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Section A PDF
Section A PDF
3 a) Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell sap, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
b) Cell wall – made of cellulose to strengthen the cell and give it support
Vacuole – a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap that helps to keep the cell rigid
Chloroplasts – found in the green parts of the plant. They contain green chlorophyll, which
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
c) The plant root cell would not contain any chloroplasts because the roots are underground, don’t
get any light and don’t carry out photosynthesis, so they don’t need chlorophyll.
4 a) Amylase breaks down starch. The evidence is that iodine no longer turns black to indicate the
presence of starch.
b) An increase in temperature increases the speed of the reaction.
c) As a control, to make sure that starch wouldn’t break down anyway.
d) It wouldn’t work as well, in fact it would probably stop working completely, because a change
in pH causes a change in the shape of the active site, which affects the ability of the enzyme to
catalyse the reaction.
6 a) Because blood travels through the water by diffusion and sharks follow the diffusion gradient
b) Net movement of particles = movement of particles in – movement of particles out
c) Temperature, concentration, available surface area
7 a) There is a lower concentration of water molecules in the partially permeable membrane bag than
in the surrounding pure water. Water moves into the bag by osmosis down a concentration
gradient. The bag fills and water is forced up the glass tube.
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b) The situation would be reversed. There would be a higher concentration of water molecules in
the bag than in the surrounding solution. Water would move out of the bag by osmosis into the
surrounding solution. The level of water in the tube would drop and the bag would become
flaccid.
c) Osmosis is a specialised case of diffusion. It is the diffusion of water down a concentration
gradient through a partially permeable membrane.
8 a) Cells that are specialised and adapted to carry out particular functions in the body
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers – Section A
b) The number of mitochondria in a cell reflects the amount of energy needed by the cell, so a cell
with many mitochondria will tend to be a very active cell, either dividing, contracting or
producing chemicals such as hormones or enzymes.
c) i) A group of cells specialised for a particular function. Any sensible example, e.g. muscle
ii) Several tissues working together to carry out a function in the body. Any sensible example,
e.g. heart
iii) Several organs working together to carry out a function in the body. Any sensible example,
e.g. circulatory system, digestive system
d) Suitable diagram – could be as simple as
cell à tissue à organ à organ system à body
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2 a) Examples:
Plants Animals
multicellular multicellular
main carbohydrate storage compound is starch main carbohydrate storage compound is glycogen
do not move whole organism around move whole body in coordinated way
b) Any sensible difference, e.g. plants photosynthesise, fungi do not; plant cell walls are made of
cellulose, fungal cell walls are made of chitin; any sensible similarity, e.g. both have cell walls.
5 a)
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b)
IGCSE Biology Revision Guide Answers – Section A
c) i) The hyphae secrete digestive enzymes onto the food. The enzymes break the food down
into soluble molecules such as sugars, which are then absorbed by the mould. (They are
known as extracellular enzymes.)
ii) Saprotrophic / saprophytic nutrition