Li ni u

g l mt mn hc nm trong chng trnh o to k s ca Vin C kh

trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Mn hc s gip sinh vin cc nm cui thc hnh
k nng thit k v ng dng cc trang thit b cng ngh vo cc bi ton ca thc t sn
xut. Vi phng chm gim ti phn l thuyt c bn, tng thi lng thc hnh, B
mn CNCTM ln u tin a vo mn hc mt ni dung mi l Th nghim g.
Th nghim c tin hnh theo cc ni dung c lin h mt thit vi nhau nhng
c chia thnh 4 bi ring bit ph hp vi thi gian trn lp ca sinh vin.
Cc bi th nghim u c tm tt ngn gn mc ch yu cu, cc ni dung v cc
bc cn thc hin. Phn tm tt l thuyt c bn ca th nghim c thc hin c ng
nhng y sinh vin c th hiu v thc hin tt cc ni dung yu cu.
t hiu qu cao, sinh vin cn chun b phn l thuyt nh trc ngy th
nghim. Cc nhm th nghim phi c chia nh hp l, cc bng in d liu nn
c chun b sn.
Cc ni dung th nghim l c bn v c c ng t kinh nghim ging dy
ca tp th gio vin B mn CNCTM cng nh c kt t thc t sn xut. Tuy nhin
do c bin son ln u nn chc chn khng th trnh khi cc sai st. Rt mong c
s gp chn tnh ca cc bn ng nghip v cc nh chuyn mn c quan tm ti mn
hc. Cc kin ng gp xin gi v a ch: B mn Cng ngh Ch to my 115 C5
i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni, s 1 i C Vit
Phn I: Mt s khi nim v nh ngha c bn
1.1 Khi nim g
g trong ch to my l cc c cu ph ca cc thit b cng ngh c s
dng khi thc hin cc nguyn cng gia cng c, lp rp hay kim tra. S dng g s
cho php hon thin, b sung v nng cao kh nng cng ngh ca cc thit b chnh.
g c th hot ng nh mt phn hp thnh ca mt my hoc mt qu trnh
sn xut hay to thnh mt tp hp cc c cu ring bit phc v cho qu trnh chnh.
1.2 ngha s dng ca g
S dng g cho php nh v v kp cht tin cy cc chi tit gia cng, n nh
cht lng, gim bt ti a s ph thuc ca cht lng sn phm vo tay ngh cng
nhn.
S dng g cho php tng nng sut gia cng, m rng kh nng cng ngh ca
cc thit b chnh, nng cao trnh k thut v gim gi thnh sn phm.
Cho php ng dng k thut t ng ha vo cc qu trnh sn xut khi m con
ngi khng th trc tip tham gia do phc tp, tnh nguy him ca qu trnh
1.3 Phn loi g
Theo mc chuyn mn ha cc g c phn thnh: g vn nng, g
chuyn mn ha v g chuyn dng.
- g vn nng c s dng g t v kp cht cc loi phi c hnh dng v
kch thc khc nhau. Tnh vn nng t c nh iu chnh cc phn t g t v kp
cht ca g m khng cn thay th chng. V d: mm cp, t, bn quay, phn
, g vn nng c th chia thnh: g vn nng iu chnh, g vn nng lp
rp v g vn nng nhm.
- g chuyn dng l cc g c phn t nh v v kp cht c nh s dng
khi gia cng lot phi c cng kch thc v hnh dng. g chuyn dng s dng
ch yu trong sn xut hng khi v lot ln. Theo chc nng cc g c th c
phn thnh:
+ g g t v kp cht chi tit
+ g kp cht dng c
+ g lp rp
+ g kim tra
 - g cho cc cng vic ph nh vn chuyn, quay, nh hng chi tit v nhiu
cng vic khc.
Do iu kin v thi gian, cc bi th nghim s c thc hin ch vi cc g s dng
khi g t v kp cht chi tit gia cng.
 Th nghim 1: Thc hnh lp rp g vn nng lp rp

