Fundamentos de Exergía

Escuela Politécnica Nacional 31/10/2019
ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA
Diseño de Sistemas Energéticos
Exergy
[1]
Ing. José Luis Palacios E., M.Sc., Ph.D.(c)

Quito, 30 de Septiembre 2019
1

Exergy
 Energy is conserved in every device or process.
 However, the energy conservation idea alone is inadequate for
depicting some important aspects of resource utilization. [2]
 A large enclosure with adiabatic boundaries
containing a lot of air @ Ti is heated by a
furnace.
 In the final state the fuel is totally consumed
and there is a slightly warm misxture of
combustion products and air @ Ti + dT.
 The total quantity of energy is the same.
 The combination of fuel and air in the initial state
has a greater potential than the warm mixture in
the final state.
 The fuel can be used to generate electricity, do
[2] work or heat room.
 The slightly warm combustion products are much
2
more limited. [3]
1

Exergy
[3]
 100 kJ electricity stored in a 12 V/2.3 Ah car-battery is more useful than

the same amount of energy stored in 1 kg water @ 43ºC in an ambient
temperature of 20ºC.
 The electricity can be used for running a machine, operating a light bulb
of 40 W for 42 min or at leats heating 1 kg of water with 23ºC.
 The energy in the 1 kg water is only suitable for washing our hands or
doing the dishes.
 The term exergy manifests the importance of energy´s quantity and
quality. [3]
3

Exergy definition
 An opportunity exists for doing work whenever two systems at different
states are brought into communication.
 In principle, work can be developed as the systems are allowed to
come into equilibrium. When one of the two systems is a suitably
idealized system called environment and the other is some system of
interest.[2]
 Exergy is a property of a system-environment combination.[4]
[4]
Exergy represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device
can deliver withouth violating any thermodynamics laws.
 In 1952, Rant (in Europe) introduced the name exergy, defined as

external useful work in opposition to energy (internal work). [5]
 The term availability was made popular in USA by the M.I.T. School of
Engineering in the 1940´s. [4]
4
2

Exergy
[2]

Modeling the envinronment

 Simplifications are made in a model to reduce the complexity of the
physical world.
 The validity and utility of an analysis using any model are, of course
restricted by the idealizations made in formulating the model.
 Environment is regarded to be a simple compressible system that is
large in extent and uniform in temperature To and pressure po.
 Values of temperature and pressure are normally taken as typical
environmental conditions, such as 1 atm and 25ºC.
 Although its intensive properties do not change, the environmentl can
experience changes in its extensives properties as a result of
interactions with other systems. [2]
 Changes in the extensive properties Ue, Se and Ve are related through
the Tds realtion, so that is it takes de form:
[2] 6
3

Evaluating Exergy
 An energy balance for the combined system:
 Where Wc is the work by the combined

system, and 𝛥Ec is the energy change of the
combined system, equal to the sum of the
energy changes of the closed system and the
environment.
[2]  The energy of the closed system initially
is denoted by E.

Evaluating Exergy
irreversibilities
[2]
Exergy of a system
[4]
8
4

Energy and Exergy analysis

 An energy analysis of an energy conversion system is essentially an
accounting of the energies entering and exiting (FLT).
 The exiting energies can be broken down into products and wastes.
 Efficiencies are often evaluated as ratios of energy quantities, and are

often used to assess and compare various systems. However, energy
efficiencies are often misleading in that they do not always provide a
measure of how nearly the performance of a system approaches
ideality.
 The results of energy analysis can indicate the main inefficiencies to be

within the wrong sections of the systems, and a state of technological
efficiency different than actually exists. [6]
9

