People's Republic of China

Look for detailed PRC leadership at the CPC Congresses page, 1945-1997, courtesy of Chen
Song. See also the Republic of China -known as Nationalist China or Taiwan since 1949- for data
from 1945. to that year.
Note: Although Deng Xiaoping never took over neither the chairmanship of the State, nor
the Government nor the General Secretary of the Party, from 1978 to his death in 1997 was
the unquestionable paramount leader.

Heads of State
Mao tse-tung 1949-1959 (+1976) Chairman
Liu Shaoqi 1959-1968 (+1969) Chairman (1)
Dong Biwu 1968-1975 (+1975) Chairman (acting) (2)
Zhu De 1975-1976 (+) Chairman of the Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress
---------- 1976-1978 (3)
Ye Jianying 1978-1983 (+1986) Chairman of the Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress
Li Xiannian 1983-1988 (+1992) President
Yang Shangkun 1988-1993 (+1998) President
Jiang Zemin 1993- President
(1) The most notorious victim of the Cultural Revolution was dismissed and fired from the
Party in 1968, and his death reported in 1974. In 1980, one year after his rehabilitation, the
authorities reported that, in fact, Liu had died in jail in 1969, probably in violent
circumstances.
(2) No successor of Liu Shaoqi was elected, so vice-president Dong Biwu acted as head of
the State (de facto up to 1972, together with also vice-president Son Qingling (+1981), and
officially since then). The Presidency of the Republic was officially abolished in 1975 and
the functions of head of State were carried out by the Chairman of the Standing Committee
of the National People's Congress. In 1983 the post of president was reinstated. (3) From
1976-1978 the position remained vacant (between the death of Zhu De and the appointment
of Ye Jianying).

Prime Ministers
Zhou Enlai 1949-1976 (+)
Hua Guofeng 1976-1980
Zhao Ziyang 1980-1987
Li Peng 1987-1998
Zhu Rongji 1998-

Chairmen of the Communist Party of China

Mao tse-tung 1949-1976 (+)
Hua Guofeng 1976-1981
Hu Yaobang 1981-1982 (+1989)

General Secretaries of the Communist Party of China (1)

Hu Yaobang 1980-1987 (+1989)
Zhao Ziyang 1987-1989
Jiang Zemin 1989-
(1) The General Secretary of the Central Committee is the paramount post of the Party
since 1982, when the Chairmanship was abolished.

Ministers of Foreign Affairs

Zhou Enlai 1949-1958 (+1976)
Chen Yi 1958-1972 (+1972) (1)
Ji Pengfei 1972-1974
Qiao Guanhua 1974-1976 (+1983)
Huang Hua 1976-1982
Wu Xueqian 1982-1988
Qian Qichen 1988-1998
Tang Jiaxuan 1998-
(1) Chen Yi was purged in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution, but never was officially dismissed. Prime
Minister Zhou Enlai did the work of a Foreign Minister since 1967 to 1971. Since that year Ji Pengfei acted as
Foreign Minister and was given the post in 1972.
(This list is a courtesy of Chen Song)

China
Note: Names are given in pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the
Nationalist regime on Taiwan), except for Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, who are best known under those
versions. Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao),
posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that
the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his
nianhao (e.g., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps
preceded by the name of the polity (e.g., Qing Dezong).
Imperial China

15 May 1636 Great Qing Empire inaugurated

Emperors
- Qing dynasty -
9 Feb 1796 - 2 Sep 1820 Yongyan (b. 1760 -
d. 1820)
miaohao: Renzong / shi: Rui huangdi
nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Jiaqing
3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning (b. 1782 -
d. 1850)
miaohao: Xuanzong / shi: Cheng huangdi
nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Daoguang
9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu (b. 1831 -
d. 1861)
miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Xianfeng
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (b. 1856 -
d. 1875)
miaohao: Muzong / shi: Yi huangdi
nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: Tongzhi
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian (b. 1871 -
d. 1908)
 miaohao: Dezong / shi: Jing huangdi
nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Guangxu
25 Feb 1875 - 4 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi (f) (b. 1835 -
d. 1908)
(regent)
2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 Puyi (1st time) (b. 1906 -
d. 1967)
nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Xuantong
2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 Zaifeng (regent) (b. 1882 -
d. 1951)
6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Dowager Longyu (f) (b. 1868 -
d. 1913)
(holder of the Imperial seal)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Puyi (2nd time) (s.a.)

Premiers
8 May 1911 - 1 Nov 1911 Prince Yiguang (b. 1839 -
d. 1917)
2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912 Yuan Shikai (b. 1859 -
d. 1916)

Taiping

11 Jan 1851 Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great

Peace)
inaugurated
25 Oct 1864 extinguished by Qing empire

Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 Hong Xiuquan (b. 1813 -
d. 1864)
1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864 Hong Tianguifu (b. 1849 -
d. 1864)

Shengping

9 Oct 1854 Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending

Peace)
inaugurated
24 Jul 1858 extinguished by Qing empire

Heavenly Kings
9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858 Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855)
+ Zhu Hongying

Cheng

27 Sep 1855 Great Cheng Realm inaugurated

21 Aug 1861 extinguished by Qing empire

Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang)
+ Li Wenmao (to 1858)
Kashghar

1864 detached from the Qing empire

1870 polity renamed Jiti Shahar
28 Dec 1877 reincorporated into Qing empire

Khans (from 6 Dec 1873, Amir Khans)

- Aqtalik dynasty -
1864 - Feb 1865 Qutlugh Beg
Feb 1865 - 1866 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(1st time)
1866 Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan
1866 - 1867 Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(2nd time)
- Ya`qub dynasty -
1867 - 29 May 1877 Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir
Muhammad Mirza (b. c.1820
- d. 1877)
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg

Warlord China

1 Jan 1912 Republic of China proclaimed

22 Dec 1915 Empire of China
22 Mar 1916 Republic of China
Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in
the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military
Government at the end of November.
Military governors
Hubei
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Li Yuanhong (b. 1864 -
d. 1928)
Hunan
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911 Jiao Dafeng
31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tan Yankai (b. 1879 -
d. 1930)
Shaanxi
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Zhang Fenghui
Jiangxi
24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao
2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911 Wu Jiezhang
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan
Shanxi
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (b. 1883 -
d. 1960)
Yunnan
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E (b. 1882 -
d. 1916)
Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of
China)
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Chen Qimei (b. 1878 -
d. 1916)
Zhejiang
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tang Shouqian
Guizhou
 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yang Jincheng
Jiangsu
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 -
d. 1930)
Anhui
8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911 Zhu Jiabao (b. 18... -
d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Yuyun
Guangxi
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Shen Bingkun
Fujian
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Daoren
Guangdong
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Hu Hanmin (b. 1879 -
d. 1936)
Shandong
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Baoqi (b. 1867 -
d. 1931)
Sichuan
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 Zhang Peijue
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Pu Dianjun

Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China)

30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuanhong (s.a.)
Presidents
1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Yat-sen (provisional) (b. 1866 -
d. 1925)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915 Yuan Shikai (1st time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai (nianhao: Hongxian) (s.a.)
Note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai was not formally consummated by an enthronement,
and there are questions about its actual significance.
Presidents
22 Mar 1916 - 6 Jun 1916 Yuan Shikai (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jun 1916 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 brief restoration of Great Qing Empire (see
above)
12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Feng Guozhang (b. 1859 -
d. 1919)
10 Oct 1918 - 2 Jun 1922 Xu Shichang (b. 1855 -
d. 1939)
2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (acting) (b. 1871 -
d. 1923)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (acting) (b. 1870 -
d. 19...)
9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923 Gao Lingwei (acting) (b. 1896 -
d. bf.1953)
10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 Cao Kun (b. 1862 -
d. 1938)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 -
d. 1936)
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui (b. 1865 -
d. 1936)
(provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (acting) (b. 1871 -
d. 19...)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (acting) (b. 1877 -
d. 1950)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (acting) (b. 1875 -
d. 19...)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (acting) (b. 1887 -
d. 1985)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (b. 1873 -
d. 1928)
(Generalissimo of the Military Government of
China)

Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shaoyi (b. 1860 -
d. 1938)
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Zhengxiang (b. 1870 -
d. 1949)
25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913 Zhao Bingjun
1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (acting) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling (b. 1870 -
d. 1941)
12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 Sun Baoqi (acting) (s.a.)
Secretaries of state
1 May 1914 - Dec 1915 Xu Shichang (1st time) (s.a.)
Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Zhengxiang (acting) (s.a.)
22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 Xu Shichang (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Duan Qirui (s.a.)
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 Duan Qirui (1st time) (s.a.)
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang (acting) (b. 1842 -
d. 1922)
28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (1st time)
2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 Xu Shichang (s.a.)
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang Zhaozong (acting) (b. 1863 -
d. 19...)
24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time)
14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 Duan Qirui (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 -
d. 1930)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qian Nengxun (b. 1870 -
d. 19...)
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan (acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin Yunpeng (1st time) (b. 1877 -
d. 19...)
(acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 Sa Zhenbing (acting) (b. 1859 -
d. 1952)
9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Jin Yunpeng (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (1st time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shiyi (b. 1869 -
d. 1933)
25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (acting) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd time) (s.a.)
 5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Chonghui (acting) (b. 1881 -
d. 1958)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Daxie (b. 1860? -
d. 19...)
11 Dec 1922 - 4 Jan 1923 Wang Zhengting (b. 1882 -
d. 1961)
4 Jan 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (s.a.)
9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (acting) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924 Sun Baoqi (s.a.)
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time) (s.a.)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting) (s.a.)
26 Dec 1925 - 4 Mar 1926 Xu Shiying (b. 1873 -
d. 1964)
4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 Jia Deyao
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (acting) (s.a.)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (acting) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (acting) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Pan Fu (b. 1871 -
d. 19...)

"Independent" military governments in 1913

Military governors
Jiangsu
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 Cheng Dequan
Anhui
17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 Bo Wenwei (b. 1875 -
d. 1947)
Guangdong
18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 Chen Jiongming (b. 1878 -
d. 1933)
Hunan
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913 Tan Yankai (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916

Military governors
Yunnan
1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Tang Jiyao (b. 1881 -
d. 1927)
Guizhou
27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Liu Xianshi
Guangxi
15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Rongting (b. 1856 -
d. 1927)
Guangdong
6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Long Jiguang (b. 1860 -
d. 1921)
Zhejiang
12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Gongwang
These came together under an umbrella government:
Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao (s.a.)
"Independent" military governments in 1917

Military governors
Anhui
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Ni Sichong
Shaanxi
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chen Shufan
Fengtian
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Zuolin (s.a.)
Shandong
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Huaizhi (b. 1860 -
d. 19...)
Fujian
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Li Houji
Henan
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhao Ti (b. 1871 -
d. 19...)
Zhejiang
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Yang Shande
Zhili
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Cao Kun (s.a.)

Nationalist China
Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a
different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived
of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of the
Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
- Tang Shaoyi (s.a.)
- Wu Tingfang (s.a.)
- Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 -
d. 1933)
- Lu Rongting (s.a.)
- Tang Jiyao (s.a.)
- Lin Baoyi (b. 1862 -
d. 19...)
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan (s.a.)
(chairman Governing Committee of the Military
Government)
24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing Committee of the
Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
- Tang Shaoyi (s.a.)
- Wu Tingfang (s.a.)
- Tang Jiyao (s.a.)
Extraordinary President
5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
Generalissimos of the National Government
2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)
12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Hanmin (acting) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the National Government
 1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Jingwei (b. 1883 -
d. 1944)
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Jingwei (at Wuhan) (s.a.)
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yankai (s.a.)
Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (b. 1887 -
d. 1975)
15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) (b. 1867 -
d. 1943)
1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 10 Oct 1943)
Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.)
21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Zongren (acting¹) (b. 1890 -
d. 1969)

Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)

10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yankai (s.a.)
Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Song Ziwen (1st time) (acting) (b. 1891 -
d. 1971)
4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 Chen Mingshu (acting) (b. 1890 -
d. 1965)
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time) (b. 1895 -
d. 1973)
28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 Wang Jingwei (s.a.)
7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 Kong Xiangxi (b. 1880 -
d. 1967)
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.)
31 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1947 Song Ziwen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Zhang Qun (b. 1889)
24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948 Weng Wenhao (b. 1889)
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 1949 - 3 Jun 1949 He Yingqin (b. 1889 -
d. 1987)
3 Jun 1949 - 2 Mar 1950 Yan Xishan (s.a.)
(moved to Taiwan 8 Dec 1949 - coverage
continues at Taiwan)

Alternative governments of the Republic of China

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at

Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.)
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yankai (s.a.)
Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping)
1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yan Xishan (s.a.)
Chairman of the National Government (at Guangzhou)
1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Jingwei (s.a.)
Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou)
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen (b. 1884 -
d. 1959)
Under Japanese occupation:
Acting chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Beiping)
14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (b. 1873 -
d. 1945)
Acting chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (b. 1883 -
d. 1946)
Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Jingwei (acting to 1940) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 -
d. 1946)

Communist China

1 Oct 1949 People's Republic of China

Note: Deng Xiaoping (b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. It is
impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became
more and more frail in the 1990s (he last appeared in public Feb 1994).
Chairmen (from 12 Sep 1982, general secretaries) of the Communist Party
of China
Mar 1943 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (b. 1893 -
d. 1976)
Sep 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (b. 1920?)
29 Jun 1981 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang (b. 1915 -
d. 1989)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1918)
24 Jun 1989 - Jiang Zemin (b. 1926)

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of

China
1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (s.a.)
Chairman of the People's Government of North China
19 Aug 1948 - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (b. 1886 -
d. 1975)
Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East
27 Aug 1949 - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (b. 1895 -
d. 1954)
Chairman of the Central People's Government
1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong (s.a.)
Chairmen²
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Zedong (s.a.)
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (b. 1898 -
d. 1969)
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Dong Biwu (s.a.)
+ Song Qingling (f) (acting) (b. 1893 -
d. 1981)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress
17 Jan 1975 - 6 Jul 1976 Zhu De (b. 1886 -
d. 1976)
6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 vacant³
5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying (b. 1897 -
d. 1986)
Presidents²
18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Li Xiannian (b. 1909 -
d. 1992)
8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Shangkun (b. 1907 -
d. 1998)
27 Mar 1993 - Jiang Zemin (s.a.)

Premiers
1 Oct 1949 - 8 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai (b. 1898 -
d. 1976)
4 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Ziyang (s.a.)
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) (b. 1928)
17 Mar 1998 - Zhu Rongji (b. 1928)

Manchukuo

9 Mar 1932 Great Manchu State

1 Mar 1934 Great Manchu Empire

Chief Executive
9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Puyi (nianhao: Datong) (s.a.)
Emperor
1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945 Puyi (nianhao: Kangde) (s.a.)

Premiers
9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu (b. 1860 -
d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945 Zhang Jinghui (b. 1873 -
d. 19...)

Tibet
Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the
Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates given here.
Oct 1950 occupied by China
23 May 1951 annexed by China

Dalai Lamas
28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho
(8th Dalai Lama) (b. 17... -
d. 1804)
1804 - 5 Mar 1808 Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung-
sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-bstan-
pa'i-mgon-po (regent)
5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho
(9th Dalai Lama) (b. 18... -
d. 1815)
1815 - 28 Mar 1819 De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-
bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho (regent)
30 Mar 1819 - 6 Feb 1822 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku
Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(1st time) (regent)
6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho
(10th Dalai Lama) (b. 18... -
d. 1837)
30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku
 Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(2nd time) (regent)
29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho
(11th Dalai Lama) (b. 18... -
d. 1856)
31 Jan 1856 - 1856 Council of Ministers
1856 - 26 Feb 1858 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-
ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-mtshan
(regent)
26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las-
rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 18... -
d. 1875)
25 Apr 1875 - 1875 Council of Ministers
1875 - 12 Feb 1878 Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag-
rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan-
chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan (regent)
12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan-
rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug-
phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal
(13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 -
d. 1933)
(1904 - Jun 1912 in exile)
17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Council of Ministers
Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan-
'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan
(regent)
25 Aug 1939 - rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b. 1935)
(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile)

Hong Kong

26 Jan 1841 British occupation of Hong Kong Island

29 Aug 1842 China cedes Hong Kong Island to Britain
26 Jun 1843 British crown colony
1860 Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island
ceded by China
1 Jul 1898 New Territories leased from China for 99 years
25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation
1 Jul 1997 return of the whole colony to China as a
special
administrative region

Administrators
Jan 1841 - Aug 1841 Charles Elliot
Aug 1841 - 26 Jun 1843 Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger (b. 1789 -
d. 1856)
Governors
26 Jun 1843 - May 1844 Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger (s.a.)
8 May 1844 - Mar 1848 Sir John Francis Davis
21 Mar 1848 - Apr 1854 Sir Samuel George Bonham (b. 1803 -
d. 1863)
13 Apr 1854 - May 1859 Sir John Bowring (b. 1792 -
d. 1872)
9 Sep 1859 - Mar 1865 Sir Hercules George Robert
 Robinson (b. 1824 -
d. 1897)
Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866 William T. Mercer (acting)
11 Mar 1866 - Apr 1872 Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell (b. 1814 -
d. 1881)
16 Apr 1872 - Mar 1877 Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (b. 1810 -
d. 1883)
22 Apr 1877 - Mar 1882 Sir John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 -
d. 1891)
Mar 1882 - 30 Mar 1883 Sir William H. Marsh (1st time)
(acting)
30 Mar 1883 - Dec 1885 Sir George Ferguson Bowen (b. 1821 -
d. 1899)
Dec 1885 - May 1887 Sir William H. Marsh (2nd time)
(acting)
May 1887 - 6 Oct 1887 William Gordon Cameron (acting)
6 Oct 1887 - May 1891 Sir George William Des Voeux (b. 1834 -
d. 1909)
May 1891 - 10 Dec 1891 Digby Barker (acting) (b. 1833 -
d. 1914)
10 Dec 1891 - Feb 1898 Sir William Robinson (b. 1836 -
d. 1912)
Feb 1898 - 25 Nov 1898 W. Black (acting)
25 Nov 1898 - Jul 1903 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 -
d. 1918)
Nov 1903 - 29 Jul 1904 Francis Henry May (1st time) (b. 1860 -
d. 1922)
(acting)
29 Jul 1904 - Apr 1907 Sir Matthew Nathan (b. 1862 -
d. 1939)
29 Jul 1907 - Mar 1912 Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard (b. 1858 -
d. 1945)
24 Jul 1912 - Feb 1919 Sir Francis Henry May (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Sep 1919 - Oct 1925 Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs (b. 1876 -
d. 1947)
1 Nov 1925 - Feb 1930 Sir Cecil Clementi (b. 1875 -
d. 1947)
9 May 1930 - May 1935 Sir William Peel (b. 1875 -
d. 1945)
12 Dec 1935 - Apr 1937 Sir Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 -
d. 1951)
28 Oct 1937 - May 1940 Sir Geoffry Alexander Stafford
Northcote (b. 1881 -
d. 1948)
May 1940 - 10 Sep 1941 Edward Felix Norton (acting) (b. 1884 -
d. 1954)
10 Sep 1941 - May 1947 Sir Mark Aitchison Young (b. 1886 -
d. 1974)
25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945 Rensuke Isogai (b. 1883 -
d. 1967)
25 Jul 1947 - Dec 1957 Sir Alexander William Grantham (b. 1899 -
d. 1978)
23 Jan 1958 - Mar 1964 Robert Brown Black (from 1962,
Sir Robert Brown Black) (b. 1906 -
d. 1999)
14 Apr 1964 - Oct 1971 Sir David Trench (b. 1915 -
d. 1988)
19 Nov 1971 - 20 May 1982 Sir Murray MacLehose (b. 1917)
20 May 1982 - 4 Dec 1986 Sir Edward Youde (b. 1924 -
d. 1986)
4 Dec 1986 - 9 Apr 1987 David Akers-Jones (acting)
9 Apr 1987 - 9 Jul 1992 Sir David Wilson (b. 1935)
9 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1997 Chris Patten (b. 1944)
Chief executive
1 Jul 1997 - Tung Chee-hwa (b. 1937)

Macau

1553 first Portuguese settlement at Macau

1851 Portuguese occupy Taipa Island
1864 Portuguese occupy Coloane Island
1887 China recognizes Portuguese rule (renounced
1928)
20 Dec 1999 return to China as a special administrative
region

Governors
1793 - 1797 José Manuel Pinto (1st time)
1797 - 1800 Cristóvão Pereira de Castro
1800 - 1803 José Manuel Pinto (2nd time)
1803 - 1806 Caetano de Sousa Pereira
1806 - 1808 Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos Faria
(2nd time)
1808 - 1810 Lucas José de Alvarenga
1810 - 1817 Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos Faria
(3rd time)
1817 - 1822 José Onório de Castro e Albuquerque
1822 - 1825 vacant
1825 - 1827 Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha
1827 - 1830 vacant
1830 - 1833 João Cabral de Estefique
1833 - 1837 Bernardo José de Sousa Soares de
Andrea
1837 - 1843 Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
1843 - 1846 José Gregório Pegado
1846 - 1849 João Maria Ferreira do Amaral
1850 Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha
1851 Francisco António Gonçalves Cardoso
1851 - 1863 Isidoro Francisco Guimarães
1863 - 1866 José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral
1866 - 1868 José Maria da Ponte e Horta
1868 - 1872 António Sérgio de Sousa
1872 - 1874 Januário Correia de Almeida,
visconde de São Januário
1874 - 1876 José Maria Lôbo de Ávila
1876 - 1879 Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva
1879 - 1883 Joaquim José Graça
1883 - 1886 Tomás de Sousa Rósa
1886 - 1888 Firmino José da Costa
1889 - 1890 Francisco Teixeira da Silva
1890 - 1894 Custódio Miguel de Borja
1894 - 1897 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
(1st time)
 1897 - 1900 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo
1900 - 1902 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
(2nd time)
1902 - 1903 Arnaldo Novais Guedes Rebelo
1904 - 1907 Martinho Pinto de Quierós
Montenegro
1907 - 1908 Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho
1908 - 1909 José Augusto Alves Roçadas
1909 - 1910 Eduardo Augusto Marquês
1910 - 1912 Álvaro de Melo Machado
1912 - 1914 Aníbal Augusto Sanches de Miranda
1914 - 1916 José Carlos da Maia
1917 - 1918 Fernando Augusto Vieira de Matos
1918 - 1919 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa
(1st time)
1919 - 1922 Henrique Monteiro Correia da Silva
1922 - 1923 Luis Antonio de Magalhães Correia
1923 - 1924 Rodrigo José Rodrigues
1924 - 1925 Joaquim Augusto dos Santos
1925 - 1926 Manuel Firmino de Almeida Maia
Magalhães
1926 - 1929 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa
(2nd time)
1929 - 1931 João Pereira de Magalhães
(1st time)
1931 Joaquim Anselmo da Mata e Oliveira
1931 - 1932 João Pereira de Magalhães
(2nd time)
1932 - 1935 Antonio José Bernardes de Miranda
1935 - 1936 João Pereira Barbosa
1936 - 1937 Antonio Joaquim Ferreira da Silva
Júnior
1937 - 1940 Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa
(3rd time)
1940 - 1946 Gabriel Maurício Teixeira
1947 - 1951 Albano Rodrigues de Oliveira
1951 - 1957 Joaquim Marquês Esparteiro
1957 - 1958 Pedro Correia Barros
1958 - 1959 Manuel Peixoto Nunes
1959 - 1962 Jaime Silvério Marquês
1962 - 1966 Antonio Adriano Faria Lopes dos
Santos
1966 - 1974 José Manuel de Sousa e Faria Nobre
de Carvalho
1974 - Feb 1979 José García Leandro
Feb 1979 - Jun 1981 Melo Egídio
Jun 1981 - May 1986 Vasco Almeida e Costa
May 1986 - Aug 1987 Joaquim Pinto Machado
Aug 1987 - 28 Sep 1990 Carlos Melancia
28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991 Francisco Murteira Nabo (interim)
23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999 Vasco Rocha Vieira (b. 1939)
Chief executive
20 Dec 1999 - Edmund Ho (b. 1955)

Kiaochow
14 Nov 1897 German occupation
6 Mar 1898 leased for 99 years (canceled by China 23 Aug
1914)
7 Nov 1914 taken by Japan
1922 returned to China

Governors
1898 - 1899 Kurt Rosendahl
1899 - 1901 Jäschke
1901 - 1911 von Truppel
1911 - 7 Nov 1914 Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
7 Nov 1914 - 1919 Mitsuomi Kamio (b. 1856 -
d. 1925)
1919 - 1922 Mitsue Yuhi (b. 1860 -
d. 1940)
¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution
for Chiang.
²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is
commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.
³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De, Song Qingling (f), Liu Bocheng, Wei
Guoqing, Seypidin, Chen Yun, Tan Zhenlin, Li Jingquan, Ulanhu, Guo Moruo, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen,
Zhang Dingcheng, Cai Chang (f), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigmi, Zhou Jianren, Xu Deheng, Hu Juewen, Li Suwen
(f), Yao Lianwei, and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f).