Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
website: www.depedzambales.ph

Name: _________________________________ Grade/Section__________

School: _________________________________ Date: __________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

PRE-CALCULUS
Quarter 1: Week 1

I. Introduction
Welcome your first mathematics specialization subject in STEM, Pre-
Calculus. The first the topic in this subject is the conic sections (or conics). Conic
Sections are the curves that are formed when a plane cuts a cone. When a cone is
cut horizontally by a plane the cross section is a circle. Circle is an example of a
conic section. Other result of cutting a cone can produce ellipses, parabolas and
hyperbolas. We can also consider line and a point as special cases of conic
sections.
As we explore conics, you will realise the applications in real life that goes
with the study sections. From parabolas that used in satellite dishes, hyperbolas
that is used designing telescope, ellipses that model the orbits of the planets and
circles, where you most familiar with, that we use to design wheels in in
engineering design such as tunnels and arcs.
In this Learning Activity Sheet (LAS), we will focus on circle and its
degenerate form.
II. Learning Competencies
Illustrate the different types of conic sections : parabola, ellipse,
circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases. (STEM_PC11AG-Ia-1)
Define a Circle (STEM_PC11AG-Ia-2) and determine the Standard
form of equation of a circle (STEM_PC11AG-Ia-2)

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 III. Objectives:
At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate the different types of conic sections and degenerate
cases;
2. Appreciate and define circle
3. derive standard form and vertex form of circles from general form;
4. graph circles and;
5. solve situational problems involving circles.

IV. Discussion
Conic Sections
A conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the
surface of a cone with a plane. There are four types of conic sections, the
hyperbola, the parabola, the ellipse, and the circle.

Conic sections can be generated by intersecting a plane with a cone [JAS1]. A cone
has two identically shaped parts called nappes. One nappe is what most people
mean by “cone,” and has the shape of a party hat.

Figure 1. A cone and conic sections: The nappes and the four conic sections. Each conic is determined by the
angle the plane makes with the axis of the cone. (lifted from courses.lumenlerning.com)
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Looking closely at the figure above, the intersections between the plane and the
cone produces conics, here are the observations:
 When the plane cuts the cone horizontally, parallel to the x axis, the
resulting conic is a circle;
 when the plane cuts the one cone at an angle other from the x axis, thus
forming a bounded curve the result is an ellipse.
 when the plane cuts the one cone and form an unbounded curve the result
is a parabola,
 while when the planes[JAS2] cuts both cones and form an unbounded curves
on both curves the result is called hyperbola.
Below is the graph of four different conics on rectangular coordinates.

Circle (x2+y2=9) Ellipse (2x2+y2=9)

Parabola (x2+y=3) Hyperbola (x2-y2=3)

Figure 2. Graph of Conic Sections

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In some instances the intersection between the plane and the cones doesn’t
produce either of the above conic sections; this instance produces what is called
degenerate conics. A degenerate conic is formed when a plane intersects the
vertex of the cone. There are three types of degenerate conics:
- The degenerate form of a circle or an ellipse is a singular point. At the
vertex of the cone, the radius is 0.
- The degenerate form of a parabola is a line or two parallel lines.
- The degenerate form of a hyperbola is two intersecting lines.

Fig 3. The Degenerate Conics; intersecting lines, a line and a point (lifted from
courses.lumenlerning.com)

The Definition and Equation of a Circle

A circle is formed when the plane cuts the cone exactly parallel to its base. It
can be said that the circle is a special kind of ellipse (ellipse will be discussed in
the next LAS).[JAS3]
The intersection with the cone is a set of points equidistant from a common
point (the central axis of the cone) and becomes the center of the circle. Circles
have certain features:
 A center point
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  A radius, which the distance from any point on the circle to the center
point
On a coordinate plane, the general form of the equation of the circle is
(x−h)2+(y−k)2=r2 , where (h,k) are the coordinates of the center of the circle,
and r is the radius. A point is a degenerate form of the circle that is formed
when the single point intersection happens. That is, when the plane only
intersects the very tip of the cone. The value of the radius is therefore zero.
Further, the eccentricity 𝒆 (is the ratio of the distance from the center to the
foci[JAS4] and the distance from the center to the vertices) of a circle is also equal
to zero. The essence of eccentricity will be fully discussed on the LAS for
ellipses.

Figure 4 (a) circle with a center at coordinate C at (3,1). (b) circle with a center at coordinate C at
(x,y)

Study figure 4a. Two points from a circle given are A (-2,1) and B(6,5). By
looking at graph the distance the distance of A from C is 5 units, while the
distance of B from C can be calculated using distance formula, 𝐵𝐶 =
√(6 − 3)2 + (5 − 1)2 which is equal to 5, we can then that distance PC is
equal to 5. The collection of points that is 5 units from C, forms a circle.
In figure 4b, it clearly shows that distance between point C and P is called r, r
stands for radius.

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We can then say that, letting C be a given point. The set of all points having the
same distance from C is called a circle. Thus the point is called a center of the
circle and the common distance from any set points in the circle from C is its
radius.

Let us again consider figure 4b. The center of the circle is C (h, k) [JAS5]while the
radius is greater than zero r >0 (if the radius is equal to zero, the figure becomes
degenerate circle: a point). A point P(x,y) lies on the circle if and only if PC =
r ; hence we sat that .
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑟
by the distance formula √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Equation 1

Equation 1 is what we call the Standard Form equation of a Circle with the
center (h, k) and having a radius of r. At the origin with centre (0, 0) the
standard equation is reduced to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 .
Let us study the following examples:
1. Center at the origin, and the radius is 3
2. Center (2,-3), radius of 4
3. The circle in Figure 4a
4. Circle A in Fig 5
5. Circle B in Fig 5
6. Center (0,0) and the circle touches (0,3)
7. Center (0, -4) tangent to x axis
8. Center (5, -6) tangent to y axis
9. Center (-5, -5) tangent to both x and y axis
10. It has diameter with endpoints A(-1, 4) and B(4, 2)

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 A

Figure 5: example circles

Solutions.
(1) x2 + y2 = 9
(2) (x-2)2 + (y+3)2 = 16
(3) The centre[JAS6] is (3,1) and the radius is 5 so the equation is
(x-3)2 + (y-1)2 = 25
(4) The centre is (1,1) and the radius is 2 so the equation is
(x-1)2 + (y-1)2 = 4
(5) The centre is (-1,-1) and the radius is 3 so the equation is (x+1)2 +
(y+1)2 = 9
(6) The centre is (0,0), the distance between (0,0) and (0,3) using distance
formula √(0 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 = 𝑟 , r= 3, so the equation is x2 + y2 =
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(7) The centre is (0,-4), tangent to x means it touches and (0,0) using
distance formula √(0 − 0)2 + (0 + 4)2 = 𝑟 , r= 4, so the equation is
x2 +(y+4)2 = 16
(8) The centre is (-5,6), tangent to y-axis means it touches (-5,0). Using
distance formula √(−5 + 5)2 + (0 − 6)2 = 𝑟 , r= 6, so the equation
is (x+5)2 +(y-6)2 = 36

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 (9) The centre is (-5,-5), tangent to x-axis and y-axis this means it touches
(-5,0) and (0-5). Using distance formula √(−5 + 5)2 + (0 + 5)2 = 𝑟
, r= 5, so the equation is (x+5)2 +(y+5)2 = 25
−1+4 4+2 3
(10) The center C is the midpoint of A and B: C = ( , ) = ( , 3) .
2 2 2

3 2 29
The radius is then = 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 3) + (4 − 3)2 = √ 4 . The

3 2 29
circle has the equation (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 4

Standard and General form of the Equation of the Circle

Study example 2 from the previous exercise, we have obtain the equation (x-2)2
+ (y+3)2 = 16 this equation as we know it is in standard form, if we expand of
simplify the equation we write this as
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 16 further
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 0 re-arrangement give us
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 0 final equation
The final equation above is what we call equation of the circle in General Form.
If the equation of the circle is in general form then it is written in this manner

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 , hence 𝐴 ≠ 0
Note that circle has coefficient of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 are equal, hence the general form
can be simply written as
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0
Equations are normally written in general form. However equation of a circle in
general form doesn’t say much about its properties; its center and its radius are
not defined. Hence converting general form to standard form is a key skill to
unlock the properties of a circle. In the conversion process from general form to
standard form, the skills in completing the square that you have learned in your
lower mathematics will come very useful.

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Completing the square in an expression like 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 means determining the
term to be added that will produce a perfect polynomial square. We can see that
the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1, so we only have to take the half of coefficient of 𝑥
which is 4, divide it by two that gives 2 and take the square of it which 4. Then
we obtain the expression𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = (𝑥 + 2)2, a perfect square.
How about this example?
3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) factoring out 3
3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) taking half of 4 and squaring it.
3(𝑥 + 2)2 obtaining a perfect square
When completing square in an equation, we have to bear in mind that any extra
term introduced on one side must be also added to the other side.

Let us now do some exercises. Find the center and the radius of the following
equation of a circle. Sketch the graph and indicate the center.
(1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7
(2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −14
(3) 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 + 40𝑦 = 315
Solution for number 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7 Rewrite the equation on standard[JAS7]
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 7 + 9 form
(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 𝑦 2 = 16
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 Determine the center and radius
Center (3,0), r= 4
Graph :

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Solution for number 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 Rewrite the equation on standard
= −14 form
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦
= −14
(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49) + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1) = −14 + 49 + 1
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36 Determine the center and radius
Center (7,-1), r= 6
Graph :

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Solution for number 3
16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 Rewrite the equation on
= 315 standard form
16𝑥 2 + 96𝑥 + 16𝑦 2 − 40𝑦
= 315
5
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥) + 16(𝑦 2 − 𝑦) = 315
2
5 25
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 16 (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + )
2 16
25
= 315 + 16(9) + (16)
16

2
5 2
16(𝑥 + 3) + 16 (𝑦 − ) = 484
4
5 2 484 121 11 2
(𝑥 + 3 )2 + (𝑦 − ) = = =( )
4 16 4 2
5 2 11 2 Determine the center and radius
(𝑥 + 3 )2 + (𝑦 − ) = ( )
4 2
5 11
Center (-3, − ), 𝑟 =
4 2

Graph :

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Problems Involving Circles

Let us now explore at some real life situation where we can use our knowledge
involving circle.

Problem 1. A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide goes through a semi-circular
tunnel with radius 12 ft. How high is the a the edge of each lane? Round off to 2
decimal places.

Figure 6
Solution. We draw a coordinate system with origin at the middle of the
highway, as shown in Figure 6. Because of the given radius, the tunnel’s
boundary is on the circle x2 + y2 = 122[JAS8]. Point P is the point on the arc just
above the edge of a lane, so its x-coordinate is 10. We need its y-coordinate. We
then solve 102 + y2 = 122 for y > 0, giving us y = 2√11 or 6.63 ft.

Problem 2. Tikboy dropped a stone into a pond creating a circular ripple. The
radius of the ripple is increased by 4cm/s. Help him define an equation that
models the circular ripple 10 seconds after the stone is dropped.

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Solution.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟 2 The stone entered the water (0,0) ,
4𝑐𝑚 determine the radius of a circle, multiply the
𝑟=( ) (10 𝑠)
𝑠 rate with the time
= 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 402 Substituting the value of r
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1600 Equation of the circular ripple

V. Activities

A. Check your understanding

Directions: Read carefully and apply what you have learned about the
properties of circle.
1. The graph below shows a circle with the center (0,0)
(a) What is the x intercept
(b) What is the y intercept
(c) What is the radius
(d) Write the equation of the circle

Fig 7 : Graph for Question 1

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 2. In each item, give the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given
conditions.
(a) center at the origin contains (0,-3)
(b) center at (-1, -5) with a diameter of 8
(c) center (-2,-3) tangent to the y axis
(d) center (-2, -3) tangent to the x axis
(e) contains the point (-2,0) and (8,0) the radius is 5
3. A circle has its center at (0.0) and passes through the point (8,5)
(a) Calculate the radius of the circle.
(b) Write the equation of the circle.
(c) Sketch the graph.

B. Converting General to Standard Form

Directions: Convert the following equation of a circle into its standard form.
Locate the center and find the radius.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 = 33
2. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 67 = 0
3. 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 11 = 0
4. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8 = 0
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 36
6. 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 11 = 0
7. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 25
8. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 7
9. 16𝑥 2 + 80𝑥 + 16𝑦 2 − 112𝑦 + 247 = 0
10. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = 0

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C. Word Problem.

Directions: Solve the following word problem.

(1) Two satellites are orbiting Earth. The path of one satellite has the
equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 56 250 000. The orbit of the satellite [JAS9]is 200
km farther from the center of Earth. In one orbit, how much farther does
the second satellite travel than the first satellite?

(2) A circular play area with radius 3m is to be partitioned using a straight

fence as shown in figure 8 how long should the fence be?

Figure 8. partitioning using straight fence

(3) A ferris wheel is elevated 1 m above ground. When a car[JAS10] reaches

the highest point on the ferris wheel, its altitude from ground level is 31
m. How far away
from the center, horizontally, is the car when it is at an altitude of 25
m?

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 VI. Assessment

A. Check your understanding

Directions: Read carefully and apply what you have learned about the
properties of circle.
1. The graph below shows a circle with the center (3,-3)
(e) What is the x intercept
(f) What is the y intercept
(g) What is the radius
(h) Write the equation of the circle

Fig 9 : Graph for question 1

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 4. In each item, write an equation of a circle that models each situation.
Assume that the origin (0,0) is the center of the circle.
(a) The possible location of a distress airplane 11miles away from the
control tower
(b) The rim of motorcycle with a diameter of 121 cm
(c) The base of ‘bibingka’ clay pan with an area of 64 𝜋 in2
(d) The path of a satellite in a circular orbit at a distance of 10,000 km
from the center of the Earth.
(e) The ring that has a diameter of 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚

B. Converting General to Standard Form

Directions: Convert the following equation of a circle into its standard form.
Locate the center and find the radius.

1. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 + 40𝑦 + 5 = 0
2. 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 42𝑥 + 84𝑦 + 65 = 0
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −6
4. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 31 = 0
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 = −25
6. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 84 = −𝑦 2 + 16𝑦
7. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 1
8. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 32𝑦 − 36 = 0
9. 16𝑥 2 + 80𝑥 + 16𝑦 2 − 112𝑦 = −24
10. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 14𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 62 = 0

C. Word Problem.
Directions: Solve the following word problem[JAS11].

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(1) A window is to be constructed as shown, with its upper boundary the
arc of a circle having radius 4 ft and center at the midpoint of base AD.
If the vertical side is to be 3/4 as long as the base, find the dimensions
(vertical side and base) of this window. Round off your final answer to
two decimal places.

(2) A waterway in the theme park has a semicircular cross section with
diameter 11 feet. The boats that are going to be used in the waterway
have rectangular cross sections and are found to submerge 1 feet into
the water. If the waterway is to be filled with water 4.5 deep what is
the maximum possible width of the boat. Refer to Figure 9.

Figure 9

(3) A stone is dropped into a pond, creating a circular ripple. The Radius of
the ripple increase progressively at 5cm/s. A toy boat is floating on the
pond, 3 m east and 4 m north of the point where the stone is dropped.
How long does the ripple take to reach the toy boat?

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VII. Reflection

Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words, phrase or

expression to make the sentences complete and sensible.

(1) Circle is a conic section in which the plane cuts the cone
____________________.
(2) The __________________ form of a circle is a point.
(3) Circle is a special type of ______________. In which the
coefficient of x2 is equal to the coefficient of _______.

(4) There are four types of conic sections; they are circle,
__________, ellipse, and ________________.

(5) To solve for the length of the radius we use the __________
formula.

(6) The degenerate form of parabola is ________________.

(7) The general form of the equation (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 is

__________________.

(8) The center of the circle (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 is ______.

(9) The radius of the circle (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 5 is ______.

(10) The graph of (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1 is

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VIII. Challenge Yourself (Early Finishers/Differentiation)

A truck with a wide load, proceeding slowly along a SCTX Expressway

is approaching the Subic Tunnel that is shaped like a semi-circle. The
maximum height of the tunnel is 5.25 m. If the load is 8m wide and 3.5m
high, will it fit through the tunnel? Explain your reasoning.

IX. References

Chris Kirkpatrick. Principle of Mathematics 10, 2010. Toronto, Canada:

Nelson Education Ltd. 88-93

Joy Ascano, Martin J. Jr, Olofernes, A., Tolentino M.A. PreCalculus

Learners Material, 2016. Pasig City, Philippines: DepEd-
BLR. 7-12

James Stewart, Redlin L., Watson S. PreCalculus Mathematics For

Calculus 7 ed. 2016. Boston MA: Cengage Learning. 790-793

Lumencandela. n.d. “Introduction to Conics Section” Boundless Algebra.

Accessed July 19, 2020. https://courses.
lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/introduction-
to-conic-sections/

Lumencandela. n.d. “Rotation of Axes” Algebra and Trigonometry.

Accessed July 19, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
osalgebratrig/chapter/rotation-of-axes/

Prepared by:

Rommel S. Daz
Special Science Teacher I
Zambales NHS - Iba, District
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