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DOCUMENT SCORE

92 of 100
ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT

39
PLAGIARISM

1%
Contextual Spelling 2
Confused Words 1
Misspelled Words 1

Grammar No errors

Punctuation 1
Misuse of Semicolons, Quotation Marks, etc. 1

Sentence Structure 2
Misplaced Words or Phrases 2

Style 34
Passive Voice Misuse 31
Unclear Reference 2
Wordy Sentences 1

Vocabulary enhancement No errors

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Human Genetic Engineering

With the advancement in technology in the modern world,
there has been invention and innovation in almost all the
pillars of development. Through this advancement in
technology, machines have been invented 1 which are used
to view, analyze and modify genetic makeup of an 1
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organism. As a result, there has been introduced 2 a field of
study known as genetic engineering which brought forth
human genetic engineering. At first genetic engineering 3 2
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used to be like some science fiction but as at now, it has
entered human possibility realm. Genetic engineering can 3
Repetitive word: engineering
be termed 4 as a collection of diverse techniques that
artificially alter the genetic constitution of an individual or
a cell through selectively removing, inserting or modifying 4
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a single gene or even a set of genes. It is also referred 5 as
gene splicing, biotechnology, recombinant DNA
technology or even gene editing (Berlatsky & Noah). This
technique that has been recently invented 6 is aimed 7 at
fulfilling one of the tree targets. First, revealing the 5
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complicated process of gene inheritance end expression.
Second, generation of economic benefits which mostly
involve the improvement of plants and animals for 6
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7
agricultural produce. And lastly, provision of better Passive voice
understanding and effective 8 various disease treatment.
This technique of genetic engineering is now widely used
in almost all health laboratories for isolation of specific
DNA fragment of an organism genome then determine its
base sequence as well as assessing its function. Other
applications of this technology include medical diagnosis, 8
Overused word: effective
forensic analysis of samples of scene-of-crime,
biotechnology industry, and paternity disputes. Although
genetic engineering has been found helpful in many
aspects, it has also been found to possess threats to
humankind. One of the disciplines of genetic engineering is
the human genetic engineering. (Cohen, Marina). Human
genetic manipulation is one of the main 9 practices of
genetic engineering. Gene editing in humans is done 10 in
two different ways; the somatic genetic modification and
Germline genetic modification. Human genetic engineering
has been widely applied 11 in many areas such as testing for
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traits unrelated to disease, better athletes building through

gene doping, the creation of designer babies among many
9
other benefits. Some techniques for human genetic Overused word: main

engineering have also been developed 12. Even though

10
genetic engineering 13 has been used 14 for many health Passive voice

benefits, it also has health risks related to it although its

benefits are not diversely felt 15 since it is termed 16 as a
11
technique for the rich. ("Human Genetic Modification | Passive voice

Center For Genetics And Society 17"). But what are these
techniques 18 involved in human gene editing 19? Is human
genetic engineering for the wealthy? Or what are the
benefits and potential risk associated with this high
12
technology on humans, and should it be practiced? Passive voice
13
Scientists have developed several modern techniques to Repetitive word: engineering
14
genetically engineer human genomes 20. Some of these Passive voice
15
methods that have been considered viable for future Passive voice
16
generations include the mitochondria DNA transfer, Passive voice
17
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cloning, Unoriginal text: 8 words
www.geneticsandsociety.org/topics/hu…
CRISPR/Cas9, and germline genetic engineering. Cloning
18
involves the inducing cells into favorable medium to make Repetitive word: techniques
19
a copy of themselves and is of two types; reproductive [gene editing → gene-editing]
cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning
involves making cells of a complete organism to replicate
and produce a whole 21 copy of the original individual; this
method is discouraged due to its low chances of survival of
fertilized eggs and complex nature. On the other hand,
Therapeutic cloning involves scientist taking cells 20
Split infinitive
harvested from a health organs and through them entirely
new organs 22 are developed 23. Therapeutic cloning has
been highly used 24 in people who need an organ transplant.
Although this technique is promising, its primary challenge
includes time-consuming and expensiveness. (Brown &
Terence) Germline genetic engineering involves
manipulation of germ cells and also has two forms. In the
first form 25, select genes are inserted 26 into pre-embryo
formed when fertilized eggs divide into four or eight cells
then DNA of engineered cells duplicates to create all other
cells. This method is most promising since it has proved to 21
Unusual word pair
be more successful. The second form involves insertion of
new genes into germ cells either in the human fetus, child
or young adult. However, not preferred due to its pain
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taking process involved. (Smith, Kevin, et al., 491-513).

Somatic genetic engineering involves artificial genetically
22

editing somatic cell’s genes by directly introducing Repetitive word: organs

23
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selective 27 genes into the cells in an individual in 24
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replacement of genes that causes cell malfunctioning. This
technique suffers great 28 challenge due to the many
reported cases of deaths resulting from these procedures.
Besides, sometimes it becomes infeasible since to rectify
some traits needs genetically manipulating all somatic cells
25

in a body which is impossible. Mitochondrial DNA Repetitive word: form

26
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transfer, on the other hand, is technology aims at
eliminating the mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial
diseases are heredity genetic disorder disease that is
capable of causing body malfunction like stunted growth.
Mitochondrial diseases 29 increase the risk of infection,
neurological problems and have no cure. Mothers
perceived to be carrier always refrained from having
children from their eggs. However, through mitochondria
transfer, these women are given a chance to bear children
of their own. However 30, scientists have no surety of any
presence of hidden complication related to this technology.
27
It is still under trial with even its trial behind illegal in Unusual word pair

some states. (Schon, Eric, et al., 881). Finally, Clustered

Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and
28
CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) is the most Overused word: great

modern technique involved in gene editing which so far has

proved to be the best human genetic manipulation
technique as compared to all others. This method is faster,
accurate, and also cheaper... 31 (Ran, F. Ann, et al., 2281-
2308).
So far, human genetic manipulation has only being a
practice for couples who struggle to conceive and other
minor application such as forensic science. However, all
the techniques involved in human genetic manipulation are
29
expensive; this is because the machines used are costly and Repetitive word: diseases
also requires highly trained personnel. As a result, this
technology has remained to be a thing for the rich. Only the
wealthy people can afford enough finances to pay for the
cost required. If by now people born from a wealthy family
get privileged in education, health services, national
services and in many other sectors, imagine 32 of a situation 30
Repetitive word: However
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where human gene editing is allowed. With the genetic

engineering being for the wealthy people, it would result in
inequality between the rich and the poor like never before
if it is widely applied. The world will remain being of two
communities; those genetically engineered and the
normal 33 people. Currently desired human traits are
inherited from parent to child and are a matter of
probability. The same way genetic engineering has been
used in the manipulation of crops to bear the desired trait
such as pest resistance, a human can as well apply gene 31
Unnecessary ellipsis
editing to make characteristics that they require. Such a
practice will be a matter of cost. The wealthy folks will be
able to pay, and instead of just relying on inherited traits,
they will be able to engineer their own 34 directly. There is
no known simple procedure involving genetic manipulation
which is not costly. Questions have been raised 35 on
whether this technology has been for the poor. However,
there is a better found responsible for the same. From
speculations, neither will in the future be cheap 36 genetic
manipulation techniques that low earning people can
afford.
Human genetic manipulation has come up with numerous
immeasurable benefits in the field of medicine. This
technique has been applied 37 in diagnosing genetic and
other diseases, genetic disorder treatment, medicine
32

regenerative by use of stem cells, and also safer and Possibly confused word

effective 38 vaccine production. Also, it has been used in in

pharmaceuticals and curing genetic disorders through gene
therapy. Most of the inherited disease which lacks cure due
to their unresponsiveness to antibiotics and other
conventional diseases 39 have been treated 40 through human
genetic engineering. Some of such condition include
33
Downs syndrome, muscular dystrophy, Huntington's Overused word: normal

disease, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs and fragile X

syndrome. Human genetic editing has not only be able to
cure genetic disorders but also eliminating the harmful
gene or reducing its frequency. Furthermore, there is a
future possibility of this technology providing treatment or
vaccines to almost all disease including HIV and cancer.
Also, human hormones have been developed 41 by use of
these techniques to prevent some hormone deficiency
34
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disorders such as growth retardation caused by lack of Unoriginal text: 8 words

www.donorschoose.org/project/engin…
growth hormone. (Bruce & Donald). Even though human
genetic engineering has proved diverse application in
medical issues and solved some of the major 42 genetic- 35
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related diseases, there are no benefits without peril. This
technology posse numerous potential risk to the individual,
environment, and the whole humanity at large. To start 36
Unusual word pair
with, since genetic manipulation employs the viral vector
that carries the functional gene into the body of a human,
the results from this activity are still unknown. Also, no
clues have been as to where the functional genes have to be
placed 43 which may result in replacing the vital 44 gene 37
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rather than the mutated gene causing further health
condition. Side effects of genetic engineering are still
unpredictable, and this possesses a risk to an individual. 38
Overused word: effective
One of the most debated challenges of genetic
manipulation has been ethical and social issues related to it.
Some have been arguing that this technology is like
"playing God"; this is also a concern that genetic editing
has to society. The facts that once a gene is placed 45 into
an organism the process is irreversible has been part of the 39
Repetitive word: diseases
concerns 46. The act of introducing human genes to 40
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nonhuman also has ethical issues. With such trend as
adding human genes to tomatoes leaves people in warder
whether the plant to some extent upon addition of other
genes can be considered as human as well. (Bruce &
Donald). Having many health benefits, disadvantages,
ethical and social issues 47, it has been a long debate to
decide whether human genetic engineering should be
practiced 48 or not. All the technique invented to this far
depends on a matter of probability which is against medical
ethics. Many people, however, hold it that this technology
41

of manipulating human genetic makeup should be Passive voice

practiced 49; this is because it has found numerous

medical 50 application. Besides, many diseases that had
proven to be a treat to human nature can find 51 their cure
through utilization of human genetic manipulation. Those
that argue that it should not be put 52 into practice view it
42

on the side of demerits and consider the many danger it Overused word: major

may cause to humankind at an instance where there is an

accident while trying the gene editing process. Human
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genetic engineering is a practice that should not be

practiced 53 at the moment. Unless there is enough evidence
that it can be performed successfully without any risks or
chances involved, this technology should be put 54 to an
end. Although the need for this practice increases day and
night, it is currently unethical to practice human genetic 43
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editing. This 55 is because there are still no found proper 44
Unusual word pair
technique that lacks potential risk. (Bruce & Donald).
It is evident that there is a rapid 56 advancement of
techniques that have implication for 57 human genetic
manipulation bringing serious 58 health and safety issues
that are yet to be resolved 59. There are also hopes for better
technologies than these in the future as a result of the
current technological advancement and increase in health
research facility in many parts of the world. The increase
in the need for human genetic manipulation and emergence
of complex disorders in human beings has also been among 45
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the leading cause of research carried out. These techniques 46
Repetitive word: concerns
have brought hope to many for human advancement and
futuristic therapy especially those that suffer from the
diseases and disorders treated by this technology. However,
to others, human genetic engineering has brought fear
possible outcomes in a world where human genome is
corrupted 60. This 61 raises a need for further study and 47
Dangling modifier
collection of many facts as possible to identify the risks
and benefits involved to determine the necessity of human
genetic engineering to be ever practiced 62. Even if save 48
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procedures will be found after research, scientists should as
well weigh between the risks involved and the benefits
before any of their methods is widely applied. Without all
these put into consideration, human genetic manipulation
remains risky medical procedure that should at no cost put 49
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into practice. At the current state, it is still unethical to use 50
Repetitive word: medical
human genetic editing for any other purpose rather than
research due to its potential to save as well as to harm. 51
Repetitive word: find
There is, therefore, a great need for the current and future
generation to have an intense study on the same and bring
into reality the many medical health benefits behind human 52
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genetic engineering and the same time pose no harm to
humankind. If no safe methods are found 63 for human
genetic editing techniques, then the whole thing should be
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forgotten and other ways through the use of current

advancing technology to bring solutions that are supposed 53
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to be solved 64 through this technique.

54
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55
Unclear antecedent

56
Unoriginal text: 8 words
www.coursehero.com/file/p2d092op/…
57
[have implication for → imply]
58
Overused word: serious
59
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60
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61
Unclear antecedent

62
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63
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64
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