ANIMATION

Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation)

was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The
individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of
drawings, first drawn on paper.

TECHNIQUES
Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally
animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible
movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made
in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works those
produced by the Walt Disney studio (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the
Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner
Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are
examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works, The Secret of NIMH
(US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007). Fully
animated films are animated at 24 frames per second, with a combination
of animation on ones and twos, meaning that drawings can be held for one
frame out of 24 or two frames out of 24.

Limited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized

drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy"
movement animation. Limited animation uses fewer drawings per second,
thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economic
technique. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United
Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of
stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow
Submarine (UK, 1968), and certain anime produced in Japan. Its primary
use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for
media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV
animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).

Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where

animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can
be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The
Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner,
as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some
other examples are Fire and Ice (US, 1983), Heavy Metal (1981), and Aku
no Hana (2013).

Live-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters

into live action shots or live action actors into animated shots. One of the
earlier uses was in Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live action
footage. Other examples include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (US, 1988),
Space Jam (US, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (US, 2001).

COMPUTER ANIMATION
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying
factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.[46][88]
2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D
techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects
move and interact.[89] 3D animation can create images that seem real to
the viewer.

2D animation

2D animation figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D

bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics.[90] This
includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation
techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning[91] and interpolated
rotoscoping.

3D animation

3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The

animator usually starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate.[96] A
mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and
faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D
environment.[96] Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal
structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh by
weighting the vertices.[97] This process is called rigging and can be used in
conjunction with keyframes to create movement.
Mechanical animation

Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines which seem

animate rather than robotic.

Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics

animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney
Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and
make noise (generally a recorded speech or song).[103] They are fixed to
whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An
Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses
prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external
stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology
called Autonomatronics.

Linear Animation Generator is a form of animation by using static picture

frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by
putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture
frames.[105] The concept and the technical solution were invented in 2007
by Mihai Girlovan in Romania.

Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of the

television series Action League Now! in which characters/props are thrown,
or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by
unseen hands.[106]

Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance animation that involves the

manipulation of puppets. It is very ancient and is believed to have
originated 3000 years BC. Puppetry takes many forms, they all share the
process of animating inanimate performing objects. Puppetry is used in
almost all human societies both as entertainment in performance and
ceremonially in rituals, celebrations, and carnivals. Most puppetry involves
storytelling.

Zoetrope is a device that produces the illusion of motion from a rapid

succession of static pictures.[8][16] The term zoetrope is from the Greek
words (zo), meaning "alive, active", and (tropos), meaning
"turn", with "zoetrope" taken to mean "active turn" or "wheel of life"

Production

The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds)
has developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects.[115]
One thing live-action and animated feature-length films do have in common
is that they are both extremely labor-intensive and have high production
costs.