ST.

JOHN PAUL II INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TRAINING ASSESSMENT AND LEARNING CENTER INC.
FRA Building, Carmen West, Rosales, Pangasinan

11

QUARTER 1 MODULE 1
OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONIC
SECTIONS
 Learning Targets

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. illustrate the different types of conic sections;
b. define a circle;
c. illustrate basic terms in a circle;
d. determine the standard equation of a circle satisfying the given conditions; and
- center and radius
- center and a point
- endpoints of diameter
- center and tangent line
e. transform the general equation of a circle into its standard form.

Learning Concept

Lesson
Overview of the Different
1 Conic Sections

In this lesson, a particular class of curves which is called the conic sections will be introduced.
This lesson will illustrate how each of these curves is obtained from the intersection of a plane and
cone.

The Conic Sections: An Overview

Conic sections, or conics, are curves obtained by the intersection of a plane and a cone. Conics
can be found in nature and have many applications in other fields. Conic sections can be identified as
circles, parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas, and degenerate cases.

Let us now look at each conic section and how they are formed.

Circle
A circle is formed a conic section which is formed when the
plane is horizontal as it intersects the cone. The bottom part of
Figure 1 shows a circle.

There are many real-life representations of a circle. A regular

round pizza, Ferris wheel, and the face of a coin are among the
numerous examples of a circle.

Figure 1
Ellipse
An ellipse is formed when the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to form a
bounded curve.

In Figure 1, the top half part of the figure shows the usual ellipse that you will see in
this subject while the bottom part is a circle which is considered a special ellipse.

Parabola
A parabola is formed when the plane intersects only one cone to
form an unbounded curve. (See Figure 2).

The trajectory of a ball thrown upward forms a parabola. Parabola

has many applications in real life including in the field of architecture and
manufacturing.

Figure 2

Hyperbola
Hyperbola, also a conic section, is formed when the plane (not
necessarily vertical) intersects both cones to form two unbounded curves
(each called a branch of the hyperbola). (See Figure 3)

An hour glass that contains two hyperbolas, one in each side, is a

real-life representation of a hyperbola.

Figure 3

Degenerate Cases
A point, one line, and two lines are also formed when a plane and cone intersect.
They are referred to as degenerate cases. (See Figure 4)

Figure 4

This is how the conic sections are formed. In the next lessons of this module, you will learn their
definitions, equations and other terms related to each section formed.
 Lesson
Circle
2
A circle may be considered as a special kind of ellipse. As we get to know more about a circle,
we will be able to distinguish these two conics.

Definition of Circle

Circle is a set of all points in a plane which are equidistant from a given point C in the
plane.

T P Figure 1 is a circle where 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑇, implies that the two

points P and T are equidistant to C. The fixed-point C is
called the center of the circle, and the distance of C to
C the edge of the circle is called radius.

Figure 1

Derivation of the Standard Equation of the Circle

Figure 2 Figure 3

See Figure 2, with the point C(3, 1) shown. From the figure, the distance of A(−2, 1) from C is
AC = 5. By the distance formula, the distance of B(6, 5) from C is 𝐵𝐶 = √(6 − 3)2 + (5 − 1)2 = 5.
There are other points P such that PC = 5. The collection of all such points which are 5 units away from
C, forms a circle.

Let P(x,y) be any point on the circle, C (h,k) the center and r the radius (figure 3). The length of
a segment from the center C to a point P on the circle represents the radius, r. A point P(x, y) is on the
circle if and only if PC = r. For any such point then, its coordinates should satisfy the following:

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑟
√ (𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2 = 𝑟
√ ( 𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 + ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2 = (𝑟 ) 2
( 𝑥 − ℎ )2 + ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2 = 𝑟 2
(Applying the distance Formula)
(Squaring both sides)
(Standard Equation of the Circle with
center C (h, k) and radius, r )
 Standard Equation of the Circle with center C (h,k) and
radius, r is(𝐱 − 𝐡)𝟐 + (𝐲 − 𝐤)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
If the center of the circle is on the origin, then h=0 and k=0.
The standard equation is then 𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐.

Exercise A
In each item, determine the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.

1. center at the origin, radius of 4 2. center (−4, 3), radius ξ𝟕

Ans: C (0,0) , r =4 Ans:
(𝑥 − ℎ ) + (𝑦 − ℎ ) = 𝑟
2 2 2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − ℎ )2 = 𝑟 2
2
(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 42 (𝑥 − (−4))2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = (√7)

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝟕)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟕

3. circle A in Figure 4
Ans: C(-2,-1, r = 4
(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − ℎ )2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − (−2))2 + (𝑦 − (−1))2 = (4)2
(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
4. circle B in Figure 4
Ans: C(3,2), r = 3
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − ℎ)2 = 𝑟2 Figure 4

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (3)2

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟗

5. center (-1,-2) and passes through P( 5, 2)

Ans: C (-1,-2), P (5,2)

2 2
𝑟 = 𝐶𝑃 = √(𝑥𝑐 − 𝑥𝑝 ) + (𝑦𝑐 − 𝑦𝑝 )

= √(−1 − 5)2 + (−2 − 2)2

= √(−6)2 + (−4)2
𝑟 = ξ52
𝑟 2 = 52
2 2
(𝑥 − (−1)) + (𝑦 − (−2)) = 52
/𝐴𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝐶/
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐 𝑟=𝑑=
ξ𝐴2 + 𝐵2
6. center (5,−6), tangent to y-axis
Ans: C (5,−6), x = 0 ( y- axis)
The center is 5 units away from the y-axis, so the radius r is 5.
r = /h/ = /5/ = 5
( 𝑥 − 5) 2 + ( 𝑦 + 6) 2 = 5 2
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓

7. center (5,−6), tangent to the x-axis

Ans: C (5,−6), y = 0 ( x- axis)
The center is 6 units away from the x-axis, so the radius, r is 6.
r = /k/ = /-6/ = 6
( 𝑥 − 5) 2 + ( 𝑦 + 6) 2 = 6 2
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
8. center (5,−6), tangent to line y = -3
Ans: r = /b-k/ = /-3 – (-6)/ = /-3 +6/ =/3/ = 3
( 𝑥 − 5) 2 + ( 𝑦 + 6) 2 = 3 2
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟗

9. center (5,−6), tangent to line x = -7

Ans: r = /c-h/ = /-7 – 5/ = /-12/ =12
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = (12)2
(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒

10. It has a diameter with endpoints A(−1, 4) and B (4, 2).

Ans:
The center C is the midpoint of A and B: C (Xm, Ym) Using Formula for
the coordinates of the Midpoint,
−1+4 3 4+2 6
𝑋𝑚 = = 𝑌𝑚 = = =3
2 2 2 2
3
Center C (2 , 3) Figure 5

Using the distance formula between two points,

𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(𝑋𝐴 − 𝑋𝑐 )2 + (𝑌𝐴 − 𝑌𝐶 )2
3 2
= √(−1 − ) + (1)2
2 Note
5 2
= √(− ) + (1)2 The coordinates of the
2
25
=√ +1
4
determined using the formula:
29
r =√
4
𝑋1 +𝑋2 𝑦+𝑦2
29
2 𝑋𝑚 = , 𝑌𝑚 =
2 2
𝑟2 = (√ )
4
29
𝑟2 =
4
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟗
(𝒙 − ) + (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟒

Expanding the standard equation of circle will give its general equation. The general equation
of a circle is expressed as Ax2 + Ay2 + Cx +Dy + E = 0.

Exercise B Transform the given general equation of a circle into its standard form.

1. Determine the standard equation of the given general equation of the circle. 16x2 + 16y2 + 96x − 40y –
315 = 0
Solution:
16𝑥2 + 16𝑥2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 − 315 = 0
Since A ≠ 1, divide both terms by A, A = 16
16 2 16 2 96 40 315 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥− 𝑦− =
16 16 16 16 16 16
5 315
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 𝑦 − =0
2 16
Group the like terms on the left side of the equation and transpose constant term on its right.
5 315
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 =
2 16
Complete square in x and y by adding square of the half of their coefficients of their linear terms.
5 315
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 2 − 2 𝑦 + ( ) = +( )+( ) Note:
16
2 2 What must be added
1 2 5 1 5 315 1 2 1 5
2 2 on the left side of the equation
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + (2 6) + 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 + (2 (− 2)) = + (2 6) + (2 (− 2))
16 should also be added on its
right to maintain its equality.

Factor the resulting perfect square trinomials on the left of the equation and simplify the right side

5 2 315 35
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − ) = + 9 + 16
2 16
5 2 121 11 2
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − ) = 𝑜𝑟 ( 2 ) (standard equation)
2 4
𝟓 𝟏𝟏
𝑪 (−𝟑 , 𝟐) 𝒓 = 𝟐

2. The equation of the circle is expressed as 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟒𝟔. Reduced its equation into its standard
form and sketch its graph.
Solution
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟒𝟔 (Since A = 1, no need to divide both terms by A.)
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 46
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + ( ) = 46 + ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + (2 (−5)) + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + (2 (4)) = 46 + (2 (−5)) + (2 (4))
−5 2 25
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + ( 2 ) 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 22 = 46 + +4
4
5 2 225 15 2
(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 + 2)2 = 𝑜𝑟 ( 2 )
4
5 15
Center: (− 2 , 2) radius, 𝑟 = 2

3. Circle A is concentric with Circle B having an equation of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎. Its area is 4 times
the area of Circle B. Find the standard equation of circle A.
Solution:

Note: Two circles are said to be concentric if they have the same center. Center of Circle A = Center
Circle of circle B
Area of circle= 𝜋𝑟2
Area of circle A= 4 times Area of Circle B
Transform the equation of Circle B into its standard form to determine its center and its radius.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 8 𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 16 = 0
𝑥2 − 8 𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 10𝑦 = −16
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + ( ) + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + ( ) = −16 + ( ) + ( )
−8 2 −10 2 −8 2 −10 2
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + ( 2 ) + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + ( ) = −16 + ( 2 ) + ( )
2 2
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + (−4)2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + (−5)2 = −16 + (−4)2 + (−5)2
2 2
(𝑥 − (−4)) + (𝑥 − (−5)) = −16 + 16 + 25
(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑥 + 5)2 = 25

Circle B: C (4, 5) , 𝑟 2 = 25, r = 5, 𝐴 = 25𝜋

Circle A: C (4, 5) , 𝐴 = 4(25𝜋) = 100𝜋 , r = 10

Standard Equation: (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑥 + 5)2 = 100

𝟐
𝟏
Note: To apply completing the square in 𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑐, add (𝟐 (𝒃)) to both sides of the equation.
 Now that you are finished accomplishing
this module, let us check what you have
learned.

ASSESSMENT

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What conic section is being represented by the track and field oval?
A. Circle C. Hyperbola
B. Ellipse D. Parabola

2. The curves that are formed when a plane cuts a double-napped cone?
A. Conics C. Point
B. Line D. Sector

3. What is the standard equation of a circle whose center at the origin and radius of ξ7.
A. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 7 C. (𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 7
B. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 49 D. (𝑥 + 7)2 − (𝑦 + 7)2 = 49

4. Which equation of the circle has its center at the origin?

A. 𝑥2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 6 C. (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 1
B. (𝑥 + 8)2 + 𝑦2 = 25 D. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 13

Consider the statement below to answer number 5 and 6.

A circle has its center at ( 2, 5) and passes through the point (-3,-4).

5. Which equation used to solve its radius?

A. 𝑟 = √(2 + 3)2 + (5 + 4)2 C. 𝑟 = (2 − 3)2 + (5 − 4)2
B. 𝑟 = √(2 − 3)2 + (5 − 4)2 D. 𝑟 = (2 + 3)2 + (5 + 4)2

6. What is its standard equation?

A. (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑥 + 4)2 = 82 C. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑥 − 5)2 = 106
B. (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑥 + 4)2 = 106 D. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑥 + 5)2 = 82

Consider the statement below to answer number 7 to 9.

A circle having (3, 0) and (-2, -4) as the end points of its diameter.

7. What is the center of the said circle?

1 1
A. (− 2 , 2) C. (2 , −2)
1 1
B. (−2 , 2) D. (− 2 , −2)

8. What is the radius of the said circle?

41 41
A. C. √
4 2
ξ41 1
B. D. √2
2
9. What is the standard equation of the said circle?

1 1 2 41
A. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 2 C. (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4
ξ41 1 2 41
B. (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦)2 = D. (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 2)2 = √ 2
2

10. A circle has its center at (1,-7) and tangent to the line 3x -4y + 4=0. What is its standard
equation?
A. (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 5 C. (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 49
B. (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 7 D. (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑦 + 7)2 = √7

11. The general equation a circle is 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0. What is its equivalent equation in standard
form?
A. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 16 C. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4
B. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 8 D. (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 2

B. Name each conic section being illustrated in each graph.

12. ______________________ 13. ______________________

14. ______________________ 15. ______________________