I. Mc ch th nghim
1. Nghin cu lm quen vi b chi tit tiu chun lp rp mt g vn nng lp rp
thng qua cc ti liu, s tay v cc chi tit mu c sn.
2. Thit lp s nh v kp cht phi chn trn g theo phng php gia cng
nh trc.
3. Chn cc chi tit ph hp cn thit trong b chi tit tiu chun lp rp g theo s
thit lp bc 2.
4. Lp rp g v kim tra trc khi s dng.
II. Dng c v vt t
1. Cc bng biu, hnh v, tiu chun, s tay v cc chi tit tiu chun ca b chi tit lp
rp.
2. Bn v chi tit v phi.
3. B cc chi tit tiu chun lp rp g.
4. Phi gia cng qua x l ngui.
5. B cc dng c s dng cho qu trnh lp rp nh: km, ba, t vt, ke vung, thc
cp, thc o chiu cao, bn map, ng h so 0,01mm, compa, mi r,
III. Trnh t th nghim
1. Thit k s g t
Da vo phng php gia cng xc nh, bn v chi tit v phi, loi my s dng, s
chi tit gia cng trn g, tin hnh thit lp s g t v kp cht phi trn g
(c th a ra 2 phng n so snh)
2. Chnh xc ha s g t vi y cc chi tit ca g
Da vo kt qu nh gi so snh tin cy, an ton khi s dng, kch thc khun
kh v trng lng, kh nng iu chnh m quyt nh chn s b tr tng th ca
g vi y cc chi tit cu thnh.
3. Xc nh cc yu cu k thut chnh ca g.
IV. Lp rp g
Qu trnh lp rp bt u bng vic chn tm .
- Da vo hnh dng v kch thc m chn tm ph hp. Tm phi cho php g
t ht cc chi tit cu thnh m s tip nhn lc ct. V sinh v t tm ln bn
cng tc chun b lp rp.
- Theo b tr g t, b tr cc chi tit nh v v kp cht trn tm .
- B tr cc chi tit khc vo cc v tr ph hp
- Xc nh v tr s b ca cc chi tit lp bng thc thng hay thc cp.
- Xc nh v tr chnh xc ca cc chi tit nh v v iu chnh bng b cc cn mu
chiu di hoc micromet Cui cng l kim tra chnh xc ca g v iu chnh
nu cn.
V. Thc hnh lp vi g phay rnh trn chi tit trc
- Chn tm 1 (xem hnh 1)
- G khi V 5 v 2 s b vo rnh ch T th hai (cha kp cht) (xem hnh 10)
- G fufong kp 3vo rnh ch T 1
- Kim tra s b v tr ca cc khi V bng cch dng phi mu
- Xc nh chnh xc v tr ca 2 khi V 5 v 2 ri c nh chng li
- Xc nh chnh xc v tr ca jujong kp 3 v c nh li
- Kim tra cc thng s ca g bng ng h so, cn mu chiu di, cc thng s
chnh nh song song tm V vi mt bn ca then dn, chnh xc ca kch thc
xc nh v tr ca then.
* Lu khi lp rp g vn nng lp rp
1. Khng c lp cc mi lp bng cch g lp cng bc, nu chi tit kh lp cn kim
tra li cc b mt xem c b xc hoc bin dng hay khng, lm sch li bng gi mm
c thm du bi trn.
2. Kim tra cc kch thc iu chnh bng ng h so hoc tm cn chiu di.
3. Kim tra khng song song, khng vung gc ca cc mt phng chun so vi
ng tm v mt t ca cc rnh ch T
4. Kim tra li kp cht cc mi ghp quan trng bng cha vn c ng h o lc trc
khi vn hnh.
VI. Bo co th nghim (4 -5 trang kh A4)
Bo co th nghim bao gm cc ni dung:
1. Tn th nghim
2. Mc ch ca th nghim
3. Tm tt phn l thuyt (2 trang)
4. Chn s nh v v kp cht (c th dng hnh v gii thch cc la chn)
 5. Lp bn v 3D hoc 2D vi y cc chi tit cu thnh ca g, yu cu k
thut ca g.
6. M t trnh t cc bc lp rp g.
7. Kt lun chung v bi th nghim thc hin
VII. Phn l thuyt c bn v g vn nng - lp rp
- Mt trong cc c trng ni bt ca ngnh ch to my hin i l s gia tng ng k
hm lng cc sn phm c ch to theo dng n chic v hng lot nh.
- gim chi ph cho qu trnh chun b sn xut v sn xut chnh ngi ta s dng
rng ri cc loi g iu chnh, s dng nhiu ln. g vn nng lp rp cng thuc
nhm ny (xem hnh 1)

