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502
Chapter 12: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids and Solids
or d =
(molar mass)P
mol
= 1.70 g L–1 1.7 g/L
RT Latm
0.08206 (293 K)
K mol
4A (E) We first calculate pressure created by the water at 80.0 °C, assuming all 0.132 g H 2 O
vaporizes.
1mol H 2 O L atm
0.132 g H 2O 0.08206 353.2 K
nRT 18.02 g H O mol K 760 mmHg
P2
2
V 0.525 L 1 atm
307 mmHg
At 80.0 °C, the vapor pressure of water is 355.1 mmHg, thus, all the water exists as vapor.
4B (E) The result of Example 12-3 is that 0.132 g H 2 O would exert a pressure of 281 mmHg
if it all existed as a vapor. Since that 281 mmHg is greater than the vapor pressure of water
at this temperature, some of the water must exist as liquid. The calculation of the example
is based on the equation P = nRT/ V, which means that the pressure of water is proportional
to its mass. Thus, the mass of water needed to produce a pressure of 92.5 mmHg under this
situation is
0.132 g H 2 O
mass of water vapor 92.5 mmHg 0.0435 g H 2O
281 mmHg
503
mass of liquid water = 0.132 g H 2 O total 0.0435 g H 2 O vapor = 0.089 g liquid water
504
Chapter 12: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids and Solids
5A (M) From Table 12.4 we know that vap H 37.4 kJ/mol for methanol. We now can use the
5B (M) The vapor pressure at the normal boiling point 99.2 C 372.4 K is 760 mmHg
precisely. We can use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to determine the vapor pressure
at 25 C 298 K.
P 35.76103 J mol1 1 1
ln 2.874
760 mmHg 8.3145 J mol1 K 1 298.2 K 372.4 K
P
e 2.874 0.0565 P 0.0565 760 mmHg 42.9 mmHg
760 mmHg
6A (M) We first look to molar masses: Ne (20.2 g/mol), He (4.0 g/mol), Cl 2 (70.9 g/mol),
b g
CH3 2 CO (58.1 g/mol), O 2 (32.0 g/mol), and O 3 (48.0 g/mol). Both CH 3 2 CO and O3
are polar, O 3 weakly so (because of its uneven distribution of electrons). We expect
b g
CH 3 2 CO to have the highest boiling point, followed by Cl 2 , O 3 , O 2 , Ne, and He. In the
following ranking, actual boiling points are given in parentheses. He (–268.9 C),
Ne (–245.9 C), O2 (–183.0 C), O3 (–111.9 C), Cl2 (–34.6 C), and (CH3)2CO (56.2 C).
6B (M) The magnitude of the enthalpy of vaporization is strongly related to the strength of
intermolecular forces: the stronger these forces, the more endothermic the vaporization
process. The first three substances all are nonpolar and, therefore, their only intermolecular
forces are London forces, whose strength primarily depends on molar mass. The substances
are arranged in order of increasing molar mass: H 2 = 2.0 g / mol, CH 4 = 16.0 g / mol,
C6 H 6 = 78.1 g/mol, and also in order of increasing heat of vaporization. The last substance
has a molar mass of 61.0 g/mol, which would produce intermolecular forces smaller than
those of C 6 H 6 if CH 3 NO 2 were nonpolar. But the molecule is definitely polar. Thus, the
strong dipole–dipole forces developed between CH3NO2 molecules make the enthalpy of
vaporization for CH3NO2 larger than that for C6H6, which is, of course, essentially non-polar.
7A (M) Moving from point R to P we begin with H2O(g) at high temperature (>100 C). When
the temperature reaches the point on the vaporization curve, OC, water condenses at constant
temperature (100 C). Once all of the water is in the liquid state, the temperature drops.
505
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Language: Finnish
Historiallinen romaani
Kirj.
STANLEY J. WEYMAN
V. Hämeen-Anttila
SISÄLLYS:
I. Fécampin markkinat.
II. Solomon Notredame.
III. Mies ja vaimo.
IV. Kaksiovinen talo.
V. Ylempi holviovi.
Vi. Kiinnytysjauhe.
Vii. Klytemnestra.
VIII. Kainin merkki.
IX. Oikeuden edessä.
X. Kaksi todistajaa.
I.
Fécampin markkinat.
"En."
"Minä."
Solomon Notredame.
"Jos olisit irralla, niin mahtuisitko tästä ikkunasta?" kysyi mies. Hän
supatti hyvin hillitysti, mutta hänen olisi sallinut huutaakin viereisen
piltuun rähinä, puhumattakaan rumasta renkutuksesta, jota hoilattiin
toisessa päässä tallia. "Niinkö? Ota sitte tämä viila. Hivuta viidettä
rengasta, joka jo on kulunut enemmän kuin puolitiehen. Ymmärrätkö,
poika?"
"Kyllä, kyllä", vastasi Jehan taas, hapuillen oljista työkalua, joka oli
pudonnut hänen jalkoihinsa. "Tiedän."
"Ei."