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12Proble ms
Example 7.1:A concrete pile of 40 cm diameter
was driven into sand of loose to medium density to
a depth of 12m. The following properties are
known: average unit weight of soil along the
length of the pile, γ = 18 kN/m3 , average = 35°,
average Ks = 1.0 and δ= 0.7 .
Calculate:
(a) the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile, and
(b) the allowable load with Fs = 2.
Assume
i) the water table is at great depth. Use Berezantsev's method.
Fig Ex.7.1
ii) the water table is at the ground surface and γ sat = 19 kN/m3
Solution:
0.4 2
Ab 0.125 m 2 , As 2rL 15.08m 2 and δ= 0.7 =24.50 .
4
L
30, 35 0 , N q 48
D
Qu Qb Q f 216 0.125 48 108 15.8 1 0.4557 2073 .606 kN
2073 .606
Qallowable 1036 .80 kN
2
ii) If GWT is at the ground surface & γsat = 19 kN/m3
b 19 9.81 9.19 kN / m 3
Solution:
qb pile q p cone
Now, 1500=962.112+18.85L
L=28.53 m=29m
So, the required length of the pile to carry a safe load of 600 kN will be 29 meters.
Example 7.4:A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter was driven into sand of loose to medium density
to a depth of 15m. The following properties are known:
(a) Average unit weight of soil along the length of the pile, = 17.5 kN/m3 , average ∅ = 30°,
1841
Qa 736 kN
2.5
Example 7.5
Assume in Ex. 7.4 that the water table is at the ground surface and γ sat = 18.5 kN/m3 . All the
other data remain the same. Calculate Qu and Qa .
Solution:
Water table at the ground surface sat 18.5kN / m 3
b sat w 18.5 9.81 8.69kN / m 3
1 130 .35
q0 ' bL 65.18kN / m 2
2 2
Substituting the known values
Qu 130.35 0.159 16.5 65.18 21.195 1 0.4142 342 572 914 kN
914
Qa 366 kN
2.5
It may be noted here that the presence of a water table at the ground surface in cohesionless soil
reduces the ultimate load capacity of pile by about 50 percent.
Example 7.6:Determine Q b, Qf, Q u and Q a by using the SPT value for ∅ = 30°
Fig Ex.7.6: Terzaghi's bearing capacity factors which take care of mixed state of local and
general shear failures in sand (Peck et al., 1974)
Solution:
From Fig Ex.7.6, N cor = 10 for ∅ = 30°.
L
Qu Qb Q f 40 N cor Ab 2 N cor As
d
where, Qb Qb1 400 N cor Ab
Given: L = 15 m, d = 0.45 m, Ab = 0.159 m2 , As = 21.2 m2
15
Qb 40 10 0.159 2120 kN
0.45
Qb1 400 10 0.159 636 kN
Since Qb> Q b1 , use Q b1
Q f 2 10 21.2 424 kN
1060
Qa 424 kN
2.5
Example 7.7
A concrete pile 0.4m in diameter and 15m long is driven into a homogeneous mass of clay soil of
medium consistency. The water table is at the ground surface. The unit cohesion of the soil under
undrained condition is 50 kN/m2 and the adhesion factor α = 0.75. Compute Q u and Q a with Fs=
2.5.
Solution:
Given: L = 15m, d = 0.4m, c u = 50 kN/m2 , α = 0.75
Qu Qb Q f cb N c Ab As cu
= 56.70+706.50 = 763.20 kN
763 .20
Qa 305 .28 kN
2.5
Example 7.8:
A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter is driven through a system of layered cohesive soils. The
length of the pile is 16m. The following data are available. The water table is close to the ground
surface.
Top layer 1: Soft clay, thickness = 8 m, unit cohesion u = 30 kN/m2 and adhesion factor α =
0.90.
Layer 2: Medium stiff, thickness = 6 m, unit cohesion u = 50 kN/m2 and α = 0.75.
Layer 3: Stiff stratum extends to a great depth, unit cohesion u = 105 kN/m2 and α = 0.50.
Compute Qu and Qa with Fs = 2.5.
Solution:
Here, the pile is driven through clay soils of different consistencies.
The equations for Qu expressed as
Qu 9cb Ab POL cu L
Fig Ex.7.9: Adhesion factor a for piles with penetration lengths less than 50 m in clay.
(Data from Dennis and Olson 1983a, b: Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
Solution:
The equation for Qu is
Qu N c cu Ab cu As
We have
Qu = 2.5 x 400 = 1000 kN
Nc= 9, cu = 100 kN/m2
α = 0.48 from Fig Ex.7.9, u = cu = 100 kN/m2 , Ab = 0.159m2
Assume the length of pile = L m
Now, As 4 0.45 L 1.8L
Substituting the known values, we have
1000 9 100 0.159 0.48 100 1.8L
1000 143 .1 86.4 L
1000 143 .1
L 9.91m
86.4
Example 7.10:
A reinforced concrete pile of size 30 x 30 cm and 10m long is driven into coarse sand extending
to a great depth. The average total unit weight of the soil is 18 kN/m3 and the average N cor value
is 15. Determine the allowable load on the pile by the static formula. Use F s= 2.5. The water
table is close to the ground surface.
Solution:
In this example only the N-value is given. The corresponding ∅ value can be found from Fig
Ex.7.10a which is equal to 32°. Now from Fig Ex.7.10b,
Fig Ex.7.10a: Terzaghi's bearing capacity factors which take care of mixed state of local
and general s hear failures in sand (Peck et al., 1974)
Fig Ex.7.10b: Berezantsev's bearing capacity factor, N (afte r Tomlinson, 1986)
L 10
for ∅ = 32°, and 33.33 , the value of N q = 25.
d 0. 3
Ab = 0.09m2 , As = 12m2
δ=0.75x32 = 24°, tan δ = 0.445
The relative density is loose to medium dense.
1
Ks 1 2 1 1.33
3
Solution:
qb (pile) = qp (cone)
Therefore,
fs = = 20 kN/m2
Now,
Fig Ex.7.11
Example 7.12:
The plan of a group of nine piles is shown in fig.4.0 A load of 3250kN. Q, inclined at 10° to the
vertical, acts in a direction parallel to the X-X axis and its point of application has eccentricities,
ex =0.5m, ey =0.7m, Determine the values of vertical load and horizontal load that should be used
to check the suitability of the piles.
Solution: 2m 2m
0.5m
1.5m
1.5m
0.7m
Fig Ex.7.12
Horizontal components of inclined load= 3250 sin 10 0 564 kN
X 2
6 2 2 24 , Y 2
6 1.5 2 13.5
564
Horizontal load per pile = 63kN
9
Hence, piles should be checked that they can each support at vertical load of 737kN and
horizontal load, acting at level of underside of pile cap, of 63kN