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Basic Thermodynamics PDF
Basic Thermodynamics PDF
Basic Thermodynamics Concepts
y Heat.
y System.
y State.
y Path.
y Process.
y Cycle.
y Property.
Contd..
y Process ‐ Any change that a system undergoes from
one equilibrium state to another is called a process.
y Path ‐ The series of state through which a system
passes during a process is called a path
y Cycle ‐ A process with identical end states is called a
cycle.
A review of basic thermodynamics: A refresher
The ball represents
mass exchange
The arrow represents
energy exchange
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
y The Zeroth Law deals with thermal equilibrium
and provides a means for measuring
temperatures.
y Difference between thermal equilibrium and
Thermodynamic equilibrium.
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
First Law of thermodynamics
y The first law is the law of conservation of energy.
y The algebric sum of the work transfers is
proportional to the algebric sum of heat transfer.
Limitations of First Law
y It does not place any distinction on the direction
of the process under consideration.
y It will not help to predict, whether the system
would undergo a change or no. It simply states
that in a certain process heat and work are
mutually convertible.
Second Law of thermodynamics
y The Second law of clausis states that
y It is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the removal of heat from a body at one
temperature and the absorption of an equal
quantity of heat by a body at a higher
temperature.
Second Law of thermodynamics contd..
y The Second law of Max Planck’s states that
y It is impossible to construct an engine working on
a cyclic process whose sole purpose is to convert
all the heat supplied to it into equivalent amount
of work.
Few Examples
y Some common examples.
y All processes in nature occur unaided or
spontaneously in one direction. But to make the
same process go in the opposite direction one
needs to spend energy.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
y It is impossible by any procedure no matter how
idealized, to reduce any system to the absolute
zero temperature in a finite number of
operations.
Summation of three laws
y You can’t get something for nothing
y To get work output you must give
some thermal energy
y You can’t get something for very little
y To get some work output there is a
minimum amount of thermal energy
that needs to be given
y You can’t get every thing
y However much work you are willing
to give 0 K can’t be reached.
Definitions of Reversible Process
A process is reversible if after it, means can be
found to restore the system and surroundings
to their initial states.
Some reversible processes:
Constant volume and constant pressure heating
and cooling ‐the heat given to change the
state can be rejected back to regain the state
Reversible Process (contd…)
y Isothermal and adiabatic processes ‐the work
derived can be used to compress it back to the
original state.
y Elastic expansion/compression (springs, rubber
bands)
Some Irreversible Process
Thermodynamic Processes
y A process in which the volume remains constant
y constant volume process. Also called isochoric process /
isometric process
y A process in which the pressure of the system remains
constant.
y constant pressure process. Also called isobaric process
y A process in which the temperature of the system is
constant.
y constant temperature process. Also called isothermal
process
y A process in which the system is enclosed by adiabatic
wall.
y Adiabatic process
Rankine Vapor power cycle
T‐s diagram Rankine power cycle
P‐V diagram Rankine power cycle
Rankine Cycle contd…
y Process 1‐2: Water from the condenser at low pressure is
pumped into the boiler at
y high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic.
y Process 2‐3: Water is converted into steam at constant
pressure by the addition of heat
y in the boiler.
y Process 3‐4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of steam in
the steam turbine.
y Process 4‐1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the
condenser to convert condensate
y into water.
y The steam leaving the boiler may be dry and saturated,
wet or superheated. The
y corresponding T‐s diagrams are 1‐2‐3‐4‐1; 1‐2‐3’‐4’‐1 or 1‐2‐
3”‐4”‐1.
Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle
y Consider one kg of working fluid, and applying first law
to flow system to various processes with the assumption
of neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energy,
we can write,
y δq ‐ δw = dh
y For process 2‐3, δw = 0 (heat addition Process), we can
write,
y (δq )boiler= (dh )boiler =(h3‐h2)