Kuomintang

The Kuomintang (KMT) (Chinese: 中 國 國 民 黨 ;
pinyin:  Zhōngguó  Guómíndǎng;  lit.:  'China Kuomintang
中國國民黨
Nationals’  Party'),  often  referred  to  in  English  as Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng
the  Nationalist  Party  of  China  or  Chinese Chungkuo Kuomintang
Nationalist  Party  (CNP),  is  a  major  political
party in the Republic of China in Taiwan, based in
the city of Taipei. Formed in 1919, the KMT was the
sole ruling party of China from 1928 to 1949[12] and
is  currently  an  opposition  political  party  in  the
Legislative Yuan.

The  predecessor  of  the  Kuomintang,  the

Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui), was one of Abbreviation KMT
the  major  advocates  of  the  overthrow  of  the  Qing Chairman Johnny Chiang Chi-chen
dynasty,  the  subsequent  revolt  in  1911,  and  the Secretary-General Lee Chien-lung
proclamation  of  the  Republic  of  China.  The  KMT Founded 10 October 1919
was  founded  by  Song  Jiaoren  and  Sun  Yat­sen
Preceded by Revive China Society (1894)
shortly after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911. Sun was
the  provisional  President,  but  he  ceded  the Tongmenghui (1905)
presidency to Yuan Shikai. Yuan's death in 1916 led Nationalist Party (1912)
to  the  nation's  disintegration  in  the  Warlord  Era. Chinese Revolutionary Party
Sun deputed Chiang Kai­shek to form the National (1914)
Revolutionary  Army  and  launch  the  Northern Headquarters 232–234 Sec 2 Bade Rd,
Expedition  that  unified  much  of  mainland  China Zhongshan District, Taipei,
and  established  the  capital  at  Nanjing.  During  the Taiwan
following  Nanjing  decade  China  achieved 10492[1]
substantial  economic  growth  and  social  progress, Newspaper Central Daily News (http://www.
but  the  Second  Sino­Japanese  War  (1937–1945)
cntimes.info/)
was  disastrous.  After  the  loss  of  the  Chinese  Civil
Kuomintang News Network
War (1945–1949) to the Communist Party of China
the KMT retreated to Taiwan where it continued to Think tank National Policy Foundation (htt
govern  as  an  authoritarian  one­party  state.  The p://www.npf.org.tw/)
Nationalist  government  retained  China's  United Youth wing Kuomintang Youth League
Nations seat until 1971. Education Wing Institute of Revolutionary
Practice
Taiwan  ceased  to  be  a  single­party  state  in  1986
Armed wing National Revolutionary Army
under  President  Chiang  Ching­kuo,  Chiang  Kai­
(1925–1947)
shek's  son,  and  political  reforms  beginning  in  the
Taiwan Garrison Command
1990s  under  President  Lee  Teng­hui  loosened  the
(1958–1992)
KMT's  grip  on  power.  Nevertheless,  the  KMT
remains one of Taiwan's main political parties, with Membership (2020) 345,971[2]
Ma  Ying­jeou,  elected  in  2008  and  re­elected  in Ideology Conservatism[3][4][5][6]
2012,  being  the  seventh  KMT  member  to  hold  the Three Principles of the People[7]
office  of  the  presidency.  In  the  2016  general  and Chinese nationalism[8]
presidential election, the KMT was defeated in both
Political position Centre-right[9]
elections  and  the  Democratic  Progressive  Party
Historical, now factions:
(DPP)  gained  control  of  both  the  Legislative  Yuan
Right-wing[10][11]
and  the  presidency,  Tsai  Ing­wen  being  elected
President. National affiliation Pan-Blue Coalition
Regional affiliation Asia Pacific Democrat Union
The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles International Centrist Democrat International
of the People, advocated by Sun Yat­sen. The KMT affiliation International Democrat Union
is a member of the International Democrat Union.
Colours   Blue
Together  with  the  People  First  Party  and  New
Party,  the  KMT  forms  what  is  known  as  the Legislative Yuan 38 / 113
Taiwanese  Pan­Blue  Coalition  which  supports
eventual  unification  with  the  mainland.  However, Municipal mayors 2/6
the KMT has been forced to moderate its stance by
advocating  the  political  and  legal  status  quo  of Magistrates/mayors 12 / 16
modern  Taiwan  as  political  realities  make  the
reunification  of  China  unlikely.  The  KMT  holds  to Councillors 394 / 912
the  one­China  policy  in  that  it  officially  considers
that there is only one China, but that the Republic Township/city 83 / 204
of China rather than the People's Republic of China mayors
is  its  legitimate  government  under  the  1992 Party flag
Consensus.  To  ease  tensions  with  the  PRC,  the
KMT  has  since  2008  endorsed  the  Three  Noes
policy  as  defined  by  Ma  Ying­jeou,  namely  no
unification,  no  independence  and  no  use  of
force.[13]

Contents Website
www.kmt.org.tw (http://www.kmt.org.tw)
History
Founding and Sun Yat-sen era Politics of the Republic of China
Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China Political parties
In Taiwan since 1945 Elections
Current issues and challenges
Party assets Kuomintang
Cross-strait relations
Supporter base
Organization
Leadership "Kuomintang (Guómíndǎng)" in
Current Central Committee Leadership Traditional (top) and Simplified
Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader) (bottom) Chinese characters
Party organization and structure Chinese name
Standing committees and departments
Traditional Chinese 中國國民黨
Ideology in mainland China Simplified Chinese 中国国民党
Chinese nationalism
Literal meaning China Nationals’
New Guangxi Clique
Party
Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation
Confucianism and religion in its ideology Transcriptions
Education Standard Mandarin
Soviet-style military Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng
Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
Malaysian Chinese Association ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ
Tibet Improvement Party Gwoyeu Jong'gwo Gwomin
Vietnamese Nationalist Party Romatzyh Daang
Ryukyu Guomindang Wade–Giles Chung¹-kuo² Kuo²-min²
Pro-Kuomintang camp
 Tang³
Sponsored organizations
IPA [ʈʂʊ́
ŋkwǒ kwǒmǐn tàŋ]
Policy on ethnic minorities
other Mandarin
Stance on separatism
Xiao'erjing ‫ٍْدا‬
‫َع م‬
‫ُﻮ‬
‫َع ﻗ‬
‫ُﻮ‬
‫ْﻮ ﻗ‬
‫ﺟ‬
Election results
Presidential elections Dungan Җунгуй Гуймин Дон
Legislative elections Wu
Local elections Romanization tson平 koh入 koh入 min
National Assembly elections 平 taon上
See also Hakka

References Romanization dung24 gued2 gued2

min11 dong31
Further reading
Yue: Cantonese
External links
Yale Jūnggwok Gwokmàhn
Romanization Dóng
History Jyutping zung1gwok3
gwok3man4 dong2
IPA [tsóŋkʷɔ̄ ̚ ːkmɐ̏
ːk kʷɔ̄̚ n tɔː̌
ŋ]
Founding and Sun Yat-sen era
Southern Min
The KMT traces its ideological Hokkien POJ Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng
and  organizational  roots  to Abbreviated to
the  work  of  Sun  Yat­sen,  a
proponent  of  Chinese Traditional Chinese 國民黨
nationalism  and  democracy Simplified Chinese 国民党
who  founded  Revive  China
Transcriptions
Society  at  the  capital  of  the
Republic of Hawaii,  Honolulu Standard Mandarin
The Revolutionary Army attacking on  24  November  1894.[14]  In Hanyu Pinyin Guómíndǎng
Nanjing in 1911 1905,  Sun  joined  forces  with
Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉ
other  anti­monarchist
ㄤˇ
societies  in  Tokyo,  Empire  of
Japan  to  form  the  Tongmenghui  on  20  August  1905,  a  group Gwoyeu Gwomin Daang
committed  to  the  overthrow  of  the  Qing  dynasty  and  the Romatzyh
establishment of a republic style government. Wade–Giles Kuo²-min² Tang³

The  group  planned  and  supported  the  Xinhai  Revolution  of  1911 IPA [kwǒmǐn tàŋ]
and  the  founding  of  the  Republic  of  China  on  1  January  1912. Wu
However,  Sun  did  not  have  military  power  and  ceded  the
Romanization koh入min平taon上
provisional  presidency  of  the  republic  to  Yuan  Shikai,  who
arranged  for  the  abdication  of  Puyi,  the  last  Emperor,  on  12 Hakka
February. Romanization gued2min11dong31
Yue: Cantonese
On  25  August  1912,  the  Nationalist  Party  was  established  at  the
Huguang  Guild  Hall  in  Peking,  where  Tongmenghui  and  five Yale Gwokmàhn Dóng
smaller pro­revolution parties merged to contest the first national Romanization
elections.[15]  Sun  was  chosen  as  the  party  chairman  with  Huang Jyutping gwok3man4 dong2
Xing as his deputy. ̚ n tɔː̌
IPA [kʷɔ̄
ːkmɐ̏ ŋ]
The  most  influential  member  of  the  party  was  the  third  ranking Southern Min
Song  Jiaoren,  who  mobilized  mass  support  from  gentry  and Hokkien POJ Kok-bîn-tóng
merchants  for  the  Nationalists  to  advocate  a  constitutional
parliamentary  democracy.  The  party  opposed  constitutional Tibetan name

ང་གའ་ག་མན་ཏང
monarchists  and  sought  to  check  the  power  of  Yuan.  The Tibetan ང་གའ་ག་མན་ཏང
Nationalists  won  an  overwhelming  majority  of  the  first  National Transcriptions
Assembly election in December 1912.
Wylie krung go'i go min tang
However,  Yuan  soon  began  to  ignore  the  parliament  in  making Zhuang name
presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai
in 1913. Members of the Nationalists led by Sun Yat­sen suspected Zhuang Cunghgoz
that  Yuan  was  behind  the  plot  and  thus  staged  the  Second Gozminzdangj
Revolution in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill­supported armed Mongolian name
rising  to  overthrow  Yuan,  and  failed.  Yuan,  claiming
Mongolian Cyrillic Дундадын
subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from
the  parliament.[16][17]  Yuan  dissolved  the  Nationalists  in (Хятадын)
November  (whose  members  had  largely  fled  into  exile  in  Japan) Гоминдан
and dismissed the parliament early in 1914. (Хувьсгалт Нам)

(
Mongolian script
Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While

)
exiled  in  Japan  in  1914,  Sun  established  the  Chinese

 )
Revolutionary  Party  on  8  July  1914,  but  many  of  his  old

 
revolutionary  comrades,  including  Huang  Xing,  Wang  Jingwei,
Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support Transcriptions
his  efforts  in  inciting  armed  uprising  against  Yuan.  To  join  the
SASM/GNC Dumdadyn(Khyatadyn)
Revolutionary  Party,  members  had  to  take  an  oath  of  personal
Gomindan(khuvisgalt
loyalty  to  Sun,  which  many  old  revolutionaries  regarded  as
undemocratic  and  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  revolution.  As  a Nam)
result,  he  became  largely  sidelined  within  the  Republican Uyghur name
movement during this period. Uyghur ‫اڭ‬
Sun  returned  to  China  in  1917  to  establish  a  military  junta  at Transcriptions
Canton  to  oppose  the  Beiyang  government,  but  was  soon  forced Latin Yëziqi Junggo Gomindang
out of office and exiled to Shanghai. There, with renewed support,
he  resurrected  the  KMT  on  10  October  1919,  under  the  name Yengi Yeziⱪ Junggo Gomindang
Kuomintang  of  China  ( 中 國 國 民 黨 )  and  established  its Siril Yëziqi Җуңго Гоминдaнг
headquarters in Canton in 1920. Manchu name

In  1923,  the  KMT  and  its  Canton  government  accepted  aid  from Manchu script
the  Soviet  Union  after  being  denied  recognition  by  the  western
powers.  Soviet  advisers—the  most  prominent  of  whom  was
Mikhail Borodin,  an  agent  of  the Comintern—arrived in China in
1923  to  aid  in  the  reorganization  and  consolidation  of  the  KMT Romanization Jungg'o-i
along  the  lines  of  the  Communist  Party  of  the  Soviet  Union, G'omindang
establishing a Leninist party structure that lasted into the 1990s.
The  Communist  Party  of  China  (CPC)  was  under  Comintern  instructions  to  cooperate  with  the  KMT,
and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the
First United Front between the two parties. Mao Zedong and early members of the CPC also joined the
KMT in 1923.

Soviet  advisers  also  helped  the  KMT  to  set  up  a  political  institute  to  train  propagandists  in  mass
mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai­shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the Tongmenghui
days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the first party congress in
1924 in Kwangchow, Kwangtung, (Guangzhou, Guangdong) which included non­KMT delegates such as
members  of  the  CPC,  they  adopted  Sun's  political  theory,  which  included  the  Three  Principles  of  the
People: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood.

Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China

When Sun Yat­sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT
fell to Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin, respectively the left­wing and
right­wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the
hands of Chiang Kai­shek, who was in near complete control of the
military  as  the  superintendent  of  the  Whampoa Military Academy.
With  their  military  superiority,  KMT  confirmed  their  rule  on
Canton, the provincial capital of Kwangtung. The Guangxi warlords
pledged  loyalty  to  the  KMT.  The  KMT  now  became  a  rival
government in opposition to the warlord Beiyang government based
in Peking.[18]

Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun
Yat­sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political,
economic,  and  revolutionary  ideas  primarily  from  what  he  had
learned in Hawaii and indirectly through British Hong Kong and the
Empire  of  Japan  under  the  Meiji  Restoration,  Chiang  knew
relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was The KMT reveres its founder, Sun
firmly  rooted in his  ancient Han Chinese  identity  and  was  steeped Yat-sen, as the "Father of the
in  Chinese  culture.  As  his  life  progressed,  he  became  increasingly Nation"
attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to
the  West  confirmed  his  pro­
ancient Chinese outlook and he
studied  the  ancient  Chinese
classics  and  ancient  Chinese
history assiduously.[18]  In 1923,
Sun  Yat­sen  sent  Chiang  to
spend three months in Moscow
studying  the  political  and
military  system  of  the  Soviet
Union.  Chiang  met  Leon
Trotsky  and  other  Soviet Venue of the 1st National Congress
leaders, but quickly came to the of Kuomintang in 1924
conclusion  that  the  Soviet
communist,  Marxist  and
socialist  model  of  government
was not suitable for China. This
laid the beginning of his lifelong
antagonism  against
Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the communism.
Kuomintang after Sun's death in
1925 Chiang  was  also  particularly
committed  to  Sun's  idea  of
"political  tutelage".  Sun
believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lied in a
military  conquest,  followed  by  a  period  of  political  tutelage  that
would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology,
Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both
in  the  Chinese  mainland  and  after  the  national  government
relocated to Taiwan.[18]

Following the death of Sun Yat­sen, Chiang Kai­shek emerged as the
KMT  leader  and  launched  the  Northern  Expedition  to  defeat  the
KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet
northern warlords and unite China under the party. With its power
in 1938
confirmed  in  the southeast,  the Nationalist Government  appointed
Chiang Kai­shek commander­in­chief of the National Revolutionary
Army (NRA), and the Northern Expedition to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three
separate  warlords  and  two  independent  armies.  Chiang,  with  Soviet  supplies,  conquered  the  southern
half of China in nine months.

A  split  erupted  between  the  Chinese  Communist  Party  and  the  KMT,  which  threatened  the  Northern
Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of Wuhan in January 1927. With
the  support  of  the  Soviet  agent  Mikhail  Borodin,  Wang  declared  the  National  Government  as  having
moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanking in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent
break  with  Wang  and  his  communist  allies.  Chiang's  expulsion  of  the  CPC  and  their  Soviet  advisers,
marked  by  the  Shanghai  massacre  on  12  April,  led  to  the  beginning  of  the  Chinese  Civil  War.  Wang
finally  surrendered  his  power  to  Chiang.  Joseph Stalin  ordered  the  Chinese  Communist  Party  to  obey
the  KMT  leadership.  Once  this  split  had  been  healed,  Chiang  resumed  his  Northern  Expedition  and
managed to take Shanghai.[18]

During the Nanking Incident in March 1927, the NRA stormed the
consulates of the United States, United Kingdom (UK) and Empire
of  Japan,  looted  foreign  properties  and  almost  assassinated  the
Japanese  consul.  An  American,  two  British,  one  French,  an  Italian
and  a  Japanese  were  killed.[19]  These  looters  also  stormed  and
seized  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  British  concessions  in  Hankou,
refusing  to  hand  them  back  to  the  UK.[20]  Both  Nationalists  and
Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and
looting of foreign residents in Nanking.[21]
The National Revolutionary Army
NRA  took  Peking  in  1928.  The  city  was  the  internationally soldiers marched into the British
recognized  capital,  even  when  it  was  previously  controlled  by concessions in Hankou during the
warlords.  This  event  allowed  the  KMT  to  receive  widespread Northern Expedition
diplomatic  recognition  in  the  same  year.  The  capital  was  moved
from  Peking  to  Nanking,  the  original  capital  of  the  Ming  dynasty,
and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927
and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the Nanjing decade.

After the Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government under the KMT declared that China
had been exploited for decades under the unequal treaties  signed  between  the  foreign  powers  and  the
Qing  Dynasty.  The  KMT  government  demanded  that  the  foreign  powers  renegotiate  the  treaties  on
equal terms.[22]

Before  the  Northern  Expedition,  the  KMT  began  as  a  heterogeneous  group  advocating  American­
inspired  federalism  and  provincial  autonomy.  However,  the  KMT  under  Chiang's  leadership  aimed  at
establishing a centralized one­party state with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's
elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political
tutelage",  whereby  the  party  was  to  lead  the  government  while  instructing  the  people  on  how  to
participate  in  a  democratic  system.  The  topic  of  reorganizing  the  army,  brought  up  at  a  military
conference  in  1929,  sparked  the  Central  Plains  War.  The  cliques,  some  of  them  former  warlords,
demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally
won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT.
Muslim Generals in Kansu waged war against the Guominjun in favor of the KMT during the conflict in
Gansu in 1927–1930.[23]

Although  the  Second  Sino­Japanese  War  officially  broke  out  in  1937,  Japanese  aggression  started  in
1931 when they staged the Mukden Incident  and  occupied Manchuria.  At  the  same  time,  the  CPC had
been secretly recruiting new members within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by
the expansion of the communist influence. He believed that to fight against foreign aggression, the KMT
must solve its internal conflicts first, so he started his second attempt to exterminate CPC members in
1934.  With  the  advice  from  German  military  advisors,  the  KMT  forced  the  Communists  to  withdraw
from their bases in southern and central China into the mountains in a massive military retreat known
as the Long March. Less than 10% of the communist army survived the long retreat to Shaanxi province,
as the Long March. Less than 10% of the communist army survived the long retreat to Shaanxi province,
but  they  re­established  their
military  base  quickly  with  aid
from the Soviet Union.

The  KMT  was  also  known  to

have  used  terror  tactics  against
suspected communists, through
the  use  of  a  secret  police  force,
who were employed to maintain
KMT in Tihwa, Sinkiang in 1942 surveillance  on  suspected
communists  and  political
opponents.  In  The  Birth  of
Communist China, C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of
the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist
in every quality except efficiency."[24]
Nationalist soldiers during the
Second Sino-Japanese War
Zhang  Xueliang,  who  believed  that  the  Japanese  invasion  was  a
greater  threat,  was  persuaded  by  the  CPC  to  take  Chiang  hostage
during the Xi'an Incident in 1937 and forced Chiang to agree to an
alliance with them in the total war against the Japanese. However, in many situations the alliance was in
name only; after a brief period of cooperation, the armies began to fight the Japanese separately, rather
than as coordinated allies. The New Fourth Army Incident, where the KMT ambushed the New Fourth
Army  with  overwhelming  numbers  and  decimated  it,  effectively  ended  collaboration  between  the  CPC
and the KMT.

While the KMT army sustained heavy casualties fighting the Japanese, the CPC expanded its territory by
guerrilla  tactics  within  Japanese  occupied  regions,  leading  some  claims  that  the  CPC  often  refused  to
support  the  KMT  troops,  choosing  to  withdraw  and  let  the  KMT  troops  take  the  brunt  of  Japanese
attacks.[25]

Japan  surrendered  in  1945,  and  Taiwan  was  returned  to  the
Republic  of  China  on  25  October  of  that  year.  The  brief  period  of
celebration  was  soon  shadowed  by  the  possibility  of  a  civil  war
between  the  KMT  and  CPC.  The  Soviet  Union  declared  war  on
Japan just before it surrendered and occupied Manchuria, the north
eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the
right to enter the region and allowed the CPC to take control of the
Japanese factories and their supplies.

Full­scale  civil  war  between  the  Communists  and  the  Nationalists

erupted  in  1946.  The  Communist  Chinese  armies,  the  People's
Liberation Army (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in
influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First,
the  KMT  reduced  troop  levels  precipitously  after  the  Japanese
surrender,  leaving  large  numbers  of  able­bodied,  trained  fighting
men  who  became  unemployed  and  disgruntled  with  the  KMT  as
prime  recruits  for  the  PLA.  Second,  the  KMT  government  proved
The retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation
on 25 October 1945 to  result.  Among  the  most  despised  and  ineffective  efforts  it
undertook  to  contain  inflation  was  the  conversion  to  the  gold
standard  for  the  national  treasury  and  the  Chinese  gold  yuan  in
August  1948,  outlawing  private  ownership  of  gold,  silver  and  foreign  exchange,  collecting  all  such
precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange.
As most farmland in the north were under CPC's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food
supply  and  this  added  to  the  hyperinflation.  The  new  scrip  became  worthless  in  only  ten  months  and
greatly  reinforced  the  nationwide  perception  of  the  KMT  as  a  corrupt  or  at  best  inept  entity.  Third,
Chiang Kai­shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CPC a chance to
move  freely  through  the  countryside.  At  first,  the  KMT  had  the  edge  with  the  aid  of  weapons  and
ammunition  from  the  United  States  (US).  However,  with  the  country  suffering  from  hyperinflation,
widespread  corruption  and  other  economic  ills,  the  KMT  continued  to  lose  popular  support.  Some
leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military­aid funding
provided  by  the  US.  This  became  an  issue  which  proved  to  be  a  hindrance  of  its  relationship  with  US
government. US President Harry S. Truman wrote that "the Chiangs, the Kungs and the Soongs (were)
all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.[26]

At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned
soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CPC side, and the
overwhelming  popular  support  for  the  CPC  in  most  of  the  country  made  it  all  but  impossible  for  the
KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.

By the end of 1949, the CPC controlled almost all of mainland China, as the KMT retreated to Taiwan
with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces
and  refugees.  Some  party  members  stayed  in  the  mainland  and  broke  away  from  the  main  KMT  to
found the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, which still currently exists as one of the eight
minor registered parties of the People's Republic of China.

In Taiwan since 1945

In  1895,  Formosa  (now  called  Taiwan),  including  the  Penghu

islands,  became  a  Japanese  colony  via  the  Treaty  of  Shimonoseki
following the First Sino­Japanese War.

After  Japan's  defeat  at  the  end  of  World  War  II  in  1945,  General
Order  No.  1  instructed  Japan  to  surrender  its  troops  in  Taiwan  to
Chiang Kai­shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general Chen  Yi  acted
on  behalf  of  the  Allied  Powers  to  accept  Japan's  surrender  and
The former KMT headquarters in
proclaimed that day as Taiwan Retrocession Day.
Taipei City (1949–2006), whose
imposing structure, directly facing
Tensions  between  the  local  Taiwanese  and  mainlanders  from
the Presidential Office Building, was
Mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a
seen as a symbol of the party's
flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in Taipei when a dispute between a wealth and dominance
female  cigarette  vendor  and  an  anti­smuggling  officer  in  front  of
Tianma Tea House triggered civil disorder and protests that would
last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the ROC Army in the February 28
Incident. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the
"White  Terror",  a  KMT­led  political  repression  that  resulted  in  the  death  or  disappearance  of  over
30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.[27]

Following  the  establishment  of  the  People's  Republic  of  China  (PRC)  on  1  October  1949,  the
commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that Kinmen and Matsu  had  to  be  taken
before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the Battle of Guningtou on 25–27 October 1949 and
stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarter was set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan
South Road.[28] In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the Temporary Provisions Effective During
the  Period  of  Communist  Rebellion.  The  provision  declared  martial  law  in  Taiwan  and  halted  some
democratic  processes,  including  presidential  and  parliamentary  elections,  until  the  mainland  could  be
recovered from the CPC. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan
was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also
initiated the Project National Glory to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in
July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts.

However,  various  factors,  including  international  pressure,  are  believed  to  have  prevented  the  KMT
from militarily engaging the CPC full­scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to
the National Revolutionary Army during the KMT Islamic insurgency in 1950–1958 in Mainland China.
A  cold  war  with  a  couple  of  minor  military  conflicts  was  resulted  in  the  early  years.  The  various
government  bodies  previously  in  Nanjing,  that  were  re­established  in  Taipei  as  the  KMT­controlled
government,  actively  claimed  sovereignty  over  all  China.  The  Republic  of  China  in  Taiwan  retained
China's seat in the United Nations until 1971.

Until  the  1970s,  the  KMT  successfully  pushed  ahead  with  land  reforms,  developed  the  economy,
implemented  a  democratic  system  in  a  lower  level  of  the  government,  improved  relations  between
Taiwan and the mainland and created the Taiwan economic miracle. However, the KMT controlled the
government under a one­party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The
ROC  in  Taiwan  was  once  referred  to  synonymously  with  the  KMT  and  known  simply  as  Nationalist
China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan
to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the National Assembly.

Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro­democracy movement Tangwai ("outside the
KMT")  created  the  Democratic  Progressive  Party  (DPP)  on  28  September  1986.  Outside  observers  of
Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this
did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's democratization.[29]

In 1991, martial law ceased when President Lee Teng­hui terminated the Temporary Provisions Effective
During the Period of Communist Rebellion. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of
elections,  including  the  presidential  election.  Lee  Teng­hui,  the  ROC's  first  democratically  elected
President and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state­to­state
relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with Taiwan independence.

The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the New Party in August 1993, alleged to be a
result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated
into  the  KMT.  A  much  more  serious  split  in  the  party  occurred  as  a  result  of  the  2000  Presidential
election. Upset at the choice of Lien Chan as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary­
General James Soong  launched  an  independent  bid,  which  resulted  in  the  expulsion  of  Soong  and  his
supporters  and  the  formation  of  the  People First Party  (PFP)  on  31  March  2000.  The  KMT  candidate
placed  third  behind  Soong  in  the  elections.  After  the  election,  Lee's  strong  relationship  with  the
opponent  became  apparent.  To  prevent  defections  to  the  PFP,  Lien  moved  the  party  away  from  Lee's
pro­independence  policies  and  became  more  favorable  toward  Chinese  reunification.  This  shift  led  to
Lee's  expulsion  from  the  party  and  the  formation  of  the  Taiwan  Solidarity  Union  (TSU)  by  Lee
supporters on 24 July 2001.

Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and
TSU,  and  the  KMT  did  poorly  in  the  December  2001  legislative
elections and lost its position as the largest party in the Legislative
Yuan.  However,  the  party  did  well  in  the  2002  local  government
mayoral and council election with Ma Ying­jeou,  its  candidate  for
Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate
for Kaohsiung mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well.
Since  2002,  the  KMT  and  PFP  have  coordinated  electoral
strategies.  In  2004,  the  KMT  and  PFP  ran  a  joint  presidential
ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice­
president.

The  loss  of  the  presidential  election  of  2004  to  DPP  President
Chen  Shui­bian  by  merely  over  30,000  votes  was  a  bitter
disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for Pan-blue supporters at a rally during
several  weeks  protesting  alleged  electoral  fraud  and  the  "odd the 2004 presidential election
circumstances"  of  the  shooting  of  President  Chen.  However,  the
fortunes  of  the  party  were  greatly  improved  when  the  KMT  did
well in the legislative elections held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan
achieving a majority for the Pan­Blue Coalition.
Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First
Party  and  talk  of  a  merger  seemed  to  have  ended.  This  split  appeared  to  widen  in  early  2005,  as  the
leader  of  the  PFP,  James  Soong  appeared  to  be  reconciling  with  President  Chen  Shui­Bian  and  the
Democratic  Progressive  Party.  Many  PFP  members  including  legislators  and  municipal  leaders  have
defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party.

In  2005,  Ma  Ying­jeou  became  KMT  chairman  defeating  speaker  Wang  Jin­pyng  in  the  first  public
election  for  KMT  chairmanship.  The  KMT  won  a  decisive  victory  in  the  3­in­1  local  elections  of
December  2005,  replacing  the  DPP  as  the  largest  party  at  the  local  level.  This  was  seen  as  a  major
victory  for  the  party  ahead  of  legislative  elections  in  2007.  There  were  elections  for  the  two
municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and Kaohsiung on December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in
Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of Kaohsiung by the slim margin of 1,100 votes.

On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly
embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while
he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at
the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC President. Ma argued
that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in
the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately
filed  suit  against  the  prosecutors.  In  2008,  the  KMT  won  a  landslide  victory  in  the  Republic  of  China
Presidential  Election  on  22  March  2008.  The  KMT  fielded  former  Taipei  mayor  and  former  KMT
chairman  Ma  Ying­jeou  to  run  against  the  DPP's  Frank  Hsieh.  Ma  won  by  a  margin  of  17%  against
Hsieh.  Ma  took  office  on  20  May  2008,  with  Vice­Presidential  candidate  Vincent  Siew,  and  ended  8
years  of  the  DPP  presidency.  The  KMT  also  won  a  landslide  victory  in  the  2008  legislative  elections,
winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the Legislative Yuan. These two elections gave the KMT firm
control of both the executive and legislative yuans.

On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain KMT's leadership and registered as the sole
candidate for the election of the KMT chairmanship. On 26 July, Ma won 93.87% of the vote, becoming
the new chairman of the KMT,[30] taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allows Ma to be able
to  meet  with  Xi  Jinping,  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Communist  Party  of  China  and  other  PRC
delegates, as he is able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party, rather than as head­
of­state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.[31]

On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the local election to the DPP, winning only 6
municipalities  and  counties,  down  from  14  in  the  previous  election  in  2009  and  2010.  Ma  Ying­jeou
subsequently  resigned  from  the  party  chairmanship  on  3  December  and  replaced  by  acting  Chairman
Wu Den­yih. Chairmanship election was held on 17 January 2015 and Eric Chu was elected to become
the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February.[32]

Current issues and challenges

Party assets

As  the  ruling  party  on  Taiwan,  the  KMT  amassed  a  vast  business  empire  of  banks,  investment
companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's
richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.[33] Although this war
chest  appeared  to  help  the  KMT  until  the  mid­1990s,  it  later  led  to  accusations  of  corruption  (often
referred to as "black gold").

After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT
started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of
the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in
the  2004  presidential  election  that  the  KMT  retained  assets  that  were  illegally  acquired.  During  the
2000–2008 DPP presidency, a law was proposed by the DPP in the Legislative Yuan to recover illegally
acquired party assets and return them to the government. However, due to the DPP's lack of control of
the legislative chamber at the time, it never materialised.

The  KMT  also  acknowledged  that  part  of  its  assets were acquired  through  extra­legal means  and  thus
promised to "retro­endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should
be  classified  as  illegal  are  still  under  heated  debate.  DPP,  in  its  capacity  as  ruling  party  from  2000  to
2008,  claimed  that  there  is  much  more  that  the  KMT  has  yet  to  acknowledge.  Also,  the  KMT  actively
sold  assets  under  its  title  to  quench  its  recent  financial  difficulties,  which  the  DPP  argues  is  illegal.
Former KMT chairman Ma Ying­Jeou's position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below
market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will
not be publicly disclosed.

In  2006,  the  KMT  sold  its  headquarters  at  11  Zhongshan  South
Road  in  Taipei  to  Evergreen  Group  for  NT$2.3  billion
(US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade
Road in the eastern part of the city.[34]

In  July  2014,  the  KMT  reported  total  assets  of  NT$26.8  billion
(US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for
the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the
world.[35]
Kuomintang public service centre in
In August 2016, the Ill­gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee is
Shilin, Taipei
set  up  by  the  ruling  DPP  government  to  investigate  KMT  party
assets acquired during the martial law period and recover those that
were determined to be illegally acquired.[36]

Cross-strait relations

In December 2003, then­KMT chairman (present chairman emeritus) and presidential candidate Lien
Chan initiated what appeared to some to be a major shift in the party's position on the linked questions
of Chinese reunification and Taiwan independence. Speaking to foreign journalists, Lien said that while
the  KMT  was  opposed  to  "immediate  independence",  it  did  not  wish  to  be  classed  as  "pro­
reunificationist" either.

At  the  same  time,  Wang  Jin­pyng,  speaker  of  the  Legislative  Yuan  and  the  Pan­Blue  Coalition's
campaign  manager  in  the  2004  presidential  election,  said  that  the  party  no  longer  opposed  Taiwan's
"eventual  independence".  This  statement  was  later  clarified  as  meaning  that  the  KMT  opposes  any
immediate  decision  on  unification  and  independence  and  would  like  to  have  this  issue  resolved  by
future generations. The KMT's position on the cross­strait relations was redefined as hoping to remain
in the current neither­independent­nor­united situation.

However,  there  had  been  a  warming  of  relations  between  the  Pan­Blue  Coalition  and  the  PRC,  with
prominent members of both the KMT and PFP in active discussions with officials on the mainland. In
February  2004,  it  appeared  that  KMT  had  opened  a  campaign  office  for  the  Lien­Soong  ticket  in
Shanghai  targeting  Taiwanese  businessmen.  However,  after  an  adverse  reaction  in  Taiwan,  the  KMT
quickly declared that the office was opened without official knowledge or authorization. In addition, the
PRC issued a statement forbidding open campaigning in the mainland and formally stated that it had no
preference as to which candidate won and cared only about the positions of the winning candidate.

In  2005,  then­party  chairman  Lien  Chan  announced  that  he  was  to  leave  his  office.  The  two  leading
contenders for the position included Ma Ying­jeou and Wang Jin­pyng. On 5 April 2005, Taipei Mayor
Ma Ying­jeou said he wished to lead the opposition KMT with Wang Jin­pyng. On 16 July 2005, Ma was
elected as KMT chairman in the first contested leadership in KMT's 93­year history. Some 54% of the
party's  1.04  million  members  cast  their  ballots.  Ma  garnered  72.4%  of  vote  share,  or  375,056  votes,
against Wang's 27.6%, or 143,268 votes. After failing to convince Wang to stay on as a vice chairman,
Ma named holdovers Wu Po­hsiung, Chiang Pin­kung and Lin Cheng­chi ( ), as well as long­time
party administrator and strategist John Kuan  as  vice­chairmen.  All  appointments  were  approved  by  a
hand count of party delegates.

On  28  March  2005,  thirty  members  of  the  KMT,  led  by  vice­
chairman  Chiang  Pin­kung,  arrived  in  mainland  China.  This
marked the first official visit by the KMT to the mainland since
it  was  defeated  by  communist  forces  in  1949  (although  KMT
members  including  Chiang  had  made  individual  visits  in  the
past). The delegates began their itinerary by paying homage to
the  revolutionary  martyrs  of  the  Tenth  Uprising  at
Huanghuagang.  They  subsequently  flew  to  the  former  ROC
capital  of  Nanjing  to  commemorate  Sun  Yat­sen.  During  the
trip, the KMT signed a 10­points agreement with the CPC. The
proponents regarded this visit as the prelude of the third KMT­
Lien Chan (middle) and Wu Po-hsiung
CPC  cooperation,  after  the  First  and  Second  United  Front.
(second left) and the KMT touring the
Weeks  afterwards,  in  May  2005,  Chairman  Lien  Chan  visited
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing,
the mainland and met with Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the
People's Republic of China when the
Communist  Party  of  China.  This  marked  the  first  meeting
Pan-Blue coalition visited the mainland in
between  leaders  of  the  KMT  and  CPC  after  the  end  of  Chinese 2005
Civil  War  in  1949.  No  agreements  were  signed  because
incumbent  Chen  Shui­bian's  government  threatened  to
prosecute  the  KMT  delegation  for  treason  and  violation  of  ROC  laws  prohibiting  citizens  from
collaborating with CPC.

Supporter base
Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by
age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing
from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020
only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.[37]

The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance
implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military
officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger
support  among  mainlanders  and  their  descendants,  for  ideological  reasons,  and  among  Taiwanese
aboriginals. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority­Hakka and Mandarin­
speaking  counties  of  Taiwan,  in  contrast  to  the  Hokkien­majority  southwestern  counties  that  tend  to
support the Democratic Progressive Party.

The deep­rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities
effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party
(DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT.[38] Aboriginals have criticized politicians for
abusing  the  "indigenization"  movement  for  political  gains,  such  as  aboriginal  opposition  to  the  DPP's
"rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships
voting for Ma Ying­jeou.[39]  In  2005  the  Kuomintang  displayed  a  massive  photo  of  the  anti­Japanese
Aboriginal  leader  Mona  Rudao  at  its  headquarters  in  honor  of  the  60th  anniversary  of  Taiwan's
retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.[40]

On social issues, the KMT doesn't take an official position on same­sex marriage, though most members
of  legislative  committees,  mayors  of  cities,  and  the  most  recent  presidential  candidate  (Han  Kuo­yu)
oppose  it.  The  party  does,  however,  have  a  small  faction  that  supports  same­sex  marriage,  consisting
mainly  of  young  people  and  people  in  the  Taipei  metropolitan  area.  The  opposition  to  same­sex
marriage  comes  mostly  from  Christian  groups,  who  wield  significant  political  influence  within  the
KMT.[41]
Organization

Leadership

The  Kuomintang's  constitution  designated  Sun  Yat­sen  as  party

president.  After  his  death,  the  Kuomintang  opted  to  keep  that
language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party
has  since  been  headed  by  a  director­general  (1927–1975)  and  a
chairman  (since  1975),  positions  which  officially  discharge  the
functions of the president.

Current Central Committee Leadership

Position Name(s)
Chairman Johnny Chiang
Vice Chairman Vacant
KMT headquarters in Taipei City
Secretary-General Lee Chien-lung before the KMT Central Committee
moved in June 2006 to a much
Deputy Secretaries- Lee Yen-Hsiu (Full Time), Ko Chih-en, Hsieh
General Lung-chieh, Yen Kuan-heng, Kwei-Bo Huang more modest Bade building, having
sold the original headquarters to
Policy Committee private investors of the EVA Airways
Lin Wei-chou
Executive Director
Corporation
Organizational
Development Committee Yeh Shou-shan
Director
Culture and
Communications Wang Yu-Min
Committee Director
Administration Committee
Chiu Da-chan
Director
Party Disciplinary
Yeh Ching-Yuan
Committee Director
Institute of Revolutionary
Lo Chih-chiang
Practice Director KMT Kinmen headquarters office in
Jincheng Township, Kinmen County

Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)

Hong Yuh-chin (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)
Tseng Yung-chuan (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)
Lin Yi-shih (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)
Lin Hung-chih (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)
Alex Fai (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)
Lai Shyh-bao (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)
Liao Kuo-tung (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)
Lin Te-fu (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018) KMT Building in Vancouver's
Johnny Chiang (14 June 2018 – 2019) Chinatown, British Columbia,
Tseng Ming-chung (2019 – 2020) Canada
Lin Wei-chou (2020 – present)

Party organization and structure

The KMT is organized as such:[42]
The KMT is organized as such:[42]

National Congress
Party chairman
Vice-Chairmen
Central Committee
Central Steering Committee for Women
Central Standing Committee KMT branch office in Pingzhen
Secretary-General District, Taoyuan City

Deputy Secretaries-General
Executive Director

Standing committees and departments

Policy Committee
Policy Coordination Department
Policy Research Department
Mainland Affairs Department
Institute of Revolutionary Practice, formerly National
Development Institute
Kuomintang Youth League
Research Division
Education and Counselling Division
Party Disciplinary Committee The KMT maintains offices in some
of the Chinatowns of the world and
Evaluation and Control Office
its United States party headquarters
Audit Office are located in San Francisco
Culture and Communications Committee Chinatown, on Stockton Street
directly across the Chinese Six
Cultural Department Companies
Communications Department
KMT Party History Institute
Administration Committee
Personnel Office
General Office
Finance Office
Accounting Office
Information Center
Organizational Development Committee
Organization and Operations Department
Elections Mobilization Department
Community Volunteers Department
Overseas Department
Youth Department
Women's Department
 KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is
in New York Chinatown

Ideology in mainland China

Chinese nationalism

The  KMT  was  a  nationalist  revolutionary  party  which  had  been

supported  by  the  Soviet  Union.  It  was  organized  on  the  Leninist
principle of democratic centralism.[8]

The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary
thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai­shek used the words feudal and
counterrevolutionary  as  synonyms  for  evil  and  backwardness,  and
they  proudly  proclaimed  themselves  to  be  revolutionaries.[43][44]
Chiang  called  the  warlords  feudalists,  and  he  also  called  for
feudalism  and  counterrevolutionaries  to  be  stamped  out  by  the
KMT.[45][46][47][48] Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called
a  warlord,  because  of  the  word's  negative  and  feudal
connotations.[49]  Ma  Bufang  was  forced  to  defend  himself  against
KMT office of Australasia in Sydney,
the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a Australia
part of "National army, people's power".[50]

Chiang  Kai­shek,  the  head  of  the  KMT,  warned  the  Soviet  Union
and  other  foreign  countries  about  interfering  in  Chinese  affairs.  He  was  personally  angry  at  the  way
China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.[46][51] He
and  his  New  Life  Movement  called  for  the  crushing  of  Soviet,  Western,  American  and  other  foreign
influences  in  China.  Chen  Lifu,  a  CC  Clique  member  in  the  KMT,  said  "Communism  originated  from
Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the
North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".[48]

The  Blue  Shirts  Society,  a  fascist  paramilitary  organization  within  the  KMT  that  modeled  itself  after
Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti­foreign and anti­communist, and it stated that its agenda was to expel
foreign  (Japanese  and  Western)  imperialists  from  China,  crush  Communism,  and  eliminate
feudalism.[52]  In  addition  to  being  anticommunist,  some  KMT  members,  like  Chiang  Kai­shek's  right­
hand man Dai Li were anti­American, and wanted to expel American influence.[53]
KMT  leaders  across  China  adopted  nationalist  rhetoric.  The  Chinese  Muslim  general  Ma  Bufang  of
Qinghai  presented  himself  as  a  Chinese  nationalist  to  the  people  of  China,  fighting  against  British
imperialism, to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities
like  Tibetans  and  Buddhist  Mongols.  He  used  his  Chinese  nationalist  credentials  to  his  advantage  to
keep himself in power.[54][55]

The KMT pursued a sinicization policy, it was stated that "the time had come to set about the business of
making all natives either turn Chinese or get out" by foreign observers of KMT policy. It was noted that
"Chinese colonization" of "Mongolia and Manchuria" led "to a conviction that the day of the barbarian
was finally over".[56][57][58]

New Guangxi Clique

KMT  branch  in  Guangxi  province,  led  by  the  New  Guangxi  Clique  of  Bai  Chongxi  and  Li  Zongren,
implemented anti­imperialist, anti­religious, and anti­foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition,
in  1926  in  Guangxi,  Muslim  General  Bai  Chongxi  led  his  troops  in  destroying  most  of  the  Buddhist
temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti­
foreign  wave  in  Guangxi,  attacking  American,  European,  and  other  foreigners  and  missionaries,  and
generally  making  the  province  unsafe  for  non­natives.  Westerners  fled  from  the  province,  and  some
Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.[59]

The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai­shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated
the clique.

Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation

KMT  had  a  left  wing  and  a  right  wing,  the  left  being  more  radical  in  its  pro­Soviet  policies,  but  both
wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries.
The  right  wing  under  Chiang  Kai­shek  prevailed,  and  continued  radical  policies  against  private
merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.

One of the Three Principles of the People of KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Dr. Sun Yat­
sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept
may be understood as social welfare as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of
land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker Henry
George (see Georgism) and German thinker Karl Marx; the land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof.
He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how
an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.

KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by
Dr.  Sun  in  the  original  Tongmenhui.  KMT's  revolutionary  ideology  in  the  1920s  incorporated  unique
Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.[60]

The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat­sen University. In the West and
in  the  Soviet  Union,  Chiang  was  known  as  the  "Red  General".[61]  Movie  theaters  in  the  Soviet  Union
showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat­sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung
on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with
the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.[62]

KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army,
the  Merchant's  volunteer  corps.  Dr.  Sun  initiated  this  anti­merchant  policy,  and  Chiang  Kai­shek
enforced  it,  Chiang  led  his  army  of  Whampoa  Military  Academy  graduates  to  defeat  the  merchant's
army.  Chiang  was  assisted  by  Soviet  advisors,  who  supplied  him  with  weapons,  while  the  merchants
were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.[63][64]
KMT  were  accused  of  leading  a  "Red  Revolution"  in  Canton.  The  merchants  were  conservative  and
reactionary, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent comprador trader.[63]

The  merchants  were  supported  by  the  foreign,  western  Imperialists  such  as  the  British,  who  led  an
international flotilla to support them against Dr. Sun.[64] Chiang seized the western supplied weapons
from the merchants, and battled against them. A KMT General executed several merchants, and KMT
formed a Soviet inspired Revolutionary Committee.[65] The British Communist party congratulated Dr.
Sun for his war against foreign imperialists and capitalists.[66]

In 1948, KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai, Chiang Kai­shek sent his son Chiang  Ching­
kuo  to  restore  economic  order.  Ching­kuo  copied  Soviet  methods,  which  he  learned  during  his  stay
there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle­class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all
goods to raise support from the proletariat.[67]

As  riots  broke  out  and  savings  were  ruined,  bankrupting  shop  owners,  Ching­kuo  began  to  attack  the
wealthy,  seizing  assets  and  placing  them  under  arrest.  The  son  of  the  gangster  Du  Yuesheng  was
arrested  by  him.  Ching­kuo  ordered  KMT  agents  to  raid  the  Yangtze  Development  Corporation's
warehouses, which was privately owned by H.H. Kung and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was Soong Ai­
ling, the sister of Soong Mei­ling who was Ching­kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested,
the  Kung's  responded  by  blackmailing  the  Chiang's,  threatening  to  release  information  about  them,
eventually  he  was  freed  after  negotiations,  and  Ching­kuo  resigned,  ending  the  terror  on  the
Shanghainese merchants.[68]

KMT also promotes government­owned corporations. KMT founder Sun Yat­sen, was heavily influenced
by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies
or  the  usage  of  land  belonged  to  the  public.  Dr.  Sun  argued  for  Georgism  and  emphasized  the
importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles
of the People.

"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land
and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance
the social welfare programs."[69]

KMT  Muslim  Governor  of  Ningxia,  Ma  Hongkui  promoted  state­owned  monopolies.  His  government
had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.[70]

Corporations  such  as  CSBC  Corporation,  Taiwan,  CPC  Corporation,  Taiwan  and  Aerospace  Industrial
Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.

Marxists  also  existed  in  KMT.  They  viewed  the  Chinese  revolution  in  different  terms  than  the  CPC,
claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and in a stagnation period rather than in another
mode of production. These Marxists in KMT opposed the CPC ideology.[71]

Confucianism and religion in its ideology

KMT  used  traditional  Chinese  religious  ceremonies,  the  souls  of  party  martyrs  who  died  fighting  for
KMT  and  the  revolution  and  the  party  founder  Sun  Yat­sen  were  sent  to  heaven  according  to  KMT.
Chiang Kai­shek believed that these martyrs witnessed events on earth from heaven.[72][73][74][75]

The  KMT  backed  the  New  Life  Movement,  which  promoted  Confucianism,  and  it  was  also  against
westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the May Fourth Movement. Chiang Kai­shek, as a nationalist,
and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western
ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that
the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and Sun Yat­sen criticized these May Fourth
intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.[76]
KMT  also  incorporated  Confucianism  in  its  jurisprudence.  It
pardoned Shi Jianqiao  for  murdering  Sun  Chuanfang,  because  she
did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which
was an example of filial piety  to  one's  parents  in  Confucianism.[77]
KMT  encouraged  filial  revenge  killings  and  extended  pardons  to
those who performed them.[78]

Education

KMT  purged  China's  education  system  of  Western  ideas, From left to right, KMT members
introducing  Confucianism  into  the  curriculum.  Education  came pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen
under the total control of state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after
the  Ministry  of  Education.  Military  and  political  classes  on  KMT's the success of the Northern
Three  Principles  of  the  People  were  added.  Textbooks,  exams, Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin,
Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan,
degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state,
Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang,
as were all universities.[79]
Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang,
Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi
Soviet-style military

Chiang  Ching­kuo,  appointed  as  KMT  director  of  Secret  Police  in  1950,  was  educated  in  the  Soviet
Union,  and  initiated  Soviet  style  military  organization  in  the  Republic  of  China  Armed  Forces,
reorganizing  and  Sovietizing  the  political  officer  corps,  surveillance,  and  KMT  activities  were
propagated  throughout  the  whole  of  the  armed  forces.  Opposed  to  this  was  Sun  Li­jen,  who  was
educated  at  the  American  Virginia  Military  Institute.[80]  Chiang  Ching­kuo  then  arrested  Sun  Li­jen,
charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai­shek and KMT,
Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.[81][82]

Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang

Malaysian Chinese Association

The  Malaysian  Chinese  Association  (MCA)  was  initially  pro­ROC

and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative
and  were  also  in  opposition  to  the  Malayan  Communist  Party,
supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of
reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.[83]

Tibet Improvement Party Malaysian Chinese Association

The Tibet Improvement Party was founded by Pandatsang Rapga, a
pro­ROC  and  pro­KMT  Khampa  revolutionary,  who  worked  against  the  14th  Dalai  Lama's  Tibetan
Government  in  Lhasa.  Rapga  borrowed  Sun  Yat­sen's  Three  Principles  of  the  People  doctrine  and
translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples
against  imperialism.  Rapga  stated  that  "the  Sanmin  Zhuyi  was  intended  for  all  peoples  under  the
domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived
especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were
spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Dr. Heather Stoddard.[84] He wanted to destroy the
feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate
goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic
which would be an autonomous Republic within the ROC.[85] Chiang Kai­shek and the KMT funded the
party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.[86] KMT was extensively
involved  in  the  Kham  region,  recruiting  the  Khampa  people  to  both  oppose  the  Dalai  Lama's  Tibetan
government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did
not obey the central government.

Vietnamese Nationalist Party

The  KMT  assisted  the  Viet  Nam  Quoc  Dan  Dang  party  which
translates literally into Chinese (越南國民黨; Yuènán Guómíndǎ ng)
as  the  Vietnamese  Nationalist  Party. [87][88]  When  it  was
established,  it  was  based  on  the  Chinese  KMT  and  was  pro
Chinese.[89][90]  The  Chinese  KMT  helped  the  party,  known  as  the
VNQDD,  set  up  headquarters  in  Canton  and  Yunnan,  to  aid  their
anti imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of Indo China
and  against  the  Vietnamese  Communist  Party.  It  was  the  first
revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before Vietnamese Kuomintang
the  communist  party.  The  KMT  assisted  VNQDD  with  funds  and
military training.

The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against
Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.[91] When the
VNQDD  fled  to  China  after  the  failed  uprising  against  the  French,
they  settled  in  Yunnan  and  Canton,  in  two  different
branches.[92][93] The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for
15  years,  receiving  help,  militarily  and  financially,  and
organizationally  from  the  Chinese  KMT.[94]  The  two  VNQDD
parties  merged  into  a  single  organization,  the  Canton  branch People's Action Party of Vietnam
removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. Lu Han,  a
KMT  official  in  Nanjing,  who  was  originally  from  Yunnan,  was
contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact
with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.[91]

The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General Zhang
Fakui (Chang Fa­kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Viet Nam Cach Menh Dong Minh
Hoi meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the
KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the
Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.[95]
The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the
pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People,
created  by  KMT  founder  Dr.  Sun  and  opposition  to  Japanese  and  French  Imperialists.[96][97]  The
Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak
Vietnamese.  General  Zhang  shrewdly  blocked  the  Communists  of  Vietnam,  and  Ho  Chi  Minh  from
entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.[98] The KMT utilized these
Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.[99]

A KMT left­winger, General Chang Fa­kuei worked with Nguyen Hai Than, a VNQDD member, against
French  Imperialists  and  Communists  in  Indo  China.[100]  General  Chang  Fa­kuei  planned  to  lead  a
Chinese army invasion of Tonkin in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang
Kai­shek's support.[101]  The  VNQDD  opposed  the  government  of  Ngo  Dinh  Diem  during  the  Vietnam
War.[102]

After the Fall of Saigon in 1977 the party dissolved and was refounded in 1991 as People's Action Party of
Vietnam.

Ryukyu Guomindang
On  30  November  1958,  the  establishment  of  the  Ryukyu  Guomindang  took  place.  Tsugumasa  Kiyuna
headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party which was backed by
the Kuomintang in Taiwan.[103]

Pro-Kuomintang camp

The Pro­Kuomintang camp is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It generally pledges allegiance to the
Kuomintang.

One  of  these  members,  the  123  Democratic  Alliance,  dissolved  in  2000  due  to  the  lack  of  financial
support from the Taiwan government, after the 2000 Taiwan presidential election.[104]

Sponsored organizations
Ma  Fuxiang  founded  Islamic  organizations  sponsored  by  KMT,
including the China Islamic Association (中國回教公會).[105]

KMT  Muslim  General  Bai  Chongxi  was  Chairman  of  the  Chinese
Islamic  National  Salvation  Federation.[106]  The  Muslim  Chengda
school  and  Yuehua  publication  were  supported  by  the  Nationalist
Government, and they supported KMT.[107]

The Chinese Muslim Association was also sponsored by KMT, and it
evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Taipei Grand Mosque
Muslim Association owns the Taipei Grand Mosque which was built
with funds from KMT.[108]

The  Yihewani  (Ikhwan  al  Muslimun  a.k.a.  Muslim  brotherhood)  was  the  predominant  Muslim  sect
backed by KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the Xidaotang were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese
Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood
Imams  like  Hu  Songshan  ordered  Muslims  to  pray  for  the  Nationalist  Government,  salute  KMT  flags
during prayer, and listen to nationalist sermons.

Policy on ethnic minorities
KMT considers all minorities to be members of the Chinese nation. Former KMT leader Chiang Kai­shek
considered all the minority peoples of China, including the Hui, as descendants of Yellow Emperor, the
Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation. Chiang considered all the minorities
to belong to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was
propagated  into  the  educational  system  of  the  Republic  of  China,  and  the  Constitution  of  the  ROC
considered Chiang's ideology to be true.[109][110][111] In Taiwan, the President performs a ritual honoring
the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.[112]

KMT  kept  the  Mongolian  and  Tibetan  Affairs  Commission  for  dealing  with  Mongolian  And  Tibetan
affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.[113]

KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like Al  Azhar
and  it  established  schools  especially  for  Muslims,  Muslim  KMT  warlords  like  Ma  Fuxiang  promoted
education  for  Muslims.[114]  KMT  Muslim  Warlord  Ma  Bufang  built  a  girls'  school  for  Muslim  girls  in
Linxia City which taught modern secular education.[115]

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur
ceremony in Qinghai, but the KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang allowed them to participate.[116]
Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. Ma Chengxiang  was  a  Muslim  and  a
KMT member, and refused to surrender to the Communists.[117][118]

KMT  incited  anti  Yan  Xishan  and  Feng  Yuxiang  sentiments  among  Chinese  Muslims  and  Mongols,
encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.[119]

Masud  Sabri,  a  Uyghur  was  appointed  as  Governor  of  Xinjiang  by  KMT,  as  was  the  Tatar  Burhan
Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.[120]

The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the Ma Bufang Mansion along
with a portrait of party founder Dr. Sun Yatsen arranged with KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.

General  Ma  Bufang  and  other  high  ranking  Muslim  Generals  attended  the  Kokonuur  Lake  Ceremony
where  the  God  of  the  Lake  was  worshipped,  and  during  the  ritual,  the  Chinese  national  anthem  was
sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Dr. Sun Yat­sen, and the God of the Lake was
also  bowed  to,  and  offerings  were  given  to  him  by  the  participants,  which  included  the  Muslims.[121]
This  cult  of  personality  around  KMT  leader  and  KMT  was  standard  in  all  meetings.  Sun  Yat­sen's
portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.[122] Dr. Sun's portrait was arranged with two
flags crossed under, the KMT flag and the flag of the Republic of China.

KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma
Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.[123]

In  1939,  Isa  Yusuf  Alptekin  and  Ma  Fuliang  were  sent  on  a  mission  by  KMT  to  the  Middle  Eastern
countries such as Egypt, Turkey and Syria to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, they also
visited  Afghanistan  in  1940  and  contacted  Muhammad  Amin  Bughra,  they  asked  him  to  come  to
Chongqing,  the  capital  of  the  Nationalist  Government.  Bughra  was  arrested  by  the  British  in  1942  for
spying,  and  KMT  arranged  for  Bughra's  release.  He  and  Isa  Yusuf  worked  as  editors  of  KMT  Muslim
publications.[124]  Ma  Tianying  ( 馬 天 英 )  (1900–1982)  led  the  1939  mission  which  had  5  other  people
including Isa and Fuliang.[125]

Stance on separatism
KMT  is  anti­separatist.  During  its  rule  on  mainland  China,  it  crushed  Uyghur  and  Tibetan  separatist
uprisings.  KMT  claims  sovereignty  over  Outer  Mongolia  and  Tuva  as  well  as  the  territories  of  the
modern People's Republic and Republic of China.[126]

KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the Sino­Tibetan War with
his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces.
Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai­shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim
army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support
from  KMT,  Ma  Bufang  repeatedly  attacked  the  Tibetan  area  of  Golog  seven  times  during  the  KMT
Pacification of Qinghai, eliminating thousands of Tibetans.[127]

General  Ma  Fuxiang,  the  chairman  of  the  Mongolian  and  Tibetan  Affairs  Commission  stated  that
Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:

Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to
the  strong  and  violent  as  our  sole  and  most  urgent  task.  This  is  even  more  true  for  those
groups  which  are  not  of  our  kind  [Ch.  fei  wo  zulei  zhe].  Now  the  people  of  Mongolia  and
Tibet  are  closely  related  to  us,  and  we  have  great  affection  for  one  another:  our  common
existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia
and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia
 and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China
to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that
will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.[128]

Under orders from Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai­shek, the Hui General Ma Bufang, Governor
of  Qinghai  (1937–1949),  repaired  Yushu  airport  to  prevent  Tibetan  separatists  from  seeking
independence.  Ma  Bufang  also  crushed  Mongol  separatist  movements,  abducting  the  Genghis  Khan
Shrine  and  attacking  Tibetan  Buddhist  Temples  like  Labrang,  and  keeping  a  tight  control  over  them
through the Kokonur God ceremony.[121][129]

During the Kumul  Rebellion,  KMT  36th  Division  (National  Revolutionary  Army)  crushed  a  separatist
Uyghur  First  East  Turkestan  Republic,  delivering  it  a  fatal  blow  at  the  Battle  of  Kashgar  (1934).  The
Muslim General Ma Hushan pledged allegiance to KMT and crushed another Uyghur revolt at Charkhlik
Revolt.

During  the  Ili  Rebellion,  KMT  fought  against  Uyghur  separatists  and  the  Soviet  Union,  and  against
Mongolia.

Election results

Presidential elections

Election Candidate Running mate Total votes Share of votes Outcome

2020 Han Kuo-yu Chang San-cheng ( independent) 5,522,119 38.6% Defeated

2016 Eric Chu Wang Ju-hsuan ( independent) 3,813,365 31.0% Defeated

2012 Ma Ying-jeou Wu Den-yih 6,891,139 51.6% Elected

2008 Ma Ying-jeou Vincent Siew 7,658,724 58.4% Elected
2004 Lien Chan James Soong ( PFP) 6,423,906 49.8% Defeated

2000 Lien Chan Vincent Siew 2,925,513 23.1% Defeated

1996 Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan 5,813,699 54.0% Elected

Legislative elections
 Total Share of Election
Election Total seats won Changes Status President
votes votes leader
8 / 11 Chiang Kai-
1969 Majority
shek Chiang Kai-shek
41 / 51 Chiang Kai-
1972 Majority
shek

42 / 52 Chiang Yen Chia-kan

1975 Majority
Ching-kuo

79 / 97 Chiang
1980 Majority
Ching-kuo
83 / 98 Chiang Chiang Ching-
1983 Majority
Ching-kuo kuo

79 / 100 Chiang
1986 Majority
Ching-kuo
94 / 130
1989 Lee Teng-hui Majority

95 / 161 7
1992 5,030,725 53.0% Lee Teng-hui Majority Lee Teng-hui
seats
85 / 164 12
1995 4,349,089 46.1% Lee Teng-hui Majority
seats

7 Majority
123 / 225
1998 4,659,679 46.4% seats Lee Teng-hui Opposing
(adjusted)
majority
68 / 225 46 Opposing
2001 2,949,371 31.3% Lien Chan
seats plurality
Chen Shui-bian
79 / 225 11 Opposing
2004 3,190,081 34.9% Lien Chan
seats plurality

41 Opposing
81 / 113 Wu Po- majority
2008 5,291,512 53.5% seats
hsiung
(adjusted)
Majority
Ma Ying-jeou
64 / 113 17
2012 5,863,379 44.5% Ma Ying-jeou Majority
seats
35 / 113 29
2016 3,280,949 26.9% Eric Chu Minority
seats
Tsai Ing-wen
38 / 113 3
2020 4,723,504 33.3% Wu Den-yih Minority
seats

Local elections
 Township/city
Magistrates Township/city Party
Election Councillors council Village chiefs
and mayors mayors leader
representatives
Wu
2018 15 / 22 394 / 912 83 / 204 390 / 2,148 1,120 / 7,744
Den-
unified
yih
Ma
2014 6 / 22 386 / 906 80 / 204 538 / 2,137 1,794 / 7,836
Ying-
unified
jeou
2010 Ma
3/5 130 / 314 1,195 / 3,757
municipalities N/A N/A Ying-
only jeou
Ma
12 / 17 289 / 587 121 / 211
2009 N/A N/A Ying-
jeou
2006 Ma
1/2 41 / 96
municipalities N/A N/A N/A Ying-
only jeou
Ma
14 / 23 408 / 901 173 / 319
2005 N/A N/A Ying-
jeou
2002
1/2 32 / 96 Lien
municipalities N/A N/A N/A
Chan
only

9 / 23 382 / 897 195 / 319 Lien

2001 N/A N/A
Chan
1998 Lee
1/2 48 / 96
municipalities N/A N/A N/A Teng-
only hui
Lee
8 / 23 522 / 886 236 / 319
1997 N/A N/A Teng-
hui
1994 Lee
2/3 91 / 175
province- N/A N/A N/A Teng-
level only hui

National Assembly elections

Total Share of Party

Election Total seats won Changes Status President
votes votes leader
117 / 300
2005 1,508,384 38.92% 66 seats Lien Chan Plurality

254 / 325 186 Lee Teng-

1991 6,053,366 69.1% Majority
seats hui Lee Teng-hui
183 / 334 Lee Teng-
1996 5,180,829 49.7% 71 seats Majority
hui

See also
Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
February 28 Incident
Campaign at the China–Burma border
Chinese nationalism
Conservatism in Taiwan
 Elections in Taiwan
Index of Taiwan-related articles
History of the Kuomintang cultural policy
History of the Republic of China
Joseph Stilwell
KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949
Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
Military of the Republic of China
National Revolutionary Army
Nationalist government
New Kuomintang Alliance
Political status of Taiwan
Politics of the Republic of China
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
Outline of Taiwan
Whampoa Military Academy
White Terror (Taiwan)

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Further reading
Bergere, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (2000). Sun Yat-sen (https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00ber
g). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4011-1.
Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History (https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn). Ithaca,
New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4.
John F. Copper. The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012 (Lexington Books;
2013) 251 pages. How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000.
External links
Kuomintang Official Website (http://www.kmt.org.tw/) (in Chinese)
Kuomintang News Network (http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=111)
The History of Kuomintang (https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051800/http://encarta.msn.com/e
ncyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html) (Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2009102805180
0/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html) 31 October 2009)

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