Energy and Exergy analysis

 Exergy analysis is based on SLT, and is useful in identifying the
causes, locations, and magntudes of process inefficiencies.
 Exergy analysis acknowledges that, although energy cannot be created

or destroyed, it can be degraded in quality, eventually reaching a state
in which it is complete equilibrium with the surroundings and hence no
further use for performing tasks.
 Exergy analysis states the theoretical limitations imposed upon a

system, clearly pointing out that no real system can conserve exergy
and that only a portion of the input exergy can be recovered.
 Also, exergy analysis quatitatively specifies practical limitatios by

providing losses in a form in which they are a direct measure of lost
enxergy. [6] 10
5

Exergy equations
 Closed Systems
 Energy:
 Exergy:
 Control Volume
 Energy:
 Exergy:
11

Example
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine 2450 cm³ of gaseous
combustion products at a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature of 867ºC
just before the exhaust valve opens. Determine the specific exergy of the
gas, in kJ/kg. Ignore the effects of motion and gravity, and model the
combustion products as air as an ideal gasl. Take To = 300 K (27ºC) and
po = 1.013 bar.
12
6

Example
13

Exergy transfer by heat
14
[4]
7

Exercises 1
Superheated water vapor enters a valve at 3.0 MPa, 320C and exits at a pressure
of 0.5 MPa. The expansion is a throttling
process. Determine the specific flow exergy at the inlet and exit and the exergy
destruction per unit of mass flowing, each in kJ/kg. Let T0 25C, p0 1 atm.
15

Exercises 2
Compressed air enters a counterflow heat exchanger operating at steady state at
610 K, 10 bar and exits at 860 K, 9.7 bar. Hot
combustion gas enters as a separate stream at 1020 K, 1.1 bar and exits at 1 bar.
Each stream has a mass flow rate of 90 kg/s.
Heat transfer between the outer surface of the heat exchanger and the
surroundings can be ignored. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
Assuming the combustion gas stream has the properties of air, and using the
ideal gas model for both streams, determine for the heat exchanger
16
8

Exercises 3
Steam enters a turbine with a pressure of 30 bar, a temperature of 400C, a
velocity of 160 m/s. Steam exits as saturated vapor
at 100C with a velocity of 100 m/s. At steady state, the turbine develops work at
a rate of 540 kJ per kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Heat transfer
between the turbine and its surroundings occurs at an average outer surface
temperature of 350 K. Develop a full accounting of the net exergy carried in by
the steam, per unit mass of steam flowing. Neglect the change in potential
energy between inlet and exit. Let T0 25C, p0 1 atm.
17

Exercises 4
An industrial process discharges gaseous combustion products at 478K, 1 bar
with a mass flow rate of 69.78 kg/s. A proposed system for utilizing the
combustion products combines a heat‐recovery steam generator with a turbine.
At steady state, combustion products exit the steam generator at 400K, 1 bar
and a separate stream of water enters at 0.275 MPa, 38.9C with a mass flow rate
of 2.079 kg/s. At the exit of the turbine, the pressure is 0.07 bars and the quality
is 93%. Heat transfer from the outer surfaces of the steam generator and turbine
can be ignored, as can the changes in kinetic and potential energies of the
flowing streams. There is no significant pressure drop for the water flowing
through the steam generator. The combustion products can be modeled as air as
an ideal gas.
18
9

Exercises 4
(a) Develop a full accounting of the net exergy carried in by the combustion
products.
(b) Discuss the design implications of the results.
19

Exercises 5
Components of a heat pump for supplying heated air to a dwelling are shown in
the schematic below. At steady state, Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor at
5C, 3.5 bar and is compressed adiabatically to 75C, 14 bar. From the compressor,
the refrigerant passes through the condenser, where it condenses to liquid at
28C, 14 bar. The refrigerant then expands through a throttling valve to 3.5 bar.
The states of the refrigerant are shown on the accompanying T–s diagram.
Return air from the dwelling enters the condenser at 20C, 1 bar with a
volumetric flow rate of 0.42 m3/s and exits at 50C with a negligible change in
pressure.
Using the ideal gas model for the air and neglecting kinetic and potential energy
Effects, determine:
20
10

Exercises 5
the exergy destruction rates, each in kW, for the compressor, condenser, and
throttling valve. If exergy is valued at $0.08 per determine the daily cost of electricity
to operate the compressor and the daily cost of exergy destruction in each
component. Let T0 273 K (0C), which corresponds to the temperature of the outside
air.
21

Exergetic (Second Law) efficiency

 Tasks such as space heating, heating in industrial furnaces, and
process steam generation commonly involve the combustion of coal,
oil, or natural gas ( non-renewable resources).
 When the products of combustion are at a temperature significantly
grater than required by a given task, the end use is not well matched to
the source and the result is inefficient use of the fuel burned.
lost
use
[2]
source 22
11

Exergetic (Second Law) efficiency
[2]
Exergetic Efficiency < 1
23

Ts = 2200 K
η = 1
Tu = 700 K
Tu = 480 K
Tu = 320 K
[2]
 Fuel is used more effectively in the higher use-temperature industrial

applications than in the lower use-temperature space heating.
 The importance of matching end use to source.
24
12

Energy Quality
[7]
 Low exergy (or LowEx) systems are defined as heating or cooling

systems that allow the use of low valued energy, which is delivered by
sustainable energy sources.
 These systems practically provide heating and cooling energy at a
temperature close to room temperature. [8]
25

Exergy - Grassmann diagram
[9]
26
13

[4]
“In daily life, exergy can also be viewed as the opportunities that
we have and the exergy destruction as the opportunities
wasted. Time is the biggest asset that we have, and the time
wasted is the wasted opportunitiy to do something useful.” Cengel
& Boles ,2006
27

Referencias
1. F. Günther, Exergy, What we actually live for,
http://www.holon.se/folke/kurs/Distans/Ekofys/fysbas/exergy/exergybasics.shtml, último acceso enero 2015
2. Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N. 1998, Fundamental of Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd. Edi., John Wiley & Sons, New
York, US, p. 272-316
3. Guidebook to IEA ECBCS Annex 37, Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings, VTT, 2003. p.13-18
4. Yunus Cengel and Michael Boles, Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach, McGrawHill, 5th Ed., p. 424-465, 2006
5. Valero A. and Torres C., Exergy, Energy System Analysis and Optimization – Vol. II., http://www.eolss.net/sample-
chapters/c08/e3-19-02-00.pdf, último acceso enero 2015
6. Dincer I. and Rosen M., Exergy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, 2 nd Ed., ELSEVIER, UK, 2013
7. International Energy Agency, EBC Annual Report 2013, Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme, AECOM
8. Hepbasli A., Low exergy (LowEx) heating and cooling systems for sustainable buildings and societies, Science Direct,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 73-104
9. S. de Oliveira Jr., Exer, Green Energy and Technology, Springer-Verlag, London 2013
28
14

Gracias
29
15

Fundamentos de Exergía

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Escuela Politécnica Nacional 31/10/2019

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Ing. José Luis Palacios E., M.Sc., Ph.D.(c)

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

 100 kJ electricity stored in a 12 V/2.3 Ah car-battery is more useful than

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

 In 1952, Rant (in Europe) introduced the name exergy, defined as

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Modeling the envinronment

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

 Where Wc is the work by the combined

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Energy and Exergy analysis

 Efficiencies are often evaluated as ratios of energy quantities, and are

 The results of energy analysis can indicate the main inefficiencies to be

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Energy and Exergy analysis

 Exergy analysis acknowledges that, although energy cannot be created

 Exergy analysis states the theoretical limitations imposed upon a

 Also, exergy analysis quatitatively specifies practical limitatios by

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Exergy transfer by heat

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Exergetic (Second Law) efficiency

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Exergetic (Second Law) efficiency

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

 Fuel is used more effectively in the higher use-temperature industrial

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

 Low exergy (or LowEx) systems are defined as heating or cooling

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

Exergy - Grassmann diagram

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL

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