Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Admapn038en 0910
Admapn038en 0910
2 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Another interpretation affirmed that Heat rejection. Heat rejection is
the energy metric, both full-load and another area that saw a significant System Design and Control
part-load, are to be measured at the change. There are now limits on the use Requirements
line side of the starter or variable- of centrifugal fans in cooling towers,
frequency drive (VFD). This means that once the tower handles more than 1100 When it comes to energy savings,
starter and drive losses must be gpm. Towers above this flow rate now much of the impact of the mechanical
included in the chiller performance have to meet the more stringent axial section relates to system
data. (IC 90.1-2004-6) fan power level of 38.2 gpm per requirements. The general areas fall
horsepower. There are exceptions for into three categories: waterside,
Chiller scope expansion. Along with site and acoustic restrictions. outdoor air, and airside design and
changes for glycol use, the scope for (Addendum U) control requirements.
positive displacement chillers, both air-
A new tower category was added in
and water-cooled, was expanded to
response to confusion over whether a
include those with a leaving fluid
fluid cooler, or 'closed-circuit cooling Waterside
temperature greater than 32°F.
tower', was intended to be covered by
(Addendum BL)
the cooling tower requirements. Closed- Two-position valves in water-cooled
The last change for chillers in 90.1-2010 circuit cooling towers have different test unitary products. Condenser water
is the non-standard centrifugal conditions more reflective of the range flow for unitary systems can only be
equation and the temperatures and and approach. Closed-circuit cooling variable if (at least) a two-position valve
flows that are within the scope. towers equipped with an axial fan have a is included at the unit, to shut off water
Centrifugal chillers are covered by 90.1 more stringent level than those flow when the unit is turned off. Since
if they have: equipped with a centrifugal fan. 2001, water-source heat pumps have
(Addenda A, L) been required to have these valves;
• 36°F or higher evaporator leaving
now this is a requirement for water-
fluid temperature,
Liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers. cooled unitary air conditioners also. For
• 115°F or lower leaving condenser Liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers now water-cooled unitary systems of
fluid temperature, and have a referenced test procedure. This greater than 5 hp, a VFD is required on
• 20°F to 80°F of lift (leaving has encouraged heat exchanger the pump motor, or it must have similar
condenser minus leaving manufacturers to submit their products performance. (Addendum AK).
evaporator temperature). to a certification program, which gives
users a common reference for Variable-flow and variable-speed
Roughly 98 percent of centrifugal performance. No target efficiency levels pumping. In hydronic systems other
chillers sold will now be subject to have been set, but could be in the than water-cooled unitary systems, if
meeting 90.1 requirements. For future. (Addendum AD) the system power is greater than 10
example, an 85.1ºF entering condenser hp, a VFD is required on the pump
water temperature can no longer be Electrical equipment. motor, or it must have similar
used to avoid the 90.1 requirements. Motors. Other changes include federal performance. This is a dramatic
This loophole could not be closed until requirements for integral horsepower change. In the past, at 10 hp for the
a new, non-standard adjustment general purpose motors to be premium system, the system had to have, at
equation was developed. The new efficiency, as defined by the National minimum, two-way valves and ride the
adjustment can apply to more Electrical Manufacturers Association pump curve. At 50 hp per pump, with
combinations of conditions. As chillers (NEMA). Special purpose motors are at least 100' of head, a VFD was
deviate from standard conditions, the exempt from this requirement. Motor required. Now, when individual pumps
90.1 requirement becomes slightly types are defined by NEMA, and an are 5 hp or more, and the system
more stringent than in the past version. excerpt of the definition of a general power is at least 10 hp, VFD-like
purpose motor is included in 90.1 for performance is required. (Addendum
The adjustment is handled by a ease of reference. (Addenda AJ, BK) AK)
polynomial equation, sometimes
referred to as “K-adjust” or Kadj.
Transformers. Low-voltage, dry-type, Service water booster systems.
(Addendum BT)
distribution transformers are covered by Pumps are often installed in service
All of these changes together made it 90.1-2010 to reflect 2005 federal water systems (aka domestic hot
difficult to keep the non-standard requirements. (Addendum O) water) to boost the pressure at a
adjustment tables for centrifugals specific point in the system.
within the pages of the standard. Downstream of that booster system,
Instead, a spreadsheet tool will be 90.1-2010 prohibits installing a device
included on the User's Manual CD and solely for the purpose of reducing the
examples in the printed version of the pressure of the water flow, except for
User's Manual. safety devices. Pressure must be
measured and pump operation varied
to better follow the load. And pump(s)
must be shut off when no service
water flow is required. (Addendum CV)
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 3
Pump pressure optimization. With Pipe insulation. Chilled-water piping 90.1 explicitly states that the threshold
all the new requirements for variable insulation requirements have modest is based on the individual fan and coil.
speed pumping, it follows that 90.1 changes, but hot water and especially For a fan-coil, VRF or zone-based fan
now requires pump pressure steam pipes have significant upgrades. and coil system, 54,000 Btu/h is the
optimization for systems with DDC There are exceptions: for example, largest terminal size before an
controls. There are two main when pipes are in the interior walls economizer is required. This
requirements: the differential pressure between conditioned spaces. And if requirement could be satisfied by
(DP) setpoint can be no more than the non-metallic pipe is used, and it's either a water or air economizer.
DP that corresponds to 110 percent of greater than schedule 80 thickness,
the design flow rate, and the DP you may reduce insulation thickness to One way that more climates were
setpoint has to be reset until one valve an equivalent heat transfer per linear justified is by dropping the exceptions
is nearly wide open. (Addendum AK) foot. There are adjustments for buried for integrated economizing. This
pipe. (Addenda BA, BI) means that the economizer will be the
first stage of cooling, followed by
Maximum flows in nominal pipe mechanical cooling, until the high limit
sizes. The allowances change based shutoff point. The high limit changes
on the annual hours of operation of Outdoor Air by climate zone.
that system, and whether it is variable
flow/variable speed. See Table 1. There are four main topics for outdoor There are 12 exceptions to the
air system design and control: economizer requirement
This change limits the amount of economizers, energy recovery (paraphrased):
frictional loss that the system pumps ventilators, dampers, and ventilation
must overcome. System design delta T 1 climate zones 1a or 1b
controls.
impacts which pipe sizes are 2 fan + coil size 54,000 Btu/h
permitted. For example, if you really (computer rooms use 90.1-2007
Economizers. A sweeping
want 6-inch and not 8-inch pipes, you size limits)
addendum changed economizer
may have to increase the delta T
requirements. That is, economizers are 3 non-particulate air treatment is
(reduce the flow rate).
now economically justified in most required by ASHRAE 62.1
For pipe sizes larger than 12", you climate zones. Two exceptions are
climate zones 1a and 1b, which include 4 percent of air that is humidified to
adhere to a maximum velocity. over 35°F dewpoint (75 percent of
(Addenda AF, CC) the areas highlighted in Figure 1 and
other very hot climates worldwide. design airflow for health care, 25
(Addendum CY) percent for process cooling, not
Pump head calculations. Standard applicable to computer rooms)
90.1-2010 requires that pump head Smaller systems will need 5 systems with condenser heat
calculations be performed prior to economizers as well. If the individual recovery of a specific size (see
sizing pumps. This is similar to the fan and coil is 54,000 Btu/h (4.5 tons) below discussion)
requirement for load calculations. or greater, then an economizer is
(Addendum V) required. Some jurisdictions have 6 systems serving residential
interpreted this as applying if the entire spaces with a size < 270,000 Btu/h
system is greater than 4.5 tons, but 7 systems with cooling loads less
than the skin loads at 60°F outdoor
temperature
Table 1. Piping System Design Maximum Flow Rate in GPM (IP) (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Table 6.5.4.5) 8 systems operating < 20 hours per
Operating hours/yr 2000 2000 and 4400 4400 week
hours/yr hours/yr hours/yr
9 systems where outdoor air for
Nominal pipe size Other Variable flow/ Other Variable flow/ Other Variable flow/
cooling would affect open
(in.) Variable speed Variable speed Variable speed
refrigeration cases
2 1/2 120 180 85 130 68 110
3 180 270 140 210 110 170
10 efficiency trade-off
4 350 530 260 400 210 320 You may trade off the economizer
5 410 620 310 470 250 370 with an improvement in equipment
efficiency. The trade-off has been
6 740 1100 570 860 440 680
expanded to include more types of
8 1200 1800 900 1400 700 1100
mechanical cooling equipment,
10 1800 2700 1300 2000 1000 1600 including applied systems, and it
12 2500 3800 1900 2900 1500 2300 applies to the part load metric (or the
Maximum velocity 8.5 fps 13.0 fps 6.5 fps 9.5 fps 5.0 fps 7.5 fps full load metric if a part load metric
for pipes over 12" does not exist.)
size
4 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 5
Table 3. Maximum Damper Leakage (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Table 6.4.3.4.4)
Ventilation optimization (ventilation
reset). In addition to zone-level
Maximum Damper Leakage (cfm per ft2) at 1.0 in. w.g.
ventilation control, there is a new
Ventilation Air Intake Exhaust Relief requirement for system level ventilation
Climate Zone non-motorized1 motorized non-motorized1 motorized adjustments in multiple-zone systems
1,2 with DDC controls. One exception is that
any height 20 4 20 4 this control is not required if the system
requires an ERV by section 6.5.6.1 (Table
3
4). What is not required, is dynamic
any height 20 10 20 10
recalculation of the critical zone, with the
4, 5b, 5c ability to “pop open the critical boxes” to
less than 3 stories not allowed 10 20 10 reduce the outdoor-air (OA) fraction and
3 or more stories not allowed 10 not allowed 10 reduce the overall system intake airflow.
5a, 6, 7, 8
This technique is allowed under
exception a2 in 6.5.3.2(a). This is
less than 3 stories not allowed 4 20 4
sometimes referred to as limiting the
3 or more stories not allowed 4 not allowed 4 “maximum Z,” based on the variable
1 Dampers smaller than 24 in. in either dimension may have leakage of 40 cfm/ft2 assigned to the zone OA fraction in
Standard 62.1. So for those looking to
exceed the minimum requirements, this
Dampers. Outdoor air intake dampers (f) Heating energy recovery in climate is one place to do it.1,2 (Addendum CK)
in climates 5a, 6, 7, 8 must be motorized zones 1 and 2.
(Table 3), low-leak (AMCA Class 1)
dampers. Gravity or backdraft dampers (g) Cooling energy recovery in climate
are permitted for all uses in climates 1 zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7, and 8. Airside
through 3, or for exhaust/relief dampers
in one or two story buildings in climates (h) Where the largest source of air In addition to single-zone VAV, there are
4 through 8. (Addendum CB) exhausted at a single location at the several new or modified requirements
building exterior is less than 75 for airside controls.
percent of the design outdoor airflow
Exhaust air energy recovery. Energy
rate.
recovery ventilators (ERVs) are Supply air reset. A requirement for
justifiable in a lot more situations, now (i) Systems requiring dehumidification supply air temperature (SAT) reset was
that energy costs have risen and the that employ energy recovery in series removed from 90.1 in the 1999 version,
component costs have come down. with the cooling coil. but has returned in the 2010 version. Part
There are three intersecting thresholds: of the ambivalence 90.1 has shown for
climate, a percentage of outdoor air, and (j) Systems expected to operate less this requirement is the overall impact of
the supply airflow rate (see Table 4). than 20 hrs per week at the outdoor increase in fan energy compared to the
There is no ERV requirement, for any air percentage covered by table decrease in reheat energy.
size system in any climate, if below 30 6.5.6.1.
percent outdoor air at full design airflow. The goal is to set up the SAT reset
strategy so that it gradually resets to full
Zone-level demand-controlled reset at a point when most zones have
There are 10 exceptions to the ERV
ventilation (DCV). As of 90.1-2007, minimal cooling loads, and the additional
requirement, related to situations where
zone-level DCV is required for zones with fan energy will not overwhelm the
exhaust heat recovery is not economical
more than 40 people per 1000 square reheat savings. A simple approach for
or practical.
feet (100 in the 2004 version). As doing this was mentioned in a recent
(a) Laboratory systems meeting 6.5.7.2. discussed in an earlier newsletter2, newsletter3. The outdoor air temperature
several techniques are suitable for this based strategy begins resetting the
(b) Systems serving spaces that are not control, depending on the space type supply air setpoint when it is 70°F
cooled and that are heated to less and use. outdoors, with 1°F of reset per 2°F
than 60°F. additional reduction in outdoor air
temperature until the maximum reset
(c) Systems exhausting toxic,
supply air setpoint is reached.
flammable, paint, or corrosive fumes
or dust. Table 4. Energy Recovery Requirement (IP) (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Table 6.5.6.1)
% Outdoor air at full design airflow rate
(d) Commercial kitchen hoods used for
> 30% and > 40% and > 50% and > 60% and > 70% and > 80%
collecting and removing grease Zone
< 40% < 50% < 60% < 70% < 80%
vapors and smoke.
Design Supply Fan airflow rate (cfm)
(e) Where more than 60 percent of the 3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5B NR NR NR NR > 5000 > 5000
outdoor air heating energy is 1B, 2B, 5C NR NR > 26000 > 12000 > 5000 > 4000
provided from site-recovered or site 6B > 11000 > 5500 > 4500 > 3500 > 2500 > 1500
solar energy. 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A > 5500 > 4500 > 3500 > 2000 > 1000 >0
7, 8 > 2500 > 1000 >0 >0 >0 >0
6 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Above 70°F, the outdoor air provides Figure 2. Dual maximum control option for zone heating
little or no cooling benefit for 100% maximum
economizing, and the cooling load in heating coil (design)
activated primary
most zones is likely high enough that
airflow
minimum
Dual maximum control on VAV 20%
primary
boxes. This change is aimed at cooling
55ºF
avoiding the need to increase zone airflow
55°F
outdoor airflow due to temperature design space load design
stratification when supplying hot air 0% heating cooling
from ceiling-mounted diffusers and load load
returning through ceiling-mounted
air that can be reheated). This blanket with the requirements (see “VAV
grilles. A new option was added for the
exception was removed, and a new control on lab exhaust systems”).
maximum amount of air that can be
section on laboratory exhaust specifies
cooled and then reheated (Figure 2).
the effectiveness and control needed to Heat recovery pressure drop
The new control option requires that
make sure that these zones are not adjustments . Within the fan power
primary airflow be reduced to 20
maintained at constant flow when the limitation section there is a new
percent of design cooling airflow, but
air is not needed for pressure control. pressure drop credit equation for ERVs
then allows primary airflow to be
(Addendum AS) that compensates for effectiveness. A
modulated up to a maximum of 50
percent of design airflow for heating. higher pressure drop adjustment is
This allows heating to be accomplished VAV requirements for chilled water allowed for more effective energy
with a lower discharge-air temperature, air-handling units serving a single- recovery, reflecting the balance
which improves zone air-distribution zone. As previously mentioned on between fan energy and heat
effectiveness. (Addendum H) page 2 for packaged systems (effective recovered. Coil runaround loops have
January 2012), and as of January 2010 their own pressure drop adjustment on
You may find the new, “dual for chilled water systems, variable-air- the system fan power limit:
maximum” control necessary for volume fan control is required for
• ERV pressure drop adjustment:
complying with the next requirement. single-zone systems. This applies to
(2.2 x Energy Recovery
A previous engineers newsletter1 chilled-water air handlers with motors
Effectiveness) – 0.5 in w.c. for each
explains this control in detail. 5 hp or greater. This change requires
air stream
either two-speed motors or variable-
Overhead heating temperature speed drives on the supply fan(s), and • Coil runaround loops are given a
limit. This change limits the zone may invoke the need for discharge air pressure drop adjustment of 0.6 in.
discharge-air temperature to no more temperature sensors and outdoor w.g. per air stream
than 20°F above the zone thermostat airflow measurement. (Addendum N)
setpoint (with exceptions for morning
warm-up) when supplying hot air from Fan power limitation. When the Other Changes
diffusers located above the breathing single-zone VAV change occurred, the
zone, and returning through grilles 90.1 committee realized it needed to Several changes to the mechanical
located above the breathing zone. This revise the definition of which allowable section were not explicitly covered in
minimizes temperature stratification fan horsepower applies to VAV systems this newsletter. They relate to:
and short circuiting to increase zone air that don't have zone dampers • Elevator lighting and ventilation
distribution effectiveness. increasing the system pressure. Single- (Addendum DF)
zone VAV systems are required to use
The new dual maximum control the more stringent constant volume fan • Garage ventilation controls (Add.
stratgey may be used so that airflow power limit. DI)
can be increased in heating mode. • Duct leakage —class A (Add. CQ)
(Addendum BX) Allowances for exhaust systems were
previously poorly defined. This created • Kitchen exhaust hoods (Add. AX)
VAV control on lab exhaust a hardship for several types of buildings • Radiant panels (Add. AE)
systems. In the same section as the and specifically laboratories, hospitals,
and vivariums. The blanket exception to • Heat pump pool heaters (Add. Y)
dual maximums, there used to be an
exception for spaces like hospitals and the fan power limitation for fume hoods • Furnaces & water heating (Add. K,
labs where the pressure control has been removed. Other changes AO)
requirements set the minimum stop on relate to credits for exhaust and return
the VAV box (the maximum amount of systems, provided the system complies
providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 39–3 7
Summary References
Engineers
Newsletter
When the standard is published this 1. Stanke, D. 2008. Potential ASHRAE Standard
fall, it is intended to be adopted directly Conflicts - Indoor Air Quality and Energy
by energy code jurisdictions, and by
reference in IECC, NFPA, and other
Standards. Engineers Newsletter, 37-4.
LIVE!
2. Murphy, J. 2005. CO2-Based Demand- To register, contact your
model codes. Controlled Ventilation with ASHRAE Standard local Trane office.
62.1-2004. Engineers Newsletter, 34-5.
Preliminary results of modeling
performed by Pacific Northwest 3. Murphy, J. 2010. Energy-Saving Control
ASHRAE Standard
National Laboratories (PNNL) were Strategies for Rooftop VAV Systems. Engineers 90.1-2010
shared at the June 2010 annual Newsletter, 39-1. This program will discuss
meeting. Not all approved addenda major envelope, mechanical,
4. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
were included at that time. Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2007. ANSI/ lighting, and modeling addenda
In addition to the changes in 90.1, ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007: Energy that will be incorporated into
there were ventilation rate changes in
Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise 90.1-2010.
Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE Standard 62.1. These are
included in the modeling. 5. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
October 2010
Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2010. ANSI/
From a whole building perspective, ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010: Energy
including receptacle loads (for example Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise
copiers, vending machines, etc.), the Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
energy cost savings is over 23 percent
New application manuals
and the energy savings is almost 25
percent, when compared to reference now available
buildings meeting 90.1-2004. Trane now offers online
Central Geothermal Design and
Until the change to the Title, Purpose, courses for LEED credential Control. (SYS-APM009-EN,
and Scope made by Addendum AQ, maintenance and AIA April 2010)
the committee could not address loads
from receptacles or processes. If
required learning units at
receptacle thermal loads are included no charge Chilled-Water VAV Systems. (SYS-
in the model, but not their electrical APM008-EN, August 2009)
consumption, the savings estimates Since becoming a U.S. Green Building
rise to almost 29 percent for cost and Council (USGBC) Education Provider in Multiple Chiller System Design and
31 percent for energy. February 2010, Trane has been working Control. (SYS-APM001-EN, May 2009)
to make Leadership in Energy and
In addition, there are a significant Environmental Design (LEED) Visit www.trane.com/bookstore to
number of addenda that have yet to be credential maintenance courses order and view a complete list of
modeled, so the final saving estimates accessible online. The newly resources.
are expected to be even greater. developed course pages allow LEED
Congratulations to all who worked on professionals to more easily complete
90.1-2010. the continuing education required to
maintain credentials and stay
By Susanna Hanson, applications engineer and
competitive in the sustainable building
Jeanne Harshaw, program manager, Trane.
Susanna was a member of the 90.1 Mechanical industry.
Subcommittee throughout the development of
90.1-2010. You can find this and previous issues of The courses were developed and are
the Engineers Newsletter at www.trane.com/ offered free of charge to demonstrate
engineersnewsletter. To comment, e-mail us at Trane’s commitment to sustainable
comfort@trane.com.
design. LEED Accredited Professionals
(APs) and AIA members can participate
and earn an average of 1.5 Continuing
Education (CE) hours per program.
Visit www.trane.com/
continuingeducation to view current
courses and details.
Trane, Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate. However, final design and
A business of Ingersoll Rand application decisions are your responsibility. Trane disclaims any responsibility for actions taken on
the material presented.
For more information, contact your local Trane
office or e-mail us at comfort@trane.com