Hnh 1: B cc chi tit v n v lp ca g vn nng - lp rp

nh ngha: Cc g vn nng lp rp l mt nhm trang b cng ngh m cc chi tit
v n v lp c ch to theo tiu chun ha. Chng c ch to tp trung v s dng
cho hu ht cc lnh vc ch to my v ch to dng c.
c im c bit ca qu trnh chun b cng ngh s dng g vn nng lp
rp l thc hin mt nguyn cng c th no , ngi ta tin hnh lp rp g
nhanh chng t cc chi tit v n v lp tiu chun. Sau khi gia cng xong, cc g s
c tho d dng cho qu trnh lp rp g mi. Thi gian chun b v lp rp mt
g dng ny yu cu khng ln (ch khong 3- 4h).
 Cc phn t ca g vn nng lp rp c lin kt vi nhau theo s then
rnh then v c c nh bng bulng, vt hm hoc ai c cc loi. Cc rnh then trn
cc phn t ca g vn nng lp rp c ch to dng ch T v ch U. Ty thuc
vo chiu rng ca cc rnh ch T ngi ta chia lm cc b chi tit tiu chun khc nhau
cho g vn nng lp rp. C ba b c bn vi chiu rng rnh then l 8, 12 v
16mm.
+ B cc chi tit c chiu rng rnh then 8mm s dng gia cng cc chi tit c khi
lng di 5kg v kch thc khun kh ln nht l 480x180x240mm. Cc g vn
nng lp rp nhm ny s dng ch yu trong cng nghip ch to dng c v cng
nghip in t.
+ Cc g vn nng lp rp c chiu rng rnh then 12mm s dng khi gia cng cc chi
tit c khi lng ti 60kg, kch thc khun kh ln nht 1440x300 x720mm. Cc
g nhm ny c dng ph bin trong cc x nghip ch to my, trong sn xut dng
c cng nh sn xut sa cha.
+ Cc g vn nng - lp rp c chiu rng rnh then 16mm s dng gia cng cc
chi tit c khi lng ti 300kg v kch thc khun kh ln nht ln ti
2400x2400x960mm. Cc g ny s dng ch yu trong cng nghip ch to my hng
nng.
Thng thng cc g vn nng lp rp c t hp t cc chi tit v n v
lp ca 1 b xc nh tuy nhin trong 1 s t trng hp c th t hp t cc chi tit khc
b. Trong trng hp ny cn s dng cc then trung gian chuyn dng.
Tt c cc chi tit tham gia vo mt b ty thuc vo chc nng c phn thnh
8 nhm c bn: nhm chi tit , nhm chi tit thn, nhm chi tit nh v, nhm chi tit
dn hng, nhm chi tit n kp, nhm chi tit kp cht, nhm cc chi tit ph tr v
cc n v lp.
+ Nhm chi tit : thuc nhm ny l cc chi tit dng tm vung, ch nht, trn, tm
gim trng lng v nhiu loi khc (xem hnh 2). c trng kt cu ca cc chi tit
l trn b mt lm vic ca chng c mt li cc rnh ch T v U cch nhau theo
bc bng bi s ca ca 30mm.
 Hnh 2: Tm
a) Ch nht; b) Vung; c) Trn.
Trn giao im ca cc rnh T v U c cc l ren. Mt di ca cc tm c cc rnh
c ch to chnh xc v s dng nh v chnh xc v tr ca g so vi cc rnh
ch T ca bn my. nh v cc tm hnh trn so vi bn quay u phn , ngi
ta thit k mt rnh trn pha mt di ca tm .
+ Nhm chi tit thn: thuc nhm ny l cc loi gi , tr ng, cc tm m, lt (ch
nht, vung, ch T, trn), cc tm k, chm, tm k hnh vung v nhiu loi khc (xem
hnh 3)

