Learning Partner

in Pre-Calculus
(Grade 11)
Science & Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Prepared by:

Jhon Carlos N. Peñana

 CHAPTER 1
LESSON 1

CONIC SECTION: CIRCLE

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define a Circle;
2. Determine the Standard form of equation of a Circle; and
3. Reduce the equation of the circle into its standard form.

Overview
What is Conics? Conics are figures obtained when a plane is made to cut a right circular cone.
it is also defined as the path of the point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point called the
focus is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line called the directrix.
What is Circle? A Circle is a locus or curve of a point which moves so that its distant from a fixed point,
called its center, is always equal to a point on it.

Please name atleast (3) circle objects that are very significant or valuable for you? And explain
why?

When we think of a round objects, we think of a circle. It is also the first shape that we knew
when we were a child. Let us have a deeper understanding with a circle, let us talk about the 2
important part of a circle which is the center and the radius.

The constant distance of any point on the circle from the center is called its radius. All radii
(plural form of radius) of a given circle are congruent. The figure below exemplifies the integral parts
of a circle.
 Radius

A Center

We usually name the circle according to its center point. Thus, this circle is called circle A. and
the segment from the center to any point on the circle is called the radius. A circle has infinite number
of radii and all radii of the given circle are equal.

( x – h )2 + ( y – k )2 = r2

This is the standard equation of the circle with radius r and the center C (h, k) as seen in the
figure below.

. (h, k)
Example:

If the center of the circle is at the point of origin, then h = 0 and k = 0 and the equation of the circle
will become x2 + y2 = r2 .

Proof:

( x – h )2 + ( y – k )2 = r2 (Equation if the center is at the origin)

( x – 0 )2 + ( y – 0 )2 = r2 x2 + y2 = r2

To find the equation of the circle, just substitute the given coordinates to the equation and the
given value of radius. Let’s have another example:

1. If the center is (4, 1) and the radius is 8, find the equation of the circle?

Step 1: write the formula for the equation of a circle.

( x – h )2 + (y – k )2 = r2

Step 2: substitute all the given values.

( x – 4 )2 + ( y – 1 )2 = (8)2

Step 3: simplify the equation.

( x – 4 )2 + (y – 1 )2 = 64

The equation of the circle whose center is (4, 1) and has a radius of 8 is:
( x – 4 )2 + (y – 1 )2 = 64

2. If the center of the circle is at the point of origin and the radius is 4, find the equation of
the circle?

The center of a circle is on the point of origin, we can say that the coordinates is (0, 0),

Step 1: write the formula for the equation of a circle.

( x – h )2 + (y – k )2 = r2

Step 2: substitute all the given values.

( x – 0 )2 + ( y – 0)2 = (4)2 NOTE: since the values are 0, those are cancellable
Step 3: simplify the equation.
x2 + y2 = 16
The equation of the circle whose center is at the point of origin and has a radius of 4 is:
x2 + y2 = 16

Drawing the equation of the circle in the rectangular coordinate plane, the following steps must be
followed:

1. Determine the center of the circle by setting x – h = 0 and y – k = 0.

2. Plot this coordinate in the rectangular coordinate plane.
3. Identify the radius of the circle by determining the square root of r2.
4. From the center, count r step to left or right, up or down. Never count diagonally. Mark
these coordinates. These are just 4 of the infinite number of endpoints of a circle.
5. Now, use a compass to draw the circle by placing the pencil or pen to the marked endpoint
and the barb of the compass to the center point. Rotate the compass and see to it that the circle
is correctly drawn.
6. This is to be done when the radius of the circle is a positive integer.

Consider the example below:

1. Draw the circle whose equation is x2 + y2 = 32

C (0, 0)
r=3

(0,3)

(-3,0) (0,0) (3,0)

(0,-3)
NOTES:
NOTES:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Complete the table:

Equation of the Circle Center Radius

1. (x – 4)2 + (y – 1)2 = 52 5
2. (x + 7)2 + (y – 3)2 = 64 (-7, 3)
3. (x – 5)2 + (y + 6)2 = 16 4
4. (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 36 (-1, 3)
5. (4, 2) 3

COMPUTATIONS:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:
Try These!

