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Basic Coordinate Geometry: Still Have To Add Lot of Diagrams Rest Is Perfectly Done!
Basic Coordinate Geometry: Still Have To Add Lot of Diagrams Rest Is Perfectly Done!
October 7, 2009
1
CONTENTS CONTENTS
Contents
1 Motivation 4
2 A point 4
2.1 Polar representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Two points 4
3.1 Distance formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Section formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1 External section formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Three points 5
4.1 Three points are Non-collinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 Area of triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.2 Points of a Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Three points are Collinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Equation of a line 8
5.1 Forms of a line equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1.1 Slope point form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1.2 Two point form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.3 Double intercept form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.4 Slope intercept form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.5 Parametric form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1.6 Normal form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.7 General form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.8 Special case of line equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Transformations 11
6.1 Shift of origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2 Rotation of axes about origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2.1 Using Matrix approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2.2 Using Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8 Locus 13
9 Two lines 14
9.1 Lines are parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1.1 Slopes of parallel lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1.2 Distance between parallel lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2 Lines are intersecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2.1 Angle between the lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.3 Angle bisector equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures
1 Demonstrates the region containing the origin and angle bisector equation
lying in that region. The green region contains the origin and red region
doesn’t contain the origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Origin lies in Acute or Obtuse Angle, How we decide ? . . . . . . . . . . 17
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3 TWO POINTS
1 Motivation
Coordinate Geometry or Cartesian coordinate geometry or Rectangular coordi-
nate geometry was a major step forward in the direction of geting algebra and
geometry together. But can be said as a set back for beauty of Pure geometry.
Though this was a setback for pure geometry( which is not everybody’s cup of
tea), turned out to be boon for anybody who wanted geometry problems to be
approachable.
What amazing thought of relating geometrical point to an algebraic point.
A point is denoted using a coordinate pair denoted as a tuple (x, y) where x−is
called the x-coordinate and y−is called the y-coordinate. x-coordinate is the
distance of the point (x, y) from the y-axis and y-coordinate is the distance of
the point from y-axis.
To move to a point (x, y) we need to start from origin (intersection of the
x-axis and y-axis which are perpendicular to each other) and move x distance
along x-axis and y distance parallel to y-axis.
2 A point
A point in cartesian coordinate geometry is denoted as (x, y). So inorder to
denote a point uniquely, algebraically we need the x − coordinate called the
abscissa and y − coordinate called the ordinate.
Problem 1. Given the points A(8, −1200 ) and B(8, 1200 ) in polar form calcu-
late the coodinates of the midpoint of the segment joining A and B.
3 Two points
Given two points in cartesian coordinate system. We study what all structures
and operation we can work out. There are 2 new quantities we define on these
points. Namely distance formula and section formula.
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4 THREE POINTS 3.2 Section formula
Fact 2. If we are given three points A, B, C and we need to find the ratio in
AC λ
which C divides the segment joining A & B. Better we assume = rather
CB 1
AC m
than = (as this introduces two unknowns m,n in place of single λ
CB n
Problem 3. The straight line joining the points A(a, b) and B(c, d) is divided
into n equal parts. Show that the coordinate of rth point of subdivision from A
is
r(c − a) r(d − b)
a+ ,b +
n n
4 Three points
Given three points A, B, C they will be collinear or non-collinear.
vectors)
1. (x1 , y1 ) ± (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 ± x2 , y1 ± y2 )
2. c(x1 , y1 ) = (cx1 , cy1 )
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4.1 Three points are Non-collinear 4 THREE POINTS
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4 THREE POINTS 4.2 Three points are Collinear
Solution : This problem can be easily solved using (though lot of calculations)
using the A(∆ABC) = 0 if the vertices are collinear. Though we need some
properties of solving determinants which we still are not aware of. So we use a
different approach of involving theory of equations for this problem.
These points lie on a line Ax + By + C = 0 i.e. a, b & c are roots of the
equation
3 2
x x −3
A +B +C = 0
x−1 x−1
Ax3 + B(x2 − 3) + C(x − 1) = 0
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5 EQUATION OF A LINE
So
−B
a+b+c =
A
C
ab + bc + ca =
A
C + 3B
abc =
A
Fact 12. Point lies on the line or that point coordinates satisfy the
equation of the line means what?
A line is geometrically represented as a collection of points that are collinear.
And algebraically its represented by a linear equation ax + by + c = 0. Now
in geometry, a point (x0 , y0 ) lying on this line means it satifies the algebraic
equation of that line i.e. ax0 + by0 + c = 0
5 Equation of a line
A line means a straight line.
Equation of a straight line is of the form ax + by + c = 0 a, b not both equal
to zero.
Here slope (m) and a point (x1 , y1 ) is known. Hence the equation of the line is
given as
y − y1
m =
x − x1
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
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5 EQUATION OF A LINE 5.1 Forms of a line equation
Definition. y-intercept
Example 13. What are the x & y intercepts in the adjoining figure?
y = mx + c
x − x1 y − y1
= =r
cos θ sin θ
where r is the distance between the points (x, y) and (x1 , y1 )
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5.1 Forms of a line equation 5 EQUATION OF A LINE
x cos α + y sin α = p
ax + by + c = 0
where
−c
1. x − intercept =
a
−c
2. y − intercept =
b
−a
3. slope =
b
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6 TRANSFORMATIONS
6 Transformations
There are two transformations that can be applied to origin. Shift of origin &
rotation of axes about origin.