Hnh 3: Cc chi tit thn

a) Thn vung; b) Thn ch nht; c) Thn nghing; d, e, f) Tm m ch
nht; g) Tm m trn.
Cc loi chi tit nhm ny dng to ra phn thn ca g. Chng c th dng thay
cho cc tm khi t hp cc g c kch thc nh. Cn khi cc t hp g c kch
thc ln, cc chi tit nhm ny li c s dng nh cc chi tit ni kt trung gian.
Cc chi tit nhm thn c ch to theo nguyn tc lp ln hon ton vi dung sai kht
khe, trn b mt lm vic c cc rnh ch T v U tin li cho vic lp rp cc chi tit
khc.
+ Nhm chi tit g t: s dng g t cc chi tit thn mt cch chnh xc so vi cc
chi tit nh v v so vi nhau. Chng cng c dng g t phi trn g (xem
hnh 4)
 Hnh 4: Cc chi tit g t
a, b, c, d, e, f) Khi V; g) Cht tr; h) Cht trm.
+ Nhm cc chi tit dn hng: Thuc nhm ny l cc loi bc trung gian, bc dn
khoan (xem hnh 5), cc trc dn, Chng s dng dn hng dng c ct v iu
chnh kch thc ti v tr ban u ca g.

Hnh 5: Cc chi tit dn hng. Bc dn khoan

+ Nhm chi tit n kp: s dng kp cht phi trn g. Thuc nhm ny l cc
n kp c hnh dng a dng nh trn hnh 6.
 Hnh 6: n kp v m kp
a) Di ng; b) Kiu da di ng; c) Di ng c m; d) Di ng ko di; e) Di ng
kiu c bc; f) n kp hai pha.
+ Nhm chi tit kp cht: nhiu chi tit trong nhm ny c tnh s dng hn ch, tuy vy
t hp g m thiu chng s rt kh khn. Thuc nhm ny l cc bulong, vt hm,
cht ren, ai c, vng m. Chng c s dng rng ri lin kt cc phn t ca
g vi nhau v kp cht phi gia cng trn g (xem hnh 7)

Hnh 7: Cc chi tit kp cht

a, b) Bulong kiu rnh; c) ai c su cnh thnh mng; d) ai c trn; e) ai c su cnh
chiu cao ln; f) ai c su cnh c g; g) Vng m phng; h) Vng m vnh.
+ Nhm chi tit ph tr: thuc nhm ny c cc chi tit nh: tai vn, vng m, vng kp,
vng m chn, tay vn, l xo v cc chi tit khc (xem hnh 8). Cc chi tit nhm ny c
chc nng a dng.

Hnh 8: Cc chi tit ph

a) Tai vn; b) L xo; c) ai c chu ti.
+ Cc n v lp: S dng cc n v lp cho php to ra cc g vn nng lp rp
gn nh vi s chi tit cu thnh t. iu ny cho php thc hin qu trnh t hp
g nhanh hn, iu kin vn hnh s dng g thun tin hn rt nhiu. Thuc
nhm ny l u quay, cc b hm tiu chun, tm, khi V di ng (xem hnh 9),
cc phin dn, khoan lt c, a chia , c cu cam, c cu lch tm, c cu
nm,...

Hnh 9: n v lp rp Khi V di ng
Cc n v lp cng ging nh cc chi tit thn , c cc rnh ch T v U trn b mt
lm vic chng c th lin kt vi nhau hoc vi cc phn t nhm khc. S lng chi
tit trong tng nhm, loi kch c c th ln n vi trm ty thuc vo cc b xc nh.
Yu cu k thut i vi cc chi tit v n v lp ca g vn nng lp rp.
Cc phn t ca g vn nng lp rp phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
 1. Chu mn cao
2. Ch to chnh xc
3. Cc chi tit ca b chi tit lp rp phi c ch to t vt liu c bn cao,
lp b mt chu mi mn, nhng phn li phi gi c do sau nhit luyn.
4. Cc chi tit quan trng nh tm , thn c ch to t thp 12XH34, c
thm cacbon lp b mt mi chiu su 0,8 1,6mm, sau nhit luyn t cng
58 62 HRC.
5. Cc chi tit g t (cam, cht nh v, cht u cu, then vt) c ch to t
thp 20X, 40X, Y84. Vi thp 20X qu trnh thm v ti nh vi thp 12XH34. Cc
chi tit kp cht c ch to t thp 38XA, 40X, 45 v nhit luyn t cng 36
42 HRC. Cc chi tit quan trng hn nn ch to t thp 38XA hoc 40X.
6. Hu ht cc chi tit u c ch to vi nhm b mt trong khong cp 7
8.
7. Do qu trnh t hp g khng cho php thc hin qu trnh co sa, do
cc chi tit lp rp c ch to vi chnh xc cao theo nguyn tc lp ln.
Lu khi thit k g vn nng lp rp
- Qu trnh thit k g vn nng lp rp lin quan ch yu ti vic chn la cc chi
tit v n v lp cn thit hp l, b tr chng theo s ti u, tin li cho qu trnh
vn hnh v s dng trn my.
- D liu ban u xc nh s chung ca g l phng php gia cng (phay,
tin, khoan,), bn v chi tit, s nh v chn, chy my, s chi tit gia cng
trn g. Nu c bn v phi qu trnh t hp g s n gin hn rt nhiu.
- Qu trnh thit k nn bt u bng vic chnh xc ha li s tng th ca g t
vi s ring. Vic chnh xc ha nn da vo mt s tiu ch nh: tin cy, an
ton khi vn hnh, kch thc khun kh, khi lng c lng, mc tin li khi
vn hnh v phc v, kh nng hiu chnh,
- Cc chi tit ca g ch c la chn sau khi chn c phng n cui cng
theo kch thc thc ca phi.
- Qu trnh t hp g c bt u bng vic chn tm . Kch thc v hnh dng
tm ph thuc hon ton vo s b tr ca g c xc nh trn. Tm
phi c kch thc bo m b tr c ton b cc chi tit v n v lp m s tip
nhn ti trng chnh do lc ct gy ra.
- Tip theo thc hin b tr xc nh v tr ca cc phn t nh v v kp cht phi gia
cng trn tm . Cc phn t khc nh vung gc, cc tm dn dng lp bc
dn dng c, cc chi tit ph s c lp sau cc phn t nh v v kp cht.
- V tr tng i ca cc phn t so vi nhau s c xc nh thng qua nhiu then.
Cc then ny s c c nh trong cc rnh T nh vt hm.
- V tr s b ca cc chi tit lp c xc nh nh thc thng hoc thc cp. V tr
chnh xc s c xc nh thng qua b cn mu chiu di hoc micromet.
- Ty thuc vo kch thc v khi lng ca chi tit gia cng, thn g c th c
rp li t vi tm v c nh vi nhau nh cc ke vung hoc cc tm phng.
Vi cc nguyn cng gia cng tinh khi m lc ct khng ln, thn g c th lp
trc tip t cc chi tit ring l.
- Trong thc t sn xut i khi khng th t hp c hon chnh mt g vn nng
lp rp theo s chn, hoc nu c th kt cu s cng knh v khng thun
tin khi vn hnh. Vi cc trng hp ny cho php s dng mt vi chi tit c bit.
Cc chi tit c bit ny s cho php gim bt ng k phc tp ca kt cu v
tng cc u th vn hnh ca g.
- Vi mc ch tng cng an ton s dng ca cc g vn nng lp rp, tin
cy ca cc mi lp c c bit quan tm. Nn s dng cc tay vn c ng h o
momen vn cht cc mi ghp ren. Trong bng 1 l gi tr lc v momen kp ca
mt s bulong v vt hm thng dng.
- Trong x nghip ln vic s dng g vn nng lp rp s rt hiu qu khi s
chng loi chi tit khng n nh.
- chnh xc ti a c th t c khi gia cng trn g vn nng lp rp t cp
7.
- Bng 1: Lc v momen vn ca bulong v vt hm
Momen vn ti a Lc vn lm t
Ren Lc vn ti a (H)
(H.M) ren (H)

M8 30000 50 50000

M12x1,5 50000 120 140 115000

M16 70000 220 240 180000

- Thi gian lp mt g phc tp trung bnh khng qu 3 gi. Trn hnh 10 l v

d t hp g phay vn nng lp rp
 Hnh 10: g phay rnh then
1 - Tm ; 2, 5 Khi V; 3 Vt kp; 4 n kp; 6 Phi.
VIII. Phn cu hi bo v th nghim
1. g vn nng lp rp nn s dng cho dng sn xut no?
2. u nhc im ca g vn nng lp rp l g?
3. Trong 1 b lp c cc nhm chi tit no?
4. S lng chi tit trong 1 b lp thay i th no?
5. C th t hp bao nhiu g t mt b lp cho cc my lm vic ng thi trong
mt nh my?
6. C th t hp 1 g vn nng lp rp t cc b lp khc nhau khng?
7. Cc phn t ca b lp c ch to t cc vt liu g?
8. Cc phn t ca b lp c ch to vi nhm b mt cp my?
9. Cc phn t ca b lp c ch to vi chnh xc th no?
10. g vn nng lp rp thng s dng trn cc my no?
11. g vn nng lp rp thng s dng cho cc cng vic g?
12. C th t chnh xc th no khi gia cng trn cc g vn nng lp rp?
13. gia cng cc chi tit c kch thc ln thn g c hnh thnh nh th
no?
14. Trnh t t hp mt g vn nng lp rp thc hin nh th no?
15. Cc yu cu i vi g vn nng lp rp l g?
16. C cho php co sa cc phn t khi khi lp rp g vn nng lp rp khng?
17. Kim tra lc vn ca cc mi lp ren khi t hp g vn nng lp rp th no?
18. C cho php ch to mt s chi tit c bit khi t hp g vn nng lp rp
khng?
19. to ra cc mt phng nghing so vi mt nm ngang hoc thng ng ngi ta
dng cc phn t no?
 Th nghim 2: Xc nh sai s nh v khi g chi tit trn mt phng v hai cht
I. Mc ch th nghim
1. Lm quen vi cc loi g dng g cc chi tit trn mt phng v hai cht.
2. Tm hiu cc yu t nh hng ti sai s g t khi g trn mt phng v hai cht.
3. Lm quen vi cc phng php thc nghim xc nh sai s chun khi g t.
II. Cc ni dung thc hin
1. Xc nh sai s chun khi g phi theo cc khong cch tm khc nhau bng thc
nghim.
2. So snh gi tr tnh ton ca sai s chun vi gi tr thc nghim.
3. Xy dng biu quan h gia sai s chun vi khong cch tm gia hai l nh v
ca phi
III. Dng c v vt t
- g chuyn dng.
- B cc cht tr v trm cho cc cp l nh v.
- u o vi b g chuyn dng 0,001mm
- ng h o l chnh xc 0,002mm
- Micromet vi chnh xc 0,002mm
- Cn mu chiu di (B s 2)
- Cc dng c km theo khc
IV. Trnh t cc bc thc hin
1. G lp cht tr v cht trm vo cc l ca thn g ng vi nhim v c giao
(theo khong cch tm chn)
2. Xc nh ng knh ca cc cht bng micromet
3. Xc nh ng knh cc l chun trn chi tit bng ng h o l
4. Tnh khe h cc i ca cc mi ghp l - cht theo cng thc (4)
5. Theo cng thc 2 tnh ton lng dch chuyn goc ca phi.
6. Tnh lng dch chuyn cho 100mm chiu di phi theo cng thc (7)
7. G t phi mu trn g, ri p chi tit bng cc vt 31 v 33 sao cho chi tit quay i
mt gc ln nht c th (xem hnh 2a). Chnh cho u d ca ng h so tip xc vi mt
bn ca phi 7 vi cng ban u ri ghi li ch s a ca ng h.
8. Ni lng vt 31 v 33 ri dng vt 32 v 34 p chi tit quay theo chiu ngc li vi chiu
quay bc 7, ghi li ch s b ca ng h so
9. Tnh gi tr ca lng dch chuyn theo cng thc 5
10. Xc nh lng dch chuyn thc ca phi mu trn 100mm chiu di theo cng thc
7
11. Tnh gc quay ca phi mu theo cng thc 6
12. Thc hin li cc bc 1 ti 11 cho 2 phng g t cn li. Kt qu o v tnh ton
ghi vo bng bo co theo mu (bng 2)
13. So snh gi tr ln nht ca gc xoay nhn c theo tnh ton v thc nghim
14. Dng th quan h gia sai s chun vi khong cch tm gia hai l nh v
15. Kt lun v cc kt qu thc nghim
16. Vit bo co th nghim
V. Bo co th nghim
1. Tn th nghim
2. Mc ch ca th nghim
3. Tm tt phn l thuyt
4. M t tm tt th nghim
5. Xc nh lng dch chuyn ca phi mu theo tnh ton v theo s liu thc nghim
ri ghi vo bng 2
6. Dng biu quan h gia sai s chun vi khong cch tm gia hai l nh v.
7. Kt lun chung v bi th nghim
VI. Phn l thuyt c bn v nh v trn mt phng v hai cht
nh v bng mt phng v hai cht qua gia cng tinh, trong 1 l g cht tr,
l cn li g cht trm l mt trong nhng s g t rt ph bin khi gia cng cc chi
tit dng hp trn cc mng t hp, dy chuyn t ng v mt s dng my khc. u
im ni bt ca s ny l g c kt cu n gin, chnh xc v tr ca phi gia
cng so vi dng c ct kh cao.
Trn hnh 1 l s g t chi tit gia cng trn mt phng v hai cht. Mt phng
t s hn ch 3 bc t do ca chi tit, cht tr khng ch thm 2 bc dch chuyn v cht
trm s khng ch bc cui cng l xoay quanh ng tm ca cht tr.
Cht trm c g sao cho trc ln ca n vung gc vi ng ni hai tm l
ca chi tit. iu ny s cho php g c tt c cc chi tit ca lot c khong cch tm
gia hai l nh v nm trong dung sai cho php. Nh phn trm va khe h gia l nh
v v cht trm theo phng ca ng ni hai tm l nh v s tng thm mt lng l
0,5X (xem hnh 1). Lng tng thm ny s cho php n b cho cc sai lch gia cc
ng tm ca cc l nh v trn chi tit gia cng vi ng tm ca cc cht nh v
ca g.
iu kin c th g t c lot chi tit trn mt phng v hai cht, mt cht tr,
mt cht trm c th hin bi bt ng thc sau:
d2
S1min .S2min ct ch (1)
b
Trong : S1min Khe h b nht gia cht tr vi l nh v
S2min Khe h b nht gia phn tr ca cht trm vi l nh v ca chi tit
d2 ng knh phn tr ca cht trm
b Chiu rng ca phn tr cn li ca cht trm
ct Dung sai ca khong cch tm gia hai l ca chi tit
ch Dung sai khong cch tm gia hai tm ca hai cht nh v ca g

Hnh 1: S g chi tit trn mt phng v hai cht

Do khe h gia cht v l, chi tit gia cng s b xoay v nghing so vi v tr yu
cu. Lng dch chuyn ln nht ca gc xoay c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

S1max S2min
arctg (2)
2L
Trong : Lng dch chuyn gc tnh bng
S1max; S2max Khe h ln nht ca hai mi ghp l - cht, mm
L Chiu di danh ngha gia tm ca cc l ca chi tit v tm ca cc
cht ca g, mm
Nh thy t cng thc (2) lng dch chuyn gc ca chi tit gia cng s gim nu
khong cch tm gia cc l nh v tang. V vy ngi ta c gng chn hai l nh v
cch nhau xa nht lm chun.
Lng dch chuyn ca chi tit trn chiu di l c th c xc nh theo cng
thc:

n tg.l ' (3)

Trong l- chiu di ca chi tit tnh trn tm l dng g cht tr dc theo ng
ni tm tnh bng mm.
n- lng dch chuyn trn chiu di l, mm.
Khe h ln nht ca mi ghp-l cht c xc nh theo cng thc:
Smax Dlo max Dch min (4)
Trong : Dlomax- ng knh ln nht ca l nh v ca phi, mm.
Dchmin- ng knh b nht ca cht, mm.
Cc phng php g t khi th nghim cho trong bng 1. thun tin cho qu
trnh th nghim v xy dng th quan h gia sai s chun vi chiu di, khong cch
tm gia cc l nh v nn chn phng n 2 hoc 3. Phi mu cng s c ch to
theo cht liu ca phng n chn. Trong th nghim ny chng ti chn phng n
th 3 vi khong cch gia cc l l 90, 110 v 200. Bn v phi mu nh trong hnh 4.

Bng 1: Cc phng n th nghim

 S th t Ln g t L nh v Khong
phng n g cht tr g cht trm cch tm,
L s ng L s ng mm
knh l knh l
1

3 1 1 10 4 12 90
2 4 12 17 15 110
3 1 10 7 12 200
4

VII. Hng dn thc hin th nghim.

Trong th nghim ny xc nh lng dch chuyn g v lng dch chuyn
thng, ta s dng 1 g chuyn dng nh trn hnh 2. Trong trng hp cho phi mu
c dng nh trn hnh 3. Tuy nhin n gin qu trnh o, c th ch to phi mu nh
trn hnh 4. Phi mu c 3 l, l s 1 c ng knh 10mm, l s 4 c ng knh 12mm
v l s 7 c ng knh 15mm.
Tm 1 ca g (xem hnh 2) cng s c s l tng ng nh trn phi mu.
Khong cch tm gia cc l trn g cng c khong cch danh ngha ph hp vi
khong cch tm ca phi mu.
g c trang b mt b cc cht nh v thay th 5 v ch to theo ch lp
H9
. Phi mu 7 g trn hai cht 5 v 6. chnh xc ch to cc l nh v l H9.
f8
 Hnh 2: S g o sai s chun khi g trn mt phng v hai cht
O1, O2 ng tm ca cc cht nh v; O1, O2 ng tm ca cc l nh v
1 g; 2 Gi ng h so; 31, 32, 33, 34 Vt kp phi; 4 ng h so; 5
Cht trm; 6 Cht tr; 7 Chi tit th nghim (phi).
 Hnh 3. Phi mu cho phn n tng hp.

Hnh 4. Phi mu n gin

Trn g ngi ta kp thm 2 tm 21 v 22. Trn 2 tm c cc l ren
bt vt kp 31, 32, 33 v 34.Trn tm 21 c ng h so 4. c g theo s trn hnh
2a
xc nh lng dch chuyn ca phi mu, u tin, ngi ta dng vt 31 v 33 lp cht
chi tit vo b mt cht, chnh cho u d ca ng h 4 chm vo mt bn ca phi mu
vi cng ban u nht nh ri ghi li ch th a ca n.
Sau ni lng hon ton vt 31 v 33, ri dng vt 32 v 34 p chi tit quay theo chiu
ngc li vi chiu quay trn. Ghi li ch th b ca ng h. Lng dch chuyn ca
phi mu c xc nh theo cng thc:

n ' b a (5)
2
Gc quay ca phi mu (lng dch chuyn gc) c xc nh theo cng thc:

' arctg n ' (6)

l'
Trong l khong cch t tm O ti im giao ct ca ng vung gc h t
im tip xc ca ng h vi cnh bn ca phi vi ng tm O1O2 (Xem hnh 2a).
Gi tr l ng vi tng cp l trong bng 1 c xc nh t s g thc t.
Lng bin ng ca kch thc CE chnh l sai s chun ca phi mu ti im C.
 so snh gi tr dch chuyn ca chi tit khi s dng cc cp l khc nhau ngi ta s
dng lng dch chuyn ng vi 100mm chiu di chi tit:

n n '.100 hoc n tg '.100 (7)

100 l' 100

VII. Cu hi chun b
1. Sai s chun xut hin v sao?
2. Cht tram s dng vi mc ch g?
3. Cht tr v cht tram s hn ch cc bc t do no khi g theo s mt phng
v 2 cht?
4. Cng thc chung xc nh lng dch chuyn gc khi g trn mt phng v
2 cht tr?
5. Lm th no xc nh lng dch chuyn ca phi khi g trn mt phng v
2 cht?
6. Khong cch tm gia 2 l nh v nh hng th no ti lng dch chuyn
gc v dch chuyn thng ca phi khi g theo phng n mt phng v 2
cht?
7. Hy tm tt phng php thc nghim xc nh lng dch chuyn gc trong
bi th nghim ny.
8. thc hin th nghim nu cn cc dng c o g?
9. u im ca mt s g t trn mt phng v 2 cht l g?