 Given the complex • Multiplication:

numbers: • z1z2 = r1r2 φ1 + φ2

 z1 = x1 + jy1 = r1 φ1 • Division:
 z2 = x2 + jy2 = r2 φ2 • z1/z2 = (r1/r2) φ1 − φ2
• Reciprocal:
 Addition:
• 1/z = (1/r) −φ
 z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + j (y1 + y2)
 Subtraction: • Square Root:
 z1 − z2 = (x1 − x2) + j (y1 − y2) • √z =√r φ/2
• Complex Conjugate:
• z ∗ = x − jy = r −φ = re−jφ

Note: 1/j = −j
 Evaluate these complex numbers:
 (a) (40 50◦ + 20 −30◦) ½
 (b) 10 − 30◦ + (3 − j4)
 Evaluate the following complex numbers:
 (a) [(5 + j2)(−1 + j4) − 5 60◦]
 (b) 10 + j5 + 3 40◦ + 10 30◦
z = x − jy = r −φ = re−jφ
Rectangular Polar Exponential

 Note: 1/j = -j
 Where:
 cos φ = Re(ejφ)
 sin φ = Im(ejφ)
 Where: Re = real part
 Im = imaginary part
 Suppose given a sinusoid:
 v(t) = Vm cos(ωt + φ)
 from: cos φ = Re(ejφ)
 =Re (Vm ej (ωt+φ))
 v(t) = Re(Vm ejφ ejωt)
 But: V = Vm ejφ = Vm φ
 Then:
 v(t) = Re( V ejωt)

States that to obtain the sinusoid corresponding

to a given phasor V, multiply the phasor by the
time factor ejωt and take the real part. As a com-
plex quantity, a phasor maybe expressed in rec-
tangular , polar or exponential form. Since a phasor
has a magnitude & phase (direction), it behaves
as a vector & is printed in bold faces.
 From: v(t) = Re( V ejωt) = Vm cos (ωt+φ)
 Taking the derivative
 dv/dt = −ωVm sin(ωt + φ)
 From: cos(ωt ± 90◦) = ∓sin ωt
 = ωVm cos(ωt + φ + 90◦ j
)
 = Re(ωVm ejωt ejφ ej90◦) but:

 = Re(jωVejωt )
This shows that the derivative v(t) is transformed to
the phasor domain as jωV. V = Vm ejφ
 1. Transform these sinusoids to phasors:
 (a) v = −4 sin(30t + 50◦)
 (b) i = 6 cos(50t − 40◦)
 2. Find the sinusoids represented by these
phasors:
 (a) V = j8e−j20◦
 (b) I = −3 + j4
 3. Add the following sinusoids
 i1(t) = 4 cos(ωt + 30◦) and
 i2(t) = 5 sin(ωt − 20◦)

i(t) = 3.218 cos(ωt − 56.97 ◦) A

 4. Determine the current i(t). Given
 1. Express these sinusoids as phasors:
 (a) v = −7 cos(2t + 40◦)
 (b) i = 4 sin(10t + 10◦)

 2. Find the sinusoids corresponding to

these phasors:
 (a) V = −10 30◦
 (b) I = j (5 − j12)
 3. If v1 = −10 sin(ωt +30◦) and
 v2 = 20 cos(ωt −45◦), find V = v1 +v2.
 4. Find the voltage v(t) in a circuit described
by the integrodifferential equation using the
phasor approach.
 Voltage across Resistor:
 Ohms Law Phasor
 v = iR = R Im cos(ωt + φ) V = RIm φ
 I = Im φ.

Note: voltage and current

are in phase
 Voltage across inductor:
 v = Ldi/dt v = −ωLIm sin(ωt + φ)
but: i =Im cos(ωt + φ) but current lags voltage by 90

then: i = -Im sin(ωt + φ)
 also: −sinA = cos(A + 90◦).
 v = ωLIm cos(ωt + φ + 90◦)
Therefore:

 V = jωLI
 Current across capacitor
 i = C dv/dt I = jωCV
But: v =Vm cos(ωt + φ)
 V = I/jωC
 The voltage v = 12 cos(60t + 45◦) is applied to a
0.1-H inductor. Find the steady-state current
through the inductor.
 Solution:
 For the inductor, V = jωLI, where ω = 60 rad/s
and V = 12 45◦ V.
 Hence
 I = V/jωL
 =12 45◦/(j60 × 0.1)
 =12 45◦/6 90◦
 = 2 −45◦A
 Converting this to the time domain,
 i(t) = 2 cos(60t − 45◦) A
 If voltage v = 6 cos(100t−30◦) is applied to a
50 μF capacitor, calculate the current through
the capacitor.