Example 14. Find the new coordinates of a point (1, 1) on rotating the axes
π
by .
2
X 0 −1 1
=
Y 1 0 1
−1
=
1
X + iY = (x + iy)eiθ
= (x + iy)(cos θ + i sin θ)
= (x cos θ − y sin θ, x sin θ + y cos θ)
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7 POINT & A LINE
2. ax + by + c < 0 and represents one of the half planes created by the line
3. ax + by + c > 0 and represents the other half plane created by the line
For example a line has origin side positive if the line x + y = 1 is written
as −x − y + 1 = 0 and origin side is negative if the same line is written as
x + y − 1 = 0. So the origin is positive side or negative side of the line depends
on the way we write the equation. So lets follow the convention of keeping the
line equation such that constant term is chosen to be positve i.e. the given line
equation as −x − y + 1 = 0
Now we know that if we keep the constant term positve then the origin
side is always going to be positive. So using this sense we can talk about a
point whether it lies on the origin side or non-origin side of a given line. This
understanding is further required for our understanding of the subject.
Problem 15. Find whether (5, 4) lies onn the origin side or non-origin side of
x+y =5
|ax1 + by1 + c|
PM = √
a2 + b2
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8 LOCUS
8 Locus
What is locus? locus is any point (x, y) which moves under some constraint to
map a curve or region. Its like a ink ball that start rolling freely under some
constraint resulting of it mapping the location of all possible points making the
curve, satisying its algebraic equation.
Lets study some cases for a ink–dip point (x, y)
• The locus point is free to move anywhere what is the locus of this point
• The locus point is free to move anywhere under the constraint that its
distance from the center is always less or equal to some r
• The locus point is free to move anywhere under the constraint that its
distance from the center is always equal to r
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9 TWO LINES
Problem 21. FIdn the equation of the striaght line whose intercepts on X −
axis and Y −axis are respectively twice and thrice of those by the line 3x+4y =
12
Problem 22. A line through A(−5, −4) meets the lines x+3y = −2, 2x+y+4 =
0 and x − y = 5 at the points B, C and D repectively, if
2 2 2
15 10 6
+ =
AB AC AD
FInd the equation of the line.
Problem 23. A straight line L through the origin meets line x + y = 1 and
x + y = 3 at P and Q respectively. Through P and Q two straight lines L1 and
L2 are drawn, parallel to 2x − y = 5 and 3x + y = 5 respectively. Lines L1 and
L2 intersect at R. Show that the locus of R as L varies is a straight line
Problem 24. A line intersects X − axis at A(7, 0) and Y − axis at B(0, −5).
A variable line PQ which is perpendicular to AB intersects X − axis at P and
Y − axis at Q. If AQ and BP intersects at R then find the locus of R.
Problem 25. A variable line x cos θ + y sin θ = 2 cuts the X and Y axes at A
and B respectively. Find the locus of the vertex P of the rectangle OAPB, O is
the origin.
9 Two lines
Given two lines ax + by + c = 01a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0, we
discuss what further structures we can build from these
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9 TWO LINES 9.3 Angle bisector equation
Problem 26. What is the equation of the family of lines that are parallel, and
perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 6
Problem 27. FInd the acute angle between the lines 2x − y + 3 = 0 and
x − 3y + 2 = 0
|a1 x + b1 y + c1 | |a2 x + b2 y + c2 |
p = p
a21 + b21 a22 + b22
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
p = ± p 2
a21 + b21 a2 + b22
One of these would be acute angle bisector and the other is obtuse angled
bisector
In both the line equations once we make the constant term positive i.e. c1 , c2 > 0
we can identify easily that the region between both the lines containing the origin
will be positive.
Let us understand the following conclusions in steps
(a) Region 1 is the origin containing region hence for any (h, k) lying on
the angle bisector the equation is a1 h + b1 k + c1 > 0 and a2 h + b2 k +
c2 > 0
(b) Region 2 is the just vertically opposite region to region 1 and here if
(h, k) lies on the angle bisector contained in this region (that is same
as the one in region 1) we have a1 h+b1 k +c1 < 0 and a2 h+b2 k +c2 <
0.
(c) Region 3 if has a angle bisector then (h, k) lying on it will obey
a1 h + b1 k + c1 > 0 (as (h, k) is on origin side ) and a2 h + b2 k + c2 < 0
(other side of origin)
(d) Region 4 has a angle bisector then (h, k) lying on it will obey a1 h +
b1 k+c1 < 0 (as (h, k) is on other side of origin ) and a2 h+b2 k+c2 > 0
(same side of origin)
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9.3 Angle bisector equation 9 TWO LINES
Figure 1: Demonstrates the region containing the origin and angle bisector equation lying
in that region. The green region contains the origin and red region doesn’t contain the origin
(as the regions 3 and 4 are negative for atleast one a1 x+b1 y +c1 or a2 x+b2 y +c2
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9 TWO LINES 9.3 Angle bisector equation
We see from the figure, If α1 − α2 is acute then the origin lies in the obtuse
angle5 and viceversa.
i.e. If cos(α1 − α2 ) < 0 then |α1 − α2 | is obtuse angle and if cos(α1 − α2 ) > 0
then |α1 − α2 | is acute. So we make use of this fact.
So (
positive then origin lies in Obtuse Angle
a1 a2 + b1 b2 =
negative then origin lies in Acute Angle
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10 LINEAR COMBINATION OF LINES
P + λQ = 0
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + λ(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
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