《Journal of North China Electric Power University(Natural Science Edition)》 2009-03

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Energy and exergy analysis of iron ore pellets

induration in the kiln
FENG Jun-xiao,ZHANG Yu,XIE Zhi-yin,ZHANG Cai,GUO Nai-tao(School of Mechanical
Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China)  
According to exergy balance test,energy and exergy analysis has been conducted to investigate the
thermodynamic characteristics of iron ore pellets induration in the kiln by the 'grate-kiln-cooler'(GKC) plant.The
energy analysis shows that the energy loss is mainly caused by ones to the environment.And the exergy analysis
reveals that the combustion irreversibility is the major source of exergy destruction.The exergy destruction due to the
combustion irreversibility of the kiln is larger than any other typical atmospheric combustion system to some
extent.Furthermore,decreasing the flow rate of primary air,compressed air,etc non-preheated air is help to diminish
the combustion irreversibility and thus the exergy loss.Besides,oxygen content of flue gas in the combustion process
influences the pellets oxidization to a certain extent.And on condition that oxygen is sufficient for the pellets
oxidization,it can be decrease the oxygen content of flue gas properly.Lastly,the effects of percent oxygen on the
exergy losses have been studied.And optimization of this parameter can achieve minimum exergy destruction.This
study provides a better understanding of the energy and exergy flows of iron ore pellets induration in the kiln.The
findings of the present study can further be applied to perform process optimization to maximize the cost-
effectiveness of iron ore pellets induration production by GKC plant.
【Key Words】： kiln irreversibility energy and exergy analysis oxidized pellet induration

DIRECT IRON SMELTING REDUCTION PROCESSES 

Authors: B. Anamerica; S. Komar Kawatraa

Affiliation: a Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,

Houghton, Michigan, USA

DOI: 10.1080/08827500802043490

Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year

Published in: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Volume 30, Issue 1
January 2009 , pages 1 - 51

Subjects: Environmental Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering; Metallurgical

Engineering;

Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)

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Abstract
Direct iron smelting-reduction processes have been developed as an alternative to the blast
furnace process for making molten, slag-free iron. The main incentive behind their
development was to produce smaller quantities of hot metal from iron oxide feed stocks,
preferably low-grade ore and/or without pelletization, utilizing noncoking coal as a reducing-
carburizing agent. Although the blast furnace process will not be replaced in the near future,
with these smelting-reduction processes due to their large-scale thermal and chemical
efficiency, the smelting-reduction processes are serious contenders for small-sized local
regional markets for hot metal production, which can be used in electric arc furnace
steelmaking in mini-mills and future applications. Thus, the objective of this article is to lay out
the operational properties of the commercial and nearly commercialized smelting-reduction
processes.

Keywords: blast furnace alternatives; carburizing; direct smelting; ironmaking; noncoking coal