Set 3 of Notes (Potential Flow) PDF

Fluid Dynamics
ME 5313 / AE 5313
Potential Flows
(revised 10/24/2013)
Instructor: Dr. Albert Y. Tong

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The University of Texas at Arlington
Velocity Potential
 
For irrotational flow, ζ = ∇ × u = 0
But ∇ × ( ∇φ ) ≡ 0
 ∂φ ∂φ
Thus u =∇φ = i + j will satisfy
∂x ∂y
∂φ ∂φ
u= and v=
∂x ∂y
Potential Flows 2
Velocity Potential
∂v ∂u
ζz ≡ −
∂x ∂y
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
= − =0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
∴ Irrotational
φ : velocity potential
Potential Flows 3
Some Properties of φ
φ2
B
φ1
A
 
B B
Γ AB = ∫ u ⋅ dl =
A
∫ ( udx + vdy )
A
Potential Flows 4
∂φ ∂φ
u= and v =
∂x ∂y
B
 ∂φ ∂φ 
=
Γ AB ∫  ∂x dx + ∂y dy 
A
B
= ∫ dφ=
A
φB − φ A
Existence of φ => Irrotational Flow
Potential Flows 5

For incompressibility, we have ∇ ⋅ u = 0
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂  ∂φ  ∂  ∂φ 
 +  = 0
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y 
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
+ =∇ 2
φ=0
∂x 2
∂y 2
φ must satisfy the Laplace Equation
φ is a harmonic function
Potential Flows 6
Stream Function ψ
∂ψ ∂ψ
Definition: u ≡ and v ≡ −
∂y ∂x
Examine the continuity equation,
 ∂u ∂v (for incompressible flow)
∇ ⋅=
u + = 0
∂x ∂y
∂  ∂ψ  ∂  ∂ψ 

∂x  ∂y  + ∂y  − ∂x =0 ?
  
Potential Flows 7
Stream Function ψ
∂  ∂ψ  ∂  ∂ψ  ∂ 2
ψ ∂ 2
ψ
  + ∂ − ∂ = −
∂x  ∂y  y x  ∂x∂y ∂y∂x
=0
The continuity equation is automatically
satisfied.
Existence of ψ => Incompressible flow
Potential Flows 8
Stream Function ψ
So what about irrotationality?
 
ζ = ∇ × u = 0?
∂v ∂u
ζ= −
∂x ∂y
z
∂  ∂ψ  ∂  ∂ψ 
= − −  
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y 
 ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ 
= − 2 + 2  = −∇ 2
ψ
 ∂x ∂y 
Potential Flows 9
Stream Function ψ
=> ζ z = −∇ 2ψ
For irrotational flow, ζz = 0
∴ ∇ ψ =02
ψ is a harmonic function
Potential Flows 10
Summary of φ and ψ
i) φ and ψ are both harmonic, ∇ 2φ =∇ 2ψ =0
ii) Existence of φ => Irrotational
iii) Existence of ψ => Incompressible
iv) For incompressible flows, φ must be harmonic
v) For irrotational flows, ψ must be harmonic
Potential Flows 11
Property of Stream Function
ψB
B
ψA
A
B
=
Flow across AB ∫ ( udy − vdx )
A
Potential Flows 12
 ∂ψB
∂ψ 
= ∫ dx + dy 
A
∂x ∂y 
 ∂ψ
B
 ∂ψ  
= ∫ dy −  −  dx 
A
∂y  ∂x  
B
= ∫ dψ=
A
ψ B −ψ A
Streamlines and equipotential lines are orthogonal
Potential Flows 13
Streamlines and equipotential lines are orthogonal.
Equipotential Lines:
φ =C
∂φ ∂φ φ
dφ= 0= dx + dy
∂x ∂y
u v
dy u
= −
dy u dx v
= −
dx φ v
Potential Flows 14
Streamlines:
ψ =C
∂ψ ∂ψ
dψ= 0= dx + dy
∂x ∂y
−v u
dy v
=
dx ψ u
Potential Flows 15
dy dy  u  v 
⋅ = −  
dx φ dx ψ  v  u 
dy dy
⋅ =
−1
dx φ dx ψ
∴ Equipotential Lines are orthogonal to Streamlines
Potential Flows 16
Complex Potential
By definitions:
∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
=
u = =
v = −
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Reminiscent of Cauchy-Riemann relations
If we have a complex function, F(z), and if F(z) is

analytic,
i.e. =
F ( z) φ ( x, y ) + iψ ( x, y )
Potential Flows 17
Complex Potential
The real part is a valid velocity potential for a

particular flow field and the imaginary part is also
automatically a valid stream function for the same
flow field. F(z) is called Complex Potential
Potential Flows 18
Complex Velocity
F ( z )= φ + iψ
dF
W ( z) = (complex velocity)
dz
dF
Since F(z) is analytic, is direction independent
dz
dF ∂F ∂F
= =
dz ∂x ∂ (iy )
Potential Flows 19
Complex Velocity
Proof:
∂F ∂φ ∂ψ ∂F 1 ∂F ∂F
= +i = = −i
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂ (iy ) i ∂y ∂y
= u − iv  ∂φ ∂ψ 
=
−i  +i 
 ∂y ∂y 
−i ( v + iu )
=
= u − iv
Potential Flows 20
Complex Velocity
dF ∂F ∂F
∴ = = = u − iv
dz ∂x ∂ (iy )
In polar coordinates: = (ur − iuθ )e − iθ
W
Complex conjugate of W, W= u + iv
WW =
(u − iv)(u + iv)
= u +v2 2
Potential Flows 21
Uniform Flow
Consider F ( z ) = Az
i) If A is real
dF ( z ) iy
= A= u − iv
dz
=
> u=
A
v=0 x
Horizontal uniform flow
(back)
Potential Flows 22
Uniform Flow
ii) If A is pure imaginary, A = iC
dF ( z )
= iC= u − iv iy
dz
=> u= 0
v = −C
x
Vertical uniform flow

(back)
Potential Flows 23
Uniform Flow
iii) If A is complex, = C1 + iC2
A
dF ( z ) iy
=C1 + iC2 =−
u iv
dz
=
> u=
C1
v = −C2 x
α
Uniform flow at an angle α

to the x-axis
Potential Flows 24
Uniform Flow
A = Ue − iα
= U (cos α − i sin α )
= u − iv v = U sin α
α
F ( z ) = Ue − iα z
u = U cos α
F ( z ) = Uz at α = 0 (case i)
π
F ( z ) = −iUz at α = (case ii)
2
Potential Flows 25
Source and Sink
Consider: F ( z ) = C ln z where C is a real constant
z = reiθ ψ
z ln r + iθ
ln=
∴ F ( z ) = C (ln r + iθ )
φ = C ln r and ψ = Cθ φ
Potential Flows 26
Source and Sink
dF
W ( z) =
dz
C
W ( z) =
z
C C − iθ − iθ
W (=z) =iθ
e = (ur − iuθ )e
re r
C
=> ur = and uθ = 0
r
Potential Flows 27
Source and Sink
For C > 0
m 2π r ⋅ ur
= r
C
=m 2= πr 2π C
r
m
=
F ( z ) C=ln z ln z
2π
Potential Flows 28
Source and Sink
For C < 0
C
=m 2= πr 2π C (Suction sink) r
r
m
=
F ( z ) C= ln z ln z
2π
In general, if the source or sink is at z0
m z0
=
F ( z) ln( z − z0 )
2π
Potential Flows 29
Vortex
For C pure imaginary
φ
C = iD where D is real
𝐹𝐹 (𝑧𝑧) = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
ψ
− Dθ + iD ln r
F ( z) =
> φ=
= − Dθ and ψ = D ln r
Potential Flows 30
Vortex
dF
W ( z) =
dz
C C iD − iθ
W ( z=) = =
iθ
e
z re r
W (=z ) (ur − iuθ )e − iθ
D
=
> ur =
0 and uθ = −
r
Potential Flows 31
Vortex
if D > 0 ⇒ uθ < 0 ⇒ clockwise
D < 0 ⇒ uθ > 0 ⇒ anti-clockwise
2π
 
=
Γ ∫ u ⋅ dl= ∫ uθ rdθ
0
D
Γ = − ⋅ r ⋅ 2π = −2π D
r
Γ
=
>D=
−
2π
Potential Flows 32
Vortex
∴ F ( z) =
iD ln z
Γ
F ( z ) = −i ln z
2π
Γ > 0 ⇒ anti-clockwise θ
Γ < 0 ⇒ clockwise
𝑖𝑖𝛤𝛤
𝐹𝐹 (𝑧𝑧) = − ln⁡ (𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧0 ) For a vortex located at z0
2𝜋𝜋
Potential Flows 33
Superposition of Two Sources
y
m m
x
-a a
m m
F=
( z) ln( z + a ) + ln( z − a )
2π 2π
Potential Flows 34
m y
F ( z=
) ln( z + a )( z − a )
2π m m
m -a x
=
F ( z) ln( z 2 − a 2 ) a
2π
dF ( z ) m  1 1 
W ( z ) = = +  =
u − iv
dz 2π  z − a z + a 
Potential Flows 35
Along the y-axis (i.e. x=0)
m  1 1 
=
W ( z)  iy − a + iy + a 
2π  
m  −i 2 y 
W ( z )=  a 2 + y 2 = u − iv
2π  
m  2y 
=
>u =0 and v =  2 
2π  a + y 
2
Potential Flows 36
m y
=
Note: v ⋅2⋅
2π a + y
2 2
a +y
2 2 a2 + y2
y
θ
m 2sin θ a m
2π r
The y axis is a streamline
Potential Flows 37
Two-Dimensional Dipole
y
source sink
m -m
x
-a a
m m
F=
( z) ln( z + a ) − ln( z − a )
2π 2π
Potential Flows 38
y
Limiting process: source sink
m -m
a→0 x
m→∞ -a a
ma = πµ
where µ is the strength of the dipole (doublet)
Potential Flows 39
  a 
ln( z +=
a ) ln  z 1 +   Note:
  z 
α2 α3
 a ln(1 + α ) =α + + + ...
=ln z + ln 1 +  2! 3!
 z
αn
a ...
∴ ln( z + a ) = ln z + + H .O.T . n!
z
ln(1 + α ) =α + H .O.T .
Similarly,
a
ln( z − a ) = ln z − + H .O.T .
z
Potential Flows 40
As a result,
m m
F=
( z) ln( z + a ) − ln( z − a )
2π 2π
m  a   a 
=
F ( z)  ln z + z + H .O.T .  −  ln z − z + H .O.T .  
2π    
ma µ
lim F (=z) =
πµ
a →0,ma = πz z
Potential Flows 41
Flow pattern:
µ µ µ ( x − iy )
F ( z=
) = =
z ( x + iy ) x +y
2 2
µx −µ y
∴φ =2 and ψ= 2
x + y2 x + y2
Potential Flows 42
i) Streamlines: ψ
= ψ=
0
constant
−µ y
ψ= ψ= Circles with centers
x2 + y 2
0
µy  µ 
x +y +
2 2
= 0  0, − 
 2ψ 0 
ψ0
2 2
 µ   µ 
x + y+
2
 =
  µ
 2ψ 0  ψ
 0
2 Radius
2ψ 0
Potential Flows 43
i) Equipotential Lines: φ= φ=
0
constant
µx
φ= φ= Circles with centers
x +y
0 2 2
µx  µ 
x +y −
2 2
=0  ,0 
 2φ0 
φ0
2 2
 µ   µ 
x−  +y =
2
  µ
 2φ0  φ
 0
2 Radius
2φ0
Potential Flows 44
y
Streamlines
Equipotential lines
Potential Flows 45
Flow in a Sector
Consider: F ( z ) = Uz n n >1
(Note: n = 1 i.e. F ( z ) = Uz is a uniform rectilinear flow)
=F ( z ) Ur ( cos nθ + i sin nθ )
n
>φ =
= Ur cos nθn
θ
ψ = Ur sin nθ
n
Potential Flows 46
Flow in a Sector
φ = Ur cos nθ
n
and ψ = Ur n sin nθ
π
At θ = 0 and θ = ⇒ψ =
0 so it is a streamline
n
π
ψ =0 2n
π
2n
ψ =0
Potential Flows 47
Flow in a Sector
∂φ π
ur = nUr n −1 cos(nθ )
= ψ =0 2n
∂r π
1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2n
𝑢𝑢𝜃𝜃 = = −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1 sin⁡

(𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃)
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 ψ =0
n −1
=
θ = 0 : uθ = 0 ; u r nUr >0
π
θ= : uθ = 0 ; −nUr n −1 < 0
ur =
n
π
θ= : uθ = − nUr
n −1
; ur = 0
2n
Potential Flows 48
Uniform Flow about a Circular Cylinder
| z |= 1
m m −m −m
−b −
1 1 a
b a a, b > 1
m   1  1 
=
F ( z) ln( z + b) + ln  z + b  − ln( z − a ) − ln  z − a  
2π     
  1
 ( z + b)  z +  
F ( z) =
m
ln   b

2π   1
( z − a)  z −  
  a  
Potential Flows 49
| z |= 1
iθ
Along the unit circle, z=e m m −m −m
−b −
1 1 a
b a a, b > 1
 iθ  iθ 1  − iθ  − iθ 1  
m  ( e + b) e +  (e − a) e −  
 b  a
F ( z) = ln  
2π  iθ  iθ 1  − iθ  − iθ 1  
 ( e − a) e −  (e − a) e − 
 a  a  
Potential Flows 50
=
Recall: zz real= x + y2 2
 iθ iθ  1 − iθ  − iθ iθ  − iθ 1 
m  ( e + b ) e 1 + e  e (1 − ae )  e −  
 b   a
F ( z) = ln  
2π  real quantity 
 
  iθ 1 − iθ  − iθ 1 iθ  
  e + b + + e  e − − a + e  
F ( z) =
m
ln   b  a 
 
Potential Flows 51
iθ
=
Note: e cos θ + i sin θ
− iθ
=e cos θ − i sin θ
 1  1 
  b + + 2cosθ  −a − + 2cosθ  
m
⇒ F ( z) = ln   b  a 
 
Potential Flows 52
m
F ( z) = ln ( real quantity )
2π
F ( z )= real= φ + iψ
⇒ψ =
0
Therefore,
z = 1 (unit circle) is a streamline
Potential Flows 53
m constant
Now, let a = b → ∞ and =
a
𝑧𝑧 1
𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎 �1 + � 𝑧𝑧 �1 + �
𝐹𝐹 (𝑧𝑧) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �
2𝜋𝜋 𝑧𝑧 1
−𝑎𝑎 �1 − � 𝑧𝑧 �1 − �
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
m   z  1   z
F=
( z) ln 1 + a  + ln 1 + az  − ln 1 − a 
2π       
 1  
− ln 1 −  − ln(−1) 
 az  
Potential Flows 54
m z 1 z 1 
F (=
z)  + + + + iπ + H .O.T . 
2π  a az a az 
m  2z 2 
lim= F ( z)  + 
a →∞ 2π a az 
m
= const .
a
m  1
= z+ 
aπ  z
constant=U
Potential Flows 55
 1
∴ F ( z) = U  z + 
 z
Far away: z >> 1
F ( z ) → Uz An uniform horizontal flow

(from left to right)
Potential Flows 56
Near Field:
U
F ( z) → (a dipole)
z
 1
F=
( z) U  z + 
 z
 iθ 1 − iθ 
= U  re + e 
 r 
Potential Flows 57
 1 
z ) U  r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) + ( cos θ − i sin θ ) 
F (=
 r 
  1  1 
= U  r cos θ 1 + 2  + ir sin θ 1 − 2  
  r   r 
 1
=∴φ Ur cos θ 1 + 2 
 r 
 1
= ψ Ur sin θ 1 − 2 
 r 
Potential Flows 58
∂φ  1
ur == U cos θ + U cos θ  − 2 
∂r  r 
 1
= ur U cos θ 1 − 2 
 r 
1 𝜕𝜕𝜙𝜙 1 1
𝑢𝑢𝜃𝜃 = = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈(−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃) �1 + 2 �
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
 1
−U sin θ 1 + 2 
uθ =
 r 
Potential Flows 59
Remarks:
i) Extension to radius = R
| z |= R
m m −m −m
−b R2 R2 a
−
b a
 R2 
F=
( z) U  z + 
 z 
Potential Flows 60
ii) Combining a dipole and a uniform flow
Consider:
µ
F ( z=
) Uz +
z
iθ µ
= Ure + e − iθ
r
µ
= Ur ( cos θ + i sin θ ) + ( cos θ − i sin θ )
r
Potential Flows 61
 µ  µ
F ( z) = Ur +  cos θ + i  Ur −  sin θ
 r  r
φ ψ
For ψ= constant on r = R , we have
 µ
ψ=
 UR −  sin θ =
constant
 R
Potential Flows 62
µ
For ψ = constant, UR − =
0
R
µ
⇒ UR =
R
µ = UR 2
UR 
2
R 
2
⇒ F ( z) =Uz + =Uz+ 
z  z 
Potential Flows 63
Hydrodynamic Forces on a Cylinder in a
steady 2-D Uniform Flow
(i) Fx : force in the x-direction

y
P0 θ
U∞ x
Potential Flows 64
π P cos θ
Fx = ∫ π − p ⋅ Rdθ cos θ
− P P sin θ
π
−2 ∫ p ⋅ R cos θ dθ
Fx =
0
π Rdθ
Fy = ∫ π − p ⋅ R sin θ dθ
− R
Potential Flows 65
Bernoulli Equation:
p 1 2 2 p0 1 2
+ (u + v ) = + U ∞ = const
ρ 2 ρ 2
p − p0 u 2 + v2 2
= 1− 2
u
1 U∞
ρU ∞2
2
dF
W= = u − iv
dz
Potential Flows 66
W=u + iv ⇒ WW =u +v 2 2
dF d  R 
2
=
W = U ∞ ( z + )
dz dz  z 
2
R
=
W U ∞ (1 − 2 )
z
2
R − i 2θ
=
W U ∞ (1 − 2 e )
r
⇒ W | =U ∞ (1 − e − i 2θ ) and W= i 2θ
| U ∞ (1 − e )
z =R z =R
Potential Flows 67
− i 2θ i 2θ
WW =
U ∞ (1 − e 2
)(1 − e ) =u +v 2 2
i 2θ − i 2θ
u + v = U ∞ (1 − e − e
2 2 2
+ 1)
i 2θ − i 2θ
e + e
u 2 + v=2
2U ∞2 (1 − )
2
u 2 + v= 2
2U ∞2 (1 − cos 2θ )
Potential Flows 68
u 2 + v2
⇒ 2
2(1 cos 2θ )
=−
U∞
u +v
2 2
2
= 4sin 2
θ
U∞
p − p0
= 1 − 4sin 2 θ
1
ρU ∞
2
2
Potential Flows 69
p − p0 B
1
ρU ∞2
2
C C A
A
D
π π θ
2
B,D
Potential Flows 70
π
−2 ∫ p ⋅ R cos θ dθ
Fx =
0
1
ρU ∞2 (1 − 4sin 2 θ ) + P0
2
π
 1 
−2 R ∫ (1 − 4sin θ ) ρU ∞ + P0  cos θ dθ
Fx = 2 2
0 
2
Potential Flows 71
π π cos θ π
∫ P cos
0
= θ dθ
0 0 sin θ |
P=
0
0 2 π
θ
Similarly,
π
1
∫0 2 ∞ cos θ dθ = 0
ρ 2
U
We have left:
π
1
−2 R ∫ 4sin θ (− ρU ∞2 ) cos θ dθ
2
0
2
Potential Flows 72
π
∫ sin θ cos θ dθ
2
Examine:
0
sin 3 θ π ∴ Fx =
= = | 0 0
3 0
Similarly, Fy = 0
Fx = 0 is because of the neglect of viscosity.

It is known as the d’ Alembert’s paradox
Potential Flows 73
Flow about a Circular Cylinder with
Circulation
R
U
Γ
R 2 iΓ
F ( z ) = U ( z + ) + ln z + C
z 2π
Potential Flows 74
Circulation
@ r = R F (= iθ − iθ iΓ
z ) U (Re + Re ) + (ln R + iθ ) + C
2π
Γ θ iΓ
= 2UR cos θ − + ln R + C
2π 2π
iΓ
ψ =0 ⇒ ln R + C =0
2π
iΓ
⇒C =− ln R
2π
Potential Flows 75
Circulation
 R 2  iΓ  z 
∴ F ( z) = U  z + + ln  
 z  2π  R 
 R 2  iΓ 1
W ( z ) = U 1 − 2  +
 z  2π z
 R 2 − i 2θ  iΓ − iθ
=
U 1 − 2 e  + e
 r  2π r
Potential Flows 76
Circulation
− iθ
= (ur − iuθ )e
W
  iθ R 2 − iθ  iΓ 
= e − iθ U  e − 2 e  + 
  r  2π r 
− iθ
  R2    R2  Γ 
= e U 1 − 2  cos θ + i  U 1 + 2  sin θ + 
  r    r  2π r  
Potential Flows 77
Circulation
R2
⇒ ur = U (1 − 2 ) cos θ
r
and
R 2
Γ
−U (1 + 2 ) sin θ −
uθ =
r 2π r
Potential Flows 78
Circulation
On r = R:
ur = 0
and
Γ
−U (1 + 1) sin θ −
uθ =
2π R
Γ
−2U sin θ −
=
2π R
Potential Flows 79
Circulation
At the stagnation point, u=
r u=
θ 0
Γ
uθ =−2U sin θ −
0=
2π R
Γ
sin θ = −
4π UR
Potential Flows 80
Circulation
(i) Γ =0, θ = 0, π
(ii) Γ ≤ 4π UR
 Γ 
=
2 solutions: θ sin  −
−1

 4π UR 
(iii) Γ > 4π UR
No Solution
(Stagnation point detached from the cylinder)
Potential Flows 81
Blasius’ Theorem (I)
y
Ci
C0
x
i ρ  dF 
2
Fx − iFy = ∫   dz
2 C0  dz 
C0 : arbitrary closed contour which encloses the object.
Potential Flows 82
Application: Consider the case of Uniform flow over a
cylinder with circulation
 R 2  iΓ  z 
F ( z) = U  z + + ln  
 z  2π  R 
dF  R 2  iΓ
W ( z) = =U 1 − 2  +
dz  z  2π z
Potential Flows 83
2
  Γ Γ  
2
 
2 2
R i i R
W ( z ) = U 1 − 2  + 
2 2
 +2 U 1 − 2 
 z   2π z  2π z  z 
 2 R 2
R 4
 Γ 2
i Γ U  R 2

= U 1 − 2 + 4  − 2 2 +
2
1 − 2 
 z z  4π z πz  z 
2 R 2 2
U R 4 2
U Γ 2
i Γ U i Γ UR 2
=U 2 − + 4 − 2 2+ −
z 2
z 4π z πz π z3
Potential Flows 84
iρ
Fx − iFy = ∫
2
W dz
2 C0
iρ
= (2π i )∑ b1 (residues )
2
Singularities: z=0
iΓ U
⇒ b1 =
π
Potential Flows 85
iΓ U
∴ Fx − iFy =−( ρπ )( )=−i ρU Γ
π
∴ Fx =
0
F=
y ρU Γ
⇒ Fx = Fy = 0 when Γ =0 for the non
circulating case.
Potential Flows 86
Blasius’ Theorem (I) - Proof
y
P
P dy
−dx
Ci
Pdy
C0
x
− Pdx
dy
v dx =
dm ( udy − vdx ) ρ
u
Potential Flows 87
y
P
Force Balance: P dy
−dx
Ci
Pdy
C0
x
− Pdx
dy
In the x-direction: v dm ( udy − vdx ) ρ
dx =
u
∫ Pdy
− Fx − 
C0
= ∫ ρ (udy − vdx)u
C0
Eq. (1)
 
=
m ∫ ρ u ⋅ nds
 
C0
back
Potential Flows 88
 
n ⋅ ds =
0
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠⃑ = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

=
n nx i + n y j
⇒ nx dx + n y dy =
0
nx ny
=
− = λ
dy dx

= n λ (dyi − dxj )
Potential Flows 89
λ =
−1
dy + dx = ds
2 2
 dyi − dxj
∴n =
ds
 
= 
m ∫ ρ u ⋅ nds
(dyi − dxj )
∫ ρ (ui + vj ) ⋅ ds ⋅ ds
= 
= ∫ ρ (udy − vdx)
Potential Flows 90
In the y-direction:
∫=
− Fy + 
C0
Pdx ∫ ρ (udy − vdx)v
C0
Eq (2)
Bernoulli Equation:
1  dP
u ⋅u + ∫ −G =B
2 ρ
P Neglect body force
ρ
back
Potential Flows 91
1  dP
u ⋅u + ∫ −G =B
2 ρ
1  P
u ⋅u + =B'
2 ρ
1  
P =− ρ u ⋅ u + B '
2
Potential Flows 92
Equation (1) becomes:
1
F= ∫C 2 ρ (u + v )dy − C∫ ρ (udy − vdx)u
2 2
x 
0 0
 1 2 2 
Fx ρ 
= ∫C uvdx − 2 (u − v )dy 
0
Similarly, Equation (2) becomes:

 1 2 2 
∫C uvdy + 2 (u − v )dx 
−ρ 
Fy =
0
Potential Flows 93
iρ
Consider: ∫

2 C0
W 2
dz (W= u − iv )
iρ
=  ∫ − (dx + idy )
2
(u iv )
2 C0
iρ
= ∫  − −  (dx + idy )
2 2

2 C0  (u v ) i 2uv 
Potential Flows 94
iρ  
=  ∫ (u − v )dx + 2uvdy  + i (u − v )dy − 2uvdx  
2 2 2 2
2  C0 
  1 2 2   1 2 2 
= ρ  ∫
 C0
uvdx − 2 (u − v )dy  + i uvdy − 2 (u − v )dx  

= Fx − iFy
iρ
=  ∫
2
W dz
2 C0
Potential Flows 95
Blasius’ Theorem (II)
y
Ci
C0
M x
ρ  
∫
M = − Re   dz 
2
zW
2 C 
 0 
Potential Flows 96
Conformal Transformation
Joukowski Transformation
Potential Flows 97
iy iη
x ξ
z plane ζ plane
z= x + iy ζ =z 2 ζ = ξ + iη
ζ = f ( z)
Potential Flows 98
For f ( z) = z 2
we have
ζ =ξ + iη =( x + iy ) 2 =( x 2 − y 2 ) + 2ixy
∴ξ = x 2 − y 2 η = 2 xy
Potential Flows 99
Issues for consideration:
(i) Harmonic function remains harmonic ?
∂φ ∂φ
2 2
? ∂ 2φ
∂φ 2
i.e. + = 0⇒ 2 + = 0
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂ξ ∂η 2
Potential Flows 100

(a) f is analytic
df
(b) ≠0
dz
(ii) Complex velocities preserved or changed?
dF ( z )
W ( z) =
dz
dF (ζ ) d ζ dζ
= ⋅ = W (ζ ) ⋅
dζ dz dz
Therefore, the velocity is not preserved.
Potential Flows 101
(iii) Are the source and vortex strengths preserved?
∫ W ( z )dz = Γ + im
C
L.H .S .= ∫ (u − iv) ⋅ (dx + idy)
C
 
Γ =
u ⋅ dl = ∫ (udx + vdy) + i(udy − vdx)
C m
= Γ + im = R.H .S .
Potential Flows 102

dζ
∫C W ( z )dz C∫ W (ζ ) dz ⋅ dz
=

z z
Γ z + imz ∫ W (ζ )dζ
=
Cς
=Γζ + imζ
∴Γ z = Γζ and mz = mζ
The source and vortex strengths are preserved.
Potential Flows 103

c2
iη iy a+
a
r =c c2
a−
a
ξ x
r=a
ζ − plane z − plane a>b>c
r =b
c2
z= ζ + where c is a real
ζ
ζ = ζ ( z)
Potential Flows 104
(i) ζ >c Consider a circle with r = a
iθ
ζ ae a> c
2
c
z= ζ +
ζ
2
c − iθiθ
= ae + e
a
2 2
c c
=(a + ) cos θ + i (a − ) sin θ
a a
Potential Flows 105
c2 c2
z =(a + ) cos θ + i (a − ) sin θ
a a
= x + iy
2
c
∴ x = (a + ) cos θ
a
2
c
y (a − ) sin θ
=
a
Potential Flows 106
2 2
x y
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =
1= 2 + 2
c 2 c 2
(a + ) (a − )
a a
2
c
Major axis = a + along x
a
c2
Minor axis = a − along y
a
Potential Flows 107

Special case: 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑐𝑐
x = 2c cos θ 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
y=0
Potential Flows 108

2
ζ c
and give the same point on the z - plane
ζ
c2 c2
z= ζ + Set ζ =
ζ ζ
Then we have,
c2 c2 c2
z= + ⇒z= +ζ
ζ c ζ
2
ζ
Potential Flows 109

Remarks on Joukowski’s Transformation
1. It is double-valued
c2
ζ, ⇒ same z point.
ζ
2. ζ ≥ c map to the entire z-plane.
ζ ≤ c map to the entire z-plane.
Potential Flows 110

3. As ζ → ∞ and z → ∞ (an identity mapping)
c2
z= ζ +
ζ
dζ
W ( z ) = W (ζ )
dz
dζ
W ( z ) = W (ζ ) when →1
dz
Potential Flows 111

U∞ U∞
4. Singular Point: ζ =0
dz
5. Two critical points: =0 when ζ = ±c
dζ
Potential Flows 112

Flow Around Ellipses
c2
a+
iη iy a
c2
U a U a−
a
ξ x
ζ − plane z − plane
c2
z= ζ +
ζ Note: a>c
Potential Flows 113

2 2
a c
(ζ ) U (ζ +
F= ) z= ζ +
ζ ζ
⇒ ζ − zζ + c =
2 2
0
z z 2 2
ζ= ± ( ) −c
2 2
ζ →∞ ; z →ζ
Potential Flows 114

 
z z 2 2 a 2 
∴ F ( z )= U  + ( ) − c + 
2 2 z z 2 2
 + ( ) −c 
2 2 
This is the complex potential for uniform flow U
c2
over an ellipse with major axis, a + , and minor
2
a
axis, a − c .
a
Potential Flows 115
Modified Joukowski Transformation
Major axis is on the imaginary axis
c2
Consider: z= ζ −
ζ
Similar to the previous results:
c2
x (a − ) cos θ
=
a
c2
Corresponds to ζ =a
y (a + ) sin θ
=
a
Potential Flows 116

A vertically oriented ellipse iy
iη c2
a+
a
a
ξ x
c2
a−
a
Potential Flows 117
iy
iη c2
z z 2 2 a+
ζ = + ( ) +c a a
ξ x
2 2
c2
a−
 
a
z z 2 2 a2 
F ( z )= U  + ( ) + c + 
2 2 z z 2 2
 + ( ) +c 
2 2 
Potential Flows 118

In general:
iy
α x
Potential Flows 119

Consider,
iη ξ'
iη '
a
α ξ
Potential Flows 120

 a 2

(ζ ) U  ζ + ' 
F= ' '
 ζ 
ζ =ζ e' iα
2
− iα a iα
F (ζ ) U (ζ e
= + e )
ζ
Potential Flows 121
 
 2  
 z z  − iα a iα 
⇒ F ( z) = U  +   − c e +
2
e 
2 2  z
2
  z
+   − c2 
 2 2 
Potential Flows 122

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Fluid Dynamics

Instructor: Dr. Albert Y. Tong

Existence of φ => Irrotational Flow

φ must satisfy the Laplace Equation

Existence of ψ => Incompressible flow

v) For irrotational flows, ψ must be harmonic

Streamlines and equipotential lines are orthogonal

∴ Equipotential Lines are orthogonal to Streamlines

If we have a complex function, F(z), and if F(z) is

The real part is a valid velocity potential for a

Vertical uniform flow

Uniform flow at an angle α

The y axis is a streamline

𝑢𝑢𝜃𝜃 = = −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1 sin⁡

z = 1 (unit circle) is a streamline

Far away: z >> 1

F ( z ) → Uz An uniform horizontal flow

(i) Fx : force in the x-direction

Fx = 0 is because of the neglect of viscosity.

Similarly, Equation (2) becomes:

Issues for consideration:

(i) Harmonic function remains harmonic ?

Potential Flows 100

Potential Flows 102

Potential Flows 103

Potential Flows 107

Potential Flows 108

Potential Flows 109

Potential Flows 110

Potential Flows 111

Potential Flows 112

Potential Flows 113

Potential Flows 114

Potential Flows 116

Potential Flows 118

Potential Flows 119

Potential Flows 120

Potential Flows 122

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