SHS

PRE- CALCULUS
Quarter 1 – Week 1
Module 2:
CIRCLES
Pre-Calculus – SHS
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Circles

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: CYNTHIA U. SEVA
Editors: NENITA D. BAGADIONG, MERCY A. GAMBA,
JUBELLE GRACE B. LAGAJINO, MELANY D. PANGILINAN, GRACE E.
PURA, GRAZIELLE C. TAN
Reviewers: JERRY G. FIRMANES, QA and Validation Team
Illustrator: CYNTHIA U. SEVA
Layout Artist: CHAD LOWE V. VILLAROYA, ANTONIO L. MORADA
 QUARTER 1
MODULE 2

I. Title of Material/Introduction:

Circles

In Grade 10 Mathematics, you studied about circle and some of its

parts such as center, radius, diameter, arc, and circumference. Equation
of the circle in standard form and general form were also discussed. While
in the previous module, the circle is presented through the intersection of
a plane and a cone.
In this module, you will know more about circles. The discussion
combines the geometric properties with the processes of algebra. The
definition of circle is based on its geometric property and using this
definition, its analytic representations shall be obtained.

II. Learning Competencies/ Objectives:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. define a circle (STEM_PC11AGIa-2); and
2. determine the standard form of equation of a circle
(STEM_PC11AGIa-3).

Specifically, you are expected to:

1. identify the center and radius of a circle; and

2. find the standard form of equation of a circle.

III. Vocabulary list:

The following terms are defined to help you better understand the lesson.

Circle - It is a special kind of ellipse when tilted plane is horizontal

- It is a set of points on the coordinate plane that are of equal
distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is called the center of
the circle and the equal distance is called the radius.

Distance Formula – It is an equation that can be used to find the distance

between any pair of points on the coordinate plane. In symbol,

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 or 𝑃𝑄 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 ,

if 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are points on a coordinate plane.

Midpoint – It is a point on a line segment that divides the same segment
into two equal parts.

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 Midpoint Formula – It is a formula that can be used to find the coordinates
of the midpoint of a line segment on the coordinate plane. In
symbol,
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄 = ( , ),
2 2

if 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are the endpoints of segment 𝑃𝑄 on a

coordinate plane.
radius – It is the undirected distance from the center to any point on the
circle.
The Standard Equation of a Circle – It is the equation that defines a circle
with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) and a radius of 𝑟 units. It is given by

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 .

IV. Pre-test:

Before you proceed, find out how much you already know about circles.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Take note of the items that
you were not able to answer and find the answer as you go through this
module.

1. Which of the following is/are TRUE about the radius of a circle?

I. The radius 𝑟 refers to a segment from the center of the circle to a
point on the circle.
II. The radius 𝑟 > 0 .
III. The radius 𝑟 is a non -negative real number.
IV. The radius 𝑟 can be a negative real number.

a. I and II b. III and V c. I and III d. I only

2. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at the origin and radius 4
units.
a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 8
b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 d. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 162
3. Which of the following represents the standard equation of the circle with
center C (−2, 7) and radius 5?

a. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 25 c. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 25

b. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 10 d. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 10
4. What is the equation of the circle with center C( - 4, 3) and has a radius of
√7?
a. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 7 c. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 49
c. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = √7 d. (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 7

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 5. A circle has a diameter with endpoints A( - 1,4) and B( 4, 2). Determine its
standard equation.
3 2 29 3 2 29
a. ( 𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 4
c. ( 𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 4
3 2 29 3 2 29
b. ( 𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 4
d. ( 𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 4

V. Learning Activities:

Are you now ready to broaden your understanding about circle? The
following learning situations will aid you. Please read and analyze carefully
each learning situation.

Learning Situation 1: Definition of a circle

Let us remember that a circle is one of the conic sections, that is, if the plane
cuts the cone horizontally or is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. It is also
considered as a special kind of ellipse (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
This time, we shall define a circle in another perspective.

Look at figure 2, with distinct points A, B, C, and P as shown. From the figure,
the distance of 𝐴(−2, 1) from 𝐶 is 𝐴𝐶 = 5. Using the distance formula, the
distance of 𝐵(6, 5) from 𝐶 is
𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(6 − 3)2 + (5 − 1)2 = 5.
There are other points 𝑃 such that 𝑃𝐶 = 5 and the collection of all such points
which are 5 units away from 𝐶, forms a circle.

Fig. 2

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 Using the discussion above, we shall define a circle by letting 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) be the
center of a circle and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the circle (see fig 3).

Definition. A circle is the collection of all points 𝑃 in a plane that are at a

fixed distance 𝑟 from a fixed point 𝐶.

Fig. 3
The fixed point 𝐶 is called the center of the circle and the fixed
distance 𝑟 is called the radius. The term radius is both used to refer to a
segment from the center 𝐶 to a point 𝑃 on the circle and the length of this
segment. Note that 𝑟 is the undirected distance, hence its value is always
nonnegative real number or 𝑟 > 0.

Study the following examples.

Find the center and radius of the each given circle.

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Answer:
a) Center (0, 0), radius 7
d) Center (6, 5), radius 7

Learning Situation 2: Standard Equation of a Circle

Here is another task for you to learn more!

Let’s have a deeper understanding about circle. Using the definition of circle,
we shall obtain its analytic representation which focuses only on the standard
equation of a circle.

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Let 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) be the center of a circle and let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the circle (fig 6).

Fig. 6

Clearly, we see in the figure that 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 > 0. Then, by using the
distance formula and by substitution, we have

√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = 𝑑

√(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

or (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

This is the equation of the circle with center at 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟. If the
center is the origin, then ℎ = 0 and 𝑘 = 0. The standard equation is then
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 .

Examples:
A. Find the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.
(1) Center at the origin, radius 5
(2) Center (2, 3), radius 6
(3) Center (-4, 3), radius √7
(4) center (5,−6), tangent to the y-axis
(5) has a diameter with endpoints A(−1, 4) and B(1, 2)
(6) refer to the figure 7

Fig. 7

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Solutions
1. The required equation can be obtained by using 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ,
since the center is at the origin.

If 𝑟 = 5, therefore the equation is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐 or 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 25.

2. Using the standard equation, (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
Where ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6, then the required equation of the circle
is (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐 𝒐𝒓 (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔.

3. Using the standard equation, (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

Where ℎ = −4, 𝑘 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √7, then the required equation of the circle
is (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = (√7)𝟐 𝑜𝑟 (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 7.

4. The center is 5 units away from the y-axis, so the radius is 𝑟 = 5

(you can make a sketch to see why). The equation is
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 25.

5. The center 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝐴 and 𝐵. To find the coordinate of point 𝐶,

use the midpoint formula and by substitution, we have

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 −1+1 4+2

𝐶= ( 2
, 2 ) =(2
, 2 ) = (0, 3). The radius is then

𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(−1 − 0)2 + (4 − 3)2 = √2. The circle has equation

𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐.

6. The center is at (3, 0) and the radius is 4. Using the standard equation,
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

Where ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 4, then the required equation of the circle

is (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝑦 𝟐 = 4𝟐 𝑜𝑟 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 16.

B. Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item.

(1) (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9

(2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36
(3) (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 =5
(4) (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 8
𝟏
(5) 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟒
Solutions

(1) The center is (3, 2) and the radius is 3.

(2) Center (0, −2) and radius 6
(3) Center (3, −2) and radius √5
(4) Center (3, 0) and radius √8 𝑜𝑟 2√2
1
(5) Center (0, 1) and radius 2
How did you find the examples presented in each learning situation? Easy? This is
now your turn to apply what you have learned in the previous activities?

6
 VI. Practice Exercises

Practice Task 1

Directions: Identify the center and radius of the following equations.

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9 = 0
3. (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 100
1
4. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 9
5. (𝑥 − 8)2 + (𝑦 − 15)2 = 12

Practice Task 2

Directions: Determine the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given
conditions.

1. Center (-5, 6), radius 2√2.

2. Center at the origin, radius is 6.
3. Center (5, -6) tangent to 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
4.

https://www.geogebra.org/calculator

5.

VII. Post-test
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7
 A. Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in
each item.

Equation Center Radius

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 121
2. (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 9
2
3 2
3. (𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦 − ) = 1
4

B. Determine the equation of a circle in standard form, given the following

conditions.

1. Center at the origin, radius 12.

2. Center at (-4, -5), radius 3√2.
3. Center at (5, -6) tangent to the x-axis.

VIII. Assignment

A router is located in the school library which is 1.5 meters away from a
student lounge. The range of the router, which services the WIFI connection
of the school, has a diameter of 3.5 meters, with it as the center. Can
students staying in the lounge connect to the said WIFI? Justify your answer.

Congratulations in advance!
Keep on improving your mathematical skills!

References:
Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources) Pre – Calculus
Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines, 2016

Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources) Pre - Calculus

Teacher’s Guide. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines, 2016

Feliciano and Uy. Modern Analytic Geometry. Merriam & Webster Bookstore,
Inc.,1994

https://www.geogebra.org/calculator