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ConcreteMixtureRatio PDF
ConcreteMixtureRatio PDF
Strength of Mixture
a. Class AA - 4000 PSI
b. Class A - 3500 PSI
c. Class B - 2500 PSI
d. Class C - 2000 PSI
Mixture of half cubic meter sand, a cubic meter of gravel and a portion mixture of cement depending
on the class that you are using and plus water, there will be a little bit more than one cubic meter of
volume,this will serve as contingency or wastage.
Although the words “concrete” and “cement” are used in place of the other very
frequently, both are not same. Cement is an ingredient in concrete like other ingredients
like aggregates, pebbles, air and water. The property of the concrete depends a lot on
the proper mix ratio of concrete ingredients.
There are four ingredients of concrete, namely, cement, sand and pebbles. Let’s
discuss the effect of the individual ingredients:
• Cement: Cement provides strength to the concrete. So for obtaining more strength
cement proportions can be increased, but excessive cement quantity could lead to cracking.
• Aggregates and pebbles: Aggregates and pebbles provide strength to the concrete,
but excessive use of pebbles will reduce the proportion of cement and thus will reduce the
strength and increase the brittleness of the concrete.
• Air: Tiny air bubbles actually provide extra room to the water molecules while freezing.
Also air helps preventing crack formation in concrete.
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The key to achieving a strong and durable concrete is mixing the ingredients in proper
proportion.
Typically a concrete mixture should have the following proportions of the ingredients:
• Water: 15 to 20 percent
Conclusion
Concrete consists of different ingredients. The ingredients have their different individual
properties. Strength, workability and durability of the concrete depend heavily on the
concrete mix ration of the individual ingredients. Since the process of concrete
formation is an unidirectional chemical reaction, concrete gets its different properties all
together.
Self Compacting Concrete Or SCC is one of the most widely used concrete types
mainly because of its self compacting characteristics and additional strength benefits.
Find out the importance and uses of Self Compacting concrete along with its
manufacturing processes inside the article.
Introduction
Concrete is the most basic element of for any kind of construction work. No matter what
type of building structure it is, the concrete used should be sturdy and well compacted.
The main reasons for compacting any type of concrete are:
• To ensure that the concrete used is in full contact with both the steel reinforcement and
the form work.
Ensuring the above points not only provide additional strength to the structure but also
good finish and appearance to the final product. The compacting of any conventional
concrete is done through external force using mechanical devices.
Image Credits:Self Compacting Concrete Pour at Highways website
(http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/Self_Compacting_Concrete_Pour.JPG )
Unlike the conventional concrete, self compacting concrete doesn't require compacting
using external force from mechanical equipments such as an immersion vibrator;
instead SSC is designed in such as way that it gets compacted using its own weight and
characteristics.
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Once applied, the self compacting property enables the concrete to fully reinforce
around the steel structures and completely fill the space within the framework. The self
compacting of concrete is achieved without losing any kind of strength, stability, or
change in properties.
• A type of aggregate mixture is added to gain the desired compactness. Note that the
aggregate content is of round shape and proportional in size in order to increase the locking
tendency of the concrete.
• Alteration of fluid properties is done to ensure a cohesive mix which will keep the
aggregate and paste together. These fluid properties can be achieved by adding a high
quantity of fine content such as cement fly-ash or by adding viscosity modifying admixtures
(VMA).
There are two known and main methods for making SCC.They are as followed :
Powder Method :
In this method superplasticisers are mixed with cementitious materials such as sly ash,
slag, etc. to form a paste. The paste increases the flow of the concrete and holds all the
constituents together.
Admixture method:
Usage of Self-Compacting Cements has increased tremendously in the past few years.
SCC not only ensures a structure with robust characteristics but also helps in timely
completion of building structures.
The physical properties of density and strength of concrete are determined, in part, by
the proportions of the three key ingredients, water, cement, and aggregate. You have
your choice of proportioning ingredients by volume or by weight. Proportioning by
volume is less accurate, however due to the time constraints of a class time period this
may be the preferred method.
A basic mixture of mortar can be made using the volume proportions of 1 water : 2
cement : 3 sand. Most of the student activities can be conducted using this basic
mixture. Another "old rule of thumb" for mixing concrete is 1 cement : 2 sand : 3
gravel by volume. Mix the dry ingredients and slowly add water until the concrete is
workable. This mixture may need to be modified depending on the aggregate used to
provide a concrete of the right workability. The mix should not be too stiff or too
sloppy. It is difficult to form good test specimens if it is too stiff. If it is too sloppy,
water may separate (bleed) from the mixture.
Remember that water is the key ingredient. Too much water results in weak concrete.
Too little water results in a concrete that is unworkable.
Suggestions:
Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's plastic and malleable when
newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material,
concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways, houses and dams.
Proportioning
The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the careful proportioning and mixing of the
ingredients. A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the
aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous
concrete. A mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth
surface; however, the resulting concrete is likely to shrink more and be uneconomical.
A properly designed concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and
the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete. Typically, a mix is about 10 to 15
percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many
concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may affect setting time
and concrete strength, but also may cause efflorescence, staining,
corrosion of reinforcement, volume instability, and reduced durability.
Specifications usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, and solids in mixing water unless tests
can be performed to determine the effect the impurity has on various properties. Relatively thin
building sections call for small coarse aggregate, though aggregates up to six inches (150 mm) in
diameter have been used in large dams. A continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for
efficient use of the paste. In addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that
might affect the quality of the concrete.
14. More on concrete design and production.
15. Hydration Begins
Soon after the aggregates, water, and the cement are combined, the mixture starts to harden. All
portland cements are hydraulic cements that set and harden through a chemical reaction with
water. During this reaction, called hydration, a node forms on the surface of each cement particle.
The node grows and expands until it links up with nodes from other cement particles or adheres to
adjacent aggregates.
The building up process results in progressive stiffening, hardening, and strength development.
Once the concrete is thoroughly mixed and workable it should be placed in forms before the mixture
becomes too stiff.
Special techniques are used for curing concrete during extremely cold or hot weather to
protect the concrete. The longer the concrete is kept moist, the stronger and more durable it
will become. The rate of hardening depends upon the composition and fineness of the
cement, the mix proportions, and the moisture and temperature conditions. Most of the
hydration and strength gain take place within the first month of concrete's life cycle, but
hydration continues at a slower rate for many years. Concrete continues to get stronger as it
gets older.
17. The Forms of Concrete
Concrete is produced in four basic forms, each with unique applications and properties. Ready-
mixed concrete, by far the most common form, accounts for nearly three-fourths of all concrete. It's
batched at local plants for delivery in the familiar trucks with revolving drums. Precast
concrete products are cast in a factory setting. These products benefit from tight quality control
achievable at a production plant. Precast products range from concrete bricks and paving stones to
bridge girders, structural components, and panels for cladding.