Draw the following equations of the circles:

1. x2 + y2 = 64

2. x2 + y2 = 42

3. x2 + y2 = 100

4. x2 + y2 = 16

5. x2 + y2 = 1
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

A. Find the equation of the circle:

1. Find the equation of the circle with the center at the point of origin and has a radius equal to
8, Draw the circle.

2. Find the equation of the circle with the center at the point of origin and has a radius equal to
4, Draw the circle.

3. The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = 36, find its center and radius. Draw the circle.

1.

2.
3.
 LESSON 2

CIRCLE: GRAPHING OF CIRCLE IN CARTESIAN PLANE

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system;
2. Determine the Standard form of equation of a Circle; and
3. Reduce the equation of the circle into its standard form.

Please try to draw the given equation x2 + y2 = 81 in Cartesian plane:

Drawing the equation of the circle in the rectangular coordinate plane, the following steps must be
followed:

1. Determine the center of the circle by setting x – h = 0 and y – k = 0.

2. Plot this coordinate in the rectangular coordinate plane.
3. Identify the radius of the circle by determining the square root of r2.
4. From the center, count r step to left or right, up or down. Never count diagonally. Mark
these coordinates. These are just 4 of the infinite number of endpoints of a circle.
5. Now, use a compass to draw the circle by placing the pencil or pen to the marked endpoint
and the barb of the compass to the center point. Rotate the compass and see to it that the circle
is correctly drawn.
6. This is to be done when the radius of the circle is a positive integer.

Example:

Draw the given equation in Cartesian plane: (x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4

Step 1: identify first the center of the circle by finding (h, k) and its radius, just take the opposite sign
of the given to know the coordinates of the center.

x=2 y = -1 center (2, -1)

2
radius is r r=2
Step 2: find or plot the center on the Cartesian plane.

Step 3: Count the value of the radius from the center, the value of radius is 2. Count 2 steps
upward, downward, left and right.

Step 4: Draw the circle by connecting the 4 endpoints that you’ve got.

(2, 1)

(2, -1)
(0, -1) center (4, -1)

(2, -3)

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Graph or draw the following equations of the circle:

1. (x + 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 25
2. (x +3 )2 + (y + 3)2 = 16
3. (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 9
4. (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4
5. (x – 5)2 + (y +2)2 = 1
Computations:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

Complete the table and graph the circle:

Equation of the Circle Center Radius

1. (x – 4)2 + (y – 1)2 = 52 5
2. (x + 7)2 + (y – 3)2 = 9 (-7, 3)
3. (x – 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16 4
4. (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 49 (-1, 2)
5. (4, 2) 3

Computation:
 Graph here:

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

A. Find the equation of the circle, then graph:

1. Find the equation of the circle with the center(1, 1) and has a radius equal to 8.

2. Find the equation of the circle with the center(0, 2) and has a radius equal to 4.

3. The equation of the circle is (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 36, find its center and radius.
•• , • n u n lal , • lt la

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 LESSON 3

CIRCLE: REDUCING THE EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE INTO STANDARD

FORM
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system;
2. Determine the Standard form of equation of a Circle; and
3. Reduce the equation of the circle into its standard form.

Please try to draw the given equation( x+ 1)2 +( y – 5)2 = 1 in Cartesian plane:

Reduce to standard form and draw the circle whose equation is

x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y - 7 = 0

Solution:

Step 1: Transferring the constant term to the right hand side, we have
x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y = 7

Step 2: Perform the competing squares.

(x2 - 10x) + (y2 + 4y) = 7

Divide the middle term of constant by 2, then square the quotient.
(x2 – 10x +25) + (y2 +4y + 4) = 7
Add also the last term to the right hand side.
(x2 – 10x + 25) + (y2 + 4y + 4) = 7 + 25 + 4

Step 3: Perform the factoring.

(x – 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 36

Step 4: Graph or Draw the equation.

(5, 4)

(-1, -2) (5, -2) (11, -2)

(5, -8)
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Reduce the following into the standard form, then graph:

1. x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y + 9 = 0

2. x2 + y2 + 4x – 8y – 16 = 0

3. x2 + y2 – 10x + 6y – 15 = 0
Compute here
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

1. x2 – 4x + y2 + 8y – 12 = 0

2. x2 – 6x + y2 – 8y – 10 = 0

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Practice pa more:

Problem solving:

1. Find the equation of the circle with the points (3, -1) and (-7, -5) as the endpoints of the diameter.
2. Find the equation of the circle whose endpoints are (5, -1), (-3, -1) and (3, -7).
Computation:
 LESSON 4

CIRCLE: REDUCING THE EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE INTO STANDARD

FORM AND GETTING A RADICAND RADIUS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system with a radius
of radicand; and
2. Determine and reduce into Standard form the equation of a Circle.

Answer the following:

1. √4 = 6. √3 =

2. √81 = 7. √10 =

3. √5 = 8. √7 =

4. √1 = 9. √15 =

5. √16 = 10. √121 =

Reduce to standard form and draw the circle whose equation is

x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y - 8 = 0

Solution:

Step 1: Transferring the constant term to the right hand side, we have

x2 + y2 – 10x + 4y = 8

Step 2: Perform the competing squares.

(x2 - 10x) + (y2 + 4y) = 8

Divide the middle term of constant by 2, then square the quotient.
(x2 – 10x +25) + (y2 +4y + 4) = 8
Add also the last term to the right hand side.
(x2 – 10x + 25) + (y2 + 4y + 4) = 8 + 25 + 4

Step 3: Perform the factoring.

(x – 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 37

Since we have a radius which is not a perfect square, let’s just estimate the value of the radius.

Radius is √37 = 6.08276253, just estimate the point on the Cartesian plane. And write atleast 1
decimal place. r = 6.1

Step 4: Graph or Draw the equation.

(5, 4.1)

(-1.1,-2) (5, -2) (11.1,-2)

(5,-8.1)
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!
Solve the following, then graph:

1. x2 + y2 – 10x + 6y = 5

2. x2 + y2 – 12x + 4y = 7

3. x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y = 5
Computation:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

Problem Solving:

1. The center of the circle is at (2, 3) and its radius is 1, find the equation and graph.

2. Find the equation of the circle whose the center is at the point of origin and has a radius of 4, and
graph.

3. Graph the circle whose the equation is (x – 2)2 + y2 = 9.

Answer:
 CHAPTER 2
LESSON 1

CONIC SECTION: PARABOLA

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define the parabola and its integral part; and
2. Graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.

Overview
A parabola is defined as a conic whose eccentricity is equal to 1. This conic has its distance
from the vertex to a fixed point (called the focus), equal to its distance from the vertex a fixed line
(called the directrix). The figure below becomes an essential tool in determining the equation of the
parabola:

Based on your understanding, please give atleast 3 objects that represents parabola?

1.

2.

3.

We have 4 openings of parabola in Cartesian plane, these are as follows:

Equation Opening
y2 = -4px LEFT
y2 = 4px RIGHT
x2 = -4py DOWNWARD
x2 = 4py UPWARD

Example:
Locate the vertex, the focus and the ends of the latus rectum and find the equation of the directrix,
then draw the parabola whose equation is x2 = 8y.

Solution:

This parabola is open upward because x is a quadratic and y is positive. The vertex is at (0, 0) and

4p = 8 the length of the latus rectum is 8 units.

P=2 the distance from the vertex to the focus and from the vertex to the directrix is 2 units.

2p = 4 the distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum is 4 units.

Vertex (0, 0)
Focus (0, 2)
Latus rectum (4, 2)(-4, 2)
Equation of directrix y =
-2

The figure is shown below.

(-4,2) (0,2) (4,2)

(0,0)

y=-2

Example:

Locate the vertex, the focus and the ends of the latus rectum and find the equation of the directrix,
then draw the parabola whose equation is y2 = -4x.

Solution:
This parabola is open left because y is a quadratic and x is negative. The vertex is at (0, 0) and

4p = 4 the length of the latus rectum is 4 units.

P=1 the distance from the vertex to the focus and from the vertex to the directrix is 1 unit.

2p = 2 the distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum is 2 units.

Vertex (0, 0)
Focus (-1, 0)
Latus rectum (-1, 2)(-1,- 2)
Equation of directrix x = 1

The figure is shown below.

(-1,2)
x=1
(-1,0)

(0,0)

(-1,-2)

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Locate the vertex, focus and the latus rectum of the following equations of the parabola. Graph the
parabola.
1. y2 = 12x
2. x2 = -10y
3. y2 = -16x
Answer:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

Trace the graph of the following parabola.

1. y2 = 6x

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

2. y2 = -2x

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

3. x2 = 14y

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

4. x2 = -8y

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Practice pa more:

Solve the following:

1. x = 10y2
2. y = -4x2
3. x = -16y2

Answer:
 LESSON 2

PARABOLA: PARABOLA WITH VERTEX at (h, k)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Solve the equation of the parabola with a vertex not on the point
of origin ; and
2. Graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.

LET’S REVIEW Answer the following:

Find the vertex, focus, ends of latus rectum and equation of directrix:

1. x2 = 4y
2. y2 = -16x
3. x2 = -12y
We have 4 openings of parabola in Cartesian plane, these are as follows:

Equation Opening
(y – k)2 = -4p(x – h) LEFT
(y – k)2 = 4p(x – h) RIGHT
(x – h)2 = -4p(y – k) DOWNWARD
(x – h)2 = 4p(y – k) UPWARD
Example:

Locate the vertex, the focus and the ends of latus rectum and find the equation of the directrix, then
draw the parabola whose equation is (y – 1)2 = -8(x – 2).
Solution:
This parabola is open left because y is a quadratic and x is negative. The vertex is at (2, 1) and

4p = 8 the length of the latus rectum is 8 units.

P = 2 the distance from the vertex to the focus and from the vertex to the directrix is 2 units.
2p = 4 the distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum is 4 units.

Vertex (2, 1)
Focus (0, 1)
Latus rectum (0, 5)(0,-3)
Equation of directrix x = 4
The figure is shown below.

(0,5)

(0,1) (2,1) x=4

(0,-3)
Example:

Locate the vertex, the focus and the ends of latus rectum and find the equation of the directrix, then
draw the parabola whose equation is (x + 1)2 = 8(y – 3)
Solution:
This parabola is open upward because x is a quadratic and y is positive. The vertex is at (-1, 3) and

4p = 8 the length of the latus rectum is 8 units.

P = 2 the distance from the vertex to the focus and from the vertex to the directrix is 2 units.
2p = 4 the distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum is 4 units.

Vertex (-1, 3)
Focus (-1, 5)
Latus rectum (-5, 5)(3,5)
Equation of directrix y =
1

The figure is shown below.

(-5,5) (-1,5) (3,5)

(-1,3)

Y=1

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:
Let’s TRY!

Locate the vertex, focus and the latus rectum of the following equations of the parabola. Graph the
parabola.

1. (y + 1)2 = 12(x + 1)
2. (x – 2)2= -10(y + 4)
3. (y + 3)2 = -16(x – 4)
Compute:

Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!
Trace the graph of the following parabola.

1. (y – 2)2 = -6(x + 2)

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

2. (y – 3)2 = -2(x – 3)

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

3. (x – 7)2 = 12(y + 1)

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix

4. (x + 2)2= 18(y – 1)

Vertex
Length of latus rectum
Ends of latus rectum
Directrix
Name:
Section: Rating:
Date:

Practice pa more:

Solve the following:

1. (x – 1)2 = 12(y + 2)
2. (y + 5)2 = -4(x + 5)
3. (x + 2)2= -16(y – 1)

Answer:
 LESSON 3

PARABOLA: REDUCING EQUATION OF PARABOLA INTO STANDARD FORM

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Reduce the equation of the parabola in its standard form; and

2. Graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.

LET’S REVIEW Answer the following:

Find the vertex, focus, ends of latus rectum and equation of directrix:

1. (x + 1)2 = 4(y – 2)
2. (y – 4)2 = 6(x + 3)
3. (x – 6)2 = 18(y + 5)
Example:

Reduce the equation to standard form of the parabola x2 – 4y + 8 = 0. Plot the vertex and the ends of
latus rectum. Find the equation of the directrix and graph the parabola.

Solution:

The equation x2 – 4y + 8 = 0 can be reduce to:

Since x is quadratic, we can transpose 4y + 8 to the right side, x2 = 4y – 8
And we can use factoring to get the equation of parabola, x2 = 4(y – 2)

The above equation of the parabola is open upward because x is quadratic and 4p is positive.

Vertex (0, 2)
Focus (0, 3)
Ends of latus rectum (-2, 3)(2, 3)
Equation of directrix y = 1

The figure is shown below.

(-2,3) (0,3) (2,3)

(0,2)

Y=1
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Reduce the following equations into the standard equation of the parabola. Locate the vertex, focus
and latus rectum. Draw the graph.

1. x2 – 8y + 16 = 0
2. y2 = 3x – 9
3. x2 + 7y – 14 = 0
Answer:
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

Reduce the equations to standard form then plot the vertex, the focus and the ends of latus rectum.
Find the equation of the directrix and graph the parabola.

1. y2 – 4x – 12y + 28 = 0
2. (x + 2)2 = 5y + 20
 CHAPTER 3
LESSON 1

CONIC SECTION: ELLIPSE

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define an ellipse and identify its integral parts; and
3. Graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system.

Overview
The ellipse has the following properties:
1. It is a closed curve and is symmetrical with respect to both its axis.
2. The sum of the distances from the moving point to the foci (plural of focus) is 2a.
3. The distance from the center to the focus and to a directrix are ae and a/e respectively.
4. The length of the latus rectum is 2b2/a.
5. The equation of the ellipse whose center is at (0, 0) is x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1.

Based on the properties of ellipse, would you give some objects or things that represents ellipse? And
explain why?

Example:

Locate the vertices, the ends of latera recta and the foci then graph the ellipse whose equation is
x2 + y2 = 1
25 16
Solution:
The ellipse has the center (0, 0)
Since a = 5, then the vertices on the x axis are (5, 0)(-5, 0)
Since b = 4, then the vertices on the y axis are (0, 4)(0, -4)
To get the foci, we have a formula of √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = √25 − 16=√9 = 3
So, the foci are located at (3, 0)(-3, 0)
The length of the latus rectum is 2b2 = 2(16) = 32
a 5 5
thus, the end of latus rectum are found at the points (3, 3.2), (3, -3.2), (-3, 3.2) and (-3, -3.2)
Note: 3.2 is one half of 6.4

The figure is shown below.

vertex
LR LR

vertex vertex
foci foci

LR LR
vertex
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

Let’s TRY!

Solve the following:

1. x2 + y2 = 1
25 81
2. x2 + y2 = 1
100 64
Name: Rating:
Section: Date:

More Practice!

Locate the center, vertices, the foci and the ends of the latera recta then graph the following
equations of ellipse:

1. x2 + y2 = 1
36 4
2. x2 + y2 = 1
25 16
3. x2 + y2 = 1
9 1
Practice pa more:

Solve the following:

1 . x2 + y 2 = 1
16 4
2. x2 + y2 = 1
4 25
 H(IAD
LEA R NING PLATFORM
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