/.

cementum
.
.

()Cohesive
( )Adhesive
.

.)Hydraulic Cement (
( )Joseph Aspdin
1825
.

:
)(wet method .
) )dry method .1 :

.2
.
:

.1 :

) )lime ( )limestone ( )chalk

( )clay ( )shale
) )silica ( )alumina ) .)iron

1
 /.

.
.

.

.2 :

))lime
( )chalk
( )wash mill . ( )limestone

(. )ball mill

( .)wash mill (
) ( )screens
( )slurry .

:slurry %50-%35 %2
( 170 .)B.S. m90

.
.

)grinding )mill
( )blending silo )(raw meal

%12 )(rotary dish .

2
 /.

15 ( .inch (2/1
.

.3:
)(rotary kiln
( ) . 8
230 6,2 105
. .

:
.1 100 .
.2 ()500-150 .
.3 600 :

.4 900 :

.5 (-1250
)1350 .
.6 ( )1500-1300
%30-%20 () ()
:
- C2S - C3S
- C3A - C4AF
25-3 .
.4:

).)glass )(amorphous materials
3
 /.

.5:
(-2 CaSO4 .2H2O
((flash setting %)6
.
.6:
( )separator

.

: .
.
.
.

:
.1 :
()

( )1
:
C=CaO , S=SiO2 , A=Al2O3 , F=Fe2O3 , H=H2O
( )1

3CaO.SiO2 C3S
2CaO.SiO2 C2S
3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

4
 /.

( )1

5
 /.

)Bogue Equations (

:

4.64
(Alumina Iron Ratio) AIR ( AL2O3 / Fe2O3) 0.64
)C3S% = 4.07 (CaO) 7.60 (SiO2) 6.72 (AL2O3) 1.43 (FeO3) 2.85 (SO3
)C2S% = 2.87 (SiO2) 0.754 (C3S
)C3A% = 2.65 (AL2O3) 1.69 (Fe2O3
)C4AF% = 3.04 (Fe2 O3

4.64
( ) C4A + C2 F
(Alumina Iron Ratio) AIR ( AL2O3 / Fe2O3) 0.64
)C3S% = 4.07 (CaO) 7.6 (SiO2) 4.48 (AL2O3) 2.86 (Fe2O3) 2.85 (SO3
)C2S% = 2.87 (SiO2) 0.754 (C3S

)(C4 A + C2 F) % = 2.1 (AL2O3) + 1.7 (Fe2 O3

6
 /.

:

.

: ( )X-ray

.

:C3S .

:C2S C2S C2S C2S

C2S .

solid (
)solution .

:C3A .

:C4AF ( )solid solution C2F.C6A2F

.2 :
( :)alkalis

( )K2O Na2O ( %)1.3-0.4

:
Na2O = Na2O + 0.658 K2O

.
%0.6
.

7
 /.

. 28
.
.
.
:SO3

. ( )5
( %)2.8-2.5 C3A
.
:MgO

.
( %)4-1
%5
.
P2O5 Mn2O3 TiO2 %1

: .

.3 ( :)loss on ignition
1000 (1832)

.
( )5
%4 .

8
 /.

.4 ( :)insoluble residue
HCl
.
( )5
%1.5 .
:)Lime (Saturation Factor .5



. (:)LSF

1.02 ( 0.66 < LSF < 1.02) 0.66

-
.
-
( )C3A
( )C4AF( )alumina ferrite

9
 /.

.
- ( )C2S C3S
.
. %75
/
.
-
.
-
.
- :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

:C3A

- C3A
.
- ( flash
)setting C3A
C3A
C3S .C3A

11
 /.

-

.
- :
() ( )high sulphate sulphoaluminate
( )etteringite 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.30-32H2O :
()low sulphate sulphoaluminate
.3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.12H2O :
- C3A

C3A

.
- C3A C3A :
C3A + 6H C3AH6
- C3A
.C3A
- C3A
.
- C3AH6
( ) C4AH12 C4AH10 C4AH8
- -

.
-

11
 /.

.
.
- C3A
.
- C3A
( )3-1

.
-
.
- C3A
C3A
.
- SO3
( )5 %2 C3A %7 %3
C3A .%7
- C3A C4AF
. C4AF

.

- C3S 1:3

Ca(OH)2 .

12
 /.

2C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3 Ca(OH)2

- 3
C3S

1.5 CSH I
. CSH II
C2S ( )C2S C2S C2S C2S -

.
.
%15
.
C2S C3S -

. C2S
.

2C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2

C3S C2S C3S2H3 ()tobermorite -

.
( )Alite -

( .)Blite

.

13
 /.

( )2 .

C3S C2S C3S

C2S

. C3A 3-1
( C3A .)C4AF
C4AF .

. ( )3 .

14
 /.

( )3 .

/ / .
.
.
. ( )4
. ( )5
( )A
( )
.
1 4
.

( )B
C3S

15
 /.

( )4 .

( )5 .

. ( )B
. 6
/ .
.

16
 /.

.

.

- ( )setting
: ( )initial setting ( .)final setting
( )hardening
.
-
(
) ( )
( )
.
-

.

17
 /.

.1 : CaSO4.2H2O (-100
)190 %75
CaSO4.1/2H2O 190
CaSO4
.
.2 : CO2

Ca(OH)2 C3S CaCO3
.
.3 C3S :

.

(:)Soundness of Cement

-
. :
- ()
C3A
.
.
-

.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

18
 /.

-
.
-
.
- CaO

Ca(OH)2
.
.
-
.
.
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

(:)Fineness of Cement

-

.
-


.
.
-
.
-
.

19
 /.

-
.
- .
-
.
-
.
- .
- C3A
.

-
.
- ( )80-0.5
( )4000 3000/2 ( ) .
( )10-5 .
( )fresh cement paste
.
- ( )free water
.

.

21
 /.

-

(.)effective water cement ratio
-
( )gel

( .)capillary pores
(.)gel pores
- ( )

( )colloidal gel
(.)tobermorite
-
.

.
-


( self
)desiccation .
- () ( )moist curing
/ .0.5

21
 /.

- .
-
.
- 1.3
.
- ( )capillary porosity /
. / 0.38
.
- .
- /
.
-
(.)2

( )2 .

w/c
0.40 3
0.45 7
0.50 14
0.60 6
0.70 1
0.70

22
 /.

-
.
8-
) %28 - ( )20-15 ( = 10
.
- /
.
-
.

-
. .
-
%45 .
- ( free
)water ( chemically
)combined water

( .)adsorbed water


.
( )evaporable water (non-
.)evaporable water

23
 /.

-
( ) 105 3-108 .
-

.

.1 ( :)Le Chatelier

.
.2 ( :)colloidal theory



.

.
.


Le Chatelier
.

24
 /.

.1

. ( 6)


/
.

( 6)
.2
( )
( )
( 6) .
.

( 6) .

25
 /.

.3 ( )


( 6) .

(.)7

( 6) .

.4

( 6) .
% .

( 6) .

( )20-15 .
26
 /.

.

. .

( )7 .

27