
VJG6JKTF9QTNFYJGTGRGQRNGOWUVOCMGFQYKVJ
YJCVVJG[JCXG%WDCPUETGCVKXGN[WUGYCUVGKPVJG
OCKPVGPCPEGQHVJGKTQNF#OGTKECPECTUHQTYJKEJ
VJGTGCTGPQPGYRCTVU6JGFTKXGTQHCVCZKVJCVJCU
NQUV KVU ECD NKIJV UWDUVKVWVGU C DWND UGV KP C [GNNQY
RNCUVKE UQCR RQYFGT EQPVCKPGT CPF FC[ CPF PKIJV
[QW UVKNN TGEQIPK\G VJG HCOKNKCT VCZK U[ODQN $WV
VJGTG KU CNUQ VJG KFGC QH CXQKFKPI VJG RCNCGQVGEJ
PKECNFGXGNQROGPVQHQVJGTUCPFNGCTPKPIHTQOVJGKT
RTGUGPV GZRGTKGPEG s QH 6JKTF 9QTNF RQRWNCVKQPU
IQKPIFKTGEVN[VQEGNNRJQPGUQOKVVKPINCPFNKPGVGN
GRJQPGUCNVQIGVJGT#UGCTKPIKOCIG+DTQWIJVHTQO
%JKPC YCU QH CP GNFGTN[ WTDCP XKNNCIGT USWCVVKPI
QP C EKV[ UKFG YCNM KP VJG RQUG WUGF VJTQWIJQWV
VJGTWTCNYQTNFHQTYQTMKPIEQPXGTUKPIGCVKPIQT
GZETGVKPIYKVJCEGNNRJQPGVQJKUGCT
6JGTG KU CNUQ nUCVKUEKPIo 6TCFKVKQPCN GEQPQOKE
OQFGNU CUUWOG VJCV CNN RGQRNG CTG RGTHGEVN[ CPF
WPKHQTON[TCVKQPCNCPFVJCVVJG[JCXGCNNVJGKPHQT
OCVKQP VJG[ PGGF VQ OCMG C FGEKUKQP *GTDGTV #
5KOQP QDUGTXGU VJCV KP VJG TGCN YQTNF NKOKVU QP
GHEKGPE[ CPF TCVKQPCNKV[ CHHGEV FGEKUKQPOCMKPI
*KUOQFGN
CUUWOGUVJCVRGQRNGOWUVFGEKFG YCUVGUWIIGUVUPGYYC[UQHnYCUVKPIYGNNo/[EQP
YKVJKPTGUVTKEVGFVKOGRGTKQFUCPFQPVJGDCUKUQH
KORGTHGEVKPHQTOCVKQP*GRQUKVUVJG6CZK)COGCU
CPGZCORNGQHVJKUTGCNKV[+PCVCZKYKVJVJGOGVGT
TWPPKPI VKOG KU OQPG[ [QW OCMG VJG DGUV FGEK
UKQP [QW ECP YKVJKP VJG VKOG NKOKV [QWT OQPG[
CNNQYU
#PF OQTRJQNQI[ VJG UVWF[ QH HQTO CU C TGUWNV QH
RTQEGUU6GEJPKECNRTQEGUUGUJCXGJGNRGFHQTOVJG
EKV[ KP CNN GTCU %QPUKFGT VJG GHHGEV QH OGFKCGXCN
FGHGPEG U[UVGOU QP VJG HQTO QH 'WTQRGCP EKVKGU
QTQHVJEGPVWT[VGEJPQNQIKGUQHOQXGOGPVCPF
PGQPQPVJG.CU8GICU5VTKR#PFVQFC[EKVKGUOWUV
5QPI
JCTPGUUVJGPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUQHVJGEQORWVGT6JKU
DGJGOQVJTGXQNWVKQPJCUOQXGFDG[QPFO[DTCKP
RQYGT +VU VGPVCENGU OWUV DG RNWODGF D[ CPQVJGT
IGPGTCVKQP $WV YKTGHTGG JCPFJGNF K2JQPGU HQT
GZCORNG QHHGT OQTG VJCP QPVJGURQV TGETGCVKQP
CPF CNVGTGF RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT NKXKPI CPF YQTMKPI
6JGKTGOQVKQPCNEQPEQOKVCPVUCTGTKEJ5KORNGDWV
FGGRRNGCUWTGECPNKGHQTKPUVCPEGKPYCPFGTKPIKP
CRNCEG[QWNQXGCPFUJCTKPIVJGGZRGTKGPEGCWFKQ
XKUWCNN[CPFKPTGCNVKOGYKVJCHTKGPFCVJQWUCPF
OKNGUCYC[
/GCPYJKNG VJG nRCRGTNGUUo EQORWVGT TGXQNWVKQP
Denise Scott Brown
JCU UWDOGTIGF OG KP C UGC QH RCRGT 'XGP YJGP
KPVTQFWEGF KP VJG PCOG QH UCXKPIU VGEJPQNQI
KECN KPPQXCVKQP UGGOU VQ CEEGNGTCVG YCUVG RCTVN[
DGECWUG KVU EQPXGPKGPEG KPFWEGU KPETGCUGF WUG
#PFGXGT[EJCPIGETGCVGUPGYV[RGUQHFGDTKUCPF
FGOCPFU PGY HQTOU QH TGE[ENKPI $[ RTGUUKPI VJG
nFGNGVGoDWVVQPVQFC[oUGNGEVTQPKEVGEJPQNQIKGUIGP
GTCVGXKTVWCNYCUVG$WVCUGCTEJVJTQWIJO[FGNGVG
NGUOC[TGXGCNKPHQTOCVKQPWUGHWNVQUQOGQPG
$CUWTCOCoU KPVGTGUV KP VJG ETGCVKXG WUG QH XKTVWCN
EGRVKQPUFGUETKDGFCDQXGFGTKXGHTQOUQEKCNGEQ
PQOKECPFVGEJPQNQIKECNXKGYUQHVJGUYJGP
+ UVWFKGF VJGO DWV UQEKCN UEKGPVKUVU JCXG GXQNXGF
VJGQTKGU VQFC[ VJCV CFFTGUU INQDCN EJCPIGU KP NKHG
RCVVGTPU VGEJPQNQI[ CPF VJG KUUWGU QH UWUVCKP
CDKNKV[#PFDWTIGQPKPIOGFKCDTKPIGXGPVUVQQWT
UETGGPU CNOQUV CU VJG[ JCRRGP GURGEKCNN[ KH VJG[
CTG XKUWCNN[ ITKRRKPI 0GY KFGCU QH YCUVKPI OWUV
VCMGVJGUGPGYPFKPIUKPVQCEEQWPVCPFVJG$CU
WTCOCU QH CTEJKVGEVWTG OWUV RTQEGGF FQYP RCVJU
YJGTG YG ECPoV HQNNQY +H QWT GCTNKGT GZRGTKGPEG
ECP JGNR VJGO QWT YQTM OC[ DGEQOG RCNKORUGUV
VQVJGKTU
Tragic waste
6JG OGFKC DTKPI PCVWTCN CPF JWOCPOCFG FKUCU
VGTUVQWURCTVKEWNCTN[YGNNCPFKPCNOQUVTGCNVKOG
.[PEJFKGFDGHQTG9CUVKPI#YC[YCURWDNKUJGF+
YQWNFJCXGNKMGFVQJGCTJKUKFGCUQP-CVTKPCCPF
VJG 9QTNF 6TCFG %GPVGT 6JGKT YCUVGU ECP KP PQ
UGPUG JCXG DGGP FQPG nYGNNo DWV ECP VJGKT TGUWU
EKVCVKQP UJQTV VGTO CPF NQPI VGTO KPXQNXG QWT
DGUV RNCPPKPI CTVU! &KUCUVGTU TGFWEG GXGP EKXKNKUGF

UQEKGVKGU VQ RCNCGQVGEJPKEU .KXGU CTG NQUV &GDTKU
QXGTYJGNOU $GHQTG QTICPKUCVKQP CTTKXGU
YJKEJ JCXG FKTGEVGF RNCPU HQT KVU PGY ITQWPF QQT #PF
KU UQOGVKOGU UECPFCNQWUN[ NCVG VTCRRGF RGQRNG
VT[ HTCPVKECNN[ VQ GUECRG RCUUGTU D[ TWUJ VQ JGNR
+ORTQXKUCVKQP KU VJG QTFGT QH VJG FC[ CPF YKNN DG
GXGP YJGP TG IJVGTU CPF GOGTIGPE[ YQTMGTU
CTTKXG#V)TQWPF<GTQVJGUGUCXKQWTUUGVWRVJGKT
QYPQRGTCVKQPUHQTTGUEWGCPFUWRRQTVFGXGNQRKPI
KPHQTOCVKQPHQTVJGDGPGVQHCNNQPCXCKNCDNGHCEKN
KVKGUTGOCKPKPIHQQFUQWTEGUCPFQRGTCVKPIVQKNGVU
2CVVGTPUQHTGUEWGNKPMGFVJGUKVGYKVJVJGUGHCEKNK
VKGU (TKGPFU CPF HCOKNKGU QH XKEVKOU HQTOGF VJGKT
QYP RCVVGTPU RTKOCTKN[ EQOOWPKECVKQP U[UVGOU
s RTKPVQWVU YKVJ RJQVQITCRJU CPF FGUETKRVKQPU
CUMKPIn*CXG[QWUGGPO[YKHGUQPHTKGPF!o6JGUG
YGTG RQUVGF QP TWDDNGUVTGYP UVTGGVU YJGTG 0GY
;QTMGTUUVKNNRCUUGF
PQV PGEGUUCTKN[
5EQVV$TQYPC5EQVV
#NVJQWIJVTCKPGFFKUCUVGTVGEJPKEKCPUNKHVTGUEWGVQ
COQTGGHEKGPVNGXGNVJGEJCQUUVKNNTGSWKTGUVJCV
UWRRQTVDGICTPGTGFHTQOVJGYCUVGFGPXKTQPOGPV
KVUGNH + TGCF QH C [QWPI CTEJKVGEV YJQ LQWTPG[GF
VQ C JWTTKECPGJKV #UKCP XKNNCIG VQ JGNR KVU QEEW
RCPVU DWKNF UJGNVGT HTQO RNCPMU CPF UJCTFU KP VJG
FGVTKVWU CV JCPF %CP UWEJ RCNCGQRNCPPKPI YJKNG
UQNXKPI KOOGFKCVG WTIGPEKGU HQTO VJG GODT[Q
QH VJG PGY VQ EQOG! + HGGN VJCV HQT RTCEVKECN CPF
U[ODQNKETGCUQPUGXGPVJGOQUVOQFGUVTUVUVGRU
QH GOGTIGPE[ RNCPPKPI UJQWNF DG FKTGEVGF VQYCTF
IQCNU HQT VJG HWVWTG $WV VJKU ECNNU HQT C OWNVKFKU
EKRNKPCT[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH JQY FKHHGTGPV RCVVGTPU
KP VJG EKV[ GXGP KP VJGKT GCTN[ UVCIGU ECP JGNR VQ
TGKPHQTEG GCEJ QVJGT s VJG UCOG RNCPPKPI UMKNNU CU
PGGFGFKPFGXGNQRKPICTGCU
#U VJG DQODGF TGOCKPU QH $GTNKPoU -WTHTUVGP
FCOO HQTOGF VJG PWENGWU QH 9GUV $GTNKPoU RQUV
YCT TGVCKN EGPVTG UQ GZKUVKPI CEVKXKV[ CPF OQXG

OGPVU[UVGOUCTQWPFVJG9QTNF6TCFG%GPVGTEQWNF
RNCPPGTU EQWNF JCXG CFCRVGF VJG GCTN[ RCVVGTPU QH
TGUEWGCUCOGOQTKCNCPFPWENGWUHQTITQYVJ%QP
XGTVGFVQUVQPGQTUVGGNVJG:GTQZGFUGCTEJUJGGVU
EQWNF JCXG DGGP NKMG TGOGODTCPEG RNCSWGU VQ
KPFKXKFWCNU VJCV NKPG YCNNU QH 'WTQRGCP EJWTEJGU
#HZGF YJGTG VJG[ YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ RQUVGF VJG[
YQWNF JCXG HQTOGF C SWKGV YCNM CNQPI DWUVNKPI
TQWVGU CPF C EQORCUUKQPCVG OGOQTKCN VQ RGQRNG
EWV FQYP KP VJG WTIGPE[ QH VJGKT NKXGU #PF VJG
VYKUVGFTGOCKPUQHVJG6TCFG%GPVGTDWKNFKPIUVQQ
RTGVVKGFCPFUGPVKOGPVCNHQTO[VCUVGYJGPCNKXG
NQQMGFUVCTMN[CIQPK\GFRQUVFKUCUVGTQP68VJGKT
RQYGTHWNFKUVQTVKQPUU[ODQNK\KPIFGCVJ9JGTGCTG
VJG[ PQY! +V YQWNF DG KPEQPEGKXCDNG VJCV PGKVJGT
RNCSWGU PQT UVTWEVWTG JCXG C RCTV
VQIGVJGTKPCOGOQTKCN
$TQYPD
+P RQUV-CVTKPC 0GY 1TNGCPU VJG UCOG RTKPEKRCNU
CRRN[ DWV CV C FKHHGTGPV UECNG #U UWTXKXQTU YGTG
NKVGTCNN[ CPF IWTCVKXGN[ YCUJGF WR QP UJQTG VJG
EGPVTCN PGGF YCU HQT GOGTIGPE[ UWUVGPCPEG CPF
UJGNVGT 6JKU VJG HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV OKUJCPFNGF
UKIPCNN[ 6JGTGCHVGT CPF KP XKGY QH VJG UECPFCN C
EQORCUUKQPHQTNQECNIQXGTPOGPVCPWPFGTUVCPFKPI
QH VJG RQRWNCVKQPoU NKOKVGF TGUQWTEGU HQT TGPGYCN
CPFUQOGOQFGUV[KPKPKVKCNRNCPUYQWNFDGYKUG
5QOGTGDWKNFKPIKP0GY1TNGCPUUGGOUVQJCXGHQN
NQYGF VJKU CNOQUV KPGXKVCDNG NQYGPGTI[ RCVVGTP
UVCTVKPIYJGTGEQPUVTWEVKQPYCUGCU[QPCVTGNC
VKXGN[KPGZRGPUKXGTGUKFGPVKCNNCPFCVVJGQWVUMKTVU
QHVJGEKV[CYC[HTQOQQFFCPIGTCPFVJGTGDWKNV
DWVPQVVTWUVGFNGXGGU6JKUV[RKECNFGXGNQRKPICTGC
QRVKQPYQWNFDGCRRTQRTKCVGHQTGCTN[UVCIGU$WVKV
UJQWNF KP VJG RTQEGUU RC[ RCTVKEWNCT CVVGPVKQP VQ
VJGPGGFUQHVJGRQQTYJQUWHHGTGFOQTGVJCPCNN
QVJGTUKPVJGFKUCUVGT+PO[QRKPKQPTGJCDKNKVCVKQP
QHEKV[PGKIJDQWTJQQFUUJQWNFYCKVWPVKNTGUQWTEGU
TGVWTP CPF TGDWKNFKPI ECP OGGV EQTTGEV UVCPFCTFU
KPENWFKPI VJQUG QH QQF RTQVGEVKQP #V VJCV VKOG
VJG FKHEWNV KUUWGU QH GSWKV[ JGTKVCIG CPF UWUVCKP
CDKNKV[ECPDGVCEMNGFHTQOUVTGPIVJ
/GCPYJKNG EGPVTCN 0GY 1TNGCPU CPF RCTVKEWNCTN[
VJG GPVGTVCKPOGPV FKUVTKEV EQWNF DG EQPUKFGTCDN[
UJQTGF WR TKIJV PQY KH OCLQT TGIKQPCN KPFWUVTKGU
MGRV KP OKPF VJG PGGFU QH VJG EKV[ CU VJG[ TGCU
UGTVGF VJGKT YQTNFYKFG CPF PCVKQPCN NKPMCIGU
%QPPGEVKQPUVJCVUWRRQTVVJGTGIKQPCNCPFPCVKQPCN
GEQPQO[YKNNCNTGCF[JCXGDGGPTGGUVCDNKUJGF1KN
YKNN UWTXKXG $WV VJGUG UJQWNF DG TGCUUGUUGF YKVJ
VJG CKO QH UWRRQTVKPI QVJGTU DG[QPF VJGOUGNXGU
QHJGNRKPIVQTGXKXGVJGEKV[KVUEKVK\GPUCPFDWUK
PGUUGU CPF VJG EWNVWTCN TKEJPGUU QH VJG nDKI GCU[o
.QUU QH UMKNNU CPF GXCRQTCVKQP QH CVOQURJGTG CTG
COQPIVJGVTCIKEYCUVGUQHWTDCPFGXCUVCVKQPCPF
VJGTGKU PQ YC[ VQ FQ VJGO YGNN $WV OCUU OQXG
OGPVCYC[HTQOVJGEKV[OC[JCXGKPFWEGFFKUUGO
KPCVKQP TCVJGT VJCP NQUU QH EWNVWTG + ECP KOCIKPG
HWVWTG JKUVQTKCPU QH LC\\ VTCEKPI -CVTKPCKPFWEGF
OKITCVKQPUYGUVCURCTVQHVJGUVQT[VJCVNGCFUHTQO
UNCXGT[CPFVJGEQVVQPGNFUXKCVJG/KUUKUUKRRKVQ
VJG YQTNF 0GXGTVJGNGUU TGIGPGTCVKPI WTDCP CTV
CPF EWNVWTG TGSWKTGU FGPUKV[ KPVGPUKV[ CPF NC[GTU
QHJKUVQT[CPFYKNNVCMGVKOG6JKUCRRNKGURGTJCRU
RCTVKEWNCTN[ VQ VJG TCE[ GFI[ CVOQURJGTG QH VJG
GPVGTVCKPOGPV FKUVTKEV #U QPG CTVKUV RWV KV nVJG
JCTFGUV VJKPI VQ TGRNCEG YKNN DG VJG GXKNo
5EQVV OCPCIGOGPV + YCU UWTRTKUGF UJG YCU UQ DTKIJV
$TQYP
+PUWOCP[FQKPI
PQVYCUVKPIYGNNCHVGTJQTTKE PGGTKPI FKUEKRNKPG CPF UJG CPUYGTGF 0Q CU CP
FGXCUVCVKQP KPXQNXGU EQODKPKPI CP KPVGTFKUEKRNK
PCT[ QXGTXKGY CPF QPVJGURQV GOGTIGPE[ UVTCV
GIKGU +V NKGU KP HQTGUGGKPI HWVWTG RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT
IQQFKPRNCPUYJQUGKOOGFKCVGCKOKUVQFGCNYKVJ
Denise Scott Brown
VJGJGTGCPFPQY2GTURKECEKV[KUTGSWKTGFVQYCVEJ
VJGJQTK\QPHQTVJGHWVWTGYKVJQWVOKUUKPICDGCVKP
VJGRTGUGPV#PFCTVKUVKECNN[VJGTUVTGUEWGGHHQTVU
CPFRKGEGUQHVJGTWKPUUJQWNFDGGODCNOGFKPQWT
OGOQTKGUCPFKPVJGHQTOKPIQHQWTJGTKVCIG1WT
DGUV VCNGPVU FGGRGUV KPUKIJV CPF YCTOGUV JGCTVU
UJQWNF DG GORNQ[GF VQ EQODKPG EQORCUUKQPCVG
TGUEWG VJG RCUUKQP QH VJG OQOGPV CPF DTQCF
QRVKQPUHQTVJGHWVWTG;QWQHHGTFGGRGUVTGURGEVD[
FQKPI[QWTDGUV
Artistry in waste
/GPVKQPCTVCPFYCUVGVQIGVJGTCPF5KOQP4QFKCoU
9CVVU 6QYGTU EQOG VQ OKPF QT VJG 0GXCFC JQWUG
QH%JKGH4QNNKPI6JWPFGT+P6JG/QWPVCKPU$WKNV
D[NQPGXKUKQPCTKGUVQVJGINQT[QHVJGKTIQFUVJG
UQCTKPIVGCEWRUJCTFUCPFCWVQRCTVUQHVJGUGnRKNGU
QHLWPMoV[RKH[1WVUKFGTCTVYQTNFYKFG6JG[TGNCVG
VQ VJG KORWTG #HTKECP HQNM CTV CPF JKIJ EWNVWTG
QDLGVU VTQWXU FGUETKDGF CDQXG CPF VQ 6TCUJKQP
#TV VQFC[ CPF VJG[ UGGO VQ GRKVQOK\G CTVKUVT[ KP
YCUVG
;GV YJCV QH VJG DTQCFGT CTVKUVKE RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH
YCUVG!9JQKUVCMKPIVJGOWR!+P$GKLKPIKP
QP CP CTEJKVGEVWTCN LWT[ CV 6UKPIJWC 7PKXGTUKV[ +
CUMGF C [QWPI YQOCP YJQUG RTQLGEV + CFOKTGF
YJCV JGT OCLQT YCU CPF UJG TGRNKGF YCUVG YCVGT
DWVJGTVQRKEUQWPFGFFWNN5Q+CUMGFYJGVJGTUJG
YCUUVWF[KPIYCUVGYCVGTOCPCIGOGPVCUCPGPIK
CTVKUVKEFKUEKRNKPG$CUWTCOCCNUQYQTMUKPVJKUFKU
EKRNKPG6JGKTVJTWUVKUOGNFKPIVJGTCPFQOPGUUQH
YCUVG YKVJ VJG OQUV OQFGTP CDKNKVKGU QH KPFWUVT[

6JG[CKOVQRTQFWEGIQQFUCPFUGTXKEGUOQTGU[U
VGOKEVJCPQWVUKFGTCTVsQPGUCDNGVQICKPOCTMGVU
KORTQXG GEQPQOKGU CPF OQXG RGQRNG #NVJQWIJ
YJGPVJG[KPXKVGFOGVQNGEVWTGVJG[FKFPQVMPQY
VJGEQPVGZV+JCXGUMGVEJGFJGTGVJG[HGNV.GCTPKPI
HTQO .CU 8GICU VQQM C ETGCVKXG XKGY QH VJG CTV QH
6JGWPKUUGP
YCUVG + CITGGF VJCV QWT .CU 8GICU CPF .GXKVVQYP
TGUGCTEJRTQLGEVUYGTGWPFGTVCMGPKPVJGUGTXKEGQH
CTVDWVCFFGFVJCVEWNVWTCNUQEKCNCPFOGVJQFQNQI
KECNEQPEGTPUJCFDGGPCUKORQTVCPVKPNGCFKPIWUVQ
GZCOKPGVJGEKVKGUQHVJG#OGTKECP5QWVJYGUV#PF
CPKPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[CRRTQCEJYCUCUUKIPKECPVVQ
WUKPVJKUTGUGCTEJCUKVYQWNFJCXGDGGPKPFGUKIP
$WV YJ[ .CU 8GICU! $GECWUG KV YCU VJG ENGCTGUV
GZCORNG KVU UKIPU YGTG DKIIGT VJCP VJQUG QH VJG
CXGTCIG UVTKR KV YCU VJG CTEJGV[RG PQV VJG RTQVQ
V[RG #PF KVU EQPVGZV YCU UKORNGT 0Q %QNQPKCN QT
VJ EGPVWT[ EKV[ KPVGTXGPGF DGVYGGP 6JG 5VTKR
CPFVJGFGUGTV#NVJQWIJ.QU#PIGNGUKUCITGCVGT
OQTG GZVGPUKXG CWVQOQDKNG EKV[ VJG RJGPQOGPQP
KUQDUEWTGFVJGTGD[CPGCTNKGTRCVVGTPVJGTCKNTQCF
EKV[+P.CU8GICUYGEQWNFOGCUWTGKVRWTG
6JG RWTRQUG QH QWT UVWF[ YCU QWVNKPGF D[ -CTKP
6JGWPKUUGP 6JG 5VTKR CV MO CP JQWT .CVGT YG TGCNK\GF VJCV
n6JKUUVWFKQYCUGPVKVNGFp.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICUQT
(QTOCPCN[UKUCUFGUKIPTGUGCTEJqCPFYCUKPVTQFWEGF
CUpCUVWF[VJCVYKNNJGNRVQFGPGCPGYV[RGQHWTDCP
HQTOGOGTIKPIKP#OGTKEC=e?VJCVHTQOKIPQTCPEG
YGFGPGVQFC[CUWTDCPURTCYNq6JGQDLGEVQHVJG
UVWF[KUIKXGPCUpVQWPFGTUVCPFVJKUPGYHQTOCPF
VQDGIKPVQGXQNXGVGEJPKSWGUHQTKVUJCPFNKPIq(TQO
VJKU YG WPFGTUVCPF VJCV .GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU KU
C UVWF[ KP QDUGTXCVKQP QH VJG HQTO QH VJG EKV[ HQN
NQYGF D[ VJG TGEQTFKPI CPCN[UKU CPF RTQEGUUKPI QH
VJGFCVCVQDGOCFGWUGHWNCUFGUKIPVQQNUHQTWTDCP

FGUKIPGTU6JGQTKIKPCNRWDNKECVKQPEQPVCKPUOCTIKPCN
PQVGUKPDQNFVGZVTGHGTTKPIVQCURGEVUQHVJGVGEJPKECN
CPCN[UKU UWEJ CU p6JKU JCU DGGP C VGEJPKECN UVWFKQ
9GCTGGXQNXKPIPGYVQQNUCPCN[VKECNVQQNUHQTWPFGT
UVCPFKPIPGYURCEGCPFHQTOCPFITCRJKEVQQNUHQT
TGRTGUGPVKPIVJGOqo
What did we learn?
5QHQTWU.CU8GICUYCUPQVUKIPUCNQPG9GUVWFKGF
KVUU[ODQNKUOCPFKEQPQITCRJ[DWVYGYGTGGSWCNN[
KPVGTGUVGFKPKVUWTDCPHQTORTQEGUUGUCPFU[UVGOU
KPUQEKCNKUUWGUUQEKCNFKXGTUKV[VCUVGEWNVWTGURQR
WNCTEWNVWTGHQNMCPF2QRCTVKPVJGWUGUQHJKUVQT[
CPFKPWTDCPOCRRKPICUCFGUKIPVGEJPKSWG6TCX
GNNKPINKVGTCNN[CPFIWTCVKXGN[HTQO4QOGVQ.CU
8GICUCPFDCEMVQ4QOGYGVTKGFVQVKGVJGRTGUGPV
VQ VJG RCUV CPF VQ HQNF VJG GXGT[FC[ NCPFUECRG
KPVQVJGVTCFKVKQPUQHCTEJKVGEVWTGCPFQWTOQFGTP
GZRGTKGPEG 6JG /QFGTPKUVU JCF DTQMGP YKVJ VJG
RCUV 9G JQRGF VQ TGUGCO OQFGTPKV[ YKVJ JKU
VQT[YKVJQWVFQKPIXKQNGPEGVQGKVJGT#PF[GUYG
YCPVGFVQNGCTPCDQWVUKIPUCDQWVJQY.CU8GICU
EQOOWPKECVGFYKVJRGQRNGKPECTUCUVJG[VTCXGNNGF
VJGEKV[JCFVCWIJVWUCOCLQTNGUUQPQPVJGTQNGQH
EQOOWPKECVKQP CU C HWPEVKQP QH CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF
CUCOGCPUQHUWRRQTVKPIEQOOWPKV[KPWTDCPNKHG
6JGUG CURGEVU JCF DGGP KIPQTGF D[ /QFGTPKUVU
GXGP CU VJGKT FGUKIPU WUGF EWDKUV UJCRGU VQ EQO
OWPKECVGVJGKTQWVNQQMQPKPFWUVT[CPFCEJCPIKPI
YQTNF
#UFQGTUCPFOCMGTUQWTCKOYCUCNUQVQCWIOGPV
QWTUMKNNUCPFVQQNU#FCRVKPIEQPEGRVUHTQOQVJGT
GNFUYCUQPGOGVJQF9GNQQMGFKPJKUVQT[KEQ
PQITCRJ[GEQPQOKEUCPFUQEKQNQI[HQTKFGCUCRRQ
UKVGVQDWKNFKPICPFVJGRJ[UKECNEKV[UGGMKPINQIKECN
CPFETGCVKXGYC[UQHGXQMKPIRJ[UKECNFGUKIPUHTQO
VJGXGTDCNKPHQTOCVKQPQHVJGUGGNFU+P#TEJKVGE
VWTGCUUKIPUCPFU[UVGOUHQTCOCPPGTKUVVKOG
5EQVV RCTCFKIOU CPF PGY VGEJPQNQIKGU GURGEKCNN[ QH
$TQYPD+GZRNCKPUQOGEQPEGRVUCPFFKUEWUU
OGCPU QH CRRN[KPI VJGO 2GTJCRU PGCT VJG GPF QH
QWTECTGGTUVJGDQF[QHQWTYQTMECPTGXGCNYJCV
YG NGCTPGF HTQO .CU 8GICU + JQRG KV UJQYU VJCV
QWTTGUGCTEJJCFDQVJOQTCNCPFCTVKUVKERWTRQUGU
(CT HTQO NQYGTKPI GZRGEVCVKQPU UVTGUUKPI VJG nKUo
CPF VJG GXGT[FC[ YCU KPVGPFGF VQ DTKPI ITGCVGUV
KOCIKPCVKQP VQ VJG JCTF TGCNKV[ QH EKVKGU n2NC[KPI
KP VJG OWFo UGGMKPI CP WPEQOOQP DGCWV[ KP KVU
ITKVCPFINKVVGTOGCPVEQPUGETCVKPIYCUVGOCMKPI
VJGUGEWNCTUCETGF9GUGGQWTUGNXGUCU/QFGTPKUVU
EQPVKPWKPI VJG /QFGTP VTCFKVKQP DWV CFCRVKPI KVU
RJKNQUQRJKGUVQPGYEQPFKVKQPUJQRKPIVQFKUEQXGT
CTEJKVGEVWTGCRRTQRTKCVGVQQWTVKOGU
/GCPYJKNG.CU8GICUJCUEJCPIGF&TCIIGFD[
CHGYUVTQPIOKPFUDG[QPFKVUUKPINGKPFWUVT[HQEWU
CPFVQYCTFUVJGDTQCFGTTQNGQHEKVKGUKVJCUUJQV
NKMGCVGGPCIGTVJTQWIJXCTKQWURJCUGUUQOGOQTG
UGG
IQTONGUU VJCP QVJGTU s 2QUVOQFGTPKUO &KUPG[
HQTCFWNVU 0GQOQFGTPKUO 2JQVQUJQR EQNNCIG
5EQVV $TQYP  6JGTG YCU C ITCPF CDQNKVKQP
QHPGQPCPFKVUTGCFOKUUKQPUGXGTCN[GCTUNCVGT6JG
9KVEJGT
YCUVCIG VJCV CEEQORCPKGU TGDKTVJ YCU EGNGDTCVGF
KPVJGNOKPIQHVJGKORNQUKQPQHVJG&WPGUUKIP
YJKEJKTQPKECNN[YCUCNNQYGFVQFGVGTKQTCVGDGHQTG
KVU FGOQNKVKQP CPF JCF VQ DG TGHWTDKUJGF VQ NQQM
IQQFHQTKVURWDNKEGZGEWVKQP
What should others learn?
6QFC[ [QWPI CTEJKVGEVU CPF UEJQNCTU CTG TGE[ENKPI
QWT KFGCU UVWF[KPI VJGKT TGNGXCPEG OQTG VJCP 
[GCTU NCVGT FTCYKPI KORNKECVKQPU HQT VJGKT QYP
VKOG6JGTGCTGHQNNQYWRUVWFKQUQP.CU8GICUCPF
Denise Scott Brown
.GXKVVQYP CPF RTQLGEVU YJQUG PCOGU UVCTV YKVJ
n.GCTPKPI HTQO eo %JCPIKPI UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE
EQOOWPKECVKQPCTGGORJCUGUQHQVJGTU%TGCVKXGN[
VCEMNKPI VJG RTQDNGOU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF EJCN
NGPIKPI VJG YQTNF QWVNQQM QP YCUVG KU C OCPFCVG
CUUWOGFD[KPETGCUKPIPWODGTU#NNJCXGCEEGRVGF
HQT VJGKT IGPGTCVKQP CTEJKVGEVWTGoU RGTRGVWCN VCUM
QH TGFKUEQXGTKPI /QFGTPKUO s QH GUVCDNKUJKPI KVU
PGYEGPVTGKPCEJCPIKPIYQTNF#UCTGUWNVQHVJGKT
GHHQTVUVJKUTGFKUEQXGT[OWUVPQYKPENWFGCYKFG
G[GFXKUKVVQVJGYCUVGFWOR
6JGPGQPDQPG[CTF
+P ,WPG  YG OCFG UWEJ C XKUKV VQ VJG n0GQP
$QPG;CTFoCUKIPOWUGWOVJCVUKVUCVVJGQWVUMKTVU
QH.CU8GICU*GTGITCPFUKIPUVJCVYGFGUETKDGFKP
.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU NKG QRGP VQ VJG GNGOGPVU
.KVGTCNN[ nNCKF YCUVGo VJG[ JCXG DGGP UCYP KPVQ
OQXCDNGUGEVKQPUCPFFWORGFKPVJGFGUGTVCNQPI
CNNG[UFGPGFD[VJGVTWEMUVJCVDTQWIJVVJGO
%QNQWTRNCVGZZXKKK(KI#
0GYU JCU IQV QWV CPF XKUKVQTU HTQO CETQUU
VJG YQTNF EQOG VQ UGG VJGO #TEJKVGEVWTCN *CO
NGVUUVCPFVJGTGVQUC[n#NCURQQT8GICUo
 5EQVV $TQYP  .KPGU QH UKIPU ICVJGTGF
CTQWPF C EGPVTCN QRGPKPI HQTO PCXGU QHH C RNC\C
+ ECPPQV EQPXG[ VJG HQTEG CPF HCUEKPCVKQP QH VJG
UKIJV +VU CIQP[ ECNNU HQT CTVKUVT[ HQT QRGTC VQ DG
RGTHQTOGFDGHQTGKV#PFKVFGOQPUVTCVGUCRTKOCT[
TGCUQPHQTVWTPKPIYCUVGVQCTVsVQTGFWEGVJGNQUU

Notes
 8GPVWTK45EQVV$TQYP&#UUQEKCVGUn4GOG
FKCN *QWUKPI HQT #TEJKVGEVU QT .GCTPKPI HTQO .GXKV
VQYPoCUVWFKQIKXGPCV;CNG5EJQQNQH#TEJKVGEVWTGKP
6JGUVWFKQYQTMVQRKEUYGTGRWDNKUJGFKP8GP
VWTK45EQVV$TQYP&#UUQEKCVGU1P*QWUGU
2WV KPVQ RGTURGEVKXG #GUVJGVKEU
CPF*QWUKPI#ECFGO['FKVKQPU.QPFQPRR
# HWTVJGT FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG .GXKVVQYP UVWF[ YCU
KNNWUVTCVGFKPVJGn*QOGoUGEVKQPQHVJG5KIPUQHNKHG
5[ODQNU KP VJG #OGTKECP EKV[  GZJKDKVKQP JGNF
+P)GTOCP
KPVJG4GPYKEM)CNNGT[QHVJG0CVKQPCN%QNNGEVKQPQH
(KPG #TVU 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP KP 9CUJKPIVQP
&%KP
 5GGCNUQ85$#DKDNKQITCRJ[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ
YYYXUDCEQO 
 %TCPG &#  n%JCPFKICTJ TGEQPUKFGTGF 6JG
F[PCOKE EKV[o ,QWTPCN QH #OGTKECP +PUVKVWVG QH 2NCP
PGTUXQN0QXGODGTRR#VVJGGPFQH
 6JG WTDCP XKNNCIGTU WRFCVGF CPF
VJCV UGOGUVGT 4QDGTV 5EQVV $TQYP YCU MKNNGF 5WEJ
YCUVCIGECPPQVDGCUUWCIGFDWV+VT[KPO[NKHGVQ
 6JG .GXKVVQYPGTU 9C[U QH NKHG CPF
OCMGWRHQTVJGYQTMJGYQWNFJCXGFQPGKPJKU
 .[PEJ -  n'PXKTQPOGPVCN #FCRVCDKNKV[o #+2
,QWTPCN XQN  PQ  .[PEJ YTKVKPI HQT RNCPPGTU
EQWEJGU JKU TGEQOOGPFCVKQPU KP VGTOU QH WTDCP
HQTO /[ FGUETKRVKQP JGTG CFCRVU JKU VQ CRRN[ VQ
DWKNFKPIUCUYGNN
 6TGPV *CTTKU %JKGH 4QNNKPI 6JWPFGT +P 6JG /QWP
VCKPUCPFJKU*QWUG&8&46TGPV*CTTKU2TQFWEVKQPU
!
 6JGnTGNGCTPKPIoUVWFKGUCTGVQQOCP[VQNKUVDWVVJG[
KPENWFG-QQNJCCU41DTKUV*7n4G.GCTPKPI
HTQO.CU8GICUCP+PVGTXKGYYKVJ&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP
CPF4QDGTV8GPVWTKo%,%JWPI,+PCDC4-QQNJCCU
GFU *CTXCTF &GUKIP 5EJQQN )WKFG VQ
5 6UWPI .GQPI
GFU *CTXCTF &GUKIP 5EJQQN )WKFG VQ 5JQRRKPIXQN6CUEJGP-NPRR
5JQRRKPI XQN  6CUEJGP -NP RR  6JKU
EQPVCKPUKNNWUVTCVKQPUQHVJG.CU8GICU5VWFKQCV
*CTXCTF4CVVGPDWT[4*CTFKPIJCO5
GFU

5WRGTETKV  4QDGTV 8GPVWTK CPF &GPKUG 5EQVV $TQYP
.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU 4QWVNGFIG .QPFQP $CUGF
QPVJGU[ORQUKWOn.GCTPKPIHTQO.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU
8GICUo7PKXGTUKV[QH9GUVOKPUVGT/CTEJ5VK
GTNK/+PU$KNFIGTEMVUVJGVKM(QTOWPF&KU
MWTU FGT 5VCFV KP 8GPVWTKU WPF 5EQVV $TQYPU .GCTPKPI
HTQO .CU 8GICU
HQTO CPF FKUEQWTUG QH VJG EKV[ KP 8GPVWTK CPF 5EQVV
$TQYPoU.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICU2J&&KUUGTVCVKQP
'KFIGPUUKUEJG 6GEJPKUEJG *QEJUEJWNG '6* <WTKEJ
References
%TCPG&#n%JCPFKICTJTGEQPUKFGTGF6JGF[PCOKE
EKV[o ,QWTPCN QH #OGTKECP +PUVKVWVG QH 2NCPPGTU XQN
0QXGODGTRR
)CPU *, 
GZRCPFGF6JG(TGG2TGUU0GY;QTM
)CPU *, 
RQNKVKEUKPCPGYUWDWTDCPEQOOWPKV[%QNWODKC7PK
XGTUKV[2TGUU0GY;QTM
*CTTKU 6 U %JKGH 4QNNKPI /QWPVCKP 6JWPFGT CPF JKU
JQWUG &8&4 6TGPV *CTTKU 2TQFWEVKQPU YGDUKVG QH
RJQVQU CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYUR[
TQEMEQOPCFCHCTOJVONVJPFGTRKZJVON 
+UCTF9.QECVKQPCPFURCEGGEQPQO[#IGPGTCNVJGQT[
TGNCVKPI VQ KPFWUVTKCN NQECVKQP OCTMGV CTGCU NCPFWUG
VTCFGCPFWTDCPUVTWEVWTG/+62TGUU%CODTKFIG/#
-QQNJCCU 4  1DTKUV *7  n4G.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU
8GICU CP KPVGTXKGY YKVJ &GPKUG 5EQVV $TQYP CPF
4QDGTV 8GPVWTKo %, %JWPI , +PCDC 4 -QQNJCCU 5
6UWPI .GQPI
.[PEJ-n'PXKTQPOGPVCNCFCRVCDKNKV[o#+2,QWTPCN
XQNPQ
.[PEJ -  9CUVKPI CYC[ #P GZRNQTCVKQP QH YCUVG
9JCVKVKUJQYKVJCRRGPUYJ[YGHGCTKVJQYVQFQKV
YGNN5KGTTC%NWD$QQMU5CP(TCPEKUEQ
GF  n6GCO  2TKOGT o
2CRCPGM8&GUKIPHQTVJGTGCNYQTNF*WOCPGEQNQI[
CPFUQEKCNEJCPIG2CPVJGQP$QQMU0GY;QTM0;
4CVVGPDWT[ -  *CTFKPIJCO 5
GFU  4QDGTV 8GP FGEQTCVGF UJGFo 5RCEG PQ  /CTEJ RR 
VWTKCPF&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICU
5WRGTETKV4QWVNGFIG.QPFQP
4G[PQNFU /  .KVVNG DQZGU UWPI D[ 2GVG 5GGIGT
5EJTQFGT/WUKE%QORCP[
5EQVV $TQYP & C n/GCUWTKPI FQYPVQYPoU HWVWTGo
0GY;QTM6KOGU#WIWUV
5EQVV$TQYP&Dn9JCVUJCNNYGFQCDQWVVJG9QTNF
6TCFG %GPVGT!o /GVTQRQNKU/CIEQO  #RTKN CEEGUUGF
 /CTEJ  JVVRYYY/GVTQRQNKU/CIEQO
JVONYVEYVEAFGPKUGUEQVVDTQYPJVON 
5EQVV$TQYP&Cn6JGTGFGPKVKQPQHHWPEVKQPCNKUOo
KP48GPVWTKCPF&5EQVV$TQYP#TEJKVGEVWTGCUUKIPU
CPF U[UVGOU HQT C OCPPGTKUV VKOG $GNMPCR 2TGUU QH
*CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU %CODTKFIG/# RR 

5EQVV$TQYP&Dn#TEJKVGEVWTGCURCVVGTPUCPFU[U
VGOU .GCTPKPI HTQO RNCPPKPIo KP 4 8GPVWTK CPF &
5EQVV $TQYP #TEJKVGEVWTG CU UKIPU CPF U[UVGOU HQT C

OCPPGTKUVVKOG$GNMPCR2TGUUQH*CTXCTF7PKXGTUKV[
2TGUU%CODTKFIG/#RR
5EQVV $TQYP &  n9JCV UJQWNF 0GY 1TNGCPU FQ!o
#TVHQTWOXQN&GEGODGTRR

TGRWDNKUJGFKP&WVEJKPFG#TEJKVGEV 8GICU 9GGMN[ ,WPG  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ 

5EQVV$TQYP&n6JGCTVKPYCUVGoKP7TDCP&KUVQT
VKQPU$%6GTP,.RG\#TCPIWTGP$N\SWG\
GFU ;QWPI/9KNNOQVV2
(COKN[CPFMKPUJKR
$CUWTCOC/CFTKFRR
5EQVV $TQYP &  n/[ MKPF QH VQYPo #TEJKVGEVWTG
6QFC[0Q,WN[R
5KIPUQHNKHG5[ODQNUKPVJG#OGTKECPEKV[
GZJKDECV
4GPPYKEM)CNNGT[QHVJG0CVKQPCN%QNNGEVKQPQH(KPG
#TVU5OKVJUQPKCP+PUVKVWVKQP9CUJKPIVQP&%
5KOQP*#/QFGNUQHOCP,QJP9KNG[5QPU0GY
Denise Scott Brown
;QTM
5OKVJUQP #
#TEJKVGEVWTCN&GUKIPXQNPQURGEKCNKUUWG
5QPI 5  n5JKHVKPI RCTCFKIOU 4GPQXCVKPI VJG
 /QFKGF HTQO CTVKENG RTGXKQWUN[ RWDNKUJGF
QPNKPG CV #TEJKPGEV /C[   CEEGUUGF 
/CTEJ  JVVRCTEJKPGEVEQOHGCVWTGUCTVKENG
RJR!KFAAAA/  CPF JVVRCTEJKPGEV
EQOHGCVWTGUCTVKENGRJR!KFAAAA/ 
5VKGTNK /  +PU $KNF IGTEMV UVJGVKM (QTO WPF &KU
MWTU FGT 5VCFV KP 8GPVWTKU WPF 5EQVV $TQYPU .GCTPKPI
HTQO .CU 8GICU 2J& &KUUGTVCVKQP 'KFIGPUUKUEJG
6GEJPKUEJG*QEJUEJWNG'6*<WTKEJ
6JGWPKUUGP -  n4GDWKNFKPI CU WTDCP VCEVKE 'ZCO
KPKPI 8GPVWTK 5EQVV $TQYP CPF #UUQEKCVGUo VTCPU
HQTOCVKQP HTQO YKVJKP VJG #OGTKECP ECORWUo 6JG
#TEJKVGEVWTG #PPWCN  &GNHV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH
6GEJPQNQI[&GNHV
8GPVWTK 4 5EQVV $TQYP &  +\GPQWT 5  .GCTPKPI
HTQO .CU 8GICU TGXKUGF GFP  /+6 2TGUU %CO
DTKFIG/#
8GPVWTK 4 5EQVV $TQYP &  #UUQEKCVGU 
n4GOGFKCN JQWUKPI HQT CTEJKVGEVU QT NGCTPKPI HTQO
.GXKVVQYPoKP1P*QWUGUCPF*QWUKPI#ECFGO['FK
VKQPU.QPFQPRR
9KVEJGT 64  n.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU o .CU
JVVRYYYNCUXGICUYGGMN[EQOPGYU
LWPNGCTPKPINCUXGICU 
KP 'CUV .QPFQP 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU $GT
MGNG[

B I OG R A P H I E S


$TCPFQP$CNNGPIG
'ZRNQTKPI VJG DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP CTV UEKGPEG
CPF CEVKXKUO $CNNGPIG ETGCVGU CTVYQTMU QWV QH
#TV CPF
KPHQTOCVKQP IGPGTCVGF HTQO GEQNQIKECN GNF VTKRU
CPF NCDQTCVQT[ TGUGCTEJ +P  *G YCU PQOK
#PKOCNUKP%QPVGORQTCT[
PCVGFHQTOGODGTUJKRKPVQ5KIOC:+VJG5EKGPVKE
4GUGCTEJ 5QEKGV[ *KU NGCF CWVJQTGF CTVKENG
YKVJ CPF5EKGPEGoCVVJG'6*
5YKUU(GFGTCN+PUVKVWVGQH
&T 5VCPNG[ - 5GUUKQPU n'ZRNCPCVKQP HQT /KUUKPI
.KODU KP &GHQTOGF #ORJKDKCPUo YCU RWDNKUJGF
KP  KP ,QWTPCN QH 'ZRGTKOGPVCN <QQNQI[ CPF
TGEGKXGF KPVGTPCVKQPCN OGFKC CVVGPVKQP HTQO VJG
$$% CPF QVJGTU +P  JG EQHQWPFGF 7TDCP
0CVWTG#VGNKGTOKFVQYP/CPJCVVCPoUTUVFWCNGEQ
NQIKECN CTV CPF DKQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ UVWFKQ *G EWT
TGPVN[ KU C XKUKVKPI UEKGPVKUV KP VJG DKQNQI[ FGRCTV
CU IGPGVKE GPIKPGGTKPI UGPUG GZRGTKGPEG CPF VJG
NKOKVU QH JWOCP MPQYNGFIG QT ITCXKVCVKQP 5JG
EQCWVJQTGF n-WPUV WPF )GPVGEJPQNQIKGo
)GPGVKE 'PIKPGGTKPI  CPF n&CU 6KGT KP FGT
\GKVIGPUUKUEJGP-WPUVo
#TVCPFUKPEGUJGJCUNGEVWTGFQPn#TV
6GEJPQNQI[KP<WTKEJ
0KM)CHHPG[
# U[UVGOU CPF OGFKC TGUGCTEJGT CPF C HQWPFKPI
OGODGT QH (Q#/ *KU UVWFKGU EQXGTGF VJG GNFU
QHEQORWVGTUEKGPEGEQIPKVKXGUEKGPEGCPFQTICPKE
EJGOKUVT[ 0KM JCU RWV VJKU TGUGCTEJ KPVQ RTCEVKEG
VJTQWIJ VJG CTVKEKCNNKHG GPXKTQPOGPV nOWVCIGPo
OGPV CV /E)KNN 7PKXGTUKV[ KP /QPVTGCN %CPCFC
6JTGGHQTVJEQOKPIDQQMUQP$CNNGPIGoUVTCPUFKUEK
RNKPCT[CTVCPFUEKGPEGRTQLGEVUYKNNFGDWVKP
RWDNKUJGF D[ VJG #TVU %CVCN[UV .QPFQP 'PINCPF
VJG 5JTGYUDWT[ /WUGWO KP 5JTQRUJKTG 'PINCPF
CPF)CNNGT[0QYJGTG/KNCP+VCN[
<XLG\FCPC%KOGTOCP
9CUDQTPKP<CITGDYJGTGUJGCNUQUVWFKGFOWUKE
CPFUEKGPEG(QTOQTGVJCP[GCTUUJGYQTMGFCU
C UEKGPVKUV CV <CITGD 7PKXGTUKV[ DGHQTG OQXKPI KP
 VQ <WTKEJ *GT YQTM QXGT VJG RCUV  [GCTU
JCUHQEWUGFQPRTQLGEVUCVVJGKPVGTHCEGQHCTVCPF
UEKGPEG *GT KPVGTGUVU CTG EQPEGPVTCVGF QP VJG
RQVGPVKCNCPFNKOKVUQHCTVCPFUEKGPEGCUFKHHGTGPV
OQFGU QH MPQYKPI CPF VJGKT KORCEV QP VJG HQT
OCVKQPQHVJGJWOCPGPXKTQPOGPV+PVJKUEQPVGZV
UJGJCUGZCOKPGFVJGTQNGUCPFRCVVGTPUQHCTVCPF
UEKGPEGCPFCDQXGCNNVJGKTTGNCVKQPUKPVJGEQWTUG
QH JKUVQT[ 5JG JCU YTKVVGP CTVKENGU KP VJG GNFU QH
DQVJUEKGPEGCPFCTVCPFEQEWTCVGFGZJKDKVKQPUCV
VJG %QPKPZ /WUGWO CPF <WTKEJ &GUKIP /WUGWO
COQPIQVJGTUYJGTGUJGYQTMGFQPUWEJVQRKEU

OKZGFTGCNKV[U[UVGOUHQTnVUGTKGUoCPFnITQ9QTNFo
CUYGNNCUD[NGCFKPI(Q#/oUTGUGCTEJKPVQCTVKEKCN
EQORCPKQPU YKVJKP VJG 'WTQRGCP RTQLGEV .+4'%
5KPEG LQKPKPI (Q#/ KP  0KM JCU FGUKIPGF
CPFHCEKNKVCVGFCPWODGTQHYQTMUJQRUCPFOCUVGT
ENCUUGU HQEWUKPI QP VJG TQNG QH KPPQXCVKQP CPF
VGEJPQNQI[HQTETGCVKXGRTCEVKEGU6JGTGUWNVUQHJKU
YQTMJCXGDGGPRWDNKUJGFKPUEKGPVKECPFEWNVWTCN
LQWTPCNUCUYGNNCUDGKPIGZJKDKVGFCVKPVGTPCVKQPCN
CTVCPFFGUKIPHGUVKXCNU
#PFTGC)NGKPKIGT
# JKUVQTKCP QH #TEJKVGEVWTG CPF #TV *GT VGCEJKPI
TGUGCTEJCPFYTKVKPIEQPEGTP6JGQT[QH#TEJKVGEVWTG
CPF /GFKC *KUVQT[ QH /QFGTP #TEJKVGEVWTG WPF
#TV 5KPEG  C UGPKQT NGEVWTGT KP UEGPQITCRJ[
JKUVQT[ CPF VJGQT[ QH URCEG CV VJG <WTKEJ 7PKXGT
UKV[ QH VJG #TVU 5JG KU CNUQ UWRGTXKUQT CPF GFKVQ
TKCNCFXKUQTQHVJG<0QFG2J&RTQITCOQPCTVCPF
UEKGPEG CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2N[OQWVJ 7- (TQO
s )NGKPKIGT YQTMGF CU C EWTCVQT CV VJG
)GTOCP #TEJKVGEVWTG /WUGWO KP (TCPMHWTV/CKP
5KPEGUJGYCUCNGEVWTGTHQTJKUVQT[QHOQFGTP
CTEJKVGEVWTGOGFKCCPFCTVCVFKHHGTGPV7PKXGTUKVKGU
CPF #TV #ECFGOKGU KP -CTNUTWJG
*QEJUEJWNG HT o NQPI KP  RCTVU +PVGTPCVKQPCNN[ VJG[ JCXG
)GUVCNVWPI 67 -CTNUTWJG 5VWVVICTV
(CEJJQEJU RTGUGPVGFVJGKTYQTMKPVYQ8GPKEG$KGPPCNGUVYQ
EJWNGHT6GEJPKMWPF#TDGKVCPF<WTKEJ
+PUVKVWVG 5CQ 2CQNQ $KGPPCNGU &QEWOGPVC  VJG /WUGWOU
QH *KUVQT[ QH #TV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ +P 
UJG HQWPFGF VJG /WNVKOGFKC 5VWFKQ CV VJG *QEJU
)GTOCP[ #CEJGP
)GTOCP[ 6QWNQWUG
(TCPEG
EJWNGHT)GUVCNVWPI
*H)KP-CTNUTWJGHQEWUGFQP .LWDNKLCPC
5NQXGPKC VJG /WUGWO QH VJG 4GXQNW
OWNVKOGFKCRTQLGEVUQPVJG*KUVQT[QH#TEJKVGEVWTG
%TQCVKC CU YGNN CU -CUVGGN )TQGP
CPF5RCEG(TQOVQUJGYCUCIWGUVRTQ
HGUUQTCVVJG*H)CPFHTQOsCTGUGCTEJ
CUUQEKCVGCVVJG%JCKTHQT%QORWVGT#KFGF#TEJKVGE
VWTCN&GUKIP5YKUU(GFGTCN+PUVKVWVGQH6GEJPQNQI[
'6* <WTKEJ *GT TGUGCTEJ HQEWU KU VJ EGPVWT[
CTEJKVGEVWTG VJG TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG EQPEGRVU
QH CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF PGY OGFKC VGEJPQNQIKGU 5JG
KU YQTMKPI CU C YTKVGT CPF C ETKVKE QH CTEJKVGEVWTG
HQTUGXGTCN)GTOCPCTEJKVGEVWTGOCIC\KPGU5JGJCU
TGEGKXGFXCTKQWURTK\GUCPFHGNNQYUJKRU
HQTOGTN[)GQDQVCPKECN+PUVKVWVGCV
*GNGPCPF0GYVQP*CTTKUQP
+P  EQOKPI HTQO VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY
/GZKEQ0GYVQPCUCP#UUKUVCPV2TQHGUUQTYCUQPG
QH VYQ HQWPFKPI OGODGTU QH VJG PGY 8KUWCN #TVU
&GRCTVOGPVCV7%5CP&KGIQ*GNGP*CTTKUQPCNUQ
EQOKPIHTQO70/FQKPITGUGCTEJDCUGFYQTMCPF
VGCEJKPINKVGTCVWTGYCU&KTGEVQTQH'FWECVKQPCN2TQ
ITCOUCV7%'ZVGPUKQP6JG*CTTKUQPEQNNCDQTCVKQP
DGICP KP s YKVJ C OCRRKPI VJG[ OCFG
QH GPFCPIGTGF URGEKGU CTQWPF VJG YQTNF HQT CP
GZJKDKVKQPECNNGF(WTCPF(GCVJGTUCVVJG/WUGWO
QH%TCHVUKP0GY;QTM%KV[+PVJGGCTN[oUVJGKT
YQTM YCU CDQWV WTDCP HCTOKPI 6JG[ EQPUVTWEVGF
70'2
UJ HCTOU RQTVCDNG QTEJCTFU CPF CV RCUVWTGU KP
UWEJRNCEGUCUVJG*C[YCTF)CNNGT[KP.QPFQPCPF
VJG 0GY 0CVKQPCN )CNNGT[ KP $GTNKP 6JG *QWUVQP
/WUGWO QH %QPVGORQTCT[ #TV 6JG .QU #PIGNGU
/WUGWOQH%QPVGORQTCT[#TVCPFXCTKQWUWPKXGT
UKV[ICNNGTKGU2GTJCRUVJGKTDGUVMPQYPGCTN[YQTM
+##56& 5JG KU KPETGCUKPIN[
KUGPVKVNGF6JG.CIQQP%[ENGCEQORNGZRJQVQOWTCN
Biographies
QH /QFGTP #TV KP %JKECIQ 5CP (TCPEKUEQ $QPP
VKQP KP <CITGD
GXGNFKP*QNNCPF6JGKTYQTMVQQM5GEQPF2TK\GCV
VJG0CIQ[C$KGPCNGKPKP,CRCP6JG[TGEGKXGF
VJG )TQGPGXGNF #YCTF HQT FQKPI VJG OQUV UKIPK
ECPV YQTM QH VJG [GCT HQT VJG &WVEJ NCPFUECRG KP
*QNNCPF KP  6JGKT ICNNGT[ TGRTGUGPVCVKQP JCU
DGGPYKVJ4QPCNF(GNFOCP(KPG#TVUHTQOVQ
VJGRTGUGPV
#PIGNKMC*KNDGEM
%WTTGPVN[ UGPKQT UEKGPVKUV CV VJG +PUVKVWVG QH +PVG
ITCVKXG$KQNQI[
'6* <WTKEJ #NUQ JQNFU CP CFLWPEV UEKGPVKUV RQUK
VKQP CV )GPQGM s %GPVTG HQT $KQUCHGV[ 7PKXGTUKV[
6TQOUQG 0QTYC[ CPF UGTXGU CU %Q&KTGEVQT QH
5VWFKGUHQTVJG<0QFGs2J&RTQITCOHQTCTVKUVUKP
UEKGPEGGNFU7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU<WTKEJ5YKV
\GTNCPF *GT TGUGCTEJ HQEWUGU QP DKQUCHGV[ KUUWGU
CPF EQPEGRVU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN TKUM CUUGUUOGPV
CPF RQUVTGNGCUG OQPKVQTKPI QH )/1U 6JTQWIJ
PWOGTQWU TGUGCTEJ CPF ECRCEKV[ DWKNFKPI RTQLGEVU
UJG KU JGCXKN[ GPICIGF KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU
KP #HTKEC CPF 5QWVJ #OGTKEC CPF 8KGVPCO *GT
TGUGCTEJ CPF EQPEGRVWCN YQTM CNUQ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ
VJG KORNGOGPVCVKQP CPF UJCRKPI QH VJG
%$&%CTVCIGPC2TQVQEQNQP$KQUCHGV[CPFECRCEKV[
DWKNFKPIKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU+PUJGYCU
CRRQKPVGF CU NGCF CWVJQT QH )NQDCN %JCRVGT  CPF
5[PVJGUKU4GRQTVQP$KQVGEJPQNQI[QHVJG+PVGTPC
VKQPCN#UUGUUOGPV#ITKEWNVWTCN5EKGPEG6GEJPQNQI[
HQT &GXGNQROGPV

KPXQNXGF KP DTQCFGT KUUWGU QH VGEJPQNQI[ FGXGNQR
OGPV VQYCTFU C FGOQETCVKECNN[ NGIKVKOCVGF UWU
VCKPCDNG INQDCN HWVWTG CPF CEVKXGN[ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ
VJGFGDCVGQPCITQHWGNUKPVGTPCVKQPCNCITKEWNVWTG
JWPIGT CPF RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP 5JG KU C OGODGT
QH XCTKQWU PCVKQPCN CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQOOKVVGGU
CPFUEKGPVKEQTICPK\CVKQPU5JGKUEQHQWPFGTCPF
CEVKPI EJCKTRGTUQP QH C PGYN[ HQWPFGF 'WTQRGCP
0GVYQTMQH5EKGPVKUVUHQT5QEKCNCPF'PXKTQPOGPVCN
4GURQPUKDKNKV[  &KRNQOC KP #ITKEWNVWTCN
$KQNQI[ CV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *QJGPJGKO )GTOCP[
)/&%9+5VCTNCDNGEVWTGF
 2J& KP 'PVQOQNQI[ CV 0QTVJ %CTQNKPC 5VCVG
*-7 CU YGNN CU EQNNCDQTCVGF YKVJ VGEJPQNQIKECN
7PKXGTUKV[4CNGKIJ0QTVJ%CTQNKPC
6KHHCP[*QNOGU
*GTCTVCPFTGUGCTEJGZRNQTGUVJGRQVGPVKCNQHVGEJ
PQNQI[ VQ RTQOQVG RQUKVKXG GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGY
;QWPI
CTFUJKR 4GEGPV RTQLGEVU KPENWFG C EQOOKUUKQP HQT

VJG 0CVKQPCN %GPVGT HQT 5WRGTEQORWVKPI #RRNKEC
VKQPU YJGTG UGSWGPEGU QH GZRGTKOGPVCN CPKOC
VKQPU XKUWCNK\G TGCN VKOG GPGTI[ NQCFU *GT RCRGT
FGVCKNKPI VJKU YQTM n'EQXKUWCNK\CVKQP %QODKPKPI
CTVCPFVGEJPQNQI[VQTGFWEGGPGTI[EQPUWORVKQPo
YQPC$GUV2CRGTCYCTFCV%TGCVKXKV[CPF%QIPKVKQP
5JGNGEVWTGUCPFGZJKDKVUYQTNFYKFGKPVJGUG
XGPWGU /WUGWO QH %QPVGORQTCT[ #TV %JKECIQ ,
2CWN )GVV[ /WUGWO KP .QU #PIGNGU &KIKVCN 5CNQP
o 8KRGT KP 5YKV\GTNCPF 0GZV  KP 5YGFGP
5KIITCRJ  9QTNF"TV KP &GPOCTM +PVGTCE
VKQPoKP,CRCP+5'#0CIQ[C#TGEKRKGPVQHVJG
/KEJKICP5QEKGV[QH(GNNQYUTGUGCTEJHGNNQYUJKRKP
 *QNOGU JCU GCTPGF CP +NNKPQKU #TVU %QWPEKN
KPFKXKFWCNITCPVCPCTVKUVUKPNCDUTGUKFGPE[CYCTF
KP 5YKV\GTNCPF CPF C  4JK\QOG %QOOKUUKQP
*QNOGU KU #UUQEKCVG 2TQHGUUQT CPF HQTOGT %JCKT
QH VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH #TV CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ CV VJG
5EJQQN QH VJG #TV +PUVKVWVG QH %JKECIQ YJGTG UJG
VGCEJGUEQWTUGUKPEQORWVGTRTQITCOOKPIHQTCTV

KUVUKPVGTCEVKQPFGUKIPGEQCTVCPFVJGJKUVQT[CPF
VJGQT[QHGNGEVTQPKEOGFKC
/CLC-W\OCPQXKE
# IGPGTCNKUV YKVJ CP CECFGOKE DCEMITQWPF KP
&GUKIP (QTGECUVKPI CPF +PVGTCEVKXG /GFKC YJQUG
RTQHGUUKQPCN GZRGTKGPEG KPENWFGU FGUKIP HCEKNKVC
VKQP  VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ NGCFGTUJKR /CLC KU VJG
HQWPFGT2+CPFCTVKUVKEFKTGEVQTQH(Q#/2TKQTVQ
(Q#/UJGYQTMGFYKVJ/484KPTGUGCTEJKPUVK
VWVGUCETQUU'WTQRG
CTVUEQNNGEVKXGUKP'WTQRGCPF0QTVJ#OGTKEC*GT
RCTVKEWNCT CRRTQCEJ VQ RGQRNG  VGEJPQNQI[ JCU
DGGP TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJG /+6oU 6GEJPQNQI[ 4GXKGY
 VJG 9QTNF 'EQPQOKE (QTWO CYCTFKPI JGT VJG
VKVNGUQH6QR;QWPI+PPQXCVQT
)NQDCN.GCFGT
;CPC/KNGX
/GFKC CTVKUV CPF EWTCVQT UVWFKGF UEGPQITCRJ[
OGFKC CTV CPF EWNVWTCN VJGQT[ KP &TGUFGP OCTVKCN
CTVU KP -[QVQ WPF $GTNKP CU YGNN CU EWNVWTCN RJK
NQUQRJ[ OGFKC VJGQT[ CPF CTVKUV CPVJTQRQNQI[
KP 8KGPPC CPF KP -CTNUTWJG )GTOCP[ +P 
/KNGX GUVCDNKUJGF VJG #1$$/' NCDGN C RNCVHQTO
HQT KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[ CPF VTCPUKVKXG TGUGCTEJ DCUGF
KP$GTNKP+PUJGRCTVKEKRCVGFKP&QEWOGPVC
 F: CU VJG TUV HGOCNG TGRTGUGPVCVKXG HTQO VJG
HQTOGT'CUVGTP$NQEEQWPVTKGU5KPEGUJGJCU
VWVQTGF CV XCTKQWU WPKXGTUKVKGU COQPI QVJGTU CV
VJG -CTNUTWJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #TVU CPF &GUKIP CPF
VJG <WTKEJ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH VJG #TVU CV VJG +PUVKVWVG
HQT &GUKIP 4GUGCTEJ &GUKIPEQPVGZV +P  UJG
TGEGKXGF JGT FQEVQTCVG WPFGT 2GVGT 5NQVGTFKLM QP
VJG VQRKE QH RQNKVKECN RJKNQUQRJ[ 5KPEG  UJG
KUCRTQHGUUKQPCNGZJKDKVKQPEWTCVQTCPFYTKVGT+PK
VKCVQT CPF NGCFGT QH VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN HGUVKXCN CPF
U[ORQUKWO'OGTIGPE[&GUKIPs&GUKIP5VTCVGIKGUKP
<QPGUQH#PQOKGCVVJG<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU
(QWPFGTQHVJGFGUKIPOGFKCCPFCTVKUVKEUQEKQNQI
KECN ITQWR 'OGTIGPE[ &GUKIP CPF KPKVKCVQT QH VJG
FKUEWUUKQP UGTKGU nVCNMU KPDGVYGGP GOGTIGPEKGUo
9KVJKP VJG HTCOGYQTM QH JGT FQEVQTCN TGUGCTEJ
/KNGX JCU CU QH  DGEQOG C XKUKVKPI TGUGCTEJ
HGNNQY CV VJG TGUGCTEJ KPUVKVWVG QH VJG -CTNUTWJG
7PKXGTUKV[QH#TVUCPF&GUKIP
,KNN1TT
<*F-5JGKUCPCTVKUVCPFUEKGPEGEQOOW
# OGFKC CTVKUV YJQ JCU FGNKIJVGF UJQEMGF CPF
OQXGF CWFKGPEGU VJTQWIJ JGT RGTHQTOCPEG KPUVCN
NCVKQPU YJKEJ UJG JCU RTGUGPVGF KP EKVKGU UWEJ CU
2CTKU $GKLKPI *QPI -QPI #OUVGTFCO #PVYGTR
0GY;QTM6QTQPVQ3WGDGE%KV[)TC\*QPI-QPI
5[FPG[ /GNDQWTPG #FGNCKFG CPF $TKUDCPG HTQO
VJG NCVG PKPGVGGP UGXGPVKGU VQ PQY 1TToU YQTM
EGPVTGUQPKUUWGUQHVJGRU[EJQUQEKCNCPFGPXKTQP
OGPVCNYJGTGUJGFTCYUQPNCPFCPFKFGPVKVKGUCU
VJG[CTGUJCRGFKPQPCPFYKVJVJGGPXKTQPOGPV
DG KV EQWPVT[ QT WTDCP NQECNGU 1TT ITCRRNGU YKVJ
VJGDCNCPEGCPFFKUEQTFVJCVGZKUVUCVVJGJGCTVQH
TGNCVKQPUDGVYGGPVJGJWOCPURKTKVCTVCPFPCVWTG
(TQOVJG5GCDGICPCDQF[QHYQTMVJCVVTCEGUQXGT
NCRRKPIJKUVQTKGUQHKPFKIGPQWUCPFPQPKPFKIGPQWU
TGNCVKQPUVQRNCEG5JGJCUTGEGPVN[EQORNGVGF6JG
%TQUUKPI6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNFCPF
(CKVJ KP C HCKVJNGUU NCPF VJCV GZRTGUU EWNVWTCN CPF
GPXKTQPOGPVCNKPVGTFGRGPFGPEG
#PFTGC2QNNK
&KIKVCNOGFKCCTVKUV#UUQEKCVG2TQHGUUQTKP(KPG#TVU
<*F-KP<WTKEJCPF
CPF 'PIKPGGTKPI CPF &KTGEVQT QH VJG +PVGTFKUEKRNK
C EQN
PCT[ (KNO CPF &KIKVCN /GFKC 2TQITCO CV 6JG 7PK
XGTUKV[ QH 0GY /GZKEQ 2QNNKoU YQTM YKVJ UEKGPEG
VGEJPQNQI[ CPF OGFKC JCU DGGP RTGUGPVGF YKFGN[
KPXGPWGUKPENWFKPIVJG9JKVPG[/WUGWOQH#OGT
KECP#TV#TVRQTVCPF6JG(KGNF/WUGWOQH0CVWTCN
Biographies
*KUVQT[ *GT YQTM JCU DGGP TGXKGYGF D[ VJG .QU
#PIGNGU6KOGU#TVKP#OGTKEC#TV0GYU0;#TVU
CPF QVJGTU +P  UJG URGPV UGXGP YGGMU
KP #PVCTEVKEC QP C 0CVKQPCN 5EKGPEG (QWPFCVKQP
HWPFGF TGUKFGPE[ JVVRYYYFGITGGUUQWVJ
QTI JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO
,WCPKVC5EJNRHGT/KNNGT
4GUGCTEJCUUQEKCVGCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVUKP
<WTKEJ
PKECVQT CPF JCU FGXGNQRGF KPVGTCEVKXG GZJKDKVU HQT
UEKGPEGEGPVGTUCPFOWUGWOUQPRCTVKENGRJ[UKEU
TGPGYCDNG GPGTI[ TGUGCTEJ CPF RTQVGKP ET[UVCNNQI
TCRJ[ 5JG YCU CP GZJKDKV FGXGNQRGT CPF CTVKUVKP
TGUKFGPEG CV VJG 'ZRNQTCVQTKWO KP 5CP (TCPEKUEQ
*GTCTVYQTMJCUKPENWFGFVJGOGUQHUGNHQTICPK\GF
ETKVKECNKV[YCVGTCPFHQUUKNHWGNTGUQWTEGUCPFJCU
DGGP UJQYP KP ICNNGTKGU CPF OWUGWOU KP VJG 75
CPF5YKV\GTNCPF%WTTGPVN[CFQEVQTCNECPFKFCVGCV
VJG<0QFGQHVJG<*F-JGTTGUGCTEJKPVGTGUVUCTG
VJGUQEKCNRCTCOGVGTUQHENKOCVGEJCPIGRTGEKRKVCVGF
CNVGTCVKQPUKPUOCNNUECNGCITKEWNVWTCNRTCEVKEGUHQT
GZCORNG VJG EWNVWTCN GHHGEVU QH RNCPVKPI DKQHWGNU
CPFVJGTQNGQHCTVCUCOQFGNQHTKVWCNEQOOWPKEC
VKQPKPUEKGPEGEQOOWPKECVKQPGPFGCXQWTU
,KNN5EQVV
$QTP KP  KP /GNDQWTPG #WUVTCNKC JCU DGGP
YQTMKPICPFNKXKPIKP5YKV\GTNCPFUKPEG%WT
TGPVN[UJGKU2TQHGUUQTHQT4GUGCTEJKPVJG+PUVKVWVG
HQT%WNVWTCN5VWFKGUKP#TV/GFKCCPF&GUKIPCVVJG
<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU
%Q&KTGEVQT QH VJG CTVKUVUKPNCDU 2TQITCO
NCDQTCVKQP YKVJ VJG /KPKUVT[ HQT %WNVWTG 5YKV\GT
NCPF5JGKUCNUQ8KEG&KTGEVQTQHVJG<0QFG2J&
RTQITCOQPCTVCPFUEKGPEGFWN[NQECVGFKP<WTKEJ
CPFCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH2N[OQWVJ7-*GTTGEGPV

RWDNKECVKQPU KPENWFG nCTVKUVUKPNCDU 2TQEGUUGU
&GPKUGJCUTGEGKXGFVJG
QH +PSWKT[o  5RTKPIGT8KGPPC0GY ;QTM CPF
%QFGF%JCTCEVGTU*CVLG%CPV\'FVQIGVJGT
YKVJ/CTKNNG*CJPGUJGJCUYTKVVGPOCP[EJCRVGTU
KP KPVGTPCVKQPCN DQQMU QP PGY EQPVGZVU HQT VJG
CTVU 5JG JCU C 2J& HTQO VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CNGU
7- CP /# HTQO 75( 5CP (TCPEKUEQ CPF VYQ
WPFGTITCFWCVG FGITGGU KP GFWECVKQP CPF CTV CPF
FGUKIP 5KPEG  UJG JCU GZJKDKVGF OCP[ XKFGQ
CTVYQTMUEQPEGRVWCNRGTHQTOCPEGUCPFKPVGTCEVKXG
GPXKTQPOGPVUKP75#,CRCP#WUVTCNKCCPF'WTQRG
*GTOQUVTGEGPVTGUGCTEJHQTJGTCTVYQTMUKUCDQWV
PGWTQUEKGPEG GODQFKOGPV KP VJG GPXKTQPOGPV
CPF DTCKP RNCUVKEKV[ KPXQNXKPI VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH
KPVGTCEVKXGOGFKCCPFGNGEVTQPKEUEWNRVWTGUJVVR
YYYLKNNUEQVVQTI 
&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP
0GY;QTM.QPFQP1ZHQTF
#TEJKVGEVRNCPPGTWTDCPFGUKIPGTCPFGFWECVQT#U
CRTKPEKRCNQH8GPVWTK5EQVV$TQYPCPF#UUQEKCVGU
UJGJCUIWKFGFVJGFGUKIPQHVJGTOoUNCTIGUVKPUVK
sCPFKUPQYC
VWVKQPCNCPFCECFGOKERTQLGEVUCPFDGGPKPEJCTIG
QH VJQUG KP WTDCP RNCPPKPI WTDCP FGUKIP CPF
ECORWU RNCPPKPI *GT YQTM URCPU HTQO CFXQECE[
RNCPPKPIHQT2JKNCFGNRJKCoUKPPGTEKV[VQCRTQXKPEKCN
ECRKVQN DWKNFKPI KP 6QWNQWUG (TCPEG *GT RTQLGEVU
KPENWFGRNCPUCPFFGUKIPUHQT6UKPIJWC7PKXGTUKV[
$GKLKPI VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2GPPU[NXCPKC RNWU KVU
2GTGNOCP3WCFTCPINGCPFVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH/KEJ
KICP RNWU KVU .KHG 5EKGPEGU EQORNGZ *GT TGUGCTEJ
RTQLGEVUJCXGUGVPGYFKTGEVKQPUKPCTEJKVGEVWTGCPF
#HTQ#OGTKECPCPF#HTKECPNKVGTCVWTGCPF
JGT KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[ GZRGTKGPEG JCU EQPVTKDWVGF
DTGCFVJCPFKPPQXCVKQPVQFGUKIPRTQEGUUGUKPJGT
TO CPF VJG RTQHGUUKQP *GT RWDNKECVKQPU KPENWFG
n.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICUo
YKVJ4QDGTV8GPVWTKCPF
5VGXGP +\GPQWT TGXKUGF  7TDCP %QP
EGRVU
 n#TEJKVGEVWTG CU UKIPU CPF U[UVGOU
HQT C OCPPGTKUV VKOGo
YKVJ 4QDGTV 8GPVWTK

CPF*CXKPI9QTFU
8KNEGM #YCTF KP CTV CPF VJG 6QRC\ /GFCNNKQP HQT
FKUVKPIWKUJGF VGCEJKPI #U CTEJKVGEVWTGoU nITCPF
OQVJGTo UJG URGPFU VKOG VJGUG FC[U YTKVKPI HQT
RWDNKECVKQP CPF EQTTGURQPFKPI YKVJ UVWFGPVU CPF
RTQHGUUKQPCNUYQTNFYKFG
6JGTGUG5VGHHGP
'PINKUJCTVJKUVQT[CPFNKVGTCT[ETKVKEKUOYGTG5VGH
HGPoUUWDLGEVUCV5CP(TCPEKUEQ5VCVG7PKXGTUKV[7%
$GTMGNG[CPFCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH<WTKEJYJGTGUJG
EQORNGVGF JGT FQEVQTCVG QP 9KNNKCO 5JCMGURGCTG
5JGYCUCNGEVWTGTCVVJG'PINKUJ&GRCTVOGPVQHVJG
7PKXGTUKV[QH<WTKEJRWDNKUJGFCTVKENGUQP'WFQTC
9GNV[ VJG n0GY ;QTMGTo ECTVQQP ECRVKQPU 5JCMG
URGCTGCPF4KVC&QXG*GTRQUVFQEVJGUKUn%TQUUKPI
%QNQWT6TCPUEWNVWTCN5RCEGCPF2NCEGKP4KVC&QXGoU
2QGVT[(KEVKQP&TCOCo
72KUVJGTUVOQPQITCRJQPVJG#HTQ#OGT
KECPHQTOGT75RQGVNCWTGCVG4KVC&QXG
5VGHHGPYCUC(GNNQY
RGTOCPGPVCUUQEKCVGQHVJG9'$&W$QKU+PUVKVWVG
HQT #HTQ#OGTKECP 5VWFKGU CV *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[
+P  UJG YCU CRRQKPVGF 1DGTCUUKUVGPVKP NCVGT
#UUKUVCPV2TQHGUUQTQH)GPFGT5VWFKGUKPVJGCPINQ
RJQPG EQPVGZV CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $CUGN 5KPEG
 UJG KU CNUQ 2TKXCVFQ\GPVKP CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[
QH <WTKEJ CPF UKPEG  6KVWNCTRTQHGUUQTKP QH
)GPFGT 5VWFKGU KP VJG CPINQRJQPG EQPVGZV CV VJG
7PKXGTUKV[QH$CUGNYJGTGUJGHQEWUGUQPKUUWGUQH
GVJPKEKV[
EWNVWTGGVJKEUIGPFGTCPFNKVGTCT